Zumbi Dos Palmares
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A Tapuya “Equestrian Nation”? Horses and Native Peoples in the Backlands of Colonial Brazil
A Tapuya “Equestrian Nation”? Horses and Native Peoples in the Backlands of Colonial Brazil Felipe Vander Velden This chapter is dedicated to Roberto, vaqueiro (cowboy), Xukuru do Ororubá, Pernambuco, Brazil I. Introduction The horse (Equus caballus Linnaeus 1758) was introduced to the Americas at the end of the fifteenth century: on his second transatlantic journey to the Caribbean, Christopher Columbus brought horses that landed on the island of Hispaniola in November 1493.1 Several narratives of the conquest insist that these animals were fundamental to the advance of Iberian colonization in America, not only because they allowed men and cargo to be transported over often difficult terrain, but also because of the terror they inflicted on native peoples who could not understand the strength and impetuosity of this previously unknown animal, nor its strange amalgamation with a (seemingly) human rider.2 But Matthew Restall, in his fundamental analysis of the myths of the Spanish conquest of the New World, argues that the spectacular role assigned to the action of horses was above all wishful 1 John Johnson, “The introduction of the horse into the Western Hemisphere,” The Hispanic American Historical Review 23:4 (1943): 587-610. 2 Johnson, “The introduction”; Robert Cunninghame Graham, The horses of the conquest: a study of the steeds of the Spanish Conquistadors (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949). Felipe Vander Velden thinking, and that horses were not as decisive as depicted by the heroic historiography of conquest.3 From -
Bandeiras E Bandeirantes De São Paulo
BANDEIRAS E BANDEIRANTES DE SÃO PAULO Serie 5.ª B R A S I L I A. N A Vol. 181 BIBLIOTHECA PEDAGOGICA BRASILEIRA CARVALHO FRANCO BANDEIRAS e BANDEIRANTES de S A O PAUL O COMPANHIA EDITORA NACIONAL 8Ão PAULO - Rio DE JANEIRO - ·RECIFE - PoRTo ALBGRB 1 9 4 O .. Estes vivem nas nossas memorias e viverão animados da eternidade da sua fama. FRANCISCO JosÉ FREIRE - ARTE POETICA • • •.. • Não é ainda possivel uma synthese sobre a historia das bandeiras e dos bandeirantes de São Paulo, porque ella ainda se encontra no periodo preparatorio das monographias. Assim, Affonso de Taunay vem escrevendo o que elle modestamente denomina "estudo de milhares e milhares de documentos", forman do já sete tomos da sua formidavel "Historia Geral das Bandeiras Paulistas". Pois bem, to do esse esforço de critica e selecção que perdu ra ha mais de um decennio, deu em resultado alcançar o grande historiador apenas o final do cyclo escravagista. Este nosso trabalho é pois ainda um sim ples ensaio sobre a acção extensiva dos ban deirantes paulistas, buscando contribuir pa ra a sua historia systematizada. A documen tação e a bibliographia consultadas para sua formação, foi consideravel. Citaremos no final, apenas a que consta da nossa livraria, dando ao leitor uma idéia nítida da immensidão da · taréfa. E como se constatará preferimos accen tuar algumas dessas fontes, no proprio decor- • _.... rer da exposição, por. sêrmos avessos -em-ex-. tremo ás notas intêrcaladas no te~tº·; • Aproveitamos bastante da documentação já publicada, principalmente a do Archivo Publico do Estado. Assim, o nosso ensaio vem esclarecer um ou outro ponto obscuro da historia bandeirante e lembrar outros, ainda não estudados. -
1995,Brazil's Zumbi Year, Reflections on a Tricentennial Commemoration
1995,Brazil’s Zumbi Year, Reflections on a Tricentennial Commemoration Richard Marin To cite this version: Richard Marin. 1995,Brazil’s Zumbi Year, Reflections on a Tricentennial Commemoration. 2017. hal-01587357 HAL Id: hal-01587357 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01587357 Preprint submitted on 10 Mar 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Richard Marin 1995, BRAZIL’S ZUMBI YEAR: REFLECTIONS ON A TRICENTENNIAL COMMEMORATION In 1995, the Brazilian commemorations in honor of the tricentennial of the death of Zumbi, the legendary leader of the large maroon community of Palmares, took on every appearance of a genuine social phenomenon. The Black Movement and part of Brazilian civil society, but also the public authorities, each in different ways, were all committed to marking the event with exceptional grandeur. This article advances a perspective on this commemorative year as an important step in promoting the "Black question" along with Afro-Brazilian identity. After describing the 1995 commemorations, we aim to show how they represented the culmination of already-existing movements that had been at work in the depths of Brazilian society. We will finish by considering the period following the events of 1995, during which "the Black question" becomes truly central to debates in Brazilians society. -
Dutch Brazil Michiel Van Groesen
Dutch Brazil Michiel van Groesen This is a post-print version of ‘Groesen M. van (2018), Dutch Brazil, Oxford Bibliographies.Classics,’ available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/oBo/9780199730414- 0283 Introduction Dutch Brazil was the most important colony of the West India Company, and constituted the only truly imperial moment of the so-called Dutch Golden Age. In May 1624 a Dutch fleet invaded Salvador de Bahia, the capital of HaBsBurg Brazil, But surrendered the city to a Luso-Spanish armada eleven months later. The West India Company returned to capture PernamBuco in FeBruary 1630, gradually eXtending their territorial control from Maranhão in the north to Sergipe in the south, and retaining power in Recife until January 1654. The war the Dutch waged in Brazil, first against HaBsBurg Spain and then against the restored Portuguese monarchy, was the main geopolitical conflict in the Atlantic world in the first half of the 17th century. Despite its importance, Dutch Brazil is often regarded By historians of the Atlantic world as an incongruity. The Dutch Atlantic is considered an anomaly among more duraBle empires, while Brazil occupies a distinct position in scholarship on South America. Yet the implications of the northern European infiltration into the Iberian sphere of influence were profound. The estaBlishment of the colony undermined the notion of HaBsBurg supremacy in Latin America and increased Luso-Spanish tensions at home. It Brought a hitherto unimaginaBle (alBeit often mythologized) form of religious tolerance to the Americas, and created a multicultural society in which Protestant soldiers, Catholic sugar planters, African slaves, and Sephardic Jews all lived alongside the colony’s various native groups. -
Dancing Through Difficulties: Capoeira As a Fight Against Oppression by Sara Da Conceição
Dancing Through Difficulties: Capoeira as a Fight Against Oppression by Sara da Conceição Capoeira is difficult to define. It is an African form of physical, spiritual, and cultural expression. It is an Afro-Brazilian martial art. It is a dance, a fight, a game, an art form, a mentality, an identity, a sport, an African ritual, a worldview, a weapon, and a way of life, among other things. Sometimes it is all of these things at once, sometimes it isn’t. It can be just a few of them or something different altogether. Capoeira is considered a “game” not a “fight” or a “match,” and the participants “play” rather than “fight” against each other. There are no winners or losers. It is dynamic and fluid: there is no true beginning or end to the game of capoeira. In perhaps the most widely recognized and referenced book dealing with capoeira, Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira, J. Lowell Lewis attempts to orient the reader with a fact-based, straightforward description of this blurred cultural genre: A game or sport played throughout Brazil (and elsewhere in the world) today, which was originally part of the Afro-Brazilian folk tradition. It is a martial art, involving a complete system of self-defense, but it also has a dance-like, acrobatic movement style which, combined with the presence of music and song, makes the games into a kind of performance that attracts many kinds of spectators, both tourists and locals. (xxiii) An outsider experiencing capoeira for the first time would undoubtedly assert that the “game” is a spectacular, impressive, and peculiar sight, due to its graceful and spontaneous integration of fighting techniques with dance, music, and unorthodox acrobatic movements. -
The Africanisms of Capoeira Angola Juan Esteban Sosa SIT Study Abroad
SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Fall 2006 Visiting the Past, Reclaiming the Present: The Africanisms of Capoeira Angola Juan Esteban Sosa SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Dance Commons, and the Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sosa, Juan Esteban, "Visiting the Past, Reclaiming the Present: The Africanisms of Capoeira Angola" (2006). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 272. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/272 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Visiting the Past, Reclaiming the Present: The Africanisms of Capoeira Angola Juan Esteban Sosa Advisor: Eduardo David de Oliveira Graduado em filosofia Especialista em culturas Africanas e Relações Interetnicas na Educação Brasileira Mestre em Antropologia Social Doutorado em Educação Ativista dos Movimentos Sociais Populares Membro do Movimento Negro School for International Training- CSA Brazil – Northeast Fall 2006 1 Iê! Viva meu mestre, Viva meu mestre, camará! Iê! Que me ensinou Que me ensinou, camará! 2 This research is dedicated to Mestre Boca do Rio and to Grupo de Capoeira Angola Zimba for allowing -
Quilombo a Critical Review of a Brazilian Film Tristán Del Canto
Quilombo A Critical Review of a Brazilian Film Tristán del Canto Summary and Background This paper investigates race and folklore in the Brazilian motion picture Quilombo, a movie about a seventeenth-century maroon slave community in Northeastern Brazil called Quilombo dos Palmares. In this paper, I look at criticism about the movie and how the myth of “racial democracy” is still alive in Quilombo despite the film’s theme of Black resistance to White oppression during slavery. I argue that while Quilombo appears to celebrate Black pride and history, it does not contribute to the alleviation of racial discrimination, poverty and oppression faced by Afro- Brazilians. Quilombo was written and directed by Carlos Diegues, produced by Augusto Arraes and stars Zeze Motta, Antonio Pompeo, Toni Tornado, Antonio Pitanga, Vera Fischer, Mauricio Do Valle and Grande Otelo; it was released in 1984 in color and lasts 119 minutes. Brazilian Slavery and Quilombo dos Palmares Historically, Brazil imported more slaves (3.6 million) than any other country in the Americas and was the last colony to abolish slavery in 1888 (Telles 2004:25). Many quilombos (runaway slave communities), large-scale revolts and resistance heroes developed in response to the harsh nature of Brazil slavery. Quilombo dos Palmares however was the most impressive maroon community in Brazil. It held between 11,000 and 30,000 people and resisted Portuguese, Dutch and Native Brazilian attacks until finally succumbing to the cannons of the Portuguese in 1694-1695 (Reis and Gomes 2006). Even though Quilombo dos Palmares lasted nearly one hundred years, Brazilian 2 colonial authorities preserved little documentation about the community; most recorded information was written by soldiers of fortune that were paid to find and attempt to bring down the settlement. -
Palmares: a Critical View on Its Sources Introduction
Palmares: A Critical View on Its Sources Wim Hoogbergen (Utrecht) Introduction Every community has historical narratives that axe known by virtually everybody. In Brazil the account of the quilombo1 of Palmares is one of such stories. Palmares is already included in the history books for pri mary school. One of those books, Historia do Brasil (Primeiro Grau), by Osvaldo R. de Souza, for example, mentions that during the slav ery period many slaves escaped from their plantations. They established themselves in places where they were difficult to trace. In those locations, he writes, they formed quilombos. The most famous quilombo was P al mares, situated in a hilly region of the present federal state of Alagoas. The chefe of these runaway-slaves, he continues, was Ganga-Zumba, who after his dead was succeeded by his nephew Zumbi, the rei (king) of Pal mares. The runaway-slaves organized their own fives in their villages. They were active in agriculture and cattle-breeding and had workshops where clothes, shoes, nets, mats, and pots were made. For over sixty years these people succeeded in resisting their enemies. Eventually the bandeirante paulista2 Domingos Jorge Velho was successful in conquer ing the quilombo, however Zumbi could escape and continued to fight for another two years. Finally he too was killed. His head was cut off and taken to Recife, where it was displayed in the market-place. Zumbi has In a Portuguese article of 1987, included in the English translation in his 1992 book, Stuart Schwartz pays much attention to the use of the words quilombo and mucambo as designations for villages of runaway slaves. -
REV. ARQUEOLOGIA N.º 17 (3R)6 26/4/07 11:39 Página 83
REV. ARQUEOLOGIA N.º 17 (3R)6 26/4/07 11:39 Página 83 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND RESISTANCE ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE ATLANTIC:PALMARES, A MAROON EXPERIENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA PEDRO PAULO A FUNARI, Department of History, Campinas State University, Brazil, ALINE V. CARVALHO, Center for Studies and Environmental Research (Nepam), University of Campinas, KEY – WORDS: Brazil, seventeenth century maroon Kingdom (Palmares), political organization, archaeology and history. INTRODUCTION Africans controlled the sheer volume and ethnic origin of captives offered to Europeans, selling the slaves at prices they were able at least to manipulate. Africans involved in the slave trade were equal and un-coerced partners of metropolitan merchants and officials, and that the development of the slave trade enhanced African control and choice. If we are aware of the unbearable levels of barbarism associated with slavery in the New World, it is easy to understand the importance of runaway settlements. Negro resistance to slavery was the main feature of the history of Africans in the American colonies and slaves responded to exploitation by malingering, by poorly carrying out their tasks, by revolting or by escaping to runaway settlements. Considering that the lingua franca of the period was Latin, it was only too natural that they were called in the contemporary documents res publicae (polities), soon to be translated into modern languages as republics, repúblicas, républiques. Maroons, palenques, mocambos, qui- lombos were terms introduced somewhat later, usually with derogatory connotations. -
Palmares and Cucaú: Political Dimensions of a Maroon Community in Late Seventeenth-Century Brazil(*)
The 12th Annual Gilder Lehrman Center International Conference at Yale University Co-sponsored with the Council on Latin American and Iberian Studies at Yale American Counterpoint: New Approaches to Slavery and Abolition in Brazil October 29-30, 2010 Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Palmares and Cucaú: Political Dimensions of a Maroon Community in Late Seventeenth-century Brazil(*) Silvia Hunold Lara, UNICAMP, Brazil Available online at http://www.yale.edu/glc/brazil/papers/lara-paper.pdf © Do not cite or circulate without the author’s permission Brazilian historians have not paid much attention to the history of maroon communities. Until quite recently, these groupings of fugitive slaves were seen as political and social spaces completely “outside” the world of slavery: the fugitives sought isolation in the forest, distancing themselves from the farms and sugar mills to protect the freedom they had achieved, and only returned to the farm and fields if they were recaptured. Exalting the actions of resistance against slavery, Brazilian historiography in the last 100 years privileged above all the study of the big maroon communities, highlighting the most combative leaders. Since the 1990s, however, some historians have shown that, in many cases, the maroon communities engaged in commerce with local warehouses or frequented the forests around the closest farms. Beyond the obvious economic implications, these exchanges and contacts constituted the base of some strategies of political and military defense of the fugitives and their important ties with the world of the slaves1. In recent years, studies have (*) My research on Palmares counts on the support of a Productivity Scholarship in Research from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPQ (National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development) and is also part of a Thematic Project financed by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo – FAPESP (Foundation for Support for Research from the State of São Paulo). -
O QUILOMBO DOS PALMARES ~E Livro Foi Publicado, Em 1946, Sob O Título Guerras De Los Palmares, Como O Vol
... ,,,, -_.,..-.. .... ...,.._,;, ........._ .. _,-...... ... ..,., ........ ........._ -·.. ' O QUILOMBO DOS PALMARES ~e livro foi publicado, em 1946, sob o título Guerras de los Palmares, como o vol. 21 da coleção Tierra Firme, do Fondo de Cultura Económica, do México, cm tradução de Tomás Muiíoz Molina. ~ ,;. "" t i. -'Y' • /}: , · , e1 e e ú t> '1 LDd , J.;-c-. ')'-'--.P.~ : J S f: J i: .,.) - 1" Exemplar N'! 057S 1958 Obra executada na., oflcln,u da São Paulo Editora S/A. - Slo Paulo, Brull BIBLIOTECA PEDAGÓGICA BRASILEIRA SÉRIE 5.ª * B R A S I L I A N A * VoL. 302 EDISON CARNEIRO -.~ * \. ),. O QUILOMBO dos PALMARES 2.ª EDIÇÃO (Revista) COMPANHIA EDITORA NACIONAL ·' SÃO PAUL O DO AUTOR Religiõer Negras - Civilização Brasileira, S/A. - Rio de Janeiro, 1936. Castro Alves - Liv. Jos~ Olympio - Rio de Ja neiro, 1937. Negros Bântus - Civilização Brasileira, S/A. - Rio de Janeiro, 1937. Trajetória de Castro Alves - Editorial Vitória - Rio de Janeiro, 1947. - 2.ª ed., Editorial Andes - Rio de Janeiro, 1958. O Quilombo dos Palmares - Editôra Brasiliense - São Paulo, 1947. Candomblés da Bahia - Edição do Museu do Es tado, Bahia, 1948. - 2.ª ed., Editorial Andes - Rio de Janeiro, 1954. Dinâmica do Folclore - Rio de Janeiro, 1950. Antologia do Negro Brasileiro - Editôra Globo - Pôno Alegre, 1950. A Linguagem Popular da Bahia - Rio de Janeiro, 1951. A Cidade do Salvador - Organização Simões - Rio de Janeiro, 1954. O Folclore Nacional (bibliografia) - Editôra Souza - Rio de Janeiro, 1954. Pesquisa de Folclore - Edição da Comissão Na cional de Folclore, 1955. A Conquista da Amawnia - Edição do Ministério da Viação e Obras Públicas (Coleção Mauá), 1956. -
Translocality and Afro-Brazilian Imaginaries in Globalised Capoeira
Inkeri Aula TRANSLOCALITY AND AFRO-BRAZILIAN IMAGINARIES IN GLOBALISED CAPOEIRA abstract Afro-Brazilian capoeira exemplifies how communal practices connect multilocally. This article investigates how the fight-game-art forms a translocal culture, uniting practitioners in diverse localities, and connects them to a transnationally created Black Atlantic heritage. The multi-sited ethnographic approach focuses mostly on Salvador, Northeastern Brazil, where the purity of Afro-Brazilian traditions raises polemic. Through critical observation of capoeira’s dual development in Brazil, transnationality is asserted as a historical continuity in capoeira communities’ imaginaries. To grasp how globalised capoeira maintains its connection to Afro-Brazilian history, the analysis of capoeira’s traditionalism is complemented by a description of the formation of capoeira practice in the faraway location of Eastern Finland, where capoeira’s creativity and categorization-resistant, holistic nature remain central. Through the densely historicized tradition of capoeira, minoritarian views on transnational connections, on the colonial encounter, and on the effects of transatlantic slavery are shared in multiple locations. Keywords: translocal, transnational, Capoeira Angola, Capoeira Regional, Black Atlantic, Afro-Brazilian, multi-sited ethnography Eu sou angoleiro que veio de angola Cheguei para vadiar, o iaiá, nessa roda I am angoleiro coming from angola I came to play (to fool around, to play capoeira) in this circle (capoeira song)1 The globalised fight-art