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Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers Volume 7 | Number 21 | 7 November 2020 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS rsc.li/frontiers-inorganic INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS View Article Online RESEARCH ARTICLE View Journal | View Issue Core and double bond functionalisation of cyclopentadithiophene-phosphaalkenes†‡ Cite this: Inorg. Chem. Front., 2020, 7, 4052 Jordann A. L. Wells, § Muhammad Anwar Shameem, ¶§ Arvind Kumar Gupta and Andreas Orthaber * The heterofulvenoid cyclopentadithiophene-phosphaalkene is a versatile building block for opto-elec- tronic tuning with donor and acceptor moieties. Both the annulated thienyl rings and the phosphaalkene Received 17th June 2020, bond can be functionalised using a variety of chemical transformations, e.g. forming C–C, C–E(EvSi, Br) Accepted 7th September 2020 bonds, or oxidation and metal coordination, respectively. Solid-state structures, optical and electronic DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00714e properties are probed theoretically and experimentally, illustrating the opto-electronic tailoring opportu- rsc.li/frontiers-inorganic nities at this motif. 7–9 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. Introduction phosphaalkenes. The introduction of this group 15 heteroe- lement as part of conjugated frameworks has noticeable stabi- Combining electron donor and electron acceptor units to tailor lising effects on the LUMO levels, while the HOMO remains the HOMO and LUMO of dye molecules has been an exten- almost unaltered. In these building blocks, the low-lying het- sively used concept in the design of dyes for sensors, solar eroalkene π* orbitals provide an acceptor group resulting in cells, etc.1 In the cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT) motif two properties applicable to opto-electronic materials.10,11 The thiophene units are linked using a methylene bridge improv- marked difference to its lighter homologue, i.e. the imine ing the orbital delocalisation by removing a torsional degree of derivatives, hold promising developments for the heavier pnic- freedom, i.e. planarising the conjugated system.2 Moreover, taalkene systems. Interesting approaches have already been This article is licensed under a functionalisation at the bridgehead positions allowed addres- pursued to translate the molecular phosphaalkene motifs into sing of the solubility (Fig. 1, I) and electronic nature of this polymeric materials,12 both by keeping the PvC motif intact – annulated bithiophene framework.2,3 In particular, electron and using it as polymerizable unit.13 17 Furthermore, the lone deficient bridgehead substituents, e.g. ketone (II) and dicya- pair at the phosphaalkene can easily be functionalised by Open Access Article. Published on 08 September 2020. Downloaded 11/23/2020 9:24:17 AM. – noalkenes (III) have led to interesting opto-electronic materials metal coordination allowing for catalytic applications,18 20 and building blocks for donor–acceptor polymers, in which but also altering the opto-electronic properties.21,22 A signifi- the exocyclic fulvenoid repeating unit acts as an outstanding cantly less explored but equally powerful PvC functionalisa- – acceptor unit.4,5 Recently, examples of imine functionalised tion is its oxidation with chalcogens23 25 and coordination CPDT units have been incorporated into polymers allowing by NHCs.26 controlled modifications of the HOMO and LUMO levels of the In view of these properties, we have already described the molecular components.6 The diagonal relationship of phos- synthesis and excited state behaviour of phospha- and arsaalk- phorus and carbon has led to a variety of conjugated com- ene functionalised cyclopentadithiophene derivatives, where pounds in which carbene fragments of double bonds are the heteroalkenes lead to pronounced acceptor character by replaced by isolobal phosphinidenes giving rise to stabilizing the heterofulvenoid-type antibonding orbitals. The elemental substitution (phosphorus vs. arsenic) and metal Synthetic Molecular Chemistry. Dept. Chemistry – Ångström laboratories. Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] †This paper is dedicated to all people whose background, ethnicity, sexuality, or gender identity are underrepresented STEM subjects, and who suffer from the systemic flaws preventing them from flourishing. ‡Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental, crystallo- graphic, and theoretical details. CCDC 2003575–2003582. For ESI and crystallo- graphic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00714e §These authors contributed equally Fig. 1 Literature known CPDT-derivatives (I–III), phospha-/arsa- ¶Present address: Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Lund University, alkene-CPDT-derivative A and B, and novel derivatives studied in this Sölveg 19, BMC D10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden work. 4052 | Inorg. Chem. Front.,2020,7,4052–4061 This journal is © the Partner Organisations 2020 View Article Online Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers Research Article coordination (AuCl) allowed us to address the energy and spectra, which show resonances shifted to higher frequencies. dynamics of the lowest energy transitions.27 (δ31P for 2: 269.6 ppm; cis-3: 262.9 ppm; trans-3: 263.1 ppm). In this manuscript, we address the further functionalisation Compared to A, which has a resonance at 256.6 ppm, the of the CPDT-phosphaalkene by metal coordination or oxi- addition of each Br-atom shields the resonance by approx. dation at the heteroalkene and chemical functionalisation at 6 ppm. The assignment of the two isomers is based on the the thiophene rings achieving stabilisation of the LUMO and coupling constants of the shielded β′ protons positioned below destabilisation of the HOMO levels, respectively. The impact of the Mes*-ring current; for cis-3 this characteristic proton 4 these functionalisations is illustrated by comparing electronic (4.36 ppm) shows as a doublet with a small JPH coupling of spectra and electro-chemistry data. 1.7 Hz. In contrast, trans-3 shows a doublet of doublets (dd) 3 4 splitting pattern with a JHH = 5.1 Hz and a JPH = 1.5 Hz (4.44 ppm) coupling constants to the neighbouring hydrogen Results and discussion and phosphorus atoms, respectively. Single crystals obtained from slow solvent evaporation of pentane/DCM solutions Cyclopentadithiophene phosphaalkene A is synthesised allowed us to perform single crystal X-ray diffraction experi- according to published procedures from readily available start- ments (Fig. 2). The solid-state structure of 2 gives a PvC bond ing materials.27 In order to study the versatility of this building length of 1.687(2) Å, which is slightly longer than that of A, block we initially investigated the derivatisation of the thio- while the C–PvC angle of 102.5(1)° is almost identical. These phene rings using standard organic transformations metrics suggest that the electronic variation has a larger influ- (Scheme 1). ence on the bond length than the “hybridisation” and steric Expectedly, the bromination with N-bromo succinimide hindrance, which is more reflected in the angles around the (NBS) occurs selectively at the α,α′-positions under ambient P-centre. The packing is dominated by weak slipped π–π inter- conditions and ultrasonication. Chromatographic workup actions (C-centroid distance 3.711(5) Å) and π⋯Br interactions Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. afforded the dibrominated derivative 2 in approx. 75% isolated (3.782(1) Å). yields. Attempts to synthesise the corresponding mono-bromi- We further studied the possibility to deprotonate the acidic nated derivatives cis-3 and trans-3 using strictly one equivalent α-positions using a Li-base and reacting the in situ-formed of NBS and low reaction temperatures suffer from unselective anion with an electrophile. Compound A was thus reacted with reactivities, affording a statistical mixture of A, 2 and both two equivalents of LDA in THF at low temperatures and then isomers of 3. The two mono-brominated isomers can be separ- allowed to reach r.t., followed by the addition of triphenyl ated chromatographically, however isomerisation within a chlorosilane as an electron accepting substituent. Surprisingly, couple of hours establishes the mixture of cis/trans-3 isomers. two new resonances in the 31P-NMR spectra are observed indi- The conditions which trigger phosphaalkene E−/Z isomerisa- cating formation of two major products. Despite being separ- This article is licensed under a tion (e.g. light etc.) seem highly dependent on the steric and able by column chromatography, slow isomerisation in solu- electronic nature of the substituent and are less explored and tion precluded detailed studies of the isomers. Selective crys- understood28 compared to the diphosphene E–Z isomerisa- tallisation from the mixture afforded single crystals suitable tion.29 A possible explanation for the isomerisation of 3 could for X-ray diffraction analysis. Indeed, the solid-state structure Open Access Article. Published on 08 September 2020. Downloaded 11/23/2020 9:24:17 AM. be an increased phosphenium character promoted by the elec- of one monosilylated product was confirmed as cis-4. This tron withdrawing Br-substituents. isomer (cis-4) crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/c The electron withdrawing effect of the bromide substituent (no. 14). The P1–C1 double bond is 1.678(2) Å, slightly longer on the remote PvC bond is clearly visible in the 31P NMR Fig. 2 ORTEP plot of the solid-state structure of 2 and cis-4. Selected atoms are drawn at 50% probability levels of thermal ellipsoids, while the Mes*
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