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ENTOMOFAUNA OF HOP GARDENS IN CLUJ-NAPOCA AREA

Bunescu H., I. Oltean, M. Duda, D. Vârban, Ilonka Bodi , Oana Pop, A. Dinu ţă [email protected]

Key words : entomofauna; hop Abstract. The researches concerning the hop’s entomofauna carried out between 1995-2007 in the ecological conditions of Cluj-Napoca, on cultivated hop, in the Hops Collection of Discipline of Phytotechny (Faculty of Agriculture – University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca) and on spontaneous hop. The aim of the researches was to study the entomofauna of hop ( L.) following a classical methodology. The detemination of the biological collected material was made in the Laboratory of Discipline of Entomology/Zoology of USAMV Cluj-Napoca.

Introduction The more pronounced increase of beer consumption and the development of beer industry determined a more pronounced attraction to the hop growing. Althought the cultivated hop surface strong decreased in our country last years, the hop remains the main raw material for beer industry. As for the entomofauna of hop gardens, both in the world wide (KALTENBACH J. H., 1874; BALACHOWSKI A. and L. MESNIL, 1936; BONNEMAISON L., 1962 ; BURGESS A.H., 1964; KOHLMAN H. and A. KASTNER, 1975) and in our country (PERJU T. and I. GHIZDAVU, 1979, 1981; SALONTAI AL. and collab., 1983; BUNESCU H., 1998 ; BUNESCU H. and I. GHIZDAVU, 2000; SALONTAI AL. and collab., 2002; BUNESCU H., 2005 a, b) there were made researches that render evident both the presence of some harmful species, on the subterranean organs and on the superterrestrial ones and some useful species, parasites and predators. Some of them are hop specifically (ex. Phorodon humuli ), other are polyphagous (ex. Agrotis segetum ). The carried out researches aimed the render in evidence by particular methods of entomological investigation of entomofauna structure and morphology by harmful and useful potential in the studied ecosystems. It was studied the structure of complex, respectively the population species in these ecosystems.

Material and method The researches concerning the entomofauna of hop gardens, carried out between 1995-2007, in the Collection of Hop at Discipline of Phytotechny at U.S.A.M.V. Cluj-Napoca and on spontaneous hop. Following a standard methodology, there are made observations and material collectings. Every year there were made observations by visual control on the species from hop gardens. The biological material was collected both from the plants and from the soil. To collect the superterrestrial biological material (insect species) two methods has been used: the direct collect of by hand, using delicate brushes or fine pincers, from the different organs (offshoots, stems, leaves, flowers, cones) of hop infected plants and the shaking-down of the host-plants on a tarpaulin, for a better objectiveness, by random collecting from plants, pursuiting hereof and noting the observations. Often, the presence of pests was signaled by pronounced damages.

49 Entomofauna from soil was collected by assaying of soil samples, extracting the biotic part from a pail or a vase with water in which the sample was introduced. The collected material has been introduced in small bottles (with etilic alcohol 70% or formol 4%) or different bags, boxes (plastic, paper) which has been labeled and the identifying of the material was made in the Laboratory of Zoology- Entomology from Faculty of Agriculture at USAMV Cluj-Napoca. After the species identification, the collected material was prepared and conserved. The species identification was made aiding by speciality literature descriptions, comparing with images and aiding by identification keys. The useful insects (parasites and predators) has been collected , studied and identified, then released to continue their positive action in the studied ecosystems.

Results and discussion 1) THE HARMFUL ENTOMOFAUNA A) PESTS OF SUBTERRANEAN ORGANS After the analysis of collected material from the studied ecosystems, there were identified the following species:  Phyll. ARTHROPODA - Cls. INSECTA  Ord. COLEOPTERA - Fam. MELOLONTHIDAE – Melolontha melolontha Linné (larvae – white worms) - Fam. CURCULIONIDAE – Otiorrhynchus ligustici Linné (alfalfa scout beetle) - Fam. ELATERIDAE - Agriotes spp. (wireworms)  Ord. - Fam. - sylvina Linné (the orange swift) - Fam. NOCTUIDAE – Agrotis ( Scotia ) segetum Denis et Schiffermüller (the turnip ); Hydraecia micacea Esper (the rosy rustic)  Ord. ORTHOPTERA - Fam. GRYLLOTALPIDAE - Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linné (the mole cricket)  Ord. DIPTERA - Fam. ANTHOMYIDAE - Delia platura Meigen (the seedcorn maggot) B) PESTS OF SUPERTERRESTRIAL ORGANS  Phyll. ARTHROPODA - Cls. INSECTA  Ord. HOMOPTERA - Fam. APHIDIDAE – Phorodon humuli Schrank (the damson-hop aphid) - Fam. ALEYRODIDAE – Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (the greenhouse whitefly)  Ord. COLEOPTERA - Fam. HALTICIDAE - Psylliodes attenuata Koch (the hemp flea beetle)  Ord. LEPIDOPTERA - Fam. NOCTUIDAE - Mamestra persicariae Linné (the dot moth); Hypena rostralis Linné (the buttoned snout moth) - Fam. CRAMBIDAE - Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner (the European corn borer)

50 - Fam. TORTRICIDAE - Adoxophyes reticulana Hübner (the summer fruit tortrix moth) - Fam. GEOMETRIIDAE - Operophtera brumata Linné (the winter moth)  Ord. DIPTERA - Fam. CECYDOMYIDAE - Contarinia humuli Theobald 2) THE USEFUL ENTOMOFAUNA A) PREDATORS After the analysis of collected material from hop gardens there were identified the following predator species:  Phyll. ARTHROPODA - Cls. INSECTA  Ord. HETEROPTERA - Fam. ANTHOCORIDAE - Orius minutus Linné; Anthocoris sibiricus Reuter  Ord. DERMAPTERA – Fam. FORFICULIDAE - Forficula auricularia Linné (the common earwig)  Ord. NEUROPTERA - Fam. CHRYSOPIDAE - Chrysopa perla Linné; Chrysopa carnea Stephens  Ord. HYMENOPTERA - Fam. FORMICIDAE - Formica fusca Linné (the common black ant);  Ord. COLEOPTERA - Fam. COCCINELLIDAE - Coccinella 7-punctata Linné; Adalia 2- punctata Linné; Propylaea quatuordecimpunctata Linné; Halyzia quatuordecimpunctata Linné; Adonia variegata Goeze; Exochomus quadripustulatus Linné - Fam. CANTHARIDAE - Cantharis fusca Linné  Ord. DIPTERA - Fam. SYRPHIDAE - Syrphus ribesii Linné B) PARASITES After the analysis of collected material from hops there were identified the following parasite species:  Phyll. ARTHROPODA - Cls. INSECTA  Ord. HYMENOPTERA - Fam. APHIDIIDAE - Trioxys humuli Mackauer; Aphidius matricarie Haliday; Aphidius picipes Haliday; - Fam. APHELINIDAE - Aphelinus asychis Walker

Conclusion 1. After the developed researches between 1995-2007 on cultivated and spontaneous hops, in ecological area of Cluj-Napoca, it has been observed that the entomofauna of these ecosystems is represented by a large number of insect species, both harmful and useful (predators and parasites). 2. Following the observations made on the biological material, it found out the presence of some harmful species belonging to the orders HOMOPTERA , ORTHOPTERA , COLEOPTERA , LEPIDOPTERA , DIPTERA , being

51 separated in 2 categories: the pests of subterranean organs and the ones of superterrestrial hop organs. 3. The useful insects in hop gardens are represented by species belonging to the following orders: HETEROPTERA , DERMAPTERA , NEUROPTERA , HYMENOPTERA , COLEOPTERA , DIPTERA .

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