University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk Faculty of Arts and Humanities School of Art, Design and Architecture 2019-04-11 Balkanization and Global Politics: Remaking Cities and Architecture Bobic, N http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/16146 10.4324/9781315162065 Routledge All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. Half Title Page Balkanization and Global Politics: Remaking Cities and Architecture Nikolina Bobic Ever-increasingly, countries, states and regions are voicing a desire to be autonomous through a process of balkanization. This book explores the historical emergence, interdisciplinary application and current socio-spatial reasons why more places are seeking self-governance around the world. The spatialization of balkanization is particularly addressed in terms of destruction and renewal through a detailed socio-political interrogation of architecture and the urban, including their changing symbolic and functional forms. The book offers a reworking of the concept of balkanization through a reflective and critical analysis. The particular attention on the city of Belgrade, including the 1990s dissolution of Yugoslavia through specific case study focus of Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia, provides insightful connections between balkanization, violent remaking and global politics. Against the detailed historical overview and prevailingly negative understanding of balkanization, a more positive instatement of balkanization for purposes of inclusivity is also presented. The book will be relevant to academics and students interested in spatial politics. The broad analysis will appeal across disciplines such as Geography, Politics, Architecture and Urban Studies. Nikolina Bobic is a Lecturer in Architecture at the School of Art, Design and Architecture, Plymouth University, UK. Series Page Routledge Studies in Urbanism and the City This series offers a forum for original and innovative research that engages with key debates and concepts in the field. Titles within the series range from empirical investigations to theoretical engagements, offering international perspectives and multidisciplinary dialogues across the social sciences and humanities, from urban studies, planning, geography, geohumanities, sociology, politics, the arts, cultural studies, philosophy and literature. The Urban Political Economy and Ecology of Automobility Driving Cities, Driving Inequality, Driving Politics Edited by Alan Walks Cities and Inequalities in a Global and Neoliberal World Edited by Faranak Miraftab, David Wilson and Ken E. Salo Beyond the Networked City Infrastructure Reconfigurations and Urban Change in the North and South Edited by Olivier Coutard and Jonathan Rutherford Technologies for Sustainable Urban Design and Bioregionalist Regeneration Dora Francese Markets, Places, Cities Kirsten Seale Shrinking Cities Understanding Urban Decline in the United States Russell C. Weaver, Sharmistha Bagchi-Sen, Jason C. Knight and Amy E. Frazier 2 Mega-Urbanization in the Global South Fast Cities and New Urban Utopias of the Postcolonial State Edited by Ayona Datta and Abdul Shaban Green Belts Past; Present; Future? John Sturzaker and Ian Mell Spiritualizing the City Agency and Resilience of the Urban and Urbanesque Habitat Edited by Victoria Hegner and Peter Jan Margry The Latino City Urban Planning, Politics, and the Grassroots Erualdo R. Gonzalez Rebel Streets and the Informal Economy Street Trade and the Law Edited by Alison Brown Mega-events and Urban Image Construction Beijing and Rio de Janeiro Anne-Marie Broudehoux Urban Geopolitics Rethinking Planning in Contested Cities Edited by Jonathan Rokem and Camillo Boano Contested Markets, Contested Cities Gentrification and Urban Justice in Retail Spaces Edited by Sara González The City as a Global Political Actor Edited by Stijn Oosterlynck, Luce Beeckmans, David Bassens, Ben Derudder, Barbara Segaert and Luc Braeckmans Democracy Disconnected Participation and Governance in a City of the South Laurence Piper and Fiona Anciano Health, Wellbeing and Sustainability in the Mediterranean City Interdisciplinary Perspectives Edited by Antonio Jiménez Delgado and Jaime Lloret 3 Indigenous Rights to the City Ethnicity and Urban Planning in Bolivia and Ecuador Philipp Horn City Branding and Promotion The Strategic Approach Waldemar Cudny Citizenship and Infrastructure Practices and Identities of Citizens and the State Edited by Charlotte Lemanski Tourism and Everyday Life in the Contemporary City Edited by Thomas Frisch, Christoph Sommer, Luise Stoltenberg and Natalie Stors Balkanization and Global Politics Remaking Cities and Architecture Nikolina Bobic Peri-Urban China Land Use, Growth and Integrated Urban Rural Development Li Tian For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/series/RSUC 4 Title Page Balkanization and Global Politics Remaking Cities and Architecture Nikolina Bobic 5 Copyright Page First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Nikolina Bobic The right of Nikolina Bobic to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-1-138-06183-5 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-16206-5 (ebk) Typeset in [font] by [Typesetter] 6 Dedication Page To Mira and Nikola 7 Contents Page Running Head Right-hand: Contents Running Head Left-hand: Contents Contents List of figures Preface Acknowledgments 1 Setting the framework: balkan(ization) and global politics Framing Balkanism and balkanization Spatial role of politics and balkanization 2 Balkanism and balkanization: fragmentation, grouping and excess The Balkans Balkanism and balkanization as heterogeneity 3 Yugoslavia in balkanization: beyond civil war, beyond ethnonationalism Dissent and war Stability and peace 4 Allied operations: present-future partnerships of humanitarianism, peace and victory Rhetoric, destruction and Operation Allied Force Peace, prisons and justice: History in vacuum 5 Circulating violence: decomposition, dispossession and control The less visible violence Reintegration via dispossession 8 6 Territorializations: transitions, thresholds and transgressions Shaping space softly Balkanism and balkanization: distinctness, diversity and alterity 7 Present spaces, present times: other spaces, other times Present Bibliography Index 9 Figures Page Running Head Right-hand: Figures Running Head Left-hand: Figures Figures 1.1 Balkanization of the Balkans from the 18th Century to now 1.2 Balkanization of Yugoslavia in the 20th–21st Century 2.1 The different configurations of the Balkans – as an often/usually included political entity to its actual geographical Danube-Sava-Soca boundarie 2.2 Memorial in Sarajevo to mark the 1914 assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg. 2.3 The ethnic diversity of the SFRY 2.4 The constitution of Western Balkans countries 2.5 The fileted Generalstab complex in 2010 3.1 The boundaries of Croatia and the Republic of Serbian Krajina during the 1991–95 period 3.2 Present boundaries of the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Republika Srpska (The Serb Republic) 3.3 Prominent memorials and reminder of the war in Vukovar 3.4 War Museum inside the Vukovar Hospital 3.5 The unreconstructed Water Tower as a signifier of the war 3.6 Memorial Cemetery for the victims of Homeland War 3.7 Ovcara Memorial Centre 3.8 Monument to the Victims of Homeland War 3.9 Prominent memorials and reminders of the war in Dubrovnik 3.10 Façade of the Sponza Palace in which the Memorial Room of the Defenders of Dubrovnik is located, and inside the Memorial Room 3.11 Prominent past and present memorials in Mostar 3.12 The UNESCO protected Stari Most (Old Bridge), that is, Novi Stari Most (New Old Bridge) in Mostar 10 3.13 Prominent past and present memorials and, rebranded and reconstructed buildings in Sarajevo 3.14 The reconstructed 19th Century Vijecnica 3.15 The entry to Vijecnica – the plaque is a reminder of war and those seen responsible for it 3.16 Inside Vijecnica – the exhibition as a reminder of war and destruction 3.17 View from the Museum of Alija Izetbegovic towards the Martyrs’ Memorial Cemetery Kovaci 3.18 Inside the Museum of Alija Izetbegovic 3.19 The rebranded Sarajka, now BBI Centar, on Marshal Tito Street 3.20 The 1946 Eternal