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evolutions of urban landscape in , Manzar scape, In: J. Leighly (ed.), Land and life: A se- Journal, 9 : 30-33. lection from the writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, • Mansouri, S.A. (2013). Iranian Landscape Cul- Berkeley, California: University of California ture, Manzar Journal, 23 : 56-57. Press, 315-350. • Papoli, M.H. & Saghaei. (2006). Tourism: Na- • Vincent, P. (2012). Comparison of Four Ap- ture and Concepts (1st Ed.) : SAMT Pub- proaches to the Management of Urban Land- lication. scape, Manzar Journal, 21 : 16-19. • Rahmani, M.T. (2011). Urban Tourism, Teh- • UNESCO World Heritage Center.(2009).Cul- ran: Sazman-e Shahrdariha va Dehyariha Publi- tural Landscape,available at : http://whc.unesco. cation. org/en/cultural landscape#1. • Sauer, C. O. (1925). The Morphology of Land- • Zarghami, H. (2013). The Overall Planning of Tehran’s Urban Tourism.

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Conclusion Tourist landscape requires a new reading of historical records and antiquity, unique historical landscape that if it creates in relation with four elements, cultural attractions, religious, natural elements – residents, tourists, other landscapes’ or other aspects. Branding of Tehran in the field elements and attractive symbols –, it can delin- of tourism has been faced with serious problems eate a mental image and present a conceptual due to lack of urban management and planning rendering of landscape. Landscape architecture with landscape approach. Integrated manage- as an important area in management and plan- ment combined with the aim of delineation of ning of tourism can provide a better life space for tourist landscape in Tehran from the landscape residents, delineate the landscape of urban tour- approach can make this city appeal to residents ism, provide mental and objective memories for and tourists and create an optimal mental image visitors and earn a reputation potentially for the in visitors’ minds. Delineation of such a land- city; it plays a prominent role in urban citizens’ scape depends on due attention to relationships life like Tehran. between cultural, natural, and historical land- As a general rule, the landscape of urban tour- scapes as well as the coherence of them in terms ism in Tehran satisfies tourists’ needs in terms of of identity on the one hand, and architecture of spatial dispersion, special characteristics such as tourist branding in Tehran from the other hand.

Endnote

1. Is a large desert lying in the middle of the Iranian plateau. 2. A salt lake in Iran which is located approximately 100 km east of the City of Qom and 60 km of Kashan at an elevation of 790 meters above sea level.

Reference List

• Ashworth, G.J. and Dietvorst, A.G.J. (Eds.) Stud-ies, available at http://www.icls.harvard. (1995). Tourism and Spatial Transforma tions: edu/language/whatare.htm. ? Implications for Policy and Planning. Walling- • Lacoste، Y. (2009)، À quoi sert le paysage ford: CAB International Qu’est-ce qu’un beau paysage ?، La Théorie du -Berque, A. (2008). Landscape, location, His- paysage en France (1974-1994)، Seyssel: Édi • tory. Translated by Mansouri,M. Bagh-e Nazar tions Champ Vallon. 71-72 . Journal, 9 : 81-90. • Lynch, K. (1997). Theory of good city, trans- • Cullen, G. (1998). Selection of Townscape. lated by Bahraini,H. Tehran: Tehran University Translated by Tabibian,M. Tehran : Tehran Uni- Press. versity Press. • Mahmoudi, A.S. (2006). Urban Landscape: a • Golkar, K. (2006). Urban Landscape Concept, review of some theories, Abadi Journal, 53:54- Journal of Abadi, 18 (53) : 38-48 61 • Ingerson, A. E. (2000). What Are Cultural • Mansouri, S.A. (2010). What is an urban land- Landscapes?, Institute for Cultural Landscape scape: a historical investigation of conceptual What is Urban Tourism Landscape 681 Parvaneh Parchekani

The , remained of Tehran’s cit- ings, museums, galleries, mosques, historical adel, dates back to 200 years ago, while Citadel sites, etc. constitute the heritage aspect of Teh- of Tehran itself dates back to Safavid dynasty. ran; additionally, forest parks such as Chitgar, Nothing of this citadel’s buildings has remained Lavizan, and Vard Avard, Ski resorts including today except Golestan Palace. Sa’dabad Com- Tochal, Darband, and Shemshak, Chitgar Ar- plex, Niavaran Complex, Malik National Mu- tificial Lake, Parks and numerous gardens in seum, Museum of Contemporary Art, Carpet Tehran, , Azadi Square and Tow- Museum, Geological Museum, etc. along with er, Modern Shopping Malls, Recreation Areas, mosques and historic houses constitute the most Sports Arenas, Public and Private Exhibitions, important elements of Tehran’s cultural land- sites of festivals and different occasions form the scape, which are generally located in north, cen- artificial landscape of this city. ter and old districts of Tehran, having no special According to the local, national and international planning and relationship with other landscapes. functions of different elements in natural, cultur- A large number of tourists visit the aforemen- al, and heritage landscapes of Tehran, delinea- tioned museums with the aim of being more fa- tion of the landscape of urban tourism consider- miliar with history and culture, spending spare ing delicate points can bring about development times or/and sightseeing; however, Tehran has of sustainable tourism, permanence and welfare never been pictured as a historical, natural or of residents, and creation of a positively mental modern city from the point of view of tourists and objective image of Tehran. and residents. Apparently lack of attention to distributive jus- Due to the religious and historical nature of Teh- tice of urban tourism, absence of a landscape ran’s people, the cultural landscape of this city approach toward urban tourist attractions, and also consists of noticeable religious elements, absence of a proper planning for synergy of dif- each of them has a potential in delineation of tour- ferent elements of landscapes are taken into ac- ist landscape in Tehran. Shah-Abdol-Azim Shrine count as the main reasons of sufficient inefficien- in the south, Imamzadeh Dawoud in northwest, cy of tourism in Tehran. Imamzadeh Zeid in Tehran Bazaar, Imamzadeh Provincial attitude and a non-specific look at Saleh in Tajrish, Imamzadeh Abdullah, Imamza- landscape issues and lack of due attention to ar- deh Ain-Ali and Zeinali in the west, Agha Mau- chitecture of tourist landscape generally in cities soleum, Mausoleum of Rouhollah Khomeini and especially in Tehran have caused a wide gap along with Imam Khomeini Mosque, Dar ul- in different urban landscapes such as historical, Funun School, Marvi School, Rajab-Ali Jameh natural, artificial and cultural ones in Tehran; as Mosque, Sepahsalar Mosque, Seyyed Azizollah a result of this, both residents and tourists of Teh- Mosque, Sheikh Abdol-Hossein Mosque, etc. are ran don’t have any image of tourist’s landscape among important cultural elements which com- of this city in their minds, then Tehran lacks a plement cultural-heritage landscape of Tehran special character and identity from residents and and are classified under national level in terms tourists’ viewpoint, finally the branding process of functionality. of this city runs into trouble. Generally speaking, historical and cultural build- 671 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016

ing back to the time in which it was not a capital. rivers area. Perennial Rivers such as Karaj, Ja- In addition to natural and historical attractions, a jroud River, Lar, Hableh River, Shour River (or large number of recreation areas, tourist centers, Abhar River), and Taleghan River, forking off museums, amusement parks, luxurious residen- in different streams as well as numerous dams tial accommodations, modern sports arenas, etc. across these rivers resulting in creation of lakes are incorporated in Tehran. Tehran’s tourist at- in the vicinity of Tehran have played a major tractions have been distributed in three areas of role in expansion of gardens and natural pros- local, national and international in cultural, her- perity in Tehran. Darband, Darakeh, Tochal, itage, natural and artificial landscapes, the com- Dar-abad and so on as cold districts in North, pound of which is described as Tehran’s tourist Lar, Latyan, Amirkabir Lakes in East and West, landscape. Of the total sum of tourist attractions Cheshmeh-Ali, Cheshmeh-A’la, Cheshmeh-Ab in Tehran, typologically a 43.34 percent of them Ali-e Haraz, etc., mainly located in the vicini- is classified under artificial attractions, a 37.8 ty of Northeast of Tehran, in addition to water- percent under cultural ones and a 15.85 percent falls such as Dogholou, Soutak, Usun, Pasang, under natural ones (Zarghami, 2013), which is a Manzarieh, etc. in North, constitute the natural combination of cultural, historical, natural, and landscape of Tehran. Tehran’s nature involving artificial landscapes in Tehran. elements such as mountains, plains, springs, riv- Urban tourism, which can be construed as ‘sight- ers, lakes, and waterfalls is generally expected to seeing’, is an excursion arranged by tourists in play a central role in tourist landscape of Tehran cities to visit urban attractions, which doesn’t re- but this is not the way we think. Tehran’s natural quire any certain ground rules. The only ground attractions with a 15.85 percent have the lowest rule may be an urban geographical territory number of attractions which are utilized more by called ‘city proper’ (Harim-e Shahr) today (Rah- tourists within one day and their functionality is mani, 2011:46). Urban tourism is an interaction classified under local aspect (Zarghami, 2013), between tourists and citizens, creation of tourist however, they are utilized more by the residents. spaces via travelling to urban areas with differ- However, such natural elements considering ent reasons, a visit from attractions, and utiliza- landscape approach and human relationships tion of facilities and services regarding tourism, like tourists and residents can effectively delin- which have different impacts on urban space eate the landscape of urban tourism. (Papoli & Saghaei, 2006:93). Constituting ele- Tehran’s heritage landscape is of primary impor- ments of cultural, historical, natural or artificial tance in the domain of landscape of urban tour- landscapes are the most important urban attrac- ism; Tehran’s museums constitute the important tions which lay the foundations of tourist land- part of Persian history and culture. National scape in Tehran. Museum, Golestan Palace, Sa’dabad Complex, Tehran’s natural landscape is influenced by its and Niavaran Complex are among the most im- history and geography, and history and life style portant museums. Furthermore, the Museum of of people in this region has affected its cultural Ancient Iran, of which architecture is influenced landscape. Tehran is located in Southern Alborz by Sassanian constructions, is one of the greatest Range of Mountains and North of Dasht-e Ka- museums of Tehran and Iran, depicting the histo- vir1, with a Mediterranean climate in drainage ry of Iran since the 7th millennium BC to Islamic basin of Namak Lake2, under Jajroud and Karaj Age in a collection of artifacts. What is Urban Tourism Landscape 661 Parvaneh Parchekani

scape of cities is a matter of concern too. What of cultural-historical heritage besides artificial causes concern relates more to the creation of at- one in Tehran’s natural landscape, which requires tractive artificial environments alienating a visi- architecture of different landscapes in order to tor from his routine experiences and developing extract a tourist landscape among them, in such concepts ‘a separated experience from routine a way that impresses visitors suitably, doesn’t life’ and ‘entertainment’ of residents, in which damage residents’ life, and considers principles case the ultimate objective will not be achieved. of distributive justice. Furthermore, it is to be feared that ‘tourist bub- Due attention to residents’ welfare, tourists’ tastes bles’ will endanger cultural and urban landscapes and understanding important concepts including of the city and cause harm to historical and cul- tourist landscapes in cities and development of tural fabrics, in which case social justice and a good relationship between a varirty of land- public welfare will undergo unpleasant chang- scapes such as heritage, natural, artificial, etc., es. It seems that these concerns come from both all require a great reading of landscape. In tourist tourist landscape methodology and management landscape, a general understanding of both his- and planning of this phenomenon. toric and geographic location of an environment Landscape of urban tourism studies is consider- with the aim of creating an optimal environment ably weak in terms of theorization and it hasn’t for residents, contributing to perception of objec- been well conceptualized yet; thus it is worth tive-mental identity of landscape, preserving and more scientific works by landscape researchers. organizing visual aspects of various landscapes Landscape knowledge with regard to three items, for people other than native residents, constitutes including status of nature and environment, its spatial miniature which is impossible without relationship with human, and importance of aes- development of relationship between different thetics, organizes landscapes and can develop a urban landscapes. Although the landscape first relationship between different landscapes con- appeared with a decorative approach, following sidering life quality of residents and urban tour- its developments it could theorize mechanism of ists experience - which meets with success if human perception of a place. In fact, the land- experts have a good reading and understanding scape considers place a single being that its ex- of tourist landscape. ternal (material) and internal (mental) parts are inseparable (Ibid: 56). The main core and outer Tehran’s Tourist Landscape part of landscape of urban tourism are different, Landscape of urban tourism, comprised of dif- and physical body of tourist sites as a constant ferent elements, utilizes other landscapes and is environment for displaying history, geography, a perception of a city by citizens through its sym- architecture, nature, etc. along with culture, bols (Mansouri, 2010:32). Delineation of land- identity, and life style of citizens is inseparable. scape of urban tourism not only enables tourists Tehran’ tourist landscape is comprised of cultur- to be familiar with history, culture, architecture al, historical, natural and artificial landscapes. and image of the host, but due to distinct envi- Tehran, the capital of Iran, on the one hand, is ronmental experience, causes sightseers to learn more newly constructed than the other Iranian images, on formation of which a variety of hu- historical cities and on the other hand, is taken man, environmental, cultural and historical fac- into account as a historical city due to its experi- tors affect. Tehran’s tourism perspective consists ence in residence, habitation and livelihood dat- 651 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016

put emphasis on quality of life and culture (e.g. is generally utilized for ‘others’ visit; therefore, Santiago, San Diego, Tijuana, Birmingham, without visitors, the landscape of urban tourism Montreal, Vancouver, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, is not a sustainable concept. and Lisbon). Being far from distributive justice, In this regard, landscape of urban tourism in- spatial polarization is far from the objectives of volving spatial, temporal, location, natural, delineation of the landscape of urban tourism civilization and historical dimensions of a city too. The distributive justice approach of urban closely relates to cultural landscape mentally tourism brings about a stampede, pollution, total and objectively and it is created by delineating a pressure on infrastructures and services, growth proper line of communication between attractive of currents, crime rise (due to the arrival of tour- symbols and residents’ routine life in addition to ists) and rapid changes in place features, while considering the relationship between symbols simultaneously giving advantage to some ben- and perception quality of visitors and tourists. eficiaries such as city managers, creditors, de- The landscape of urban tourism can restore pride velopers, businessmen, stockholders, and some to the residents through urban reputation and cre- different residents (Beke & Elands,1995; De Al- ates a perfect image in a visitor (brand)’s mind. buquerque & Elroy, 1999; Rayan, 1993). Urban tourism without considering the dominant Urban tourism is a consequence of complicated soul in landscape only has an objective aspect decisions made by beneficiaries such as agen- and cannot develop a true relationship with other cies, different levels of government, local com- elements. Landscape of urban tourism depends munities, and tourists; in this tourism, some get on the relationship between different elements, an advantage and some suffer from a disadvan- tourists, residents and attractive symbols (Fig. tage- that’s a fact, while by delineating the land- 2) which results in unity and stability of tourist scape of urban tourism, other landscapes will de- landscape. serve further attention, form the main character In spite of all that, delineation of tourist land- of tourist landscape and accordingly the urban tourist will be organized and protected. Thus tourist landscape of cities can act as a lever both Relationship between different elements of tourist lanndscape to attract tourists from all the world as an ab- sorbing element and to provide high quality life conditions for residents. Landscape is always undergoing metamorphosis due to its presence in interactions between natu- Relationship Landscape of Relationship with with ral, economic and social forces that all make that residents Urban Tourism tourists flourish (Mansouri, 2013). Landscape is created in combination with environmental, architec- tural, cultural and historical fields, and cultural landscape is not the same urban tourism, but it Relationship can be instead a compound of cultural, archi- between attractive tectural, historical and environmental spaces symbols considering economic, social, cultural and eco- logical aspects of residents and visitors, which Fig. 2. Landscape of Urban Tourism in relation with four elements. Source : author. 64 What is Urban Tourism Landscape Parvaneh Parchekani

nature throughout the time (Ingerson, 2000:88). centers, social centers, or urban thoroughfares; Due to its broad meaning, cultural landscape has Pantheon, Colosseum, Sereco, Massimo, Agrip- been classified under different types by various pa Bath, Trajan’s Column, and summer retreats figures. In these classifications, cultural land- away from heat and urban noise pollution like scape usually contains ritual landscape. Baths of Hadrian near Tivoli are all tourist attrac- History with its common meaning is an integral tions left of Grand Tour in the Renaissance (Clel- part of the whole city and circulates in urban el- land, 2000; McDonald, 2000a). The same holds ements, and separation of historical landscape true of Beijing, Kyoto, Angkor Jayavarman, Va- from urban and cultural landscapes is bound ranasi, Mecca, London, Teotihuacan, Mexico to be tricky. Parts of buildings, elements, and City, Lima and other major cities as well as pil- symbols developed in cultural and historical grimage sites in the world. However, it is worth landscapes of the city evoking relation with the saying that tourism studies generally “tends to past in the sightseer’s mind psychologically and overlook urban landscape”. Meanwhile, “Urban having preservation and protection values can be Studies have not paid enough attention to the called the ritual landscape of the city which is function of tourism”. Although this area of stud- placed in the main cultural context of the city. ies is growing, it has been remained not studied The cultural part of the city, originated from comparatively. Cities are increasingly become the historical-geographical base and collective aware of reciprocal relationships between differ- rituals of the citizens, makes the urban visitors ent societies using services and the need to keep perceive differently. If the cultural landscape is a balance between expenses and benefits among considered a whole which flowed from the in- different groups, thus it is expected that they will teraction of human, nature and history, heritage provide facilities to simultaneously satisfy tour- and tourist landscapes is counted as a part of this ists and residents. Delineation of the landscape landscape, including a part in which cultural ef- of urban tourism using other landscapes’ attrac- fects (art, architecture, …) have combined with tions can play an important role in the level of architectural and historical events and present a satisfaction of different groups. In other words, picture of a historical story as a whole or it pro- the tourist landscape creates a new image of a vides an environment for people to spend free city that not only does it consider the unity of time in such a way that it is so valuable that one urban and cultural landscape but also requires travels to be there or to notice that. Therefore, if discussion with dynamics of postmodern era. this is accompanied by a landscape architecture, The tourist landscape of cities is the confluence an exotic and unique image of cities is created in of historical, geographical resources and the the visitors’ minds, leading to the foundations of dominating culture in the city in a way that it city reputation to be laid. differs widely from the construction of marked, Cities as religious, economic, political and cul- enclosed spaces of tourism which can hide un- ture centers have been tourist destinations a long pleasant and dark sides of local life in city. Some time ago, having attracted visitors through ancient case studies surrounding cities focus efforts on monuments. As an example, in Ancient Rome, construction of a tourist environment as a means all facilities and large spaces are in relation with of improving downtown (e.g. Indiana Polis, Bal- modern tourism; Appian Way allows tourists to timore, Denver, Mexico City, New Orleans). have access to different centers such as shopping These instances are different from those which 63 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016

ing is an architecture but two buildings, an urban of cities. Charles Waldheim (1996) proposed the landscape because as soon as two buildings are landscape urbanization as the description of an located near each other, the urban landscape is emerging model for professional experience of created.. In the process of dealing with the urban landscape architecture and urban planning. From landscape, initially a human perceives that and this point of view, landscape is the main focus sticks an objective landscape in the mind, then of urban development. Based on this approach, according to the data in his mind, he begins to buildings and the rest of major urban infrastruc- analyze it, finally when he becomes familiar with tures must be designed in accordance with the that, his mental landscape is created. After the landscape. This approach can also be adopted for stage of recognition, the visitor attempts to val- delineating the landscape of urban tourism and ue the urban landscape based on the criteria set may be designed in association with other land- in his mind during the time and judges it ‘good’ scapes. or ‘bad’; accordingly, he reacts and behaves in An urban landscape is a whole in comparison that environment. Therefore, urban landscape is with a cultural landscape. The urban landscape the knowledge about the concept of city gained is made up of cultural, historical, heritage, ar- by the citizens who have resided in that partic- tificial, ritual, natural, and tourist landscapes in ular environment throughout history and have a city. The term ‘Cultural Landscape’ has been developed a meaningful relationship with the employed since one century ago, but approxi- natural and artificial bodies of the environment, mately in the last twenty years, it has grasped which plays a crucial role in the continuation of a professional and practical meaning. Cultural their reasonable life (Mansouri,2010:33). The landscape was first employed in 1920s as the connection between different parameters of the concept of geographical view resulting from the urban and cultural landscapes indicates multidi- interaction of human and nature. Geographers mensional function of cities. To become aware of have proposed the first definition of ‘cultural different qualities of the city’s public space due landscape’. The cultural landscape is considered to the fact that urban evolutions originate from a natural landscape which is created by a group major social changes, a historical- sociological of humans, in which culture plays the role of study is needed which is out of the scope of this an actor and nature, the role of an intermediary research. Historical monuments are built in cities (Sauer, 1925). Following this definition, cultural for various reasons and parts of them are created landscape has been used as the practical meaning with the aim of being permanent or reminding shared by geographers, landscape architectures, people of a special period of time throughout the historians and so on. history of cities, which lead to the creation of the Cultural landscape reflects the unique sustain- cultural landscape of a city. However, a series of able use of earth, characteristics resulting from actions which has been taken with the aim of ur- natural limitations, and mental interaction with ban character in cities is dependent upon multi- nature (UNESCO, 2009). Scholars and thinkers ple components and creates the urban landscape. have not achieved a precise definition for cultur- There are instances such as urban shape totality, al landscape yet and have not agreed on a single urban structure, spaces and public construction, definition, but ‘cultural landscape’ is used for palaces, and neighborhoods which are regarded giving meaning to a way of sighting landscape as the constituting parts of historical character which focuses on interaction between human and 621 What is Urban Tourism Landscape Parvaneh Parchekani

Introduction:What is landscape of urban tourism? Landscape is a general term which can be at- The European Landscape Convention broadly tributed to nature, culture, history, city, village defines landscape as a local concept to be per- and any objective phenomenon. It is an objec- ceived by people; a region whose characteristics tive, mental, dynamic and relative phenome- resulted from the interaction between natural and non stemmed from interaction between human human components incorporates natural, urban, and nature as well as society and history. Based rural and suburban areas. In fact, the landscape on this definition, what the landscape of urban is another type of a place and the product of the tourism is and its role in shaping outlook of ur- interaction between human and environment ban tourists will be investigated. What tourist in outdoor spaces (Berque, 2008:82). Gener- landscape is and from what concept it is derived ally speaking, nature and history represent the forms the main question of this research, which landscape. Thinking about the urban landscape requires a detailed analysis. Tourist landscape is must not be considered by experts and key fig- originally derived from landscape. In fact, land- ures as the means of creating only desirable and scape considers place as a unified whole in that pleasant places for people to spend spare time its external (material) and internal (mental) parts in the routine life, but training and helping the are inseparable (Mansouri, 2013:56). A land- citizens in terms of thinking about and perceiv- scape has a meaning beyond ‘spectacular view’ ing the space must be thought of first and fore- and consists of different experiences in a way most in this regard; first of all, the life space and that it is not merely a visual experience. Sociolo- then what they are really seeking out (Lacoste, gy, anthropology, geography and a large number 2009:73). The urban landscape is more partial of other sciences that have studied environment than the landscape and consists of objective, explain that how and by what the landscape car- mental, and emotional urban landscapes which ries out the task of developing relationship of hu- are taken into account as the basis of behavior mans with world and nature (Vincent, 2012:17). (Golkar, 2006:38). There are different definitions A whole may consist of multiple subsets in such and viewpoints concerning the urban landscape. a way that each of them can be taken into consid- Gordon Cullen (1998:28) believes that “A build- eration as a whole for its other components and it can also have partial components. The landscape is a whole in comparison with urban landscape, Landscape whereas urban landscape is regarded as a part to whole in comparison with the landscape. Fur- urban landscape thermore, cultural landscape is regarded as a part to whole in comparison with urban landscape. cultural Accordingly, tourist landscape can be taken into landscape account as a part to whole in comparison with cultural landscape (Fig. 1). tourist The landscape, another type of a place, has the landscape character of a place and is the product of human experience in space. Landscape space is different from architecture space (Mansouri, 2010:31). Fig.1. Diagram 1. Tourist Landscape. Source : author. 61 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016

What is Urban Tourism Landscape

Parvaneh Parchekani Ph.D Candidate of Tourism Management, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran [email protected]

Abstract Cities reflect their residents’ beliefs, life styles as well as historical and cultural evo- lutions; they have been generally transformed into tourist centers since the Industrial Revolution and become soon the major tourist destinations due to their particular char- acteristics. An urban landscape is knowledge about the concept of city gained by citi- zens who have resided in that particular environment throughout history and developed a meaningful relationship with natural and artificial bodies of the environment, which plays a crucial role in the continuation of their reasonable life. An urban landscape significantly puts an accurate interpretation on qualities and consequently reproduces those qualities which link old and new values of the city together, resulting in the maintenance of natural relationship of humans with their urban environment and provision of an inhabitable area. A tourist landscape as the part of urban landscape can be regarded as a new field in urban studies literature. It has been separated from perception of urban bodies, and has dealt with development of emotional relationship between cities and visitors, mental stabiliza- tion of urban landscape and development of objective relationship while increasing ten- dency of residents to live in their own residence. Drawing a true line of communication between urban symbols with regard to the quality of visitors’ perception and tranquility of residents can create a constant image that sticks in visitors’ minds and develop a mental and objective relationship between cities and tourists, which can be called the landscape of urban tourism. The present article aims at providing the exploration of the landscape of urban tourism as well as stressing the importance of drawing urban tourism in terms of urban and cultural landscape considering the quality of tourists’ experience and the requirement of the residents’ tranquility. In this regard, Tehran has been chosen as the case study and the research method is based on discovery, observation, description and analysis.

Keywords Urban landscape, Tourist landscape, Cultural landscape, Tehran