DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification and Determination of Dimensions of Tourism Management Model in Tehran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification and Determination of Dimensions of Tourism Management Model in Tehran Identification and Determination of Dimensions of Tourism Management Model in Tehran Mahmood Ziyaei Associate Professor, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran Davoud Abbasi Karjegan* Ph.D. student of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Kazemian Assistant Professor, Department of Public, Urban, and Entrepreneurship Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran Mahdi Karoobi Associate Professor, Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran Received: 2015/05/24 Accepted: 2015/10/10 Abstract: Tourism, as a modern phenomenon, has an economic nature. It is of great The Scientific-Research importance for those countries having this capacity. The purpose of this Quarterly Journal of Urban research is identification and determination of dimensions of tourism Economics and Managementl management model in Tehran based on managers and experts’ opinions in ISSN: 2345-2870 tourism field by using the ramification pattern of the tertiary branches for Indexed in: ISC, SID, designing and developing urban tourism management model in accordance Noormags, RICeST, Ensani, with economic, socio-cultural, political and environmental conditions of Magiran Tehran. This research has quantitative entity. It is applied in terms of purpose www.Iueam.ir Downloaded from iueam.ir at 15:58 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 done in descriptive-survey method. To collect primary data, the assessment Vol. 4, No.13 tool in the form of closed questionnaire included 55 items in five options Winter 2016 Likert scale was designed after studying theoretical foundations and literature Pages: tourism subject. Face and content validity were used for questionnaire. To assess reliability, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used and the value of 0.94 was estimated. Statistical sample were 400 academic experts and managers in the field of tourism in Tehran. 371 valid questionnaires were collected from them. In this research, three hypotheses were proposed, and for data analysis, factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used as well. The results of the data analysis show that factors affecting the management of urban tourism in Tehran are in three dimensions including structural, environmental, and content. Designing three-dimensional model of urban tourism management based on the pattern of three ramifications can be a base for tourism policy and planning in Tehran. Keywords: tourism, Tehran tourism, Tehran, management, model JEL Classification: G20, Q01, R10, C30, N95 *Corresponding Author: [email protected] A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management _______________________________ 118 1- Introduction in 2009 (UNWTO Tourism Highlights, Cities are considered as a place for 2010). Increasing the number foreign leisure and recreation in addition to living tourists from 25 million people in 1950 to and working environment. Tourists take 1 billion and 35 million tourists in 2012 advantage of many attractions and in the world indicates developing and facilities of cities for recreation. Physical growing trend of this industry (UNWTO and social structure of urban environments Tourism Highlights, 2013). In addition, prepares suitable condition for tourists the estimations of UNWTO for the future and it provides a wide variety of tourism indicate that the growth of this industry opportunities for them (Ziyaei and will be highly accelerated and it may Abbaspour, 2011). That is why city reach to 1.6 billion tourists by 2020 management generally looks urban (http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/vision.htm). tourism as a necessity in developed Tourism industry is dynamic with countries and applies all its capacities and unique features including important part potentials to activate this gainful and of economic and product activities of profitable sector. developed and developing countries Tourism is a multi-dimensional and (UNWTO, 2007). Tourism management multi-sectoral phenomenon that it has an is of great importance because of its important role in the growth and service-based nature (Ziyaei and development of tourism areas and Torabahmadi, 2013). Organization for destinations as a profitable economic Economic Co-operation and Development activity. Tourism, as a modern phenomenon, (OCED), with relatively limited definition originally has an economic entity (Papli of tourism, has concluded that tourism is Yazdi and Saqayi, 2006). It has a the second largest sector of services in Downloaded from iueam.ir at 15:58 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 particular role and importance for those international experiences after banking countries having this capacity. Tourism and it is a source of life for many countries. industry has changed into one of the most For instance, tourism constitutes profitable industries in the world at the 14% of GDP1 in France, 16.1% in Italy, beginning of the third millennium. Direct 12.8% in Britain, and 12% in the U.S. It and indirect interests in the development has been one of the three important of this industry could provide economic revenue resources and the biggest exporting growth as well as employment for services in most estates of the U.S. millions of people in the world. Over the (Martin, 2005). The world tourism industry past six decades, tourism industry could has earned $ 3.1 trillion from one billion achieve high growth as well as significant and 35 million tourists in the world in 2012, expansion compared to other economic including 6% of the total value of exports sectors. The number of tourists has of goods and services. In addition, 9% of reached from 25 million people in 1950 to GDP and one job out of 11 employments 277 million people in 1980, 438 million have been related to this industry tourists in 1990, 528 million in 1995, 681 (UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2013). million in 2000, and 880 million tourists 1- Gross Domestic Product(GDP) 119 ___________ Identification and Determination of Dimensions of Tourism Management … Diagram1.Estimation of tourism rate during 1950 to 2020 Source: (World Tourism Organization) According to the WTO1 and document of cultural heritage and COMCEC2, 3 million and 354 thousand tourism,” Iran’s share of global tourism tourists visited Iran in 2011 and the should be increased from 0.09 in 2004 to amount of the proceeds from their entry 1.5 percent by 1404. It means absorbing was 2 billion and 381 million dollars about 20 million tourists, increasing (UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2013); Iran’s share from 0.07 per cent to 2 per Downloaded from iueam.ir at 15:58 +0330 on Saturday October 2nd 2021 (COMCEC Tourism Outlook, 2014). In cent in 1404, and earning about $ 25 addition, according to the last report of billion income from tourists entering into WTTC, the average direct share of travel the country. and tourism GDP was 8.2 billion dollars The importance of tourism does not in Iran in 2013 and travel and tourism only limit in the economic dimension; it sector has created 414500 jobs directly has been noted and emphasized in our (1.9% of total employment) (Travel & religious culture as well. There are many Tourism Economic Impact, 2014). Thus, verses in the Holy Quran, which directly we see that tourism sector has great or indirectly refer to tourism (Shafaqi importance and potential for economic et.al, 2012; Karimian Sardashti, 2004; development and employment in Iran. On Yaqubi, 1998). the other hand, according to the Tourism plays an important role in predictions in “development perspective the process of cultural convergence of Islamic countries in various forms including recreational, commercial, 1- World Tourism Organization 2- Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial religious, sporting, pilgrimage and the Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation A Quarterly Journal of Urban Economics and Management _______________________________ 120 growth of socio-economic products, unity for investing, and preparing and creating of Islamic societies, development and appropriate and commercial structure of evolution of values, traditions, and urban management products for many city customs are influential in scientific managers and officials. The importance of interactions (Shamaei, 2009). Moreover, urban tourism in developing countries is tourism attracts passengers to metropolises to the extent that mayors compete with i.e. revenue and profit for organizations each other in creating infrastructures and that tourists spend in them. On the other new tourist attractions, as well as introducing hand, necessary facilities are provided for their city. Officials of cities such as Paris, tourists in metropolises. Obtained revenue Beijing and Madrid try to help city from tourism creates more income, development with the growth of tourism money transfer, and finally urban industry. There is strong competition economy boom in metropolises (Alvani among different city mayors in Italy. and Dehdashti, 1984). In fact, tourism has They actively advertise their services to shaped a strong foundation in the tourism agencies (Dinari, 2010). dynamism of urban economy in Generally, it can be said that tourism metropolises and it has a direct attractions in each area is considered as a relationship with tourist index in part of its particular capital. The metropolis environments. Generally, development of this industry in developed
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of the Role of Iran National Museum in the Cultural Tourism in Iran
    EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF IRAN NATIONAL MUSEUM IN THE CULTURAL TOURISM IN IRAN Omid Salek Farokhi Per citar o enllaçar aquest document: Para citar o enlazar este documento: Use this url to cite or link to this publication: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667713 ADVERTIMENT. L'accés als continguts d'aquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials d'investigació i docència en els termes establerts a l'art. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix l'autorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No s'autoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes d'explotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des d'un lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc s'autoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996).
    [Show full text]
  • Iran Building Magazine: Recessions Create the Perfect Opportunity for Successful Managers to Shine
    MANUFACTURER OF HOLLOW STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS (HSS) IN RANGE OF 4.5 MM UP TO 16 MM THICKNESSES مصنع ألمقاطع الهیکلیة المجوفة الی سماکة 16 ملم (mm) The Best SOLUTION For Construction State-of-the-art Technology • SQUARE • International Standards: CE (EN-10219) 125 x 125 ~ 320 x 320 mm • Various applications in different industries • Many advantages and benefits RECTANGULAR 200 x 120 ~ 400 x 200 mm Foulad Gostar Atena (SJC) ▪ Head Office: Tehran, IRAN. Tel:+98-21-88652048-9, PIPE ▪ 86083792, Fax: +98-21-88652047 6 ~ 16 inches ▪ Factory: Shabab Industrial Town, ILAM, IRAN. (168.3 ~ 406.4 mm) www.fgatena.com The CEO of Saytal Sakht in an interview with Iran Building magazine: Recessions create the perfect opportunity for successful managers to shine The country’s growing need for modern construction material for windows, doors and façade was what encouraged a group of experts to join forces in 2002 and incorporate Saytal Sakht Company in vision of a bright future in the construction industry. Now with over 17 years of brilliant experience in the industry, Saytal Sakht is proud to manufacture windows, doors and façade materials; using only the finest and most up to date technologies in construction and a highly capable and talented design and manufacturing team. Saytal Sakht is also the representative of outstanding Turkish Company KURTOG- LU (Lorenzo line brand); Top German manufacturing firm Schuco, Italy‘s exclusive aluminum wood doors and windows, as well as the representative of Spanish com- pany, The Size for dry façade cladding. As the leading company specializing in construction and building façades, the timeless efforts of eve- ryone in the team, has helped to take great strides in introducing new modern technologies in the construction industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Tourism Management of Tehran; Challenges And
    Bagh-e Nazar, 17(92), 83-96 / Feb. 2021 DOI: 10.22034/BAGH.2019.160240.3890 Persian translation of this paper entitled مدیریتراهبردیگردشگریشهرتهران؛چالشهاوفرصتها is also published in this issue of journal. Original Research Article Strategic Tourism Management of Tehran; Challenges and Opportunities Rouhollah Shokouhi Bidhendi1, Fatemeh Azizabadi Farahani2**, Mohammad Hassan Talebian3, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf4, Seyed Reza Salehi Amiri5 1. Ph.D. in Cultural management and planning, Science and Reseach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2. Ph.D. in Cultural management and planning, Faculty Member of Science and Reseach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3. Ph.D. in Architecture, Faculty Member of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization, Tehran, Iran. 4. Ph.D. in Human Geography, Faculty Member of University of Tehran, Iran. 5. Ph.D. in Public Administration, Faculty Member of Science and Reseach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Received: 08/12/2018 ; revised: 07/04/2019 ; accepted: 11/09/2020 ; available online: 20/01/2021 Abstract Problem statement: Today, tourism is one of the most important industries contributing to sustainable development. This industry has created great cultural, social, and economic opportunities for metropolises. Abundant and diverse tourist attractions of Tehran have created a great capacity for this city in terms of tourism. However, this issue has been less investigated so far. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the opportunities and limitations of tourism development in Tehran. It also presents tourism development strategies for Tehran. Research objective: This study seeks to provide strategies for the tourism development of Tehran. Research method: This research is descriptive-analytical.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Planning of Urban Tourism Capacities in Order to Realize Sustainable Income (Case Study: District 12 of Tehran) Azita Rajabi Associate Prof
    Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch Vol. 6, No 2, Winter 2019, Pp. 5-30 Strategic Planning of Urban Tourism Capacities in order to realize Sustainable Income (Case Study: District 12 of Tehran) Azita Rajabi Associate Prof. Dept. of Geography & Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Ghazaleh Hosseini Tehrani Ph.D. Student of Geography & Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Parisa Beyki Ph.D. Student of Geography & Urban Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Abstract Tourism has been known as the largest service industry in the world in terms of income, so that its growth has led to a lot of social and economic changes. The tourism industry is considered as one of the pillars of economic development in the postmodern period, that plays an important role in the economic development of societies and is one of the most important components of sustainable income. The development of the tourism industry for developing countries, which have encountered with problems such as high unemployment rate, limitation of currency resources and single-product economy, has great importance. On the other hand, tourism can have a great effect on national production and employment of country in the future years as a powerful economic industry. The tourism industry has been more and more considered seriously by the policy makers and planners of the country and the development of tourism industry is turning a national and universal request due to the fact that the reduction in national production and the consequent increase in unemployment as the main economic problem of the country is raised in our country.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Tourism Development Indicators of Milad
    Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Research Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch Vol.8 , No 1,Autumn 2020, Pp. 91-108 Evaluation of Tourism Development Indicators of Milad Telecommunication Tower using the CO-PLOT Model Azita Rajabi * Associate Professor of Department of Geography, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Najmeh Heidarian M.SC. in Geography and Tourism Planning, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Kiarash Salami M.SC. Student in Landscape Architecture, Khatam University, Tehran, Iran Abstract Tourism and the related economy is transforming and plays a vital role in world economy. Many economic development planners and policymakers also refer to tourism industry as the basis for development. Tourism-related activities and the provision of appropriate services in an area, like many other economic sectors, require necessary groundings in terms of its origin. Therefore, based on the importance of tourism industry on the one hand, and the existence of tourism potentials of Tehran province on the other hand, an appropriate procedure is required for prioritizing different areas in the province in order to efficiently and appropriately plan and prioritize different investments in these areas. In this regard, the aim of this research is to evaluate of tourism development indicators of Milad Telecommunication tower. In order to analyze the research data, the CO-PLOT analysis method and comparative comparison of Milad Tower tourism statistics were used. The results of factor analysis indicate the importance of the managerial-institutional dimension as one of the important factors in the tourism development of Milad Tower; the results from a t-test showed that the effect of each factor and dimensions is different on tourism development of Milad Tower.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Tourism Management of Tehran; Challenges And
    Archive of SID Bagh-e Nazar, 17(92), 83-96 / Feb. 2021 DOI: 10.22034/BAGH.2019.160240.3890 Persian translation of this paper entitled مدیریتراهبردیگردشگریشهرتهران؛چالشهاوفرصتها is also published in this issue of journal. Original Research Article Strategic Tourism Management of Tehran; Challenges and Opportunities Rouhollah Shokouhi Bidhendi1, Fatemeh Azizabadi Farahani2**, Mohammad Hassan Talebian3, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf4, Seyed Reza Salehi Amiri5 1. Ph.D. in Cultural management and planning, Science and Reseach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 2. Ph.D. in Cultural management and planning, Faculty Member of Science and Reseach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 3. Associate Professor, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Iran. 4. Ph.D. in Human Geography, Faculty Member of University of Tehran, Iran. 5. Ph.D. in Public Administration, Faculty Member of Science and Reseach Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Received: 08/12/2018 ; revised: 07/04/2019 ; accepted: 11/09/2020 ; available online: 20/01/2021 Abstract Problem statement: Today, tourism is one of the most important industries contributing to sustainable development. This industry has created great cultural, social, and economic opportunities for metropolises. Abundant and diverse tourist attractions of Tehran have created a great capacity for this city in terms of tourism. However, this issue has been less investigated so far. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the opportunities and limitations of tourism development in Tehran. It also presents tourism development strategies for Tehran. Research objective: This study seeks to provide strategies for the tourism development of Tehran. Research method: This research is descriptive-analytical. Data for this bibliographical research were collected through relevant literature, documents, and interviews.
    [Show full text]
  • Iranian Landscape Cul- Berkeley, California: University of California Ture, Manzar Journal, 23 : 56-57
    701 What is Urban Tourism Landscape Parvaneh Parchekani evolutions of urban landscape in Iran, Manzar scape, In: J. Leighly (ed.), Land and life: A se- Journal, 9 : 30-33. lection from the writings of Carl Ortwin Sauer, • Mansouri, S.A. (2013). Iranian Landscape Cul- Berkeley, California: University of California ture, Manzar Journal, 23 : 56-57. Press, 315-350. • Papoli, M.H. & Saghaei. (2006). Tourism: Na- • Vincent, P. (2012). Comparison of Four Ap- ture and Concepts (1st Ed.) Tehran: SAMT Pub- proaches to the Management of Urban Land- lication. scape, Manzar Journal, 21 : 16-19. • Rahmani, M.T. (2011). Urban Tourism, Teh- • UNESCO World Heritage Center.(2009).Cul- ran: Sazman-e Shahrdariha va Dehyariha Publi- tural Landscape,available at : http://whc.unesco. cation. org/en/cultural landscape#1. • Sauer, C. O. (1925). The Morphology of Land- • Zarghami, H. (2013). The Overall Planning of Tehran’s Urban Tourism. 691 quarterly, No.13 | Autumn 2016 Conclusion Tourist landscape requires a new reading of historical records and antiquity, unique historical landscape that if it creates in relation with four elements, cultural attractions, religious, natural elements – residents, tourists, other landscapes’ or other aspects. Branding of Tehran in the field elements and attractive symbols –, it can delin- of tourism has been faced with serious problems eate a mental image and present a conceptual due to lack of urban management and planning rendering of landscape. Landscape architecture with landscape approach. Integrated manage- as an important area in management and plan- ment combined with the aim of delineation of ning of tourism can provide a better life space for tourist landscape in Tehran from the landscape residents, delineate the landscape of urban tour- approach can make this city appeal to residents ism, provide mental and objective memories for and tourists and create an optimal mental image visitors and earn a reputation potentially for the in visitors’ minds.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitales Archiv ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics
    digitales archiv ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft ZBW – Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Ziyaei, Mahmood Article Identification and determination of dimensions of tourism management model in Tehran Provided in Cooperation with: Iran Urban Economics Scientific Association, Tehran This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11159/169 Kontakt/Contact ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft/Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Düsternbrooker Weg 120 24105 Kiel (Germany) E-Mail: [email protected] https://www.zbw.eu/econis-archiv/ Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieses Dokument darf zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken This document may be saved and copied for your personal und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie and scholarly purposes. You are not to copy it for public or dürfen dieses Dokument nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle commercial purposes, to exhibit the document in public, to Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, aufführen, vertreiben perform, distribute or otherwise use the document in public. If oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern für das Dokument eine Open- the document is made available under a Creative Commons Content-Lizenz verwendet wurde, so gelten abweichend von diesen Licence you may exercise further usage rights as specified in Nutzungsbedingungen die in der Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. the licence. Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft zbw Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Identification and Determination of Dimensions of Tourism Management
    [Show full text]
  • Universityoftehran Prospectus
    2 201 - 1 TEHRAN 201 OF PROSPECTUS UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN PROSPECTUS 2011 - 2012 2 201 - 1 201 P.O. Box: 14155-6619 P.O. Fax: +98 (21) 66498873 Email: [email protected] Telephone: +98 (21) 61111 Ext: 2951 +98 (21) 61111 Telephone: Central Administration Office: Enqelab Avenue, Tehran, Iran Avenue, Administration Office: Enqelab Central UNIVERSITY OF TEHRAN PROSPECTUS 2011-2012 © 2011 Assistant Editors: Zinat- produced or used in any form to all the students who gave Publisher: Office of Vice- Sadat Motahari, Fatemeh by any means –graphic, elec- permission for us to publish President, International Azimzadeh Mousavi, tronic, mechanical, including their photographs in this The University of Tehran Saeedeh Allahdad, and photocopying, recording, Catalogue. EMail: [email protected] Saeed Baqershahi taping, or any information Project Manager & Editor: Printed by: Print & Design storage and retrieval system– Dr. Mohammad A. Mousavi House without permission in writing Photographer: Sadegh Printed and Bound in the from the publisher. Mousavi Islamic Republic of Iran. We would like to thank the Designer: Ebrahim Mohseni All rights reserved. No part University staff and manage- Ahouie of this Prospectus may be ment for their assistance and Contents General Information ...................................................................... 5 Research Institutes & Centers of Excellence ......................... 173 Iran ............................................................................................ 7 Center for Graduate
    [Show full text]
  • Iranians Celebrate Sizdah-Bedar April 2 TEHRAN (IRNA) - People Across the Iranian History
    Art & Culture APRIL 2, 2016 3 This Day in History Iranians Celebrate Sizdah-Bedar April 2 TEHRAN (IRNA) - People across the Iranian history. The festivities Today is Saturday; 14th of the Iranian month of Farvardin 1395 solar hijri; corresponding Iran are celebrating Sizdah-Bedar, include picnicking outdoors, in to 23rd of the Islamic month of Jamadi as-Sani 1437 lunar hijri; and April 2, 2016, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. the traditional Persian festival of the parks or the countryside. 1274 solar years ago, on this day in 742 AD, the king of the Franks, Charlemagne, was nature, on Friday by spending time Although picnicking outdoors born in either Aachen in modern-day Germany or Liege (Herstal) in present-day Belgium. outdoors. is the main event, there are other He was the son of Pepin the Short and following the death of his father in 768, he was Sizdah-Bedar, an ancient Iranian symbolic purposes for the cele- initially co-ruler with his brother Carloman I, whose sudden death in 771 under unexplained nature festival, is held on the 13th brations such as appreciating na- circumstances left Charlemagne as the undisputed ruler of the Frankish Kingdom. On his conquest of Italy and central Europe he was crowned the first Roman Emperor in Western of Farvardin (first month in Ira- ture, cleaning the mind from evil Europe after three centuries by Pope Leo III. Throughout his long 45-year reign, he was nian calendar) and marks the end thoughts and spending the day brutal in his suppression of opposition to his rule, but his attempts to expand his dominion of the Persian New Year (Norouz) outdoors to stay away from the into Muslim Spain met with defeat and a historical retreat that resulted in the complete holidays.
    [Show full text]