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No. 63. Vol. II.—37- CHICAGO, NOVEMBER 8, li CONTENTS

THE SPIRITUALISTS' CONFESSION. Moncure D. A Short History of the War of Secession. R..\sseter

Conway - 1295 Johnson ; 1303

THE HIBBERT LECTURES AND THE GAULISH My Predecessors. F. Max Muller 1303

PANTHEON. S. Arthur Strong 1297 The Ethical Record, Vol I. No. 3 1303

POETRY. NOTES 1303

Introduction to a Poem. Louis Belrose, Jr 1302 FICTION.

BOOK REVIEWS. The Lost Manuscript. (Continued.) Gustav Freytag. 1304

KOELLING & KLAPPENBACH, Three Introductory Lectures THE LEADING ORGAN of British Thought on the American Continent IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN BOOKS AND PERIODICALS, The Science of ThoMht "THE WEEK," A Canadian Journal ol Politics, Society, and 48 DEARBORN STREET, (First published in The Open Court of June, July, and August, 1887.) Literature. CHICAGO. ILL. BY F. MAX MULLER. Published every Thursday. S3. 00 per e WANTED! "THE WEEK," Canada's Literary Journal, 1. The Simplicity of Language; which has entered its fifth year, appeals by its com- energetic educated person wanted in An and 2. The Identity of Language and Thought; and prehensive table of contents to the different tastes every town, city, and diEtrict, to canvass for sub- The Simplicity of Thought. 3. which exist within the circle of a cultured home, scriptions to The Open Court; liberal compensa- Appendix which and will endeavor faithfully to reflect and sum- tion. Address, with references, With an contains a Correspond- ence on "Thought without Words," between F. marize the intellectual, social, and political move- Max Muller and Francis Galton, the Duke of Ar- OPEN COURT PUBLISHING COMPANY, ments of the day. gyll, George J. Romanes and Others. Bo.x F., Chicago, Illinois. In politics "THE WEEK" is thoroughly inde- THEOPEN COURT PUBLISHINGCO. pendent. It is untrammeled by party connections, free from party leanings, Henry J. Ennis, 169-175 La Salle Street. Chicago. unbiased by party con- siderations, its desire being to further, to the ut- Neatly Bound in Cloth. Price, yj Cts. Attorney and Counsellor in Patent Cases. most of its power, the free and healthy develop- Rejected and Complicated Ca ment of the Nation. PRESS NOTICES. C. BLACKETT ROBINSON, Publisher, Office: Lenox Building, "Full of novel thought."— Chicago fferald. 5 Jordan Street, WASHINGTON^ D. C. Toronto, Canada. "The subject is discussed with grea pposite the U. S. Patent Ofi&ce.) P. O. ^~ Sample Copies Sent Free on Application. 442. Exclusively. TO ADVERTISERS.—" THE WEEK " aifords Mr. Geo. Willis Cooke will lecture during the an excellent medium for advertisements intended season of 1888-S9, as usual. He is prepared to give " The lectures are in their way interesting, even to to reach the professional and cultured classes of those who disagree with the author's views." four lectures on The hitellectual Development of The Canada. It is read by people who can purchase Critic. Wovien^ and three on The Poetry of Robert Brown- what they want and pay for what they purchase. " ing. He also has lectures on George Eliot, Charles Max Muller's supremely simple theory is hotly None but the choicest business announcements disputed, but it is easily vindicated, provided Darwin, Robert Browning, and Emerson. During one is not a dualist on principle." Boston Beacon. will be taken. All advertisements will be set up the past summer he has prepared a new course of in such style as to insure " THE WEEK'S " high " The lecturer states his position with great clear- lectures The Social History Eng- four on of New ness and cogency and comes out of the correspond- typographical appearance, and enhance the value land, in which he will describe the town meeting, ence with his critics with credit and with his rea- of the advertising in its column. For rates, etc., soning Chicago the meeting-house, the Puritan minister, and the unshaken." Times. apply to home life of our forefathers, with the aim of show- "The lectures are able presentations of certain T. R. CLOUGHER, Business Manager, ing how the people actually lived and how Ameri- views in mental philosophy by one who is a recog- TORONTO, ONT., nized authority upon that subject, and will be read can Ideas were gradually developed. Mr. Cooke's with interest by students and scholars." Cincinnati or J. WALTER THOMPSON, (Times Building), address is Dedham, Mass. Times Star. NEW YORK. — THE OPEN COURT.

idealist to deny the existence of matter. The materialist behold THE OPEN COURT. ing the imperfection of the senses may pronounce them to be, by one, incompetent witnesses, and declare them to be PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY BY one illusions. But the fact is, both exist, object and subject, matter THE OPEN COURT PUBLISHING CO. and mind."

MoNcuRE D. Conway, on Agnosticism, in No. 47. Editor. EDWARD C. HEGELER, President. DR. PAUL CARUS, Mr. Moncure D. Conway, in reference to the philosophical exposure of Agnosticism in the editorial article of Nos, 43 and 44 of is a radical journal which holds that Religion and The Open Court The Open Court, declares that the Unknowable cannot in the Science, rightly understood, do not contradict each other. The apparent di- least concern the religious nature. Only weariness of wing can vergencies have arisen from the false dualistic conceptions of world and life; and the Conciliation of Relitjion wilh Science is to be found in Monism-lo have brought free thinkers to seek rest on this raft. Religion does Coupt_^ present and defend which is the main object of The Open not follow abstract and vague gods, it follows Jesus, Buddha, Mary, Monism is that view which recognizes the Oneness of All-Ex who may be known and loved. On the truth and moral value of As a Philosophy, Monism is the basis of modern science. It teaches that truth is one and the same. One truth can not contradict another truth. Cog- these great figures, man can base his life. Mr, Conway concludes nition must agree with facts and be free from self-contradiction, constituting with the remark that the ethical side of monism has not as yet conception of Reality. a clear and systematic been made clear. Nature seems predatory and cruelly impartial As a Religion, Monism teaches that the individual is a part of the whole. between good and evil. Adherents of error survive more comfor- The individual must conform to the laws of the All in order not only to live, but also to lead a moral life—a lite that is worth living. tably and increase more extensively than the disciples of truth. The religion of Monism thus becomes the scientific basis of Ethics which May it not be more truly said that there is a moral law in man to relations of the individual to his fellow-beings as well as to the regulates the which nature must conform in order to be elevated and transfig- co«mical laws of the All. ured to a nobler existence? Mr. Conway's critical remark if it Translations from the most prominent authors of Europe have been pro- cured, and eftorts are made to present the very best and most advanced thought were unanswerable from the standpoint of Monism would drive re- bearing on scientific, religious, social, and economic questions. ligion and philosophy back into the dualism and supernaturalism of

former times. And truly the supernatural, if it is justifiable at

RATES OF ADVERTISING. all, must be recognized in the moral nature of man, unless man position, per line For Each Insertion, without choice of S .10 is proven to be a part of nature The editor's answer to Mr. " •' " " " " percolumn 12.00 expatiates on the " " " " Conway's criticism, in the same number, " *' per page . 20.00 Oneness of and Nature, thus showing that humanity, cult- Agate measure, 14 lines to the inch, 126 lines to the column. Man For specified position, 20 per cent, will be added to regular rates. ure and civilization are but a higher stage of the natural, and advertisements The Open Court sent free to advertisers while their that morality does not stand in contradiction to, but is an observ- continue. ing of and a conforming to the cosmical order of the AH. To Advertisers.—The Open Court will be found to offer especial advan- tages for the advertisement of Current Literature and the insertion of Pub- ERNST mach. Its numbers being on file in all the prominent hotels, libraries lishers' notices. Ernst Mach (Professor of Mechanics at the University of and public institutions in the United States and Canada, and reaching the Prague, author of several works explanatory of the history and professional and scientific circles of every State in the Union, Only bona fide advertisements will be accepted. philosophy of mechanics, and the first authority in his branch) explains in his essay Transformation and Adaptation in Scientific

Thought, (in Nos. 46 and 48), one of the most characteristic J : I Throughout the Postal Union I I ideas of modern science—an idea that lies, so to speak, in the TERMS, S2.00 PER YEAR. SI. 00 FOR SIX MONTHS. " " $0.50 FOR THREE MONTHS. SINGLE COPIES.IOCTS. atmosphere, Knowledge," he says, is an expression of organic nature." The law of evolution, which is that of transformation and adaptation, applies to thoughts just as well as to individuals or any AU communications should be addressed to living organisms, A conflict between our customary train of thought

and new events produces what is called the problem. By a subsequent (Nixon Building, 175 La Salle Street,) adaptation of our thought to the enlarged field of observation the P. O. DRAWER F. CHICAGO, ILL. problem disappears and through this extension of our sphere of ex- perience the growth of thought is possible. Thus the happiest ideas FORMER CONTRIBUTIONS TO "THE OPEN COURT." do not fall from heaven, they spring rather from notions already PROF. E. D. COPE. existing. From this standpoint the narrow conception of egotistic " In Number 23 Professor E. D. Cope treats of Evolution views disappears. " The person " is comparable to an indifferent and Idealism," and finds in the evidence of evolution the refu- and symblical thread on which are strung the real pearls of life tation of the doctrine of idealism. He concedes that much of the ideas that make up the changing content of consciousness. is unreal and has no exist- what we consider the objective world Humanity in its entirety is like a polyp plant; the material and ence, except, as we perceive it, like the snakes, for instance, to the organic bonds of union have been severed, but by this freedom of " victim of delirium tremens; and he agrees that the properties of movement, the psychical connection of the whole has been at- and even their existence, to matter" owe much of their character, tained in a much higher degree. our senses, which give matter all its qualities, or, at least, modify E. p. POWELL. and change them according to the number of our senses and their scholar, E. P. Powell, gives his views on "Lan- ability to perceive. Yet, for all that, he says: "If a given supposed The American 26. He maintains that language, as a object be purely a mental state on the part of the subject, a guage" in Nos. 24 and is possessed by all the animal creation, rational cause for the production of that state is wanting." means of communication, scale of being; that all communi- With great self-confidence. Professor Cope says: "Evolu- even down to the lowest in the that all of them have a language to tion gives the coup de grace to idealism of the consistent type. In cate with one another; wants and especially to express hunger. This lies the gradual unfolding of organic life it sees the two universal express their principle of evolution, because "organic devel- facts, subject and object. It sees them interact and influence at the root of the in the direction of organic power to express each other," and further on he says: "It is equally competent opment is necessitated for the materialist to deny the existence of mind as for the — to s[)eak." The Open Court, A WEEKLY JOURNAL Devoted to the Work of Conciliating Religion Mviih. Science.

Two Dollars (Vol. II.— I p( No. 63. 37) CHICAGO, NOVEMBER 8, li Single I Copies,

THE SPIRITUALISTS' CONFESSION. strictly business principles; the critical suggested ex- BY MONCURE D. CONWAV. planations, among them that now confessed; but thou- To those who remember the first Rochester rap, sands eagerly welcomed the theory that out of the the scene at the Academy of Music, on Sunday even- mouth of babes infidelity was to be confounded. ing, Oct. 21, was more replete with dramatic effects From Rochester the spiritualistic sower went forth than any play ever witnessed there. Some were comic; to sow everywhere the seed which sprang up in ghosts. as when five physicians were holding the shoeless foot There was not a house in which people did not try to

.of a somewhat hysterical woman to find if the ham- get raps on their tables. But toes able to hammer

merings heard through the theatre proceeded from it. were not numerous. Muscles that could tip or turn Other features of the scene, though they excited the tables, purposely or unconsciously, were universal; so laughter of the young, were not without a certain table-turning was spiritualized. Under the Rochester tragical import for maturer minds; such as the occa- raps all manner of defunct conjurations revived. Mes- sional cries from spiritualists in various parts of the mer came from his grave, and began to make his house, to whom the whole thing was a ghastly attempt passes in the land of Franklin, despite the quietus to bury alive their loved ones who had been dead, but given his pretensions by Franklin in Paris. Along who had been restored to them by the faith now pro- with holy hopes and visions, and the mysteries of the nounced by its founders an imposture and delusion. unfathomed inner life, hypnotism and hypocrisy, mag- The elder of the impostors,—to whose confession netism and imagination, tricks, legerdemain, were assent was given by the younger from the private box thrown into the cauldron which the Foxes set bubbling,

•where she sat in full view,—solemnly asked the pardon and out of it was evolved Spiritualism. of Almight}^ God for her career of deception. She also In the forty years since that November when the invoked pardon "forthosewho have opened their hearts Fox children were first tested in public,—by committee to the silly imposture." She did not ask pardon of after committee, with stethoscopes, and even without those she had deluded. There is something so ghoul- clothing,—Spiritualism has gained more converts than like in fattening on graves,, so vampyre-like in living Christianity gained in three centuries. There must on the life-blood of hearts yearning for their departed have been a combination of favorable conditions. In friends, that pardon could hardly be asked for— unless the last century similar noises occurred in the Wesley of so lenient a confessor as her Catholic Father, who family at Epworth. The Cock Lane ghost in London told her that "as she was in this business, and did not rapped replies for John Wesley and others, similar to believe in it, and had to support herself, to charge those at Rochester. But those incidents occasioned very high prices, so that it would at least limit the no religious revolution. Forty years ago the effect can number of [her] patrons." only be compared to the conflagration which the same The confession is brief. The whole spiritualist children, with one spark, might have spread over a movement proceed from a cultivated abnormality in prairie. The religious growths must have been dry the big toe. and combustible.

The elder woman's big toe sounded like a muffled The age is far past since the toiling and suffering hammer, but I heard every stroke from the farthest millions of Protestant lands have enjoyed realistic part of the balcony. visions of the spiritual world. When the Anglo-Saxon That, then, was the Rochester rap, whose effect man ceased to kiss the papal toe he became politically may be compared to first gun of the revolution—" heard erect; he became scientific and progressive; but his round the world." Who cannot remember the thrill rosy heaven has been getting more dim ever since. of the tidings that invisible intelligences were signal- Spiritualism uplifted once more over our cold and ling their presence through the mediumship of two cruel world the heaven of guardian spirits. To my humble and innocent children at Rochester? The un- vision there was a phantasmal procession passing believing made fun of the little Foxes exhibited by across the stage where the medium made confession; their sister Fish as agents of the spiritual world, on of those whose humble lot had been illumined, whose 1296 THE OFEN COURT. griefs were rendered endurable by what Emerson sent from her stage box. But Mrs. Jencken must called "the rat-hole revelation." Behind these came have known, albeit Dr. Richmond did not, that her shining foreheads—William and Mary Howitt, Ed- career is not explicable by toe raps. To her, perhaps monds, Hare, De Morgan, Varley, Wallace, Oliphant, more than to any other, is due the deception of the Crookes; and also poor Zollner came from his Asylum, English scientific men by whose credit spiritualism leading many whom the raps had deprived of sanity. has been able to survive in that country exposures They all advanced, as if in a Sistine chapel, and sol- which would otherwise have crushed it. The first emnly pressed their lips to the Toe of the Fox scientific convert there was Varley, the electrician. woman! Nineteen years ago the London Dialectical Society, According to this confession Cleopatra's nose never of which I was a member, appointed a committee to made more history in the Old World than the Fox investigate spiritualism; and on May 25, 1869, Mr. girls' toes in the New. But a suspicion occurred to me Varley gave evidence before it. He gave a memora- that we have as yet only a small part of the confession ble account of seances with Catharine Fox. "The which these mediums owe to the world they have been spirit who was to cooperate with me was stated to be humbugging. They were introduced by Dr. Rich- Dr. Franklin. When I appeared the first time with mond, who is lively and ingenious. He imitated the the apparatus at the minute appointed, I was received slate-trick, the name-reading and the bank-note tricks, with a chorus of raps such as fifty hammers, all strik-. and showed how easily he could cheat us. But it is ing rapidly, could hardly produce .... Miss Fox, you doubtful whether Dr. Richmond has been careful not are doubtless aware, is the medium through whom the to be deceived himself while undeceiving others. modern spiritual manifestations were first produced in It was gentlemanly to mitigate a woman's humilia- the United States, and through her mediumship the tion, but the doctor went too far in saying that Marga- most striking physical phenomena I have ever heard ret Fox had never claimed that her manifestations of were witnessed by my friends Dr. Gray, a leading were the work of spirits. On November 6, 1884, she physician in New York, and by Mr. C. F. Livermore, was tested by the Seybert Committee in Philadelphia; the banker, both of them shrewd, clear-headed men. and although at one point of the seance she did say During my investigations, Mr. Livermore and Mr. "I do not say the sounds are from spirits," she also and Mrs. Townsend sat with us. Mr. Townsend is a said that she had no control over them, and pretended New York solicitor, at whose house the meetings of the that the spirit of Mr. Seybert used those raps to com- circle were held. Mr. Livermore went and stood by municate with the committee. "Every rap," she said, her and distinctly saw a hand, and we all saw a blue

"has a different sound. For instance, when the spirit light come from under her dress. I have often seen of Mr. Seybert rapped, if the sound was a good one, these lights in her presence." you would have noticed that his rap was different from It was, also, at Mrs. Jenckens house, near the Crys- that of another." At another time Dr. Pepper, Pro- tal Palace, that some of the wonderful things occurred vost of the University of Pennsylvania, addressed the which Lord Lindsay related to the Dialectical Com- spirit of Mr. Seybert: "Harry, will you communicate mittee. The celebrated Mr. Home was staying there, with me as you promised to do?" The promise had but some of the marvels appear to have involved co- been through the same medium, who now gave re- operation. Thus, Lord Lindsay, having missed his sponsive raps; then she called for paper snd wrote, last train, slept in Home's room, and, just as he was from right to left, a communication signed Harry going to sleep, saw a female figure at the foot of his Seybert. sofa. " She seemed to be dressed in a long wrap go- It may be mentioned here that the Seybert Com- ing down from the shoulders, and not gathered in at mittee discovered that the raps came entirely from the waist. Home then said, 'it is my wife; she often this medium's person. Dr. Furness, the Shakespearean comes to me.' And then she seemed to fade away." scholar, with the medium's consent held her foot dur- As no other lady appears to have been in the house ing the raps, and said: "I distinctly feel them in your than Mrs. Jencken, who now assures us that spiritual- foot. There is not a particle of motion in your foot, ism is an imposture, it would be interesting to learn but there is an unusual pulsation." After this she de- her explanation of this apparition. Obviously, it could clined another seance. not have proceeded from anybody's toe. Nor can it But although this toe power seems abnormal, and be supposed that the Fox toe is capable of multiplying worthy the attention of scientists, it is insufficient as itself into the fifty simultaneous hammers which Crom- an explanation of the spiritualistic career of these well Varley heard in the presence of Catharine Fox, sisters. Dr. Richmond announced that the younger or of emitting the blue lights seen by him and others sister assented to whatever the elder said, and Mrs. coming from under her dress, or of shaping itself to Catharine Fox Jencken gave visible sign of such as- the aerial hand seen by Mr. Livermore. —

IHE OR EN COURT. 1297

It is plain, therefore, that the confession of these the dynamical force of light are accepted by the sci-

sisters is incomplete. It is to be hoped that having entific world with universal acclaim? If he be a com-

dismissed lying spirits they will be possessed by the petent witness in the one case, is he not equally so in spirit of truth alone. The only compensation they the other?" The only possible reply to this position can now give to the world they have so long conspired was that in the case of Thallium his discovery was to delude, avowedly for gain, and for the money they verifiable by any and every man, but the "materiali- now make by their confession, is that this should be zations" reported in his book {^The Phenotncna Called the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth. Spiritual) are not verifiable. But it was easy to an- These "reformed mediums" have been in the confi- swer that the unbelievers had not, for verification, dence of the spiritualist world; they have been inti- gone through the exact and patient experiments which mate with the mediums of Europe and America. If led Mr. Crookes to his discovery. This position, log- now, as they declare, they have entered on a " holy ically weak, was practically impregnable. But where war" against the movement they inaugurated, let logic and criticism failed the clumsiness of mediums them give the whole thing away. That cannot be done succeeded. by the physiological curiosity displayed at the Acad- The mediums with whom both Crookes and Wal- emy of Music. Nor do Dr. Richmond's ingenuities lace conducted their experiments were subsequently explain the manifestations wrought by Mr. Home and detected in frauds, so completely that English spirit- herself in Mrs. Jencken's house. How did Home lev- ualists disowned them. And now the medium whom itate and elongate? How did burning crystals appear Varley, an electrician of the Atlantic cable, declared on his head? How was managed that vision which most wonderful of all, avows herself an impostor. Mr. Jencken attested—"a figure, draped in what ap- Think of a scientist successfully testing the Atlantic peared like a transparent loose gauze or veil, passed cable, but victimized by a girl's toe-joints! to and fro, imaged on the wall, which had become lu- I once asked Professor Tyndall how he accounted minous"? for the spiritualistic belief of a certain eminent man of The solving of some of these mysteries does not science. He replied: "That man's intellect is a loom. concern the mere curiosity of mankind, but their most Give him his facts, he will vigorously weave them; vital and practical interests. Dr. Richmond exclaimed but his discrimination as to what are facts is faulty, from the stage: "There has not been a miracle per- and he will sometimes weave rotten along with sound formed for 1800 years. Anybody who pretends to threads into his weft." work miracles ought to be in the penitentiary." " How Not long after, a female medium— a favorite with about Miss Fox?" cried a voice. " How do we treat these spirit-scientists—was detected by two gentlemen State's evidence?" was the clever retort. But I re- of the British Museum. While the spirit was walking marked that the allusion to miracles 1800 years ago about the room under a dim light she was clutched by was followed by a burst of general and derisive laugh- one, and the other, striking a powerful light, revealed ter. And what wonder? What are the people to think the form of the medium,—supposed to be securely of miracles of a pre-scientific age, reported onl)- in the bound with sealed knots in a cabinet. The facts were century following their occurrence, by tradition from certified in the Times. They were admitted. But the unlearned witnesses who could not be cross-examined, scientific man whose judgment Dr. Tyndall questioned when here, in our time, the very experts of testimony, wrote a letter to the Times, maintaining that the spirit, lawyers like Judge Edmonds, Mr. Jencken, and others: not being able to materialize that evening, had that scientists trained in experimental investigation, like evening utilized the medium's body, without that me- Varley, Hare, Crookes, Wallace,—are found at the dium's consciousness or knowledge. feet of vulgar tricksters, where the fraud is veiled with What wise spirits! To select for this exceptional unctious sentimentalism? performance the particular evening when two scientists

What is the value of testimony warped by religious were present with apparatus for bringing their medi- and human emotions? To these lawyers, judges, sci- um into disgrace! Yet such was the degree to which entists, the community entrusts issues of life and death. emotional enthusiasm could smother the brain which, The opinion of Mr. Crookes whether a red spot on a simultaneously with Darwin, discovered the law of garment be logwood or blood might determine a pris- Evolution! oner's life or death. The late Andrew Leighton, an THE HIBBERT LECTURES AND THE GAULISH English poet, eleven years ago demanded through the PANTHEON. press: "What is there in Mr. Crookes's expositions of BY S. .ARTHUR STRONG. these phenomena which renders his evidence inad- missible or incredible, while his paper on his discov- The institution of the Hibbert Lectures may be re- ery of the metal Thallitnn and his latest discovery of garded as supplying a want which would otherwise be —

1298 THE OPEN COURT.

keenly felt in England as compared with France, Hol- it maj' gain in scope and variety. The occupants of land, and Germany—the want, namely, of some organ- the Hibbert chair enjoy absolute freedom of choice in ized and permanent encouragement for the study of the matter both of subject and of method. The tone religion from the comparative and scientific as op- which they adopt is not necessarily one of apology, posed to the sectarian or missionary standpoint. but, as in the case of the exponents of all other The foundation of the rational criticism of the Bi- branches of science, is determined by conviction and ble—the throwing open, that is, to the free application predilection. They are free from the obligation of of methods tested and found fruitful in secular inquiries serving a particular class-interest by exalting one de- of a field long marked out by a thick wall of tradi- partment of their subject at the expense of all the rest; tional prejudice as holy ground—will always rank and the lectures being delivered by a series of schol- among the most precious of the many contributions ars, of whom each speaks of that which he has spe-

made by Germany to that common fund of deeper cul- cially studied, represent, as it were in outline, the

ture, maintained, as it were, by international effort, whole area covered by the science in question. and upon which the liberal education of our own coun- The volume before us differs in one important re- try is becoming more and more dependent, as the in- spect from all its predecessors—not only in bulk, sufficiency of our academical machinery to provide for though it is the largest yet published by the Hibbert its growing needs is becoming more and more ap- trustees—but in its relation to its author. It is the parent. France and Holland have not been slow to outcome of a labor of love devoted to a task, for which tread the path traced and to a large extent cleared by the author's qualifications are superior in kind to those Germany. Though the glory of the Tubingen school possessed by any former occupant of the same chair. once so notorious in England—may have departed, We have watched great scholars as they tried so to its traditions of labor and freedom have found worthy piece together the scanty remaining fragments of shat-

representatives in Leiden: the College de France, tered mosaics as to restore, if nothing else, the outline whose very foundation was at once a promise and a of the principal forms. In such cases the antiquary has protest, includes in the number of its endowed pro- only a partial survival to deal with; and the tradition

fessors one whose duty it is by widening our knowledge of the extent and significance of the whole may have of religions to purify and deepen our conception of re- been interrupted centuries ago. Habits of thought ligion; but in England—in spite of endowments the alien from those of his "own land and time, he must magnificence of which the foreigner envies—in spite present and expound as best he may; putting his ear of the fact that our older academies, unlike their con- to the ground, as it were, he has to catch the faint

tinental sisters, are still mainly true to the religious echoes of a buried life. character impressed upon them at their foundation In the case of Professor Rhys, however, there is

it has been left to the generous enterprise of a single one feature which distinguishes him at the outset from person to supply the only permanent means whereby scholars confined in their observations to the remote the educated classes of this country can make ac- standpoint of an alien. He is bound by the strong tie quaintance with the results of historical criticism, as of blood to the race whose early religious monuments applied without prejudice to that subject which to the he restores and interprets. Of the languages with

mass of thinking men is still the most absorbing and which he has to deal, several are still spoken; and important. We are far from defending or even ex- though the mythology of the early Celts has been cusing the attitude of the English universities. They largely obliterated by a Christian overgrowth of almost

have held aloof from a movement which they should equal extent and complexity, it has nevertheless left

have inaugurated: instead of welcoming and support- traces in abundance, which are still easily recogniza- ing a new science, they have regarded its introduction ble, in the thought and customs of the Celts of the

from abroad and rapid growth in a freer air than their present day. Hence it follows that, though the worker own with at best a sulky acquiescence; but on the in the field of Celtic literature who is himself a Celt

other hand, it must not be forgotton that the Ubcrtas is not exempt from the difficulties and uncertainties philosophandi, without which in its most absolute form which flow from the very nature of his subject, he can our study is but a mockery and a sham, can hardly be yet claim the balancing advantage that he has access secured and enjoyed by those who through member- to and can employ a continuous tradition. The bridge ship of a corporation centuries old are confronted at spanning the gulf between the present and the past may

every turn by prejudices and beliefs which are never be narrow; it may not be equally strong at all points;

slow to assert themselves, but which in the interest of but with care and caution it can be safely crossed.

social harmony must be recognized and, if possible, When it is remembered that the present volume conciliated. From this it would seem to follow that of seven hundred pages is but a tithe of what the au- what the young foundation loses in artificial prestige, thor might have given us, had he been free to follow —

THE OPEN COURT. 1299 his own plan as to amount and arrangement, the state- theon. But at this point the question arises to what ment made in the preface that certain of his Enghsh extent does the evidence of existing inscriptions con- friends wondered where he could possibly find material firm or correct the account of Caesar. Upon this ques- enough to fill six lectures will be fully appreciated. tion Professor Rhys has brought to bear inexhaustible It would in fact be almost impossible to confine within ingenuity and comprehensive learning, and the result the limits of a precise statement the loosely floating, of his investigation forms the subject of the first vaguely held ideas of the ancient Celts and their liter- lecture. ature which, in default of exact information, are still In estimating the value of the monuments, two current in the minds of educated Englishmen. Some circumstances must not be overlooked. Of those which fail to distinguish between Celtic and Norse: others remain few are in the native language; while all belong and these are of the subtler kind—have their suspi- to the period of the Roman supremacy in Gaul, when of cions of the political tendency of the study Irish the Celtic deities, if they retained the national style in origins, in much the same way as many 'serious the matter of outward appearance, had in all cases churchmen' are alarmed at the intrusion of unsancti- assumed Roman names, as a sign of their adoption fied criticism into regions long comfortably wrapped into the central pantheon. in the mists of tradition. But even those, qui severi- In the case of Mercury the evidence furnished us ores Musas colunt, whose wanderings in search—it by inscriptions, scanty though, it be, is yet such as to may be of the picturesque have led them to the essays — confirm in its main features the account of Caesar. of M. Renan and the late lamented Matthew Arnold, The epithet Artaios, which is read on a stone found will find an abundance of what is indeed rich and near Beaucroissant in the department of the Isere, is strange in the monumental work of Professor Rhys. connected by Professor Rhys with such words as the Britain for the Britons: and, if the attention of the Welsh dr, 'plough-land,' and interpreted in the sense younger generation of students be only aroused in of the Latin alitor. Merciirius Artaios would thus be time, we may yet succeed in keeping the first place in the same as the Mercurivs Cultor of an extant inscrip- the band of schools who are exploring the antiquities tion from Wiirtemberg, from which identity we can of our own islands. For there seems to be no clear gather that the ancient Celts regarded Mercury as the reason either of patriotism or of sentiment why we patron of agriculture. In another inscription he ap- should continue to allow the negligence with which pears without a name simply as the inventor of roads we are too often reproached, to feed, as it were, the and paths; but by far the fullest and most picturesque already swollen stream of German chauvinism. account of the Gaulish Mercury which has come down

to us is from the pen of Lucian, who identifies a god The earliest form of Celtic belief, of which any called by the Celts Ogmios with Heracles. Now it is account has reached us, is the religion of the inhab- plain from his description of a picture of this Ogmios itants of ancient Gaul. In our survey of this region that no Heracles in the Greek sense was intended; we have two kinds of information to guide us the — for, though equipped like Heracles with bow and club, statements of ancient authors, and the testimony, in the Gaulish god was in other respects so strangely many cases still obscure and partial, of inscriptions. represented as to suggest the idea that the artist had In the former class the account left us by Julius Caesar intended by this means to insult the gods of the Greeks of the Gaulish pantheon is the most important piece and Heracles in particular. A very old man, bald and of evidence which possess. The situation of the we with the brown, weather-beaten complexion of an observer was uniquely favorable. With the practiced ancient mariner,—such was the form given to Heracles eye of a supreme pontiff he surveyed the forms of the by the irteverence and audacity of the Celts. But even Gaulish religion under the direction of one of its own this was not the strangest part of the picture; for there ministers, at a time when, the adoption of the Roman was drawn a crowd of men bound by their ears with fashion having scarcely begun, it could still be studied slender cords, of which the other ends were attached in its native dress. to the tongue of Heracles. In this way he was draw- Mercury figures in Caesar's account as the great ing the crowd after him, which followed eagerly like god of the Gauls. After him come Apollo, Mars, men unwilling to be set free. Such a picture as this and Minerva; and the only difference between Jupiter, would naturally shock Lucian with his Greek notions the Gaulish conception of these divinities and that with of propriety in the matter of artistic presentation; but which we are familiar in Roman mythology seems to a knowing Gaul who stood by, observing his astonish- lie in the central and commanding position assigned ment and disgust, volunteered an explanation: to Mercury; for, as described by Caesar, the Gaulish "We Celts," he said, "do not consider the power of speech gods possess the same attributes and discharge the to be Hermes, as you Greeks do, but we represent it by means of same functions as their namesakes of the Roman pan- Heracles, because he is much stronger than Hermes. Nor should "

I300 THE OPEN COURT. you wonder at his being represented as an old man, for the power puer is regarded by Professor Rhys as standing for of words is wont to show its perfection in the aged. So if this old the Maponos in question. On the meaning of the sec- man Heracles, the power of speech, draws men after him, tied to ond epithet, Grannos, we can throw some light by his tongue by their ears, you have no reason to wonder, as you comparing it with the cognate forms, in Sanskrit must be aware of the close connection between the ears and the tongue. In a word, we Celts are of opinion that Heracles himself ghrna and ghrni, in English, gleam. As applied to the performed everything by the power of words, as he was a wise Gaulish Apollo, it must have had the force of an ad- fellow, and that most of his compulsion was effected by persuasion, jective conveying much the same meaning as 'Cae, pos- The value for our present purpose of this hvely phorus of the Dacian inscription, between the terms anecdote lies in the word Ogmios and the association of which and the native names of the god another of the god thus named with speech and the power of point of contact is exhibited in Mogounus, a title it. For if we seek the equivalents of Ogmios in the found ascribed to Apollo Grannus in an inscription language of the Celts of the British Islands, we are led from the neighborhood of Horburg in the Haut-Rhin. along the lines of phonetic corruption and decay to the Professor Rhys's philological examination of the word

Irish Ogina and the modern Welsh (>zy'^. The meaning Mogounus is too long to be reproduced here. The of the latter "in the earliest passages where it occurs, conclusion, however, to which we are led through a is not easy to fix; but that of 'one skilled or versed in long series of comparisons is, that underlying Mo- anything, a teacher or leader,' would suit them all. gounus we have the same idea as that which was es- Later, the duties of an 'ovyd' were said to be 'to im- tablished for Maponos, namely boy or youth; so that prove and multiply knowledge'; and it is now the Apollo Grannus Mogounus would be exactly equivalent name of one of the three kinds of graduates or pro- to Puer Posphorus Apollo. fessors recognized by the Eistedvod, the other two The third epithet, Toutiorix, is found—in the da- being bards and druids." In Irish, however, Ogma is tive case—in a single inscription, Apollini Touiiorigi, the name of an important personage, champion of the at Wiesbaden. But the interest attaching to the word

Tuatha D6 Danann, and the legendary inventor of the is largely due to the fact, that, in its Latinized Ger-

Ogam alphabet. Popular etymology derives Ogam man form Theodoricus, we are familiar with it as the from Ogma, which is impossible; so we must conclude name of the great king of the Ostrogoths, who, in the that the contrary relation connects the two forms, and fifth century, A. D., conquered Italy, and established that Ogma took his name from an important attribute the Gothic Kingdom of Ravenna. Now, the High Ger- or function expressd by the word Ogam. Now, as it man form corresponding to Toutiorix is Dietrich; and is improbable that the Celts were acquainted with Dietrich von Bern is no other than Toutiorix or Theo- writing at the time when Ogmios was first so called, doricus of Verona, a point where, as we shall see, the it follows that spoken rather than written words will streams of mythology and history meet and blend. yield the clue to the original meaning of the connec- For with regard to the conqueror himself: tion. And, if we assume that Ogam denoted fluent " It is found that with his history so much unhistorical matter speech, a stream of words, we have an explanation of has been incorporated, that modern authors usually distinguish be- the historical as Theodoric the Great, and a mythical the character and ' title of the god in complete har- tween man to Bern is left. mony with the picture described by Lucian as that of personage whom the name Dietrich von Many attempts have been made to disentangle the legends from the his- an old man eloquent. torical portions of the story of the Teutonic conqueror; but it has Apollo figures in Cassar's list not as the sun-god, never been satisfactorily shown why such and such mythic stories but simply as the healer,— a description which is too should have attached themselves to this particular man. The in- narrow, as it excludes several divinities who may scription alluded to yields the key; the historical Teuton bore one justly be regarded as sun-gods, and who appear in the of the names of the Gaulish Apollo, and the eventual confusion of myth and history was thereby made easy. This is borne out by monuments in the likeness of Apollo. Of the native the general similarity between the mythic statements made about names or epithets borne by this divinity the most im- Dietrich and what is known in Celtic literature about Celtic sun- portant were Maponos, Grannos, and Toutiorix. The gods. Among other things may be mentioned his riding into the explanation of Maponos can easily be found. " It is sea after an enemy, who was only enabled to escape by the inter- the same word as the old Welsh mapon, now maboti, vention of a mermaid, who was his ancestress. As one of Dietrich's solar peculiarities may probably be mentioned his breathing fire ' boy or male child,' which occurs, for example, in a whenever he was made angry; and like more than one of the Celtic Welsh poem in the book of Taliessin, a manuscript of sun-heroes, he is made to fight with giants and all manner of wild the thirteenth century." Hence it seems to follow beasts. It has puzzled historians that Theodoric, the grandest that the deity worshipped by the Celts under this ti- figure in the history of the migration of the Teutonic peoples, should appear in the Nibelungen Lied, not as a great king and con- tle was regarded as a child— a conclusion which is cu- queror on his own account, but merely as a faithful squire of the riously confirmed by the evidence of inscriptions from terrible Attila, whose empire had in fact crumbled into dust before the remote province of Dacia. For instance, in Beus the birth of Theodoric, But from the mythological point of view, Bonus Puer Posplwrtis Apollo Pythius, the epithet bonus the subordinate position ascribed to Theodoric is quite correct, and 301 THE OPEN COURT. 1

it serves to show how profoundly the man's history has been in- darkness the precedence over light. Ancient testimony fluenced by the legend of the Celtic god." being thus vague and incomplete, it is to the labors of The Celtic Mars is presented to us by inscriptions modern—chiefly French—archeeologists that we owe under many names, of which, perhaps, the most im- the discovery not only of the name of this dark divinitj', portant in its bearing upon Comparative Mythology is but also of the outward form under which his votaries Camulos. It occurs in the name Camulodunon (strong- conceived him. On a Gallo-Roman altar dug up at hold of Camulos), and is doubtless to be referred to Paris, and explained, as to the device and inscription

the same root as the Old Saxon himil, German hitnmel. it bears, by M. Mowat, we read the name Cerntinnos, This association with, or derivation from, the sky re- underneath which "is to be seen, bearded and clothed,

minds us at once not only of the Indian Varuna, but of a central figure whose forehead is adorned with the the Greek Zeus and the Italian Jove; though the fact two horns of a stag, from each of which hangs a

that the Romans recognized in Camulos not their own torque. The monument is unfortunately in a bad state sky-god, but their god of war, reveals what at first of preservation; but the head and shoulders are on sight seems to be a marked difference, whether origi- such a large scale as compared with the other figures nal or developed, between the two pantheons; while on the same block, that the god cannot have been rep- the Teutonic Tiu— the same etymologically as Zeus resented as standing or even as sitting on a raised

and Jove, and like Camulos, god of war—marks, as it seat: in fact there is no alternative but to suppose, were, a point in which the Gaulish and the Roman with M. Mowat, that the god was seated cross-legged conceptions meet. In Camulos, therefore, "we have on the ground, like Buddha." discovered the Jupiter of the Celts, and found that Two features of this quaint description stand out Gaulish theology ascribed to him the discharge of as being probably of mythological significance, the functions which the Romans would have regarded as horns of the god and his sitting, or rather squatting, more properly belonging to Mars." posture. To the horns we can at once detect an allu- With regard to the god, whom Caesar, on the sion in the etymolog}' of his name; for, in the words

strength of resemblances which it is now difficult to of Professor Rhys, " the form Cerntinnos and the trace or to restore, identified with Jupiter, Professor Latinized one Cernenus contain the common stem Rhys remarks: "I cannot help regarding the Gaulish cern-, which may be assumed to be of the same origin god whom he equated with Jupiter as far from possess- as the native words for the Gaulish horn or trumpet, ing the importance or rank which that equation would variously given by Greek writers as mpvov and impvvi:

suggest; nor is it improbable that the phenomenon of the Welsh and Irish form is corn, of the same etymol- thunder was treated as one of the forms of his activity." ogy and meaning as the Latin cornu, English horn."

This suggestion in the hands of Professor Rhys forms In the second place, if we admit, with M. Mowat, the the starting-point of an investigation which we have squatting posture, we can connect the figure on the not space to follow in detail: we can only call attention Paris altar with certain well known representations of to its most important result, the discovery of a Gaulish a horned squatting divinity such as those found at thunderer, whose name—if the reading Tanaro of the Rheims, Saintes, and Vendoeuvres-en-Brenne. Apply- Ashmolean inscription can be trusted—shows the same ing the data furnished by these monuments to the root, and bears the same meaning as the English word question of Cernunnos, Professor Rhys concludes that thunder, German donner, Norse thorr. No less im- the latter was god of the dead or of the under world, portant and instructive are the steps by which our and that he was also held to be lord of riches, especi- author—whose mastery is nowhere more conspicuous ally the metallic wealth hidden in the bowels of the than in the handling of phonological details—gradu- earth. At this point the etymology of the words Pluto ally ascends to the form Esus (Lucan's Hesus) as the and Dis is not without significance, the former being name or title of this divinity, Thor's counterpart derived from 7r?-otrof, 'wealth,' the latter being, as it is among the Gaulish thunderers; but, before leaving the supposed, a contraction of dives, 'wealthy.' The ques- Gaulish pantheon, we must pass on to consider briefly tion, however, what was the exact mythological signifi- the gods of that other or under-world, with which the cance of the undignified attitude and grotesque ancient Celts seemed to their neighbors to be strangely appendage of Cernunnos still presses for an answer. familiar. M. Mowat, relying on the testimony of ancient au-

Though we find no mention of Dis in Caesar's list, thors, would explain the attitude as one characteristic yet we learn from the same authority in another place of the Gauls themselves, and assigned to Cernunnos that the Gauls claimed to be descended from Dis as the god from whom they claimed descent, the Gaul- Pater, and that to this fact of relationship was due ish deity par excellence; while the horns appear to the their strange custom of measuring time by nights same authorit}- to be simpl}' a form of the cornucopia or rather than by days, and, in other respects, of giving emblem of plenty. M. Mowat seems therefore to assign — —

I302 THE OPEN COURX. the figure in question to the period when Roman forms course of time prove fruitful; but the most that can and symbols had been almost universally adopted by now be said of it is that it is not impossible. Gaulish artists; while, on the other hand, Professor Nothing is more curious and remarkable in the Rhys in his search for a solution transports us back- strange jumble of reason and prejudice, fashion and ward through the neighboring region of Teutonic sentiment, called modern thought, than the large and mythology to the far away time before the "Aryan increasing proportion which the religious ingredients separation." bear to the other elements of the mixture. There are At the very threshold, then, of theTeutonic pantheon, persons, who, not content with conjuring from their we come upon an ancient god, whom we find in a sub- graves in creed and system the ghosts of the past, ordinate, not to say menial, position, but who before must construct by anticipation the religion of the fu- the rise of new divinities had probably seen better ture. In fact, so absorbed are many of us in the con- days. He was called Heimdal, and out of the scattered templation either of what has not yet come or of what and fragmentary allusions to him in Norse literature will never come again, that the right of what is actually it is difficult to restore a complete and intelligible pic- with us—whatever it may be—to analysis and expla- ture. Two of his attributes, however, are of importance nation is too readily forgotten. But in this sphere, in our present investigation. He is described as hav- too, we must protest against invidious distinctions. ing golden teeth, and as the porter or watchman of the Of Buddhism, of late years, we have had abundance gods. Besides, it is not irrelevant to note that all men in all its varieties and from all quarters— so much so without distinction of rank— kings, earls, and thralls that the tide of fashion, turned by the force of an in- are descended from him. evitable reaction, has begun to ebb away. With the Now, as the notion of the gods dwelling together Norse gods, moreover, we are tolerably familiar, for,, in one house with a porter at the gate is a compara- in spite of their rough exterior and their savage ways, tively recent one, we may assume that Heimdal's they have invaded the polite regions of contemporary original occupation was to sit at the entrance of the verse; while their close relations and near neighbors nether world—a theory with which his golden teeth the gods of the Celts, have hitherto suffered from a symbolizing the lordship of wealth or riches would be dishonoring neglect. It is therefore with all the more in perfect harmony. We have, therefore, over against gratitude that we welcome the learned attempts of Cernunnos a squatting divinity, lord of wealth, father Professor Rhys to divest, as it were, of their "purple " of all men, and god of the dead; so, if we can trace an shrouds these gods so long buried and forgotten. allusion to horns in the accounts which survive of him, we shall complete the parallel. INTRODUCTION TO A POEM.

Now it is a curious fact that the two other names LOUIS BELROSE, JR. borne by Heimdal—Hallinskidi and Heimdali—are When the sad wind, from wandering round the sea both said to mean a ram, from which we may perhaps Or through the regions of eternal snow, Tells to the harp its endless tale of woe, infer that the god was originally represented under The chords are moved responsive and set free the form of a ram; but the fact that a man's head in

Norse poetry is occasionally styled 'Heimdal's sword,' A vague and shadowy sound of sympathy. Not in skilled measure does their grief o'erflow. is more cuirious still, for it clearly points to some But artless plaints that dreary-long and low famous occasion on which Heimdal fought with a head Like waves of sorrow die upon the lea. either his own or another; "but as it is not called a song; a wind of doleful sighs club or hammer, but hjorr, which meant a sword, also Such my poor That came distinct above the murmuring a missile weapon, and even a shield, it is highly prob- Of nature's millions, born to agonize, able that the original myth represented him as fighting heart. ye, who've heard this thing with no head but his own, the horns on which served Swept o'er my O And felt the tears of pity in your eyes, him for sword, spear, and shield all at once." Attend my lay; in pity's name I sing. If, therefore, our comparisons, be valid, we have established the important conclusion that Gauls and BOOK REVIEWS. Teutons recognized the god of the dead under the Doctor Ben. Orlando Witkerspoon. Boston; Ticknor & Co. same peculiar form; but the further question—out of This is one of the late issues in Ticknor's paper series, a story what did this conception itself arise,— it is impossible dealing with Canadian life and character, and adding an unusual to answer in the present state of our knowledge. Pro- element of interest in the character of the unfortunate hero Ben followed a long period of fessor Rhys's suggestion, that in the horned divinity Hallins, whom a severe accident, by illness, had temporarily deprived of the use of his mental facul- of the dead we may perhaps see a relic or descendant ties. In this study of abnormal mental traits and activities, and of a primeval elk, supporting the underlying base and the equally faithful description of the character of the villainy- the substance of the world, is ingenious, and may in plotting Macral, the main interest of the story lies. c. p. w. THE OPEN COURT. 1303

A Short History of the War of Secession. Rass<:ler Johnson. evil. Darwin himself had at last to protest against this misappre- Boston: Ticknor & Co. hension, to point out the long succession of the advocates of evolu- The writer of this excellent and useful work explains in the tion, from Lucretius to Lamarck and Oken, and to claim for him- preface that his first intention was to write a long and full history self what he really cared for, a legitimate place in the historical of the war of the rebellion; but having an opportunity to put his evolution of the theory of evolution. * * Of course, such an ex- work into the form of thirty articles for the Examiner he changed pression as identity of thought and language can be cavilled at. If his purpose, being convinced that there was greater need of the Kant is right, no two things in space and time can ever be identi-

shorter history than of a more compendious work. Mr. Johnson's cal, and if people really take identical in that sense the sooner the book is written in a style attractive both to young and old, philo- word is altogether superseded the better. When we say that lan- sophical in tone, by which is meant that the work deals not only guage and thought are identical, we mean that they are two names with the events and outward cause of the war, but with its in- of the same thing under two aspects. There is a very useful term ward causes, of clear and concise narrative form, and an admira- in Sanskrit philosophy, ' apmhagbhava" (" the not being able to ble general review of the subject. c. p. w. exist apart '), audit is this, the impossibility of thought existing apart from language, or language from thought, which Mr. S. Burns Weston in The Ethical Record (Vol. I. No. 3) we mean opposes the Utilitarian doctrine, according to which the morally when we call the two identical. We can distinguish for our own good is explained to be the useful or that which produces happiness. purposes, and these purposes are perfectly legitimate, between the Mr. Weston says p. 82-83: " The late notorious Jacob Sharp sound and the meaning of a word, just as we can distinguish be- had the boldness to say, that, because he was working for what tween the pitch and the timbre of our voice. But though we can * would be a public good, therefore, the fact that he bribed the New distinguish, we cannot separate the two. * We can certainly dis- York aldermen should be excused, and not be regarded as either a tinguish the sound of a word from its meaning, but we must not criminal or an immoral act. And one of the most influential of expect to meet with meanings walking about in broad daylight as the New York journals stated that if he had boldly confessed what disembodied ghosts, or with sounds floating through the air, like he had done, when brought before the courts, and declared that he so many Undines in search of a soul. The two were not two, but found bribery to be necessary in order to secure a needed public were one from the beginning, and the -parov ^levSoi; lies in this at- benefit, the public would at least have shown him great indulgence. tempted divorce between sound and meaning. " The idea that immoral means to secure great public benefits are All our words are conceptual, all our concepts are verbal. * * allowable is far too prevalent. It is far better that we do without The consequences which follow by necessity from this re- such benefits than that they be bought at that price." cognition of the identity of thought and language, and which I was " Mr. Weston substitutes the idea of the perfect as the final aim anxious to put forward as strongly as possible in my Science of of life, but every philosophical or religious substantiation of the Thought, " may, no doubt, have startled some philosophers, whose ethical ideal is repudiated. The idea of perfection ranges morally chief strength lies in the undefined use of words. But that theory itself startled a careful student of the history higher than utilitarianism, but it is too general and too vague to could never have of philosophj'. is old friend have any definite meaning. Man's ethical ideal is entirely de- It a very with a new face, and had a right to different reception. * * If pendent upon his conception of himself, his purpose of life, and expect a we use thought promis- his relation to mankind as well as to the universe. Mr. Weston's cuously for every kind of mental process, it stands to reason that proposition to study man without taking into consideration the to say that thought is impossible without language would be ab- world which has produced him and to constitute man's " final aim surd. To feel pain and pleasure is an inward mental process, to of life " by a positive exclusion of any theory of the universe in see and hear are inward mental processes; to stare at the images of which man lives, appears to us an impossible task. -We may just present and past events, to build castles in the air, to feed on such as well square the circle or set out in search for the ' thing of stuff as dreams are made of— all this might certainly be brought itself.' All ethical systems, which lack the basis of a conception of under the general category of mental activity. For ordinary pur- too if the world (be it called religious or philosophic) are a delusion. It poses we need not be particular about language, and, people thinking, is true that the morals of men are sometimes better, sometimes like to call all this why should we object? I, myself, worse, than the convictions they profess, but as a rule a world des- when there can be no misunderstanding, use thought in that gen- pising creed will produce asceticism while an ennobling faith will eral sense, and use the word mind for all that is going on within inspire us with an elevating morality. Ethical systems that are us, whether sensation, perception, conception, or naming. I did scientifically and philosophically well established will exercise a not, therefore, put on my title-page, "No thought without lan- " most beneficial and powerful influence. [For instance Kant's guage," but No reason without language," and I did so after hav- * ethics are based on his Transcendental Philosophy and propounded ing defined reason as the addition and subtraction of conceptual with classical simplicity in his Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der words. " Sitten.l But an ethical doctrine which professes to be ethics ab- Much astronomical observation was required before people solute will remain a shadowy air castle without substantial reality. could persuade themselves that their evening star was the same as their morning-star, and much linguistic observation will have to be My Predecessors. /'. Max Miiller. performed before anybody will see clearly that our language is Prof. F. Max Muller found it necessary to write an answer to really our thought and our thought our language." the numerous critics of his book, "The Science of Thought." " I was not prepared," he says in the " Contemporary Review," p. 474, NOTES. in an essay, entitled " My Predecessors," "to find nearly all my The appearance in pamphlet form of M. Binet's articles upon critics under the impression that this theory of the identity of the Psychic Life of Micro-Organisms, will be delayed in order to thought and language was quite a novel theory, something quite introduce into the work some additional observations, with a pre- unheard of—in fact, a mere paradox. This showed the same want face by M. Binet. and to procure additional cuts from Paris. of historical knowledge and tact which surprised so many philos- We shall publish in the meantime an interesting chapter upon the ophers in Germany and France at the time of the first appearance "Physiological Function of the Nucleus" by the same author, of Darwin's book " On the Origin of Species." Most of the lead- translated from the Rei'ue Philosopliique. ing reviews in England seemed to consider the theory of evolution as something quite novel, as a kind of scientific heresy, and they * We prefer the expressions "conibii nd separation " in place of held Darwin personally responsible for it, whether for good or for ' addition and subtraction." 1304 THE OPEN COURT.

THE LOST MANUSCRIPT.* have made the city so dear to me. It is you who make

BY GUSTAV FREYTAG. it hard for me to go away." CHAPTER Jf^F—Continued. He spoke these words so softly that it seemed only Thus did the passionate Laura chafe in her attic- as if a breath had passed into Use's ear; and he did room, and again was her paper moistened by bitter not await her answer, but left the room as quickly as tears, as she sought consolation in heroic verses, and he came into it. called upon the foreign gods of the Doctor to take the Outside, in the open place by the common, the field against the pranks of Spitehahn. students threw their torches in a great heap; the red

Glorious Indra and all ye divinities shining in heaven, flame rose high in the air, and the gray smoke encir- That have so often ccnferred blessings on races of men, cled the tops of the trees; it rolled over the houses and Haste in rescue to us, for great misfortune doth threaten. Ominous shadows of night darken our peaceable home. crept through the open windows, and stifled the the door-step outsprawling, Banish the child from the father; while flat on breath. The flame became lower, and a thin smoke Growleth with vengeful intent fiercely th' insidious cur ascended from the dying embers. It had been a rapid, The peace was disturbed not only for the neighbors brilliant glow, a fleeting fire, now extinguished, and only of the Park street, but also for the young Prince, at smoke and ashes remained. But Use was still stand- whose fete the trouble had begun. ing by her window, and looking sorrowfully out upon The Prince was detained some weeks from the the empt}' place. city. After his return, he lived in the quiet retire- CHAPTER XXVJ. ment that the duties of mourning imposed upon him. THE DRAMA. Lectures in his room were again resumed, but his " He was a tyrant," exclaimed Laura, " and she place at Use's tea-table remained empty. was right not to obey him." the day when the University prizes were dis- On " He did his duty harshly, and she also," replied a great torchlight proces- tributed, the students made Use. sion their Rector's house. The flaming lights waved to " He was a cross-grained, narrow-minded fellow, in the old streets; the fanfares resounded, in the midst who was at last humbled; but she was a noble hero- of which the lusty voices of the singing students might ine, who cast from her all that was most dear on earth be heard; gables and balconies were lighted in colored in order to fulfill her highest obligations," said splendor; the marshals swung their weapons gaily, Laura. and the torch-bearers scattered the sparks among the " He acted under the impulse of his nature, as she thronging crowds of spectators. The procession did according to hers. Hers was the stronger charac- turned into the street towards the valley; it stopped ter, and she went victoriously to death. The burden before the house of Mr. Hummel. Again there was of his deed crushed him during life," rejoined Use. music and singing; a deputation solemnly crossed the The characters which the ladies were discussing threshold. Hummel looked proudly on the long were Antigone and Creon. stream of red lights which flickered about and lighted The Professor had one autumn evening laid the up his house. The whole honor was intended for his tragedies of Sophocles on his wife's table. " It is time house alone, though he could not prevent the glare that you should learn to appreciate the greatest poets and smoke from illuminating the enemies' roof, of antiquity in their works." He read them aloud and also. explained them. The lofty forms of the Attic stage Upstairs some of the rector's most intimate friends hovered in the peaceful atmosphere of the German were assembled; received he the leaders of the stu- home. Use heard around her curses and heart-break- dents in his room, and there were speeches and replies. ing lamentations, she saw a dark fatality impending While those assembled were crowding nearer to listen over men of the noblest feeling and iron will; she felt to the speech-making, the door of Use's room gently the storm of passion raging in powerful souls, and opened, and the Prince entered. Use hastened to meet heard, amidst the cry of revenge and despair, the soft him, but he began, without greeting: chords of soul-stirring pathos sounding with irresisti- " I have come to-day to bid 3'ou farewell. I What ble magic. foresaw has happened. I have received orders to re- The time had indeed come when Use could com- turn to my father. To-morrow I and attendant my prehend and enter into the feelings and fate of others will take formal leave of the Rector and yourself, but than herself. I wished first to see you for a moment; and, now that The bright rays of the midday sun do not always I stand before you, I cannot express the feelings that shine upon the paths of man. Not with the eye alone prompted me to come. I thank you for all your kind- does he seek his way amid the shadows of night, but ness. I beg of you not to forget me. It is you who he hearkens, too, to the secret voices within his breast.

I copyrighted. From the battle of clashing duties, from the irresisti- "

THE OPEN COURT. 1305 ble impulse of passion, it is not with most men a care- have the certainty that he experiences an inward ful thought or a wise adage that saves or ruins; it is struggle such as we may ourselves feel." the quick resolve which breaks forth from within like an "Such as we may ourselves feel?" asked the Pro- uncontrollable impulse of nature and which is yet pro- fessor, seriously, laying aside the book. "How do you duced by the compulsion of their whole past lives—by come by this experience? Have you. Use, some secret all that man knows and believes, by all that he has from your husband?" suffered and done. What forces us to the good or the bad Use rose and looked at him with dismay. in the sombre hours of trial, people call character, and But the Professor continued, cheerfully: " I will the changing steps of the wayfarer through life as he first tell you why I ask, and what I would like to know seeks his way amid difficulty and danger, the specta- from you. When I brought you from your country- tor at the play calls dramatic movement. home you were, in spite of your deep German feeling, He only who has wandered amid the flitting shad- in many respects just such as we like to picture to our- ows of night, and has seriously listened to the secret selves Nausicaa and Penelope. You freely received admonitions of his inmost soul, can fully understand impressions from the world around you; you stood the spirit of others who, in a similar position, have sure and strong in a firmly-bound sphere of right and sought to extricate themselves from an intricate laby- duty; with childlike trust you gathered from the moral rinth, and have found safety or met destruction. habits of your circle, and from Holy Scripture, your Use, too, had experienced hours of fleeting terrors; standard of judgment and conduct. Your love for me she also had trembled as to whether she had pursued and contact with other souls, and the insight into a the right path. new sphere of knowledge, awakened in your heart passionate vibrations; The seventh tragedy of the Greek poet had been uncertainty came, and then doubt;- new thoughts struggled read; the boldest representation of bitter passion and against old impres- sions, the bloody revenge. Use sat mute and horrified at the demands of your new life against the tenor of j'our maiden years. outbreak of fearful hatred from the heart of Electra. You were for months more un- happy than I of. Then her husband, in order to recall her to less anx- had any idea But now, when I have been rejoicing in your cheerful repose of mind, I find ious thoughts, began: " Now you have heard all that you have acquired a knowledge of remains to us of the art and power of a wonderful po- human nature that astonishes me. I have often lately seen, with secret etical mind, and you must tell me which of his char- acters has most attracted you." pleasure, how warmly you have sympathized with, and how mildly you have judged, the characters of " If you mean that in which the power of his po- the drama. I had expected that their hard and mon- etry has most impressed me, it is always the newest strous fate would have been repulsive to you, and that form which has appeared to me the greatest, and to- you would have felt rapid transitions from tenderness day it is the mostrous conception of Electra. But if to aversion. But you have sympathy with the dark you ask which has pleased me most— forms as well as "with the bright, as if your soul had " The gentle Ismene?" interrupted the Professor, begun to anticipate that in one's own life, good and laughing. evil, blessing and' curse, might be associated, and as Use shook her head. " No, it is the valiant son of if you had yourself experienced that man has not Achilles. At first he was tempted to yield to the cun- to follow an outward moral law alone, however exalted counsel of his confederate, violence ning and do to an its origin, but that he may at some period be compelled unfortunate fellow-creature; but after a long struggle to seek for some other law in the depths of his own his noble nature conquers; he sees that it will be soul. But such an insight men can only attain when his wrong, and he asserts manhood by refusing." they themselves experience danger and trouble. It The Professor closed the book, and looked with is improbable that this should have been the case with astonishment at his wife. you, unless you have gone through some experience

"There is," continued Use, "in the greatest charac- to which I have been a stranger. I do not wish to urge ters of your Greek poet a stern rigidity that fright- your confidence; I know what trust I can repose in ens me. Something is wanting in all to make them you; but if you think fit, I would gladly know what like us; they do not doubt as we do, nor struggle; even has given rise to this sensitive feeling for the secret when they do right, their greatness consists in their struggles of men who are hurried along by a tragic immovable determination to do something fearful, or fate." rigid persistence in stemming a terrible fate. But Use seized him by the hand and drew him into her while we expect that the strong man shall act power- room. " It was on this spot," she exclaimed, " a fully, according to his nature, either' for good or evil, stranger asked me whether he should expose himself he does not gain our full human sympathy, unless we to the danger of death for the sake of his honor, or t3o6 THE OPEN COURT. whether he should expose another in his place. I had Kriiger, of butter-machine fame, to higher honors given him a right to ask such a question, for I had be- and, what was of no less importance, to the full salary fore spoken to him of his life with greater frankness due the valet of an Hereditary Prince. Contrary to ex- than was prudent for a careful woman. I stood and pectations the Sovereign was ready to agree to his pro- struggled against the question that he put to me, but posals, and the Chamberlain, pleased at the gracious leave, I could not refuse to answer; and, Felix, to tell you humor of his master, was about to take when the truth, I did not wish to do so. I gave him counsel the Sovereign stopped him by the kind remark, "Your which might have brought him to a bloody end. I gave sister Malwine, looks ill; does she dance too much? him that advice secretly, and I became entangled in a You should take care of her delicate health; nothing fatal web from which I could not extricate myself. I would be more injurious to such a constitution than thought of you, but I did not dare to tell you, as you an early marriage. I hope to see her pleasant coun- must either have been unfaithful to the duties of your tenance at Court for a long time yet." office, or you must for ever have wounded the honor- Now Fraulein Malwine was secretly betrothed to able feelings of another. I questioned our holy teach- one of the Prince's officers; it was known at Court and ings: they told me only that my advice was sinful. I was in the city, but the betrothed were poor, and the con- unhappy, Felix, that I had come into this position, but sent of the Sovereign was necessary for their union. In still more unhappy that neither you nor the teachings order to obtain this it was advisable to await a favor- of my faith could help me out of it. It was no merit able opportunity. Therefore the Chamberlain was of mine that things turned out better than I feared alarmed at his master's words; he perceived a secret they would. Since that I have known, Felix, what threat in them, and while he thanked him for his struggles of conscience are; now you know the only gracious sympathy, his face betrayed his dismay. secret that I have ever had from you. If I did wrong, After the Sovereign, by this short turn of the peg, had judge me mildly, for by all that is sacred I could not tuned the strings of his instrument, he continued, with have done otherwise." indifference: "If you have a quarter of an hour to "And the Prince?" asked her husband, softly. spare, I wish you to accompany me into the cabinet "He is a good and gentle soul, an immature man, of antiquities." while I was your wife. With him there was no doubt They passed through corridors and halls into a and no struggle." distant part of the castle, where, on an upper floor, a "I know enough, you earnest, high-minded wom- large collection of old coins, carved stones, and other an," said the Professor, "I see that, as against your minor relics of Greek and Roman times, were ar- knowledge of life, I can now pack up my books. For ranged. Many generations of rulers had contributed of what value is the teaching of books, however good to it, but the greatest part had been brought by the they may be, in comparison to that of life. A foolish Sovereign himself when returning from his travels. He student's duel, in which you were the invisible adviser, had, in former years, taken great interest in the ar- has done more, per.haps to form your mind, than my rangement of these things, and spent large sums in prudent words would have done in the course of years. purchasing others; but gradually this fancy had passed Be of good courage, Lady Use of Bielstein; whatever off, and for years the feather brush of the curator had fate may still await us, I know now that you are only removed the dust for occasional strangers who fitted for inward struggles, and we need not be solici- had happened accidentally to hear of this almost un- tous about dangers from without. For, however much known collection, and had honored it with a visit. we human beings may be troubled and agitated here on The Chamberlain, therefore accompanied his mas- earth, he who has once learnt to know himself so well ter with the feeling that this unusual idea signified that he is able to read the secret writing of other souls, something; and he felt a gloomy anticipation that what is well protected against the temptations of the world." was impending boded no good. The Sovereign re- What the German scholar said as he now so warmly turned with a nod the low obeisance of the dilapidated clasped his wife in his arms was not amiss, only it is curator; he passed in review the long rows of a pity that we have no certainty of reading the secrets rooms, had some cases opened for him, took in of other souls; and it is a pity that the greatest his hand the written catalogue, and examined care- knowledge of the secret writing in the souls of others fully the gold coins of Alexander the Great and cannot serve us in warding off the storms of our own his successors, and inspected a collection of old glass passions. vessels and vases, in which the artistic work of The Chamberlain, who now acted as marshal to the ancient glass-cutters was particularly striking. the Hereditary Prince, was holding a conference with Then he asked for the strangers' book, in which the his father upon the concerns of his office. Among names of the visitors were recorded. other things there was also the question of promoting (To he continued.) THE OPEN COURT. Ill

STUDIES OF HOLLAND By Edwin D Mead. THE PUBLISHERS OF of the the French School of Psychology, has pre- IOC. Charles H. Kerr & Co., Publishers, Chicago. sented in this series of articles the results of the most A BIOLOGICAL MONTHLY. The Open recent investigation into this department of Court Life. Every phenomenon The "AMERICAN MICROSCOPICAL JOUR- that the improved will send the methods of microscopic research have shown to be NAL " is the cheapest periodical in the United indicative of an exercise of intelligence, will, or States devoted to this branch of science. bio- No feeling EMERSON BINDER in these minute beings is fully discussed logist should do without it. Price, Sr.oo per year; and analyzed. M. Binet has added much by these 12 cents per copy, to any address on receipt o£ Price. articles to the psychology of the microscopic world; CHAS. W. SMILEY, Publislier, BACK NUMBERS WITH THE BINDER at he has opposed many theories, confirmed others, the following prices: and advanced Box 630, WASHINGTON, D. C. many conclusions of his own.—The articles have been translated from Vol. I—with Emerson Binder S3. 50 the RcTiue Phi- " Vol. Il-(current) 82.50 losofhiquc, and the original cuts procured from the SHELLS, MINERALS & FOSSILS publishers.

THE PROF. WILLIAM D. GUNNING. SJ=JiJJJ)S and. ^Xu.&^l

In No. 55 is an editorial discussion of The Prob- lem of Causality, The surpassing importance of this subject renders a clear conception of it abso- "FREETHOUGHT," lutely indispensable to correct observation and sound reasoning. Despite this the problem has .1^ XjiToeral JoiJi.rn.a,l. been unbecomingly neglected, and this neglect has given Published Weekly at 504 Kearney Street, rise to innumerable errors and to an astound- ing lack of lucidity in scientific San Francisco, Cal. discussion. The problem is treated with clearness and precision; Editors : simplicity of presentation being especially aimed Samuel P. Putnam, President American Seadar Union. The comments and discussions elicited by the article on "Causality " will be found to be Geo. E. Macdonald, Formerly with the especial- ly instructive and elucidative. In Nos. 58, 59, and Neio York Trjtth Seeker. 60, Mr. William M. Salter advances a series of crit- Mr. Putnam is lecturing in the Pacific States and ical remarks, which are replied to in the same num- his " News and Notes " of travel are an interesting bers by the articles, "Causes and Natural Laws" — 5Der — feature of the paper. (No. 50), "Is There Anything Unknowable in Cau- SUBSCRIPTION RATES: sation (No. 59), "Is Nature Alive," and "The subscription One one year S2.00 Stone's Fall " (No. 60). In " No. 58, Mr. M. A. Two subscriptions " S3. 00 Griffen writes a letter upon the 1^^'"' 84.00 same subject; in ;; grct^cit, fflilbung unb aBo^lftonb fur ;;' ;; mel Four " " $5.00 No. 60, Dr. Edward Brooks, of Philadelphia com- ments upon the standpoint (Ctgaii ber Sreibenl er 9J orbamcrita'Sunti SAMPLE COPIES FREE. taken: all of which are l)e§ SunbeS beriRobicalen.) accompanied by editorial comments. PUTNAM & MAODONALD, DRUMMOND'S NATURAL Kearny St., San Francisco LAW IN THE J04 Cal. SPIRITUAL WORLD.

James Herbin In No. 56.

An instructive criticism of a book " that has crea- (Sucnetilije aiiiSgabe be§ „gr eibenf er".— Recent Contributions to ' The Open Court.' Otgon bei Siorbomerilanifc^en ted a sensation in certain orthodox circles, and THE PSYCHIC LIFE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS. 3;urnetbunbe§). which, when superficially considered, has the ap- Alfred BiNET.In Nos. 49, 50, 51, 55, 56, 57 and 58. pearance of substantiating certain Christian dog- SRebttctcur: 6. ipcrmon ^oppt. by In the whole domain of Natural Science no field mas scientific analogies." Mr. Herbin points of investigation affords su'ch a fascinating com- our the inconsistencies resulting from the further iPrcifc tier 3o£ir in Bornugbcjo^Iung: plexity of phenomena or such a varied wealth of development of Drummond's doctrines and men- 5uc bie Berciniflten gtoaten unb Eonaba: vitality as the Kingdom of the Protozoans, the mi- tions several natural principles which were not ad- .gteibentcr" jj.SO nute organisms revealed to us by the aid mitted into the analogy. „araerifanif[f)e SEutnseituna" 3.00 of the mi- croscope. They inhabit the water we drink, the 5iir gutopa: REMINISCENCES OF MR. ALCOTT'S CON- „Sreibentet" «3.0(( food we eat, the air we breathe. They live as para- „amerifantt(fie Xumjeitung" VERSATIONS. 3.5O sites in the intestines and flesh of animals, and in Kuf Sctlanflcn incrben i

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the latter. The belief in the power and permanence THE ETHICAL BASIS OF CHARITY. Recent ContriMtiOBs to 'The Open Court.' of the souls of the dead is characteristic of savage W. Alexander Johnson. GHOST STORIES. nations. These beliefs have been retained by the The Editor of The Reporter, an organ of Or- uncultivated Folk of more advanced civilizations, ganized Charity, Chicago, speaks not only from ByL, J. Vance In Nos. 59,60 and 61. and the senseless parts are to be regarded as 'sur- experience but takes the scientific aspect of this mosl

The object of these studies in Comparative Folk- vivals ' of their earlier and cruder form. The main vital problem. The basis of Charity must not be lore is not to account for every detail of every wild thesis of these investigations is, that the " super- sought for in the sustenance of a pauper class who

and senseless ghost story. Their purpose is to natural stuff" '^ of ghost stories is the same the would not exist but for charity. The basis of Char- classify and compare the ghost lore of civilized and world over, —whether in the hut of Bushman and ity must be sought for in ourselves and our ethical uncivilized peoples, and to show that the legends Hottentot, or in the more elaborate illusions of a nature. To this truth the principles and methods of of the former are evolved from the savage fancies of modern drawing-room stance. doing the work of Charity must conform.