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00 Bol 117-1-Portadilla BOLETÍN de la ACADEMIA CHILENA DE LA HISTORIA AÑO LXXIVENERO-JUNIO 2008 No 117 - VOL. I Director: HORACIO ARÁNGUIZ Comisión Editora: HORACIO ARÁNGUIZ DONOSO, JOSÉ MIGUEL BARROS FRANCO, RICARDO COUYOUMDJIAN BERGAMALI, JOAQUÍN FERMANDOIS HUERTA, LUIS LIRA MONTT, SERGIO MARTÍNEZ BAEZA, RENÉ MILLAR CARVACHO, FERNANDO SILVA VARGAS, ISIDORO VÁZQUEZ DE ACUÑA. Consejo Editorial: JOSÉ AGUSTÍN DE LA PUENTE CANDAMO (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú); GABRIEL GUARDA GEYWITZ, O.S.B. (Academia Chilena de la Historia); RICARDO KREBS WILCKENS (Prof. Em. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); MATEO MARTINIC BEROS (Universidad de Magallanes); HORST PIETSCHMANN (Universidad de Hamburgo); LUIS SUÁREZ FERNÁNDEZ (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); VÍCTOR TAU ANZOÁTEGUI (Universidad de Buenos Aires); GISELA VON WOBESER (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México); CARMEN MC EVOY (South Sewanee University Estados Unidos de Norteamérica); JEAN PIERRE DEDIEU (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Francia); WILLIAM SATER (Universidad Estatal de California-Estados Unidos de Norteamérica) Código Internacional: ISSN 0716-5439 ACADEMIA CHILENA DE LA HISTORIA Almirante Montt 454 Clasificador 245, Correo Central, Santiago de Chile Correo electrónico: [email protected] www.institutodechile.cl/historia E S T U D I O S BOLETÍN DE LA AGUSTÍN EDWARDS Y SU PRIMERA MISIÓN EN LONDRESA 1911-1924CADEMIA CHILENA DE LA HISTORIA Año LXXIV - No 117 - 2008 - 7-32 ISSN 0716-5439 AGUSTÍN EDWARDS Y SU PRIMERA MISIÓN EN LONDRES 1911-1924* por Juan Ricardo Couyoumdjian** RESUMEN Agustín Edwards Mac Clure fue uno de los personajes más importantes de la primera mitad del siglo XX chileno. Empresario, político, diplomático, hombre de prensa e historiador, destacó en cada uno de estos campos. Se le conoce como fundador de El Mercurio de Santiago y otros periódicos y por su participación en el escenario político nacional, primero en 1910 cuando estuvo a punto de alcanzar la Primera Magistratura, y después en los tiempos de Carlos Ibáñez. En cambio, su actividad diplomática ha sido menos estudiada. Su primera misión en Gran Bretaña –estuvo nuevamente allí en la década de los 30–, le permitió desplegar toda su inteligencia y capacidad de trabajo dignas de un campo más vasto, con una dedicación al servicio público que implicó tanto satisfacciones como sacrificios1. Palabras clave: Agustín Edwards, historia diplomática, relaciones internaciona- les, Chile y Gran Bretaña. * Este trabajo recoge en parte los resultados del Proyecto Fondecyt N° 1000581. Una versión preliminar del mismo fue presentada en la Primera Jornada de Personajes de la Historia de Chile organizada por la Universidad Gabriela Mistral en octubre de 2006. ** Academia Chilena de la Historia y Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Correo electróni- co: [email protected] 1 La relevancia de Edwards y la pérdida para el país de su candidatura frustrada ha sido advertida por Joaquín Fermandois en su importante libro Mundo y fin de mundo. Chile en la política mundial 1900-2004, Santiago, Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile 2005, especial- mente 49-50 y 69. 7 JUAN RICARDO COUYOUMDJIAN ABSTRACT Agustin Edwards, one of the leading personalities of his time, was the Chilean minister in the United Kingdom from 1911 to 1924. This article provides a summary of his public career up to the time of his nomination, and analyzes some of his multiple activities as head of the Legation in London during the war years and after. As a result of his enthusiasm, his public-spiritedness and his capacity for work, he became involved in matters which exceeded by far his official duties. That he was usually successful in his undertakings was due both to his intellectual abilities and to his wide range of social and business contacts. Key words: Agustín Edwards, diplomatic history, international relations, Chile and Great Britain. 1. LA FAMILIA, LOS NEGOCIOS Y LA POLÍTICA Hijo de Agustín Edwards Ross, socio principal del banco homónimo, nues- tro personaje había nacido en Santiago el 17 de junio de 1878. Se educó en el Colegio de los Sagrados Corazones de Valparaíso y en el San Ignacio de San- tiago, para continuar su formación con una estadía de entrenamiento en el Banco de Chile bajo Augusto Villanueva. En 1896 realizó un viaje a Europa junto con sus padres y sus hermanos. Mientras estuvo en París siguió unos cursos de economía política con Paul Leroi-Beaulieu en el College de France. Después recorrió España, donde inició diversas amistades y quedó marcado con un fuerte sentimiento hispanista que se manifestó a raíz de la guerra de Cuba. Al regresar a Francia publicó un primer libro con impresiones de su viaje, Lo que vi en España aparecido en 1897, seguido de un segundo sobre el mismo tema, Las tres fiestas de Sevilla, dado a luz en Valparaíso al año siguiente2. Este feliz estado de cosas se vio bruscamente interrumpido con el temprano fallecimiento de su padre en noviembre de 1897, cuando aún no cumplía la mayoría de edad. Como el mayor de los varones, pasó a ser el jefe de la familia, quedando a cargo de su madre y sus ocho hermanos. Es cierto que podía contar con la red de colaboradores y asesores de su padre y muy espe- cialmente con el apoyo de su abuela, doña Juana Ross, cuya enorme fortuna 2 Agustín Edwards, Lo que vi en España: impresiones personales. París, Librería de Garnier Hnos., 1896. IX, 194 páginas y, del mismo, Las tres fiestas de Sevilla: segunda parte de lo que vi en España. Valparaíso, Imprenta de la Librería del Mercurio, 1897. 194 págs. 8 AGUSTÍN EDWARDS Y SU PRIMERA MISIÓN EN LONDRES 1911-1924 material iba aparejada a un fuerte sentido común, mucha prudencia y sólidas virtudes cristianas. Con todo, la presión sobre el joven era enorme. Su madre había tenido una vida holgada, vista la situación económica de su marido y su posición social, pero no tenía experiencia en el manejo de dinero. El 28 de septiembre de 1898, Edwards asumía una nueva responsabilidad familiar al contraer matrimonio con Olga Budge Zañartu, hija del ingeniero Enrique Budge Prats y Carolina Zañartu del Río. El único hijo de ambos, Agustín Roberto, nació al año siguiente3. Previendo una muerte temprana, Agustín padre había dejado, en su testa- mento, a las mujeres la casi totalidad de los bienes raíces y los valores mobilia- rios y a los hijos varones, Agustín, Carlos y Raúl, la propiedad del diario El Mercurio de Valparaíso, su participación en el banco y algunas acciones4. En el banco, la posición del heredero era relativamente subordinada y, quizás por lo mismo, el joven Agustín volcó sus energías en el diario y otros negocios. En junio de 1900 lanzó la edición de Santiago de El Mercurio, basado en el mode- lo de los grandes diarios norteamericanos, y equipado con maquinaria moder- na, que terminó por imponerse entre sus congéneres. En 1902 salió a la luz Las Ultimas Noticias como edición vespertina del anterior, seguida de otros periódicos en Valparaíso y Antofagasta y la revista Zig-Zag5. Estos negocios resultaron rentables y permitieron el crecimiento de la empresa. Otra iniciati- va suya fue la fusión de la Compañía de Seguros La Chilena, de la cual era accionista, con otras aseguradoras para crear una empresa más sólida y pode- rosa, que llevó el nombre de Chilena Consolidada y de la cual pasó a ser presidente6. Agustín Edwards portaba el nombre y apellido de su padre y su abuelo, con todo lo que esto implicaba. Tenía plena conciencia de ello, y su familia se lo hacía saber. Esta responsabilidad era doble: por una parte, debía acrecentar el patrimonio familiar diluido por la herencia; por otra, asumía la vocación de 3 Agustín Edwards (en adelante AE) a Joaquín Santos Rodríguez, 26-10-1898, Archivo Agustín Edwards (en adelante Archivo AE) Libro copiador 1898/9, fs. 9 4 Ricardo Nazer Ahumada y Juan Ricardo Couyoumdjian, “Un patrimonio familiar: la fortuna de Agustín Edwards Ross y sus herederos, 1879-1905” Boletín de la Academia Chilena de la Historia N° 111, 2002, 337-369. 5 Sobre Edwards y los primeros años de El Mercurio, Patricio Bernedo Pinto y Eduardo Arriagada Cardini, “Los inicios de El Mercurio de Santiago en el epistolario de Agustín Edwards Mac Clure (1899-1905)” Historia 35, 2002, 13-33. Véase también Raúl Silva Castro, Prensa y periodismo en Chile (1812-1956), Santiago, Ediciones de la Universidad de Chile, 1958, 341-365, y José Peláez y Tapia, Historia de El Mercurio 1827-1927, Santiago, Talleres de “El Mercurio”, 1927, 387-444. 6 Nazer y Couyoumdjian, loc. cit. 9 JUAN RICARDO COUYOUMDJIAN servicio público. Su padre había sido diputado, senador y ministro de Estado con Balmaceda y Jorge Montt7. Nuestro personaje inició su carrera política en 1900, cuando fue electo diputado por Limache y Quillota representando al Partido Nacional, al que pertenecía por tradición familiar. La hacienda en Quillota y otras propiedades le aportaban cierta base política, pero conforme a las prácticas de la época, las elecciones se ganaban con dinero, el que aún no era tan abundante. Su primo Alberto Edwards, caracteriza sus años en la política como sigue: Desde un principio Agustín Edwards tenía fuertemente arraigado el noble sen- timiento de sus deberes como patriota y el sincero deseo de ser útil a su país. Lo que otros aprenden o creen aprender en los libros o en las aulas de la Universidad, lo aprendió en la vida y en la práctica diaria de los negocios... De ahí la benevolencia y el optimismo que son los rasgos salientes de su carácter8. Era absolutamente incapaz de crítica negativa. En los debates parlamenta- rios mientras otros diputados se lucían en la oposición sistemática y en el diagnóstico de errores, Edwards planteaba soluciones a los problemas. Nunca hablaba para criticar sino para proponer. Esto en Chile constituye un verdadero fenómeno..
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