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Strategy and Diplomacy in British India Under Marquis Wellesley : The STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY IN BRITISH INDIA UNDER MARQUIS WELLESLEY: THE SECOND MARATHA WAR, 1802-1806 by ~nidM. Fuhr M.A., King's College, University of London, 1988 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History @ Enid M. Fuhr SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY April 1994 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL PAGE Name : Enid M. Fuhr Degree : Ph.D. (History) Title of Thesis: Strategy and Diplomacy in British India under ~arquisWellesley: The Second Maratha War, 1802-1806. Examining Committee: Chairman: Derryl MacLean ~dwa2dIngram Senior Supervisor Professor of History - i ~ichdr'crb%bz ~rokek~or of History ~arth~iechen ~ro&ssor of History ~evilleThompson External Examiner Professor of History university of Western Ontario DateApproved: \\ &op,'\ \\\y PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant to Simon Fraser University the right to lend my thesis, project or extended essay (the title of which is shown below) to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to rna!<e partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. I further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this work for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Author: (date) iii ABSTRACT The Second Maratha War, 1803-1806, led to a dramatic increase in ~ritishterritory and influence in India. The traditional explanation of the cause of the war accepts that the ~arathas posed an increasing military threat to the British 1ndian empire and that the ~arquisWellesley went to war when his negotiations for a peaceful settlement failed. It is also agreed that war against the Marathas was inevitable, if the ~ritishwere to remain in India, because the costs of continually defendingtheir position against the Marathas would exceed the benefits. This thesis analyses ~ritishIndian diplomacy and strategy before and during the war to show that the war was not a response to a Maratha threat and that Wellesley wanted an opportunity for war to further his plan of empire-building. particular attention is paid to the influence on British Indian policies of the private Interests of Wellesley and the ~nglo-Indianswho backed him and how their false interpretations of the circumstances, made to Justify their policies, have influenced historians' opinions of the cause and objectives of the war. In addition, an examination of the changes Wellesley made shortly before his departure from India in 1805 will show that, contrary to the accepted view that his policies were reversed by his successors, he had begun to abandon some of the policies he had claimed were necessary to Protect the British from a Maratha threat. Wellesley's shift of policy was motivated, as his expansionist plan had been, by a desire for recognition in England for achievements in India. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my senior supervisor, Professor Edward Ingram. I consider the opportunity of studying under such a scholar as the greatest privilege ever granted to me. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the following: the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office for the use of crown-copyright material in the Public Record office and the British Library, Oriental and India Office Collections; the Trustees of the British ~ibrary,the National Library of Scotland, the Scottish ~ecordoffice, the National Army Museum, the Devon Record Office, the ~uckinghamshire Record Office, the Hampshire Record Office, the John Rylands University Library, Manchester, Southampton university ~ibrary, Nottingham University Library, Cambridge university ~ibrary,the Royal Commonwealth Society Library, School of Oriental and ~frican Studies Library, Senate House Library and the Institute for Historical Research, University of London, for the use of material from their collections. In addition, I wish to thank the blue-stockings of Chelsea, the British Federation of University Women, who established Crosby Hall, a home in London from 1926 until 1992 for women graduates from all corners of the world. At Simon Fraser University, I owe a great debt to the staff in the Interlibrary Loans, who tapped the libraries of North America for all the odd books I requested. My long-suffering senior supervisor deserves a special mention. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Page ii Abstract iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vi Notes on References vii List of Maps viii Chapter 1 : ~ntroduction Chapter 2: From the Treaty of Bassein to the Outbreak of War, 1802-1803 2 1 Chapter 3 : The War in the Deccan in 1803 89:~ Chapter 4 : The War in Hindustan in 1803 Chapter 5 : The War Against Holkar, 1804-1805 Chapter 6: The Reversal of Policy, 1805-1806 Chapter 7 : Conclusion Bibliography vii NOTES ON REFERENCES Abbreviations Add. MSS Additional ~anuscripts,British Library cd court of directors of the East India Company ggic governor-general in council gicB governor in council at Bombay I0 India Office Records, British Library, Oriental and ~ndiaOffice Collections MSS Eur. European Manuscripts, India Office Library NAM National Army Museum, London NLS ~ational~ibrary of Scotland, Edinburgh -PRC ~nqlishRecords of Maratha History: Poona Residency Correspondence PRO public Record Office Manuscripts Rylands John Rylands University Library, Manchester SC secret committee of the East India Company Wellesley The Despatches, Minutes, and Correspondence of the Marquess Wellesley, K.G., durinq his Administration in India The Dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellinqton durinq his Various Campaiqns from 1799- -1818 -WSD Su~plementaryDespatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellinqton, K.G. wo War Office Records, public Record Office viii LIST OF MAPS India Before Wellesley The Route of Wellesley's Armies, 8 August-15 December The War in Hindustan, 1803 The War Against Holkar, 1804-5 India After Wellesley Chapter One Introduction Our wars have been almost always for the purpose of extending social improvement and good government ...[and] the blessings of tranquillity and security of life and property ...[and these] more than compensate for the rudeness of the process by which amelioration is usually affected. In the history of British empire-building in India, one name stands out--Richard, Marquis Wellesley,' governor-general of Bengal from 1798 to 1805. After military victory over ~ipu Sultan in 1799 and political victories over the nizam of Hyderabad in 1800, and the nawab of Awadh and the nawab of the Carnatic in 1801, his most significant and difficult challenge came from the ~arathastates. Their subjection was the final aggressive action he planned, bringing to an end the aggressive and acquisitive phase of his empire-building. Thereafter, he planned to conciliate the Indians, to persuade them to accept British paramountcy. The Second Maratha War was fought to an inconclusive end, however, and forced Wellesley to abandon his empire-building to save his career-building. Wellesley justified the Second Maratha War on two grounds. I J.H. Stocqueler, quoted in philip Mason, A Matter of Honour, An Account of the Indian Armv, ~tsOfficers and Men 1974, Paperback, (London, 1986), pp.- 166-7. ' Richard Colley Wellesley was the second earl of Mornington until 1799, but he will be referred to as Wellesley throughout this thesis. The first--that the Marathas posed a threat to the British position in India--was made to forestall charges of aggrandizement. The second was his true reason: that the war would result in Bricish paramountcy over the 1ndian states and stability could then be imposed on them. Few in Britain accepted his arguments for war, but those in ~ndiawho stood to gain from it were happy to echo them. In his volume of the New Cambridae History of 1ndia on Indian society and empire-building, C. A. Bayly points out that the stages and motivation of the British expansion in 1ndia are still unclear and that new studies are needed of the administrations of Wellesley and Earl ~ornwallis, governor- general of Bengal and commander-in-chief in ~ndiafrom 1786 to 1793 and in 1805.3 This dissertation fills a gap in the historiography of British expansion by explaining the origins, course and results of the Second Maratha War. Why Wellesley was in India and what caused him to pursue the policies that he did, however, are explained by circumstances in the metropolis. Increasingly, military and imperial service provided OPPortunities for the aristocracy and gentry to maintain Property and privilege at home and for them to make money in a manner compatible with the gentlemanly ideal.' Wellesley took 1 C. A. Bayly, Indian Societv and the ~akinaof the ~ritish Emoire, The New Cambridge ist tor^ of 1ndia 2,1, paperback ed., (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 215, 217. ' P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British ~m~erialism:Innovation and Exoansion 1688-1914 (Harlow, 1993), pp 45-6. advantage of the opportunity for career-building offered by service in India. his analysis of the strategy and diplomacy of the war, therefore, explains how far the war was a response to a Maratha threat and how far a vehicle for persoral ambition. Economic and strategic arguments dominate the historiography of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century ~ritish territorial expansion in 1ndia.j Bayly, in arguing against a commercial explanation of British expansion under ~ellesleyand the Marquis of Hastings, governor-general of eng gal 1813-1823, states that there was no dramatic shift in the composition of British exports or imports before the later 1820's. He Suggests, on the other hand, that there was a continuity in the interests of the ~ritish "moneyocracy", as gentlemanly- capitalists remained concerned about the stability of the East India Company and the profits of world-wide commerce.h Similarly, a recent study of British imperialism by P.
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