sign in sign up
<<
Home , Changge, Hebi, Henan Normal University, Kaifeng, Southwestern Mandarin, Xinyang

IALP 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Dec 4-6, 2020

When Dialects Disappear: A Report of PPLRC in Province

Lei Wang Huibin Zhuang School of Foreign Languages School of Culture and Communication Sun Yat-sen University University 135 Xingang Xi Road, , 510275, P. R. 180 Wenhua Xilu, Weihai 264209, P. R. China [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract--In the years 2016 to 2019, our team has adopting uniform language questionnaires, consistent investigated dialects in 13 sites of Henan Province. In terms of technic forms and standards to preserve the language dialect classification, 12 dialects belong to resources, the project aims to guarantee precision in paper Mandarin and 1 dialect ( dialect) belongs to the Jin recordings and high-quality in data storage. Language. In accordance with the administrative division, there are 8 prefecture-level cities, 2 county-level cities and 3 Therefore, the project is considered to be significant in counties. This report is going to demonstrate the work we have both effective language preservation and further language done on our project (Project for the Protection of Language presentation and study. In addition, Tian [1] takes the Resources of China) in Henan. We mainly show the situation position that the PPLRC is of profound and practical of Henan dialects, the literature concerned, and our fieldwork. significance for its implementation helps to make a good Key words--Henan dialects; PPLRC; subject; materias; command of our national language situations, to protect our procedure national language resources, to inherit and carry forward traditional Chinese culture and to render service to state-building and development strategies. I. BACKGROUND AND THE PPLRC II. CLASSIFICATION AND PRESENT SITUATION OF HENAN Language is the carrier of human civilization, the key DIALECTS to communication and a bridge for cultural exchange. According to the [5] and the Nowadays, language is considered to be an important Local Gazetteer of Henan [6], Henan dialects can mainly be cultural resource and the vital component of the intangible classified into two types, namely, Zhongyuan Mandarin and culture. It has played a profound role in the transmission of the Jin Language. They are distinguished by the existence culture and the protection of cultural diversity [1,2]. of entering tones, which are commonly featured with a However, with the proceeding of modernization and glottal stop [ʔ] at the end of a syllable. That is to say, urbanization, the minority languages as well as Chinese syllables in the former type are without entering tones dialects are changing in an unprecedented way. It is whereas those in the latter one have entering tones. They reported that of approximant 130 existing languages in occupy different parts of the Province: China, 68 languages are used by a population fewer than 10,000; 48 are used fewer than 5,000 and 25 are used fewer In the northern part, which is adjacent to than 1,000. Province, resides the Jin Language. It covers 19 cities and counties such as , Linzhou, , and so forth. Such grave situation gives rise to the launch of the Zhongyuan Mandarin, or Central Plain Mandarin, takes up Project for the Protection of Language Resources of China the majority of the middle area, ranging 111 cities and (henceforth the PPLRC) in 2015 by the Ministry of counties, for instance, , , , etc. Education of China and State Language Commission. This project is a continuation, extension and upgrading of the Zhongyuan Mandarin also takes up a fairly larger area establishment of the Audio Database of Language in regard to the southern part. However, things goes Resources of China and it succeeds the collaborative work different when it comes to the dialects in region. pattern of the database with the participation of the Ye [7,8] refers to this region as a “dialect mixing zone”. By government, the professionals and the public [3,4]. The taking into consideration linguistic factors as well as project plans to conduct a nation-wide field survey of 1,500 historical, geographical, economic and cultural factors, he dialect sites from 2015 to 2019, attempting to believes that even though Zhongyuan Mandarin holds most comprehensively cover both Chinese dialects and the part of the region, the dialects used in Guangshan and minority language resources. All the linguistic items Xinxian belong to Jianghuai Mandarin (or Eastern investigated in this project are not only recorded in paper Mandarin) and those in Gushi and Shangcheng but also stored in video. Up to 2019, over 350 universities Southwestern Mandarin. and research institutions, 1,000 survey teams and 4,500 The present situation of Henan dialects allows of no professional and technical personnel have participated in optimism. [9] points out that the accelerating process of the project. This survey is by far referred to as one of urbanization results in higher and higher population world’s largest language resource protection project. By

978-1-7281-7689-5/20/$31.00 c 2020 IEEE 141 mobility. More and more people adopt Putonghua for investigation in Henan dialects on a large scale and is of effective communication, giving rise to a situation where enormous historical value. both the scope of dialect and the number of dialect users are In the second stage, He [11] has made the greatest getting smaller and smaller. Such phenomenon is even more contribution to the study of Henan dialects. In his A Study of common in big cities, for example, teenagers tend to use the Huojia Dialect, he makes a comprehensive and detailed Putonghua to communicate with their family members and description of the Huojia dialect not only from the friends; young parents prefer to teach children Putonghua as phonological level, but also from the lexical and first language. They hold the view that Putonghua is grammatical level. Besides, the descriptions of rime change superior to dialects, that one who speaks dialects in and grammatical functions in this monograph are communication would be regarded as less educated and considered to have exerted certain influence on the method even illiterate, and that children might be negatively of dialect studies. transferred to speak poor Putonghua if they acquire dialects as first language. Besides, lack of successors in folk culture In the 21st century, sound studies of Henan dialects and the disappearance of certain traditional dramas are also have a broader coverage and become even more specified. factors that cause Henan dialects to run into crisis. These studies, can mainly be classified into three categories: (1) those that are carried out in traditional dialectology, (2) III. THE PPLRC IN HENAN PROVINCE those in sociolinguistics, and (3) those in experimental For three year’s filed work from 2016 to 2018, Henan linguistics. Province has successfully completed paper recordings as 1. Studies in Traditional Dialectology well as audio-visual recordings in 23 dialect sites. The project in Henan Province is undertaken by Henan Fieldwork, phonological descriptions and comparisons University, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, are three methods the most frequently adopted in traditional , Institute of Science and dialectology. Based on the three methods, researchers have Technology and Xinyang Vocational and Technical College. gradually established a three-step model. To put it precisely, Of the 23 dialect sites, 4 sites (Linzhou, Xinxiang, Wenxian firstly, on the basis of fieldwork, first-hand dialect materials and Hebi) belong to the coverage the Jin Language and 19 of a particular place are obtained to guarantee the reliability sites belong to the range of Zhongyuan Mandarin. and validity of the research; after a manual discrimination and organization, a relative correct phonological structure is Among the 23 sites, more than half of them (13 sites) identified; hence, phonological comparisons of initials and are conducted by . According to the first finals are respectively made between the level administrative division, Henan Province is divided and a particular dialect to explore the diachronic changes of into five parts, i.e. Yuzhong, which is the middle part, sound, and comparisons between a particular dialect and its Yudong the east part, Yuxi the west part, Yubei the north neighboring dialects (or Putonghua) to explore the part and Yunan the south part. These 13 sites roughly cover synchronic changes. the whole province except Yuxi. In other words, there are 4 sites investigated in Yudong (Kaifeng and Lankao in 2016, By using this model step by step, scientific and reliable and in 2017 and Zhoukou in 2018); 3 conclusions are finally drawn. However, some problems sites in Yuzhong (Luohe, and in 2018); 2 may still exist, for instance, with the merit of language sites in Yubei (Hebi and Xunxian in 2017) and 3 sites in intuition as native speakers but the limitation of time and Yunan ( in 2017, Nanyang and Biyang in 2018). financial support, certain researchers, especially In accordance with the second level administrative division, postgraduate students, prefer to make phonological the 13 sites are re-divided into 8 prefecture-level cities investigations in their own hometown and write articles or (Kaifeng, Shangqiu, Zhoukou, Luohe, Xuchang, Hebi, theses with comprehensive descriptions but less theoretical Nanyang and Zhumadian), 2 county-level cities explanations. (Yongcheng and Changge) and 3 counties (Lankao, Xunxian and Biyang). In so doing, on the one hand, those investigations have greatly enriched the basic phonological descriptions of each A. Literature Work certain dialect, contributing to the preservation of the present local dialect; on the other hand, the essence of Before we start our project in Henan province, we sound change is hardly exposed. In other words, even made a careful literature review on Previous Sound Studies though there are a great many of articles and theses on Henan dialects. describing the particular dialect and making diachronic and As observed by Duan [10], studies of Henan dialects synchronic comparisons, a few studies have concentrated on before 2000 can mainly be divided into two stages. theoretical explanations. In the first stage, the 1950s witnesses the investigation in 2. Studies in Sociolinguistics sound system of Henan dialects. Having the promotion of With the rapid development of industrialization and Putonghua as its goal, in 1956, the Ministry of Education urbanization, there have emerged a great number of issues an instruction of the general survey of dialects. On linguistic variants in different speech communities, account of this aim, most of the attention in the fieldwork motivating researchers to study Henan dialects from the study is paid to the phonological comparison between a perspective of sociolinguistics. Such investigations have specific dialect and Putonghua. Although phonetic been made in [12], Luoshan [13], Zhoukou [14] and researches are relatively richer than lexical and grammatical Yichuan [15]. researches, all of the three level reseaches are limited to basic descriptions. Nevertheless, this is the first Taking Variation Theory or Speech Community Theory

2020 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP) 142 as guidance, and with the adoption of questionnaires and Shi & Shi [19] consider sampling as an important issue interviews, researchers are inclined to combine linguistic in experimental study. It is determined by research variables with social factors (gender, age, occupation, and objectives, i.e. the number of speakers and the size of so on) and investigate the language competence, samples. Generally, there are two ideas in taking samples, performance, use and attitudes of the local residents. The that is, typical sampling and probability sampling. For conclusions of such sociolinguistic researches can be briefly example, if the samples are used to establish and study the summarized as follows: sound system of a particular dialect, it is better to take typical sampling by investigating an individual speaker to (1) The local dialect is gradually tending to the obtain multi-samples. However, if the samples selected are prestige language (Putonghua) not only in vocabulary, but subject to sociolinguistic studies or historical linguistic also in sound and grammar. studies, probability sampling is considered in priority to (2) Factors that contribute to this conclusion include collect single samples from multiple participants, which the 60 year’s promotion of Putonghua, the wide influence of means, typical sampling corresponds to multi-sample for mass media and the improvement of educational level. individual study whereas probability sampling is highly involved in single-sample for group study. In studying a particular language or a dialect, Chinese traditional phoneticians start from differentiating phonemes Chang [18] argues that typical sampling guarantees the of a language or dialect by means of listening and imitating accuracy of a dialect survey. As observed by Sun [20]: and then form a well-organized sound system. However, Large-scale sampling surveys include census, any well-trained professional phonetician would be probability sampling and typical sampling. A census influenced by the Sound Pattern of his own mother aims to investigate the whole research objective and language. Besides, physiological functions of auditory thus it needs heavy investment of human, material organs would show certain constraints to phoneme and financial resources. Therefore, this kind of identification as well. Such limitations lead to the growth of sampling is less adopted. Probability sampling and experimental phonetics which is regarded as an auxiliary typical sampling are commonly used for they avoid means in its incipient stage [16]. the disadvantages of census. In order to testify the 3. Studies in Experimental Linguistics accuracy made by the two kinds of samplings, Jessen, a Danish statistician, conducted a The original meaning of experimental phonetics is to comparative study in 1978, finding out that the perfect the given knowledge rather than to create new addition of samples can evidently improve the knowledge. Experimental phonetics helps to verify and accuracy of probability sampling whereas there is no supplement the achievements that traditional phonetics has significance in improving the accuracy of typical made and brings phonetic phenomena into light. With the sampling. That is to say, typical sampling does not importance of instrumental phonetics being more and more rely on the number of samples as much as manifested in sound studies, it is gradually a necessity to probability sampling does. study a language or a dialect with experimental methods. Shi [21] considers that the analysis of the process of Having realized that instrumental studies or sound change is actually an observation of two elements: experimental studies are more objective and scientific than words and speakers. The present representation of the impressionistic transcriptions, acoustic analyses are existing languages or dialects provides clues for existed gradually introduced to the study of Henan dialects. historical changes and future tendencies. The linguistic Experimental researches in Henan Province are more representation of speakers in different age groups will frequently carried out in tones to identify the pith values provide specific exemplifications. He finally draws a and types of tones. By means of extracting the Fundamental conclusion that “synchronic differences of sound in age frequencies (F0) and normalizing the durations, tone may possibly provide traces for diachronic changes”. patterns are visually available to researchers. Due to the fast pace of life and the strong inclination to Comparatively speaking, acoustic studies of vowels new fashions, big cities are considered to “have more and consonants are lesser made in Henan dialects. Latest age-related differences in sound than rural areas” [22]. In studies are made by Zhu [17] in the Huaiyang dialect and order to find a relatively overt change between the two Chang [18] in the Luoyang dialect, respectively. Both of generations, this project decides to utilize speech samples of them seek to make clear the acoustic features of the sound two adult men respectively symbolizing the old generation system in the local dialect and to observe the and the young generation. cross-generational differences. They attempt to give Therefore, it is practicable for the PPLRC in each appropriate explanations of the differences. dialect site to collect speech materials from two adult males B. Fieldwork and two females. 1. Subjects Males are required to provide major speech materials and females supplementary materials. Why male? Adult Considering the differences in gender and age, 4 adults males are considered to have a comparatively stable will be chosen to carry out our investigation. They are 2 linguistic status than adult females. As claimed by Labov men and 2 women with an age gap of at least 25 years to [23], “The leaders of linguistic change have been located as represent the old generation and the young generation, women who are members of the upper working class or respectively. skilled work force, with a dense network of local ties and a

2020 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP) 143 broad range of connections outside the local neighborhood.” Old participants are preferred to select those with primary or elementary education while there is In order to select the most representative speakers, no limit in selecting young participants. requirements listed in the PPLRC Questionnaire [24] are as follows: They have the abilities of thinking, reaction and expression and can speak in a loud and clear way. The age range of old speakers is 55–65 and that of young speakers is 25–35. Other requirements mentioned in Jacewicz et al. [25,26] include “not biologically related to one another, none of the They were born, raised, and have spent most of speakers reported any speech disorders and none wearing their lives in a given speech community. They have corrective devices such as dental braces or dentures”. a “pure” domestic language environment, which means, their parents and spouses are all native After this strict selection, typical participants of each speakers. site are finally identified. All participants are paid for their participation.

Figure 1-1 Taking spots in the steady state of vowels

2. Materials If not available above, unaspirated plosive consonants are also acceptable. As required by the Project, linguistic items need to Avoid using falling-rising tones and nasal consonants. present a basic phonology of each site, on the investigation Do not use heteronyms. of two male speakers in each dialect site include 1,000 citation form words, unconstrained conversations in at least 3. Procedures 20 minutes discussing life experiences, family, hobbies, In order to obtain a uniform set of data and a traditional customs, and so forth. In addition, old speakers homogenous speech sample, the Project requires that all the are required to record an extra glossary of 1,200 entries. speech materials are recorded in the same sampling In order to present the phonology of each site, careful parameter with the sampling rate of 44,100 kHz and the examinations are necessary. Take the basic vowel systems, sampling precision of 16 bit saved as WAVE files (in WAV i.e., the vowel in a rhyme has neither a medial precedes nor format). Apart from this, speech samples from the 7 cities a coda follows, as an example. We extract the greatest are recorded by the same equipment because the first critical common divisor, and five basic vowels are finally chosen. step to a rigorous comparison of vowels across generation is they are, the close front unrounded vowel /i/, the close back to use the same speech material and obtain speech samples rounded vowel /u/, the close front rounded vowel /y/, the under the same experimental conditions. open front unrounded vowel /a/ and the close-mid central Prior to acoustic analysis, the 1,540 tokens are firstly unrounded vowel /ə/. down-sampled to 11,025 kHz. Due to the fact that the In Chinese syllables, vowels interact with not only original tokens are recorded one at a time, they need to be consonants but also tones. In order to reduce unnecessary integrated into the WAVE files according to different errors brought by the two components to the largest extent, vowels. Each of the files is required to be saved within 12 some principles in choosing tokens are listed below: seconds, making it possible to suit Mini-Speech-Lab, a software for speech analysis developed by Nankai Try to select characters with zero consonants and level University. After inputting the files, there would appear tones.

2020 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP) 144 spectrograms of the tokens. Vowel tokens are plotted in the predicting the possible tendencies and directions of vowel blank area of the F1 by F2 plane by clicking the change. comparatively parallel part between the two lower lines in the shaded area as shown in Figure 1-1. The three ACKNOWLEDGMENT horizontal lines in each shaded area from the bottom up The paper developed from ideas and data from the represent the first formant (F1), the second formant (F2) Project for the Protection of Language Resources of China and the third formant (F3), respectively. The comparatively and were elaborated by the first author. We would like to parallel part between F1 and F2 is regarded as the vowel express our sincere gratitude to the four anonymous IALP target which is presumed to be the section of the vowel that reviewers for their valuable suggestions and comments. We is least influenced by phonetic context effects [27,28]. All are deeply grateful to Yongfen Xin and Xiangling Li for of F1 and F2 values of each token are hence automatically their insightful comments on a very early draft of this paper extracted by repeating this operation. and we also thank the following for comments and discussions on this topic and earlier versions of the paper: C. Significance Bing Lu, Yingjie Lyu, Baopeng Ma, Joseph Salmons, Zhibo This project of language preservation of Henan Sun, Hongda Xu, HaixiongYan, Jun Zhang, Mengjie Zhang, dialects has attracted a great deal of public attention. the investigation group of PPLRC at Henan University. The Although we have encountered various difficulties and usual disclaimers apply. This paper is finished under the challenges during the project implementation, in general, support of National Social Science Foundation of China the project framework has been proven feasible and it has (No. 19BYY001). been progressing well so far. REFERENCES This project in Henan Province is significant in two [1] Tian, Lixin [田立新]. Zhōngguó Yǔyán Zīyuán Bǎohù Gōngchéng respects: de Yuánqǐ jí Yìyì 中国语言资源保护工程的缘起及意义 [On the Origins and Significances of the Project for Protecting Language Firstly, material collection and protection. As shown in Resources of China]. Yǔyán Wénzì Yìngyòng 语 言 文 字 应 用 the first section, language varieties are disappearing, so as [Applied Linguistics] 2015, (4), 2–9. dialects. This project undoubtedly, with the recording [2] Cao, Zhiyun [曹志耘]. Guānyú Yǔbǎo Gōngchéng hé Yǔbǎo materials from the PPLRC, keeps precious materials. Gōngzuò de Jǐgè Wèntí 关于语保工程和语保工作的几个问题 [Major Issues about Project for the Protection of Language Secondly, as mentioned in 3.1.3, on the whole, Resources of China]. Yǔyán Zhànluè Yánjiū 语 言 战 略 研 究 [Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning] 2017, (4), experimental studies in Henan dialects are lesser made in 11–16. single places, not to mention comparative studies, which [3] Wang, Lining [ 王莉宁]. Zhōngguó Yǔyán Zīyuán Bǎohù leaves a bright prospect for researchers who have skilled Gōngchéng de Shíshī Cèlüè yǔ Fāngfǎ 中国语言资源保护工程的 experimental operations and insightful views to make 实施策略与方法 [On the Strategies and Methods of Implementing further investigations. Since we have speech materials of the Project for Protecting Language Resources of China]. Yǔyán Wénzì Yìngyòng 语言文字应用 [Applied Linguistics], 2015, (4), two generations, it is feasible and necessary for us to 18–26. analyze the cross-generational sound difference of Henan [4] Zhang, Shifang [张世方] & , Danping [沈丹萍]. Zhōngguó dialects by combining experimental studies with the data Yǔyán Zīyuán Bǎohù de Lǐniàn Yǔ Shíjiàn —— Yǐ Hànyǔ Fāngyán collected from the PPLRC. It seems to open a door for wéi Shìjiǎo 中国语言资源保护的理念与实践——以汉语方言为 further development of the project. In a word, this is 视角 [Concepts and Practices of Language Resource Protection in China:Viewed from the Perspective of Chinese Dialects]. Yǔyánxué beneficial both to Henan dialects and to the PPLRC. Yánjiū 语言学研究 [Linguistic Research] 2017, (1), 6–16. IV. SUMMARY [5] Chinese Academy of Social Sciences & Australian Academy of the Humanities [中国社会科学院, 澳大利亚人文科学院]. Zhōngguó Language is regarded as an important cultural resource Yǔyán Dìtújí 中国语言地图集 [Language Atlas of China]. : Hong Kong Longman (Far East) Ltd, 1987. nowadays, however, some of the languages and dialects are [6] The Editorial Committee of Local Chronicles of Henan Province [河 on the verge of extinction. The cultural diversity would be 南省地方史志编纂委员会]. Hénán Shěngzhì · Fāngyánzhì 河南省 severely damaged if the endangered languages and dialects 志·方言志 [The Local Gazetteer of Henan]. : Henan no longer exist. Under such urgent situation, the PPLRC is People’s Publishing House, 1995. launched in 2015 in an attempt to comprehensively cover [7] Ye, Zugui [叶祖贵]. Hénán Xìnyáng Dìqū Fāngyán Yǔyīn de Chāyì both Chinese dialects and the minority language resources 河南信阳地区方言语音的差异 [Internal Phonological Distinctions among Dialects in Xinyang Region, Henan Province]. in both paper recordings and video recordings in five years Fāngyán 方言 [Dialects] 2010, (3), 237–244. from 2015–2019. [8] Ye, Zugui [叶祖贵]. Xìnyáng Dìqū Fāngyán Yǔyīn Yánjiū 信阳地区 方言语音研究 [On the Phonology of Xinyang Dialect]. PhD Since language is a heterogeneous structure, the Dissertation, Normal University, 2010. present situation of a language or a dialect contains clues of [9] Xu, Man [徐曼]. Hénán Fāngyán Shēngcún Xiànzhuàng jí Miànlín existing historical changes and possible future tendencies. de Wēijī 河南方言生存现状及面临的危机 [The Present Situation Due to the fact that dialects in big cities are easier to change and Crisis of the Henan Dialect]. Jiāozuò Dàxué Xuébào 焦作大学 and that the difference is evident to be observed across 学报 [Journal of Jiaozuo University] 2014, (1), 23–25. [10] Duan, Yaguang [段亚广]. Hénán Fāngyán Yánjiū de Lìshǐ hé generation, the present project investigate dialects of two Xiànzhuàng 河南方言研究的历史和现状 [The History and generations, attempting to present clues for sound change Present Situation of Henan dialects]. Zhōukǒu Shīfàn Xuéyuàn through cross-generational differences. Xuébào 周口师范学院学报 [Journal of Zhoukou Normal University] 2008, (3), 113–115. We report the background of the project, introduce a [11] He, [贺巍]. Huòjiā Fāngyán Yánjiū 获嘉方言研究 [On new research method in studying the samples from the Huojia Dialect]. : The Commercial Press, 1989. PPLRC. This is believed to be valuable in finding out the [12] Li, Jiajing [李佳静]. Zhōngyuán Yóutián Yányǔ Shèqū Yǔyán Biànyì differences in cross-generational distributions, and Yánjiū 中原油田言语社区语言变异研究 [A Language Variation

2020 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP) 145 Study of the Speech Community in Zhongyuan Oil Field]. of Finance & Economics M.A. thesis, 2013. [13] , Yan [陈艳]. Jīyú Shèhuì Yīnsù de Hénán Luóshān Fāngyán Biànyì Yánjiū 基于社会因素的河南罗山方言变异研究 [A Variation Study of Henan Luoshan Dialect Based on the Social Theory]. Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics M.A. thesis, 2015. [14] Zhao, Caixiu [赵彩秀]. Hénán Zhōukǒu Fāngyán de Shǐyòng jí Yǎnbiàn Qíngkuàng Yánjiū 河南周口方言的使用及演变情况研究 [On the Use and Change of the Zhoukou Dialect in Henan Province]. Northwest Minzu University M.A. thesis, 2017. [15] Liu, Yalan [刘雅兰]. Yīchuān Fāngyán Biànyì Yánjiū 伊川方言变 异研究 [An Analysis of Variation in the Yichuan Dialect]. Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics M.A. thesis, 2018. [16] Wang, Lijia [王理嘉]. Shíyàn Yǔyīnxué yǔ Chuántǒng Yǔyīnxué 实验语音学与传统语音学 [Experimental Phonetics and Tranditional Phonetics]. Yǔwén Jiànshè 语文建设 [Language Planning] 1989, (1), 57–60. [17] Zhu, Qingqing [朱青青]. Huáiyáng Fāngyán de Yǔyīn Shíyàn Yánjiū 淮阳方言的语音实验研究 [An Experimental Investigation of the Huaiyang Dialect]. Normal University M.A. thesis, 2017. [18] Chang, Yajie [昌雅洁]. Luòyáng Fāngyán Yīnxì Shíyàn Yánjiū 洛阳 方言音系实验研究 [A Phonological Study of the Luoyang Dialect]. Normal University M.A. thesis, 2018. [19] Shi, Feng [石锋] & Shi, Xiujuan [时秀娟]. Yǔyīn Yàngpǐn de Xuǎnqǔ hé Shíyàn Shùjù de Fēnxī 语音样品的选取和实验数据的 分析 [Sampling and Data Analysis in Phonetic Experiment]. Yǔyán Kēxué 语言科学 [Linguistic Sciences] 2007, 27(2): 23–33. [20] Sun, Shanze [孙山泽]. Chōuyàng Diàochá 抽样调查 [Sampling Survey]; Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2004; pp. 1–2. [21] Shi, Feng [石锋]. 2006. Shíyàn Yīnxìxué yǔ Hànyǔ Yǔyīn Fēnxī 实验音系学与汉语语音分析 [Experimental Phonology and The Analysis of Chinese Phonology]. Nánkāi Yǔyánxuékān 南开语言学 刊[Nankai Linguistics] 2006, (2), 10–25. [22] You, Rujie [游汝杰]. Hànyǔ Fāngyánxué Jiàochéng 汉语方言学教 程 [A Course in Chinese Dialectology] (2nd ed.). Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House, 2016; p. 200. [23] Labov, W. Principles of linguistic change. Vol. Ⅱ: Social factors. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001; p. 366, ISBN 978-1-4051-1214-7. [24] PPLRC, Department of Language Information Management, Ministry of Education [教育部语言文字信息管理司中国语言资源 保护研究中心编]. Zhōngguó Yǔyán Zīyuán Diàochá Shǒucè · Hànyǔ Fāngyán 中国语言资源调查手册·汉语方言 [Questionnaires on Resources · Chinese Dialects]; Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2015. [25] Jacewicz, E., et al. Cross-generational vowel change in American English. Language Variation and Change, 2011, 23, 1–42. [26] Jacewicz, E., et al. Vowel change across three age groups of speakers in three regional varieties of American English. Journal of Phonetics, 2011, 39, 683–693. [27] Lehiste, I., & Peterson, G. Some basic considerations in the analysis of intonation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1961, 33, 419–425. [28] Lindblom, B. Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1963, 35, 1773–1781.

2020 International Conference on Asian Language Processing (IALP) 146