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REVIEWS Companied by Its Native Fauna and There Were Attempts at Biological Con­ Trol Using Insects Imported from Europe As Early As the I 920S

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REVIEWS Companied by Its Native Fauna and There Were Attempts at Biological Con­ Trol Using Insects Imported from Europe As Early As the I 920S 96 Austra lian Weeds Vol. 2{3) Autumn 1983 In its adventive range (America, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand) ragwort was not initially ac­ REVIEWS companied by its native fauna and there were attempts at biological con­ trol using insects imported from Europe as early as the I 920s. Harris (1979) calculated that a complete bio­ logical control programme against a pasture weed was worth implementing if the annual losses attributed to the weed were greater than $150000 (in 1976 dollars). When advantage can be taken of previous work (supposing Biological control of ragwort in New Zealand: suitable control agents have already a review been identified) then the project becomes more attractive economically. Inflation brings Harris's 1976 figure P. Syrett close to $300 000 in 1982 dollars, but Entomology Division .. DSIR. Lincoln, New Zealand annual ragwort control costs to New Zealand in excess of this would justify implementing a complete biological control programme. Moreover, since Summary deaths often occur many weeks after we are following on from early New animals are removed from infested Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) is a Zealand work and using overseas ex­ pasture, disease may not always be serious pasture weed which is toxic to perience, the cost - benefit equation associated with ragwort but attributed stock. Insects recorded from the plant in becomes considerably more favour­ to facial eczema, symptoms of which New Zealand are described briefly and able. are similar. However, many farmers the potential for introduced insects as consider old ewes in particular to be a control agents is discussed. Work with cheaper form of control than herbicide. New Zealand insect fauna the cinnabar moth, Tyriajacobaeae (L.) Schmidl (1972) emphasized that con­ (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae), and ragwort Of a number of insect species fre­ trol by grazing is temporary. Ragwort seedily, Pegohylemyia spp. (Diptera: quenting ragwort in New Zealand, the will recover following the removal of Anthomyiidae), in New Zealand and magpie moth Nyclemera annulala Bois­ sheep even after 5 to 7 years of in­ overseas is reviewed, and followed by a duval (Lepidoptera:Arctiidae) is the tensive grazing. Plants begin to appear discussion of overseas work with a most conspicuous and, according to in the first year and recovery is com­ proposed new introduction, the flea Miller (1970), the only one to do any plete by the second (Schmidl, 1972). beetle, Longitarsus jacobaeae (Water­ significant damage. Its biology has house) (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae). Ragwort is found in most areas of been studied by Quail (190 I) and New Zealand which receive more than McLaughlin ( 1967). Under certain 800 mm rain annually. It is not usually Introduction conditions larvae can cause extensive a problem on well managed productive defoliation of ragwort, but their effec­ Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) was first land but can be difficult to control on tiveness is reduced by high levels of recorded in New Zealand in 1874 dairy farms. Much steep hill country in parasitism by a braconid, Microplilis (Thomson, 1922). A native to Europe the North Island is heavily infested sp. Miller (1970) noted that larvae and Asia, it was probably introduced with ragwort which is expensive, and were parasitized by two tachinids, Pales through contaminated seed (Radcliffe, often uneconomic, to control by nyclemeriana (Hudson) and P. casta 1969). This immigrant species is un­ chemical or mechanical methods. (Hutton), but these were not found in desirable as, besides displacing more These areas provide a source of seeds McLaughlin's study. Valentine (1967) valuable pasture plants, it contains which readily spread into neighbouring als o recorded Apanleles spp. toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids which can areas. (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) from Nyc­ cause stock losses (Mortimer and In Victoria, Australia, from 1968 to temera annulala. The pupae are com­ White, 1975). Also, since there is no 1970 the annual cost of ragwort control monly parasitized by the ichneumonid consensus on the carcinogenicity of (over an infested area of 0.4 million Echlhromorpha intricaloria (F.). these alkaloids, and their effects are hal was estimated at $0.6 million, and Two stem borers are found on cumulative, products such as milk and this expenditure did little more than ragwort, Homoeosoma /arinaria Turner honey contaminated with only low contain the situation (Schmidl, 1972). (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae), and Melana­ concentrations may not necessarily be For Oregon, U.S.A., Isaacson (1975) gromyza senecionella Spencer (Dip­ considered safe to humans (Deinzer el calculated that an area of 4 million ha tera:Agromyzidae). Miller (1929) 01., 1977). was infested with ragwort resulting in noted that Homoeosoma jarinaria was Alkaloids cause stock to suffer losses of $1.5 to $10 million annually. well established throughout New chronic li ver disease which can lead to The total expenditure on ragwort con­ Zealand but was controlled by liver failure and severe damage to other trol in New Zealand is not known. It is parasites. A description of H. jarinaria organs. Sheep are more resistant to a scheduled noxious plant and in (as H. vagella) and details of its life poisoning than cattle but the practice 1979-80, from a budget of $9 million history have been given by Cottier of using them to control ragwort by from public funds, $0.6 million was (1931). Miller(1970) recorded that the grazing is questioned by Mortimer and spent on ragwort control under the insect was attacked by two unidentified White (1975). They suggest that since Noxious Plant Control Scheme. species of Hymenoptera. Melanagro- Australian Weeds Vol. 2(3) Autumn 1983 97 myza senecionel/a is common, but An adult moth was collected from Miller (1970) noted that larval mor­ Miller (1970) regarded it as having no Masterton in 1951 (Wise, 1952) and tality occurred as a result of parasi tism marked influence on ragwort, and little occasional moths have also been recor­ by Pales Ci1sta (Hutton) and predation is known of its life cycle. ded from Carterton and Lake Brunner by the shining cuckoo and starling. The leaf miner Phylomyza syngene­ (Miller, 1970). From 1969 to 1974 Adults are also eaten by shining siae Hardy (as P. alricornis) causes high populations of cinnabar moth ap­ cuckoos and by house sparrows. Some marked damage to leaves and can peared in the Wairarapa, but from 1975 newly formed pupae are attacked by the become a problem on glasshouse to 1977 numbers declined again. This ichneumonid Echlhromorpha inlri­ grown plants (Kelsey, 1937). Its life was attributed to unsuitable climatic Ci1toria (F.). Dempster (1975) noted history and that of its parasite Dacnusa conditions during these years, but in that in Europe parasi tism of fifth instar areolaris Nees. has been described by 1979 the moth was abundant again larvae by the braconid Apanteles Kelsey (1937). A second hymenop­ (Anon, 1979). In the summer of papularis Hal. reduced numbers by up teran parasite, the eulophid Chryso­ 197 1 - 72 cinnabar moth was reported to 35 % but van der Meijden (1980) charis pubicornis has also been recorded from a number of locations in the concluded that it did not regulate the (E. W. Valentine, Entomology southern North Island (Meads, 1973). numbers of its host. When cinnabar Division, DSIR, Auckland, personal Larvae collected from the Wairarapa moth was imported into Canada, eggs communication, 1981). An aphid have been released at several South were heavily attacked by the hymen­ BrachyCi1udus helichrysi (Kaltenbach) Island sites during the I 970s but there opteran parasite Telenomus sp. and by occurs on ragwort flowers and may is no evidence of survival from these predatory cantharid bee tl es (Wilkin­ bunch them together into honey-dewed releases. The moth's distribution does, son, 1965). In Australia, the mecop­ masses (Miller, 1970). The cutworm however, appear to be increasing in the teran Harpabiltacus nigriceps (Selys) larva (Noctuidae) is often damaging to south of the North Island and high was the most important larval predator ragwort, particularly to young plants, populations of larvae build up in the (Bornemissza, 1966). It was often re­ but it cannot be regarded as a suitable Wairarapa during the summer. sponsible for an average mortality control agent since it is a pest of crop Cinnabar moth is univoltine in New above 80 % and frequently caused 90 plants. Zealand as in Europe, overwintering in to 100 % mortality. the pupal stage. Adults have been Lepidoptera are particularly suscep­ known to emerge as early as August, tible to microsporidian and virus Insects Introduced to control ragwort but are common from November on­ diseases. Attempts to establish the in ­ wards (Miller, 1970). The yellowish sect in Australia failed because of the Following the work of Cameron (1935) eggs (which take about two weeks to presence of a virus (identified as in England, a list of the most hatch) are laid on the undersiQes of nuclear polyhedrosis) which was promising insect species was drawn up, ragwort leaves in clusters. Larvae ap­ almost certainly introduced with it and the cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae pear in the field in New Zealand from (Bornemissza, 1966). During feeding (L.) and the seedfly Pegohylemyia (as September o nwards, becoming tests with cinnabar moth imported for Hylemyia) seneciel/a (Meade) were numerous in November and December. release in Canada, Bucher and Harris selected for prospective introduction Emerging larvae are yellowish with a (1961) found that an unknown species (Miller, 1970). Both were subsequently black head, but later ins tars have the of the microsporidian Nosema caused released, and the cinnabar moth was characteristic black and yellow banded high larval mortality. Harris et al. distributed widely throughout ragwort body. Early instars are gregarious and ( 1975) noted that a microsporidian infested areas. Unfortunately success relatively inconspicuous, but fourth disease was present in colonies estab­ was limited, as it was with attempts to and fifth ins tars migrate to the upper lished in one British Columbian pop­ establish these insects in Australia bet­ parts of the plant.
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