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Effect of Cetane Number and Volatility on Autoignition and Combustion of Alternative Fuels and Their Urs Rogates Ziliang Zheng Wayne State University

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Effect of Cetane Number and Volatility on Autoignition and Combustion of Alternative Fuels and Their Urs Rogates Ziliang Zheng Wayne State University Wayne State University Wayne State University Dissertations 1-1-2014 Effect Of Cetane Number And Volatility On Autoignition And Combustion Of Alternative Fuels And Their urS rogates Ziliang Zheng Wayne State University, Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/oa_dissertations Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Zheng, Ziliang, "Effect Of Cetane Number And Volatility On Autoignition And Combustion Of Alternative Fuels And Their Surrogates" (2014). Wayne State University Dissertations. Paper 947. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@WayneState. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wayne State University Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@WayneState. EFFECT OF CETANE NUMBER AND VOLATILITY ON AUTOIGNITION AND COMBUSTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR SURROGATES by ZILIANG ZHENG DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate School of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2014 MAJOR: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Approved by: __________________________________________ Advisor Date __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ © COPYRIGHT BY ZILIANG ZHENG 2014 All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest and sincere appreciation to my adviser Prof. Naeim A. Henein, who has offered me the opportunity to be a part of his research group at Wayne State University. He always guided and supported me in all aspects of my research and shared his extraordinary experiences with me throughout all the work. His encyclopedic knowledge has outstandingly inspired and encouraged my growth as a student and a researcher. I will be benefited a great deal from him for the rest of my life. I thank Dr. Dinu Taraza, Dr. Trilochan Singh, Dr. Marcis Jansons, Dr. Ming-Chia Lai, Dr. Xie, and Dr. Paoliu Chow for their continuously support and helpful feedback. I also thank Dr. Tamer Badawy for providing me help in developing controller and data acquisition, setting up experiments and conducting tests. I acknowledge help from Lidia Nedeltcheva for providing technical support, Eugene and Marvin for the machine shop support in designing and modifying components and tools for the experimental work. Fortunately, I worked with many talented and intelligent colleagues and friends who were always helpful and supported me, particularly Chandrasekharan Jayakumar, Umashankar Joshi, Amit Shrestha, Rolando Ferrer, and PO-I Lee. Finally, I would like to thank all the members of Center for Automotive Research for their cooperation and support. Ziliang Zheng March 2014, Detroit MI ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. ix List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. xvi Nomenclature ........................................................................................................................... xviii CHAPTER 1 SCOPE OF THE WORK .......................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Dissertation Outline ........................................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................6 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................6 2.2 Cetane Number Scale and Measurement ..................................................................7 2.3 Autoignition Process and Ignition Delay ...................................................................12 2.4 Effect of Fuel Properties and Composition on Autoignition, Combustion, and Emissions ..............................................................................................................32 2.5 Summary of Chapter 2 .................................................................................................42 CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP ...................................................................................44 3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................44 3.2 Ignition Quality Tester ..................................................................................................46 3.3 Optically Accessible Rapid Compression Machine .................................................54 3.4 PNGV Single Cylinder Diesel Engine ........................................................................57 3.5 Horiba MEXA 7100 Emission Test Bench ................................................................59 3.6 Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments ..........................................................60 3.6.1 Micro Dilution Tunnel and Fine Particle Sampler (FPS) .........................................61 3.6.2 Scanning Mobility Particulate Sizer (SMPS) ............................................................63 iii CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS OF AUTOIGNITION PROCESS IN IGNITION QUALITY TESTER ................................................................................................................67 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................67 4.2 Pressure and Needlelift Signal Characteristics in the IQT .....................................68 4.2.1 Analysis of Noise and Oscillations in the Pressure Signal .....................................69 4.2.2 Investigate the Effect of Fuel Properties on Signal Oscillations ...........................72 4.3 Separation of Physical and Chemical Ignition Delays ............................................74 4.4 Simulation ......................................................................................................................77 4.4.1 Model Description and Assumption ...........................................................................77 4.4.2 Validation of Separation of Physical and Chemical Ignition Delays .....................80 4.4.3 IQT Spray Characteristics ...........................................................................................81 4.4.4 Autoignition Characteristics ........................................................................................86 4.4.5 Effect of Volatility on Evaporation and Mixture Formation .....................................90 4.5 Summary of Chapter 4 .................................................................................................93 CHAPTER 5 INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DELAY PERIODS OF DIFFERENT FUELS ....................................................................................95 5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................95 5.2 Literature Review ..........................................................................................................95 5.3 Experimental Data ........................................................................................................97 5.3.1 Comparison between CN and DCN for different fuels ............................................97 5.3.2 Effect of Fuel Properties on Autoignition Process ...................................................99 5.3.3 Effect of Charge Temperature on Physical and Chemical Delays .....................103 5.3.4 Forms of Arrhenius Plot and Corresponding Apparent Activation Energy for Different Fuels .......................................................................................................107 5.3.4.1 Apparent Activation Energy for the Total ID Plotted versus the Charge Temperature before the Start of Injection and Integrated Mean Temperature during the Total ID Period .................................................................108 iv 5.3.4.2 Apparent Activation Energy for the Chemical ID Plotted versus the Integrated Mean Charge Temperature during the Chemical ID .........................110 5.3.4.3 Apparent Activation Energy for the Physical ID Plotted versus the Integrated Mean Charge Temperature during the Physical ID ...........................112 5.3.4.4 Arrhenius Parameters of the Physical, Chemical and Total Ignition Delays for Different Fuels .........................................................................................113 5.3.5 Correlation between Apparent Activation Energy based on Chemical Ignition Delay and Derived Cetane Number ..........................................................114 5.4 Conclusions of Chapter 5 ..........................................................................................115 CHAPTER 6 EFFECT OF CETANE IMPROVER ON AUTOIGNITION CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW CETANE SASOL IPK USING IGNITION QUALITY TESTER .........................................................................117 6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................117
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