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Television Broadcasting System

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Television Broadcasting System SNS COLLEGE OFTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING Television Broadcasting System 1 Contents Introduction Types of Studios Production Control Room Production area Editing Master Switching Room Earth Station Transmitter Outside broadcasting 2 Introduction • Part of the DD India • The largest television network in the world. • Power of 10KW covering range of 89-120 kms. • Better facilities for recording and transmission . • Separate studio for recording of north-east program. • Computerized earth station for networking. • Earth station is utilized for up-linking the Guwahati Doordarshan program to entire country through INSAT-4B. 3 STUDIO 4 1) MAIN STUDIO • Dimension of 22x16.5 metres. • Fully digitalized with four cameras setup. • Equipped with different lights and microphones. • Mainly used for all major recordings. • Acoustic treatment. 5 Three main lights: • Key Light: It is hard light about 1KW of power. Used as main source of power. • Fill Light: It’s cool light about 500W, used to remove object formed due to key light. • Back Light: It’s hard light used to remove the back shadow and separate the object form background which gives a 3D picture. [Ratio 3:2:1 for monochrome and 3:2:2 for color] 6 Microphone 7 Classification on construction basis: 1) 2) Carbon Microphone Crystal Microphone 8 3) 4) Ribbon Microphone Condenser Microphone 5) Dynamic microphone 9 Main Studio 10 Studio •camera:Lens Block • CCD Block • Electronic Block *CCD and EB are collectively known as camera head. All the captured signals are transferred to and from the base station using a multiple core-Triax cable. 11 2) CB STUDIO: • Dimension of 9.2x6 metres. • Fully digitalized with two cameras setup • Progams include discusion or anchoring are generated • Teleprompter. 12 CB Studio 13 1 Production control Room(PCR) ? Production Control Room • Activities in this area are:- Minor editing. Direction to the production crew by the producer. Management of feed during a live program. Monitoring of output/off air signal. 15 Production Control Room of DDK- Guwahati 16 Components of PCR PCR is house with : 1) Vision Mixer. 2) Audio Mixer. 3) Camera Control Unit(CCU). 4) Character Generator . 5) Tape Recorder. Vision Mixer(video mixer) Audio Mixer(Mixing17 desk) Camera control unit(CCU) : This unit includes : 1) Focus. 2) Zoom-in/out. 3) Beam focus. 4) Contrast. 5) Brightness. .A color composite video signal(CCVS) is Received from the studio camera through the Triax -able can be viewed in monitor. Character Generator (CG): .Modern CG are computer based and character can be generated with the help of software. .Character may be static or animated (ex: news crawls and credits roles) 18 Video tape recorder : .It contain :1) Analog and digital processor servo system. 2) Microprocessor. 3) Memory etc. .Here a video tape recorder(VTR) or Video Cassette recorder (VCR) used for recording. .Recording is done in playback format. .Audio and video level can be adjust from here. .Quality of the recorded program are tested Immediately after recording and error is solved for better quality. 19 PRODUCTION AREA 20 Production • Area where theArea: actual production decision is made and the show is created. This area includes the space for the director, producer and their assistants. One of the most significant parts of the production area is the monitor wall. It includes the following: • Preview monitor • Live or on-air monitor • Camera monitors • VTR monitors • Graphics monitors • Still stores monitors • Routed monitors 21 Advantages of large programmable monitors: • Compact • Light • Consume little power AudioArea: It includes: • Audio mixing board • Patch panels • Video and audio monitors 22 23 Audio Control EDITIN G 24 EDITING Two types of Editing:- 1) LINEAR EDITING(non-computerized) 2) NON-LINEAR EDITING(computerized) 25 LINEAR EDITING It is basically a mechanical process that employs the use to perform the edit functions are:- • Camcorders • VCRs • Edit controllers and • Mixers 26 CAMCORDERS VCRs .This editing technique is performs in linear steps, one cut at a time (or a series of program cuts) to its conclusion. It is the process of assembling footage in a sequential fashion, from start to finish. .This type of editing is generally carried out when working with video tapes. .Video tapes can be cut into sections and spliced together. The content must be accessed sequentially. Video tapes 27 NON-LINEAR EDITING: . Carried out on a computer with editing software. Gathering into the software, then cut, copy and paste it together in desired order. When the nonlinear sequence is ready, it is recorded onto the master tape. Possible to access any frame. Non-Linear Editing 28 ADVANTAGE OF NON-LINEAR .TheEDITING original source files are not lost or modified during editing. & one of the biggest adv. Compared to linear editing. Some of the editing software available and used in DDK, Guwahati are: . Leitch- velocity DPS & Velocity HD (version 8 and 9). Adobe Premiere pro CS-3 and CS-6. Canopus-EDIUS-4. 29 MASTER SWITCHING ROOM 30 Master Switching . It is used Room(MSR)for transmission media. .Room where all different sources from the outside studio comes here and enroots transmission to different destination like Tr & Earth station. .Room comprises of routine switcher, video/audio distributor amplifier etc. So, it is called heart of the studio. Most of the switching electronics is kept here:- 1. Camera base stations. 2. Switcher main frame. 3. Sync pulse generator(SPG). 4. Satellite Receivers etc. Signals is routed through MSR from various to earth stations and can be 31 monitored at various stages. EARTH STATION 32 Earth Station GROUND STATIONS 33 . It is the terrestrial base of the system. .Located either on the surface of the earth, or within Earth’s atmosphere. .Communicates with the satellite (or spacecraft) by transmitting and receiving radio waves. .Successful transmission of radio waves to a spacecraft (or vice versa), lead to establishment of telecommunication link. .It is possible for a satellite to communicate with more than one Earth station at a time. EARTH STATION 34 WHAT IS AN EARTH STATION? UPLINK FREQ: DOWNLINK FREQ: 6333MHz 6725MHz RECEIVE UPLINK CENTRE STATION 35 .Earth station involves the two terms which are basically the important parameters of the communication i.e., UPLINK & DOWNLINK. 1. Uplink: The process of gathering any information part & sending it to the satellite, running on specified frequency is termed as UPLINK. The uplink frequency is 6333MHz. 2. Downlink: The process by which satellite sends or received the signals to the controlling stations is termed as DOWNLINK. The downlink frequency is 3725MHz. 36 Major Components of Digital Earth Stations Some Major components are:- . PDA(Parabolic Dish Antenna) . Up converter . Modulator . Encoder . IRD(Integrated Receiver Decoder) 37 TRANSMITTE R 38 TRANSMITTER • In DDK-Guwahati VHF Solid State NEC(Japan) TV transmitter is used. • It is a digital transmitter. • Power rating is 10kw. • Main parts are: o Exciter o Amplifier 39 40 THE PROCESS OFTRANSMISSION SATELLITE Uplink : 6333 MHz Picture IF : 38.9 MHz Downlink : 6725 MHz Sound IF : 33.4 MHz DOWNLINKING UPLINKING DTH RECEIVER EARTH STATION TANSMITTER/RECEIVER 41 TV OUTSIDE BROADCASTING This is shooting progrms outside the studios. It can be live or recorded programs. It involves two systems: OB van and ENG. OB Van • Mobile unit • Mobile television control room • Equipped with a video switcher, intercom, graphics, audio, recorder/playback decks and all the engineering equipment required to maintain a quality signal • Variety of sizes • Primary areas of OB van are: o ProductionArea o AudioArea o Video Control/Transmission 42 OB Van 43 Thank You 44.
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