NC ·~PH PUBLIC HISTORY NEWS

Volume 13, Number 3 Spring 1993

History and Kid's T.V.

byTomYohe

Quick! In three minutes or less! How ule until 1985. The does a bill get through Congress? series initially Well, we all know it takes considerably appeared as many longer for Congress to enact a law - in as seven times three years or less might be more appro­ each weekend, priate - but in just three lively, animated and through the minutes a whole generation of kids, now years was awarded in their 20s and early 3Os, learned how by four Emmys for watching "I'm Just A Bill" on Saturday Outstanding mornings on the ABC Television Network. Children's Pro­ A forlorn scrap of paper, "Bill", is pro­ gramming. "The posed by "some folks back home", intro­ Schoolhouse Rock duced by their congressman, debated in video clips on committee, passed along from the House ABC Saturday to the Senate, and then nearly vetoed by morning television the President before being signed into law. were more than a harrowing journey, but as crafted by booster shots in nn.:rwnt.>r Dave Frishberg and sung by gramrnar,multi­ Jack Sheldon, it's a memorable and enter­ plication, Ameri­ taining, yet clear and concise exposition of can history and the legislative process. Ironically various science. For 15 government groups and lobbyists re­ years, the videos quested copies to teach their staffers what were to the ''Baby was ostensibly aimed at pajama-clad kids. Bust" (those born And since Saturday morning in front from 1965-1975) of the T.V. was a ritual of their Wonder what Howdy Years, chances are this generation also Doody was to the learned the Preamble to the Constitution, Baby Boom: an their multiplication tables, the parts of icon," according to speech, planets in our solar system, and a recent article in why we're all "victims of gravity." Indiana Schoolhouse Rock, premiering in 1973, University's Indi­ was dropped into ABC's children's sched- ana Daily Student. At'the time, however, no one envisioned the Volume 13, Number 3 enormous impact Spring 1993 or nostalgic after­ math Schoolhouse A Quarterly Publication of the National Rock would have Council OIl Public History in cooperation on this captive with the Department of History, Indiana generation. Con­ University at Indianapolis. front someone in this age group today and merely mention (Top) "Bill" explains the legislative process Martin V. Melosi, President "Conjunction Junction." If it doesn't elicit to afriend. Philip V. Scarpino, Vice-president an immediate and enthusiastic response of "What's your function?", he or she was (Bottom) "Bill" celebrates his passage Brit Allan Storey, Past-president with the Congressman. probably raised in the Australian Outback. Ruth A. Dudgeon, Secretary-treasurer Schoolhouse Rock started simply enough Elizabeth B. Monroe, Executive Director in 1971 when New York advertising ex- ·.

ecutive, David McCall, noticed that one nouns, verbs of his sons was struggling with his mul­ and interjec­ tiplication tables, but had no difficulty tions, which learning the lyrics to every rock song. He borrows its reasoned that if rote learning was put to classical fi­ good contemporary music, perhaps chil­ nale from dren would learn the lyriCS, and conse­ Handel's quently, the information therein. He "Hallelujah challenged the creative directors of his Chorus." agency, George Newall and me, to make George the concept work. After a false start or Newell, an two, George found a jazz musician and accomplished songwriter, Bob Dorough, who happily jazz pianist immersed himself in his daughter's math himself, con­ books and came up with 'Three Is A tributed "Un­ Magic Number." Bobby's lyric was so pack Your visual that I designed some characters Adjectives." and drew a storyboard to accompany his With the gentle ballad, which we presented to United States Tom Yohe (left) and George Newall. the original creative forces behind ABC's ABC, one of the agency's clients. Bicentennial Schoolhouse Rock. ABC's 27-year-old Vice President for celebration Children's Programming, Michael Eisner approaching in 1976, the focus of School­ provided outlines to guide the (now chairman and CEO of the WaIt house Rock shifted to highlight American songwriters and scrutinized the final Disney Company), was very enthusias­ history and government. Lacking a rigid lyrics for accuracy, pedagogical correct­ tic. Confirming Michael's enthusiasm structure like the times tables or the ness and, in the case of America Rock, was Chuck Jones, animator of the vener­ parts of speech to govern its agenda, historical relevance. Professor John A. ated Road Runner cartoons and the Dr. America Rock was free to delve into a Garraty of Columbia University was our Suess classic, How The Grinch Stole variety of historical subjects-the colo­ advisor for history and government. Christmas, who was consulting with nists' dissatisfaction with British rule Designed to be "evergreen" - that ABC. Within a year the whole Multiplica­ ("No More Kings"), the Declaration of is, the teaching, music and characters tion Rock series was in production, with Independence ("Fireworks"), the revolu­ would be timeless - Schoolhouse Rock is Bobby Dorough writing all eleven songs, tionary war ("Shot Heard 'Round the just as viable and compelling today as it performing most of them, and me doing World"), westward expansion ("Elbow was in the 70s. With concern about pub- animation layouts on the kitchen table at Room") and the 19th Amendment, lic education mounting and washingto. night. which finally gave women the vote in taking a renewed interest in the state of Then it was on to Grammar Rock with 1920 ("Sufferin' Til Suffrage"). Lynn children's television, ABC returned a young copywriter at the agency, Lynn Ahrens also put the Preamble to music. Sclroollrouse Rock to the air on Saturday Ahrens, joining Bob Dorough in compos­ The impact of Lynn's tune was dramati­ mornings starting last September. Col­ ing and singing songs about nouns, pro- cally demonstrated in New Canaan, lege-age fans had also collected thou- Connecticut where a high school teacher, sands of signatures on campuses across giving her students an American history the country urging the network to rein- test, was startled to hear musical state the series. The National Council murmurings during the exam. Most of As the kids who grew up on a Satur­ • on Public History the class was singing 'The Preamble" day morning diet of Sugar Smacks and II promotes the applica­ under their breath. Everyone passed. 'Tm Just A Bill" settle into their 20s and tion of historical America Rock also chronicled "Bill's" 3Os, and their children settle in front of scholarship outside the university in adventures on Capitol Hill and ex­ the tube to soak up its Saturday morning government, business, historical societies, plained the system of checks and bal­ fare, it's reassuring to know that they preservation organizations, archives, ances that are provided by the just might learn something, too. libraries, professional associations, and Constitution and built into our execu­ In the 1970s the Nixon/Ford/Carter public interest groups. tive, legislative and judicial branches administrations, along with the National ("Three Ring Government"). Since ABC PTA and Action For Children's Televi­ For details rontact NCPH President was concerned that some thin-skinned sion (A.c.T), put pressure on the net­ Martin V. Melosi, Director, Institute for politicians might take umbrage with the works to include programming with Public History, University of Houston, circus analogy, "Three Ring Govern­ wholesome educational values. When Houston, TX 77204-3785; Vice President ment" wasn't actually broadcast until George and I approached ABC with our Philip V. Scarpino, Department of History, several years after its completion. storyboard and song, it was the classic IUPUI,530CavanaughHall,425 University Science Rock was the fourth School­ example of being in the right place at Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5140; or house Rock subseries, with segments on a the right time. The rest, as they say, is Elizabeth B. Momoe,327 Cavanaugh Hall­ panoply of "scientific" topics - electricity, history. IUPUI, 425 University Blvd., Indianapolis, gravity, energy conservation, the weather, Editor's note - After more than ten IN 462(12-5140; (317) 274-2716. the solar system and a bunch of human years in advertising, Mr. Yohe worked for systems: nervous, circulatory, digestive Forchangeof address, write UC Press, ei$ht years as. an in~ependeltt producer anda and skeletal. director of children s television programs, _ 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720. For each of the subjects - math, gram- winning five Emmy awards along the way. Submissions to PublicHistory News mar, history and science __ collabo- Mr. Yohe is currently Vice President and should be sent to Elizabeth Momoe, Editor, rated with educational rol:tsuiltants Creative Supervisor at Grey Advertising in at the address above. ~field. New York City.

2 IPRESIDENT'S COLUMN

Marty Melosi individuals in the larger historical commu­ plan activities for 1993-94. Time also will be .y nity who may benefit from the associations devoted to discussing how: (1) to serve and I look forward to our meeting at Valley we enjoy as members of NCPH. expand our various constituencies more Forge with great enthusiasm. The pro­ Many "housekeeping" items were ad­ effectively; (2) to broaden the racial base of gram reflects the vitality and diversity of dressed over the year, including revision of our membership; and (3) to determine Public History and the unique ability to the by-laws, a new home at IUPUI for the what "deliverables" we should provide glean historical insight from so many ven­ NCPH archives, planning for our meeting in members. It goes without saying that is­ ues. The board will be meeting over sev­ Sacramento in 1994, and gathering informa­ sues of importance to the membership eral days to assess our work for the last tion useful to our future negotiations with should be raised at the annual meeting, year and to look ahead. By the end of the the University of California Press. The ongo­ discussed with board members, or submit­ meeting the leadership will be turned over ing membership campaign has netted many ted in writing to the board. to the capable hands of Phil Scarpino. new members thanks to the work of Phil There is always much to be done. I rely I have enjoyed my year as president, and Scarpino and others who are reaching out to upon your frankness and creativity to I have tried to help move NCPH to fulfill its a wide variety of historians. make an even better organization. See you goals and objectives on several fronts. The Alan Newell and his committee have at Valley Forge! If you are unable to attend establishment of the Consultants' Working made great strides in developing a usable the Valley Forge meeting please send your Group and the meeting of Public History membership list with expanded fields of suggestions to me or Elizabeth Monroe the directors reflect the needed attention we information on a new computer database. IT NCPH Executive Director. Our addresses must give to our various constituencies. you haven't completed a questionnaire for (and fax numbers) are listed below. Public History is such a broad umbrella that the database, please do so at the Valley Forge Martin V. Melosi; Director, Institute we sometimes lose sight of the specific needs meeting. Hopefully these activities will pnr for Public History; Department of His­ and aspirations of the key subgroups. This vide a useful foundation upon which to tory; University of Houston; Houston, does not mean that we should move toward communicate more effectively with the TX 77204-3785; FAX (713) 743-2990. a confederation of special interests, but we membership and to encourage greater par­ Elizabeth B. Monroe; Executive Director; should avoid generic responses to the many ticipation in NCPH. NCPH; 327 Cavanaugh Hall- lUPUI; issues facing us on the job. Much remains to The board meeting will analyze the tasks 425 University Blvd; Indianapolis, IN be done, however, to identify and contact of the last year, evaluate the budget, and 46202-5140; FAX (317) 274-2347 Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives Meet in Long Branch, NJ .y George Tselos Shortly after the National Council on "Local Government Records Programs." in the nation, rivaling Newport and Public History annual conference in Valley Extra-curricular activities include self­ Saratoga Springs. Summer visitors in­ Forge, the Mid-Atlantic Regional Archives guided tours of the Twin Lighthouses in cluded Astors, Fisks, Goulds, BiddIes, and Conference (MARAC) will convene its Atlantic Highlands; Ocean Grove, head­ Drexels, and celebrities such as Lilly semi-annual meeting in nearby Long quarters of the Camp Meeting Association; Langtry, Diamond Jim Brady, Lillian Branch, New Jersey. The Ocean Place and Monmouth College campus and its Russell, Edwin Booth, Winslow Homer, Hilton will be the meeting site, from May impressive Woodrow Wilson Hall. Bret Harte, and Robert Louis Stevenson. 6-8. MARAC Spring '93 offers a diversified The Ocean Place Hilton offers many Casinos dotted the town. Monmouth program at a fabulous hotel in one of the diversions: four restaurants, a spa, indoor Park, a thoroughbred track still going nation's oldest seaside resorts. and outdoor swimming pools, even a strong, opened in 1870, and the New York Foregoing a single theme, the program disco! The hotel will be the site of the and Long Branch Railroad opened in 1874. celebrates archival diversity with sessions MARAC reception and the essential hospi­ By the 1880s, the bathing regulations had that should be of interest to public histori­ tality suite. And the Boardwalk, with its altered considerably: a lady not only could ans in a variety of fields. "The JFK Assassi­ wheels of chance and stuffed animal bathe in the company of gentlemen, it was nation Records and the National prizes, is just a few steps away. At the in fact improper for her to appear unac­ Archives" explores the problems of pro­ Long Branch beach you'll find surfing, companied. Paid escorts were available to cessing the records of the House Select scuba diving, and picnicking. perform this duty: the first gigolos in Committee on Assassinations and provid­ A beach resort since 1788 when the America, were not dancing partners, but ing reference service to non-traditional first boarding house opened, Long Branch bathing companions. The town declined in users (Congressional staffers, former War­ blossomed in the early nineteenth century. popularity after the First World War, but ren Commission employees, TV crews, The influx of New Yorkers and Philadel­ recent decades have seen its resurgence. attorneys). Specialized archival collections phians caused a real estate boom. Local The essential ingredients that drew thou­ are featured in "Play Ball: Documenting builders scrambled to erect houses and sands of visitors in centuries past - sun, and Researching Professional and Colle­ boarding houses to accommodate the sand, ocean - are still available in abun­ giate Sports;" "Ethnic Archives: Access, crush of visitors. Bathing regulations were dance. Come enjoy them at Long Branch. Outreach, and Use;" and "Documenting strictly enforced: white flags indicated the For a registration packet, contact the Couch Potatoes and All That Jazz" which beach was for ladies only, while red flags, local arrangements chair, Elsalyn di~~ issue~ facing entertainment ar­ hoisted an hour later, let men take their Palmisano-Drucker at (908)222-5993 or •hives. 'Balancmg Competing Interests: tum. Mary Todd Lincoln visited in 1861, FAX (908)229-5138. e Right-to-Know vs. The Right to Pri­ but it was President Grant's annual visits Editor's note - George Tselos is Archivist vacy" explores a perennial dilemma faced beginning in 1869 that established Long at the Edison National Historic Site in West by historians and archivists. Other ses­ Branch as the place to go. From the 1860s Orange, NJ. He is currently the New Jersey s!ons will focus on "Genealogi~1 Collec­ to the FllSt World War, Long Branch re­ MARAC Representative and Publicity Chair­ tions and Family History Research" and mained one of the most glamorous resorts person for the MARAC Long Branch meeting.

3 Greetings from the Past

by Kim Rich

Since the dawn of civilization people have developed sodal rituals to mark the important events in their lives and in na­ ture. Archaeologists have unearthed an­ cient artifacts of human expression; but along the historic timeline of sodal ex­ change, the printed greeting card is a re­ cent development. The greeting card made its debut in the nineteenth century when several fac­ tors coincided: a more literate population, a new consumerism stemming from increas­ ing levels of discretionary income, advancing printing technolOgies, and postal reform. Printed cards evolved from earlier tradi­ tions of making cards by hand. Yet many factory-produced cards of the nineteenth century required considerable hand work. For example, Victorian-era English card manufacturers continued the eighteenth­ century German practice of hand assem­ bling cards with novelty attachments or mechanics. Gleeson White traced the re­ markable rise of English greeting cards in his 1894 article on "Christmas Cards & their Chief Designers" in The Studio. He remarked that "without an attempt to prove that the introduction of the Christ­ mas card is evidence of democracy, of the world-spirit, or the 'new anything: one must accept a chance experiment of tradesmen so apt in the moment of its trial that it induced the most conservative na­ tion in the world to recognize a new cour­ t~y, to institute a new custom, and this not merely in an aristocratic or a demo­ cratic way, but unanimously, without ques­ 'mW£'r or tion of sect or party, station or social etiquette. From the duchess to the dairy­ I wishing you maid a demand for cards arose." By the 1820s, English engravers sold a A M01T~ht'~tmas variety of prints illustrating cupids or romantic and humorous liaisons. The stationer H. Dobbs and Company, founded in 1803, is associated with deli­ cate cards of hand-painted scenes sur­ Hallmark greeting cards reflect CIIrrellJ events such as this Christmas card from the early 1930's which refers 10 rounded by embossed lace paper. By the the prohibition ofalcohol. (Halld-colored engraved card. olle-sided. 5 1/,' X41/2" ). 1850s fancy stationers cornered the market for ready-made valentine cards complete skills to gift cards. In the late nineteenth Brothers joined the ranks of other greeting with novel attachments and paper lace. century Prang created a lucrative niche for card firms such as the Paul F. Volland Soon witty and satirical valentines supple­ his company's chromolithographs by link­ Company, the Buzza Company, Rust mented the choice once limited to more ing the miniature reproduction paintings to Craft, and Norcross. In response to this traditional cards. In America the enterpris­ holidays and celebrations. flourishing trade in 1913 the National ing Esther Howland began a cottage indus­ By 1885 extravagant novelty cards Association of Greeting Card Manufactur­ try making elaborate romantic valentines with silk fringe, glittered attachments, and ers formed to help with merchandising which sold for as much as $50.00 each. mechanical movements were popular. A problems and increase card sales, and to Christmas card manufacturing fol­ fashion for inexpensive, brightly colored improve business conditions. lowed four decades later. Initially, Christ­ postcards arose in the 18905 which led to In 1915 Hall Brothers purchased en­ mas cards were made from valentine stock postcards appearing in virtually every graving presses and began printing its with a seasonal greeting replacing its original American drugstore, bookstore, or travel­ own cards. Despite the economic depres- amorous message. Businesses like Marcus ing salesman's case. sion of the 1920s and 19305 cards contin- Ai Ward and Company of London recruited a In 1910 Joyce C. Hall came to Kansas ued to sell well. Soon Wait Disney cartoo_ number of accomplished artists, including City to begin a mail-order postcard busi­ characters turned up on Hallmark cards. children's book illustrators Kate Greenaway ness. Two years later Hall and his brothers In 1936 Hallmark opened a retail show- and Walter Crane, to design their cards. In Rollie and William began Hall brothers, room in the Empire State Building in New America, Louis Prang adapted his printing later renamed Hallmark Cards. Hall York City.

4 The 1940s saw the development of cards to send to military personnel. Then as now card promotions targeted certain segments of the buying public. For ex­ ample, teenagers were recognized for the · first time with their own line of cards ecalled "Solid Senders." The artist of the promotion, Betty Betz, has been described as the "Rembrandt of the Coke set." Contemporary humorous cards were introduced in 1955. The fashions of the day, color trends, and cultural tastes were incor­ porated into product development. In the 1960s, glowing colors, peace signs, and ren­ ditions of hippies abounded. In the late 1970s Hallmark added posters, wall plaques, pic­ ture frames, writing instruments, and other sociaI expression products to its business. Greeting cards reveal popular culture. Card artwork and language mirror social trends in illustration, fashion, idiom, hu­ mor, and the expression of emotions. Hav­ ing risen steadily in popularity over the last 150 years, greeting cards continue to reflect cultural moments through lan­ guage and illustration. The Hallmark archives and design collections are open to historians by spe­ cial arrangement only. The archives con­ tains Hallmark documents and products from 1910 to the present. The Hallmark Design Collections contain non-Hallmark, Victorian-era cards and ephemera. For an appointment please contact Kim Rich, Curator, Hallmark Design Collections or A"harman Robertson, Archivist at: 2501 \~cGee; Box 419580; Mail Drop 453; Kan­ sas City, MO 64141-6580. Sources consulted: Schmidt, Leigh Eric. "The Commercialization of the Cal­ endar: American Holidays and the Culture of Consumption, 1870-1930." Journal of American History. V 78 (1991): 887-916; and Hall, Joyce C. and Curtiss Anderson. When You Care Enough. Kansas City, Missouri: Hallmark Cards, Inc., 1992. Editor's note - Kim Rich is Curator of the Hallmark Design Collections in Kansas City, MO. This article is based on a talk presented by Ms. Rich at the Strong Museum, Rochester, NY in March 1993.

(Top) Kate Greenaway illustrated many popular Christmas cards and valentines for the firm of Marcus Ward & Co. (Chromolithographic process, c. 1880,4 x 6 I/Z").

(Middle) The Hallmark Design Collections hold two copies ofthis rare card, the world's first printed Christmas greeting, which was commissioned by Sir Henry Cole 150 years ago. Cole's interest in elevating public ta~te led to his involvement with the Great Exhibition of 1851 and the founding ofthe present Victoria and Alben Museum. John Calcorr Horsley, member ofthe British Royal Academy, . designed the card. Of the original 1.000 copies, only {A/2 are known to exist today. (Lithograph process on .tiffcard stock and hand colored, 3 I/.X 5 '/s"). (Boffom) One ofHallmark's best selling cards of all time is the "pansy card." Irfirst appeared in 1939 and remained reasonably unchanged uIJtill974 when the price went from five cents to fifteen.

5 Goodwood Plantation, Tallahassee: A Florida Heritage

by Larry Paarlberg

The history of Goodwood Plantation is a history of the state of Florida. From its initial construction in the 1840s, Goodwood had a succession of prominent owners significant in Florida's political and social history. A touch of mystery and some sadness have also been associated with it. Reduced from its original 2,400 acres to just 20 acres, since the 1950s the estate has seen only minimal maintenance. Leaky roofs and aggressive vines have taken their toll. The estate known as Goodwood was assembled in the early 1830s by Hardy Croom of North Carolina. Plans for his Florida residence were dashed when he, his wife and all three of their children were killed in a steamship accident while en route to Florida. Bryan Croom, Hardy'S brother, completed the main house at Goodwood and established it as the cen­ terpiece for his extensive Florida land holdings which totaled over 8,400 acres. By 1857 Croom was forced to sell the plantation, and it was purchased by socially prominent Arvah Hopkins for his family home. From the 1850s through the 1880s, the Hopkins family made Goodwood Plantation Goodwood a popular center for Talla­ hassee society. Unable to keep her family's finances nent at Goodwood in a fashion unequaled The Wilson Foundation also retained afloat after the Civil War and after the since the Civil War. After the senator's the services of the estate cook. Ms. Mattie • death of her husband, Mrs. Hopkins sold death in 1940, Mrs. Hodges continued to Grice was one of Margaret Hodges Hood's - Goodwood in 1885 to a mysterious En­ make Goodwood a social center. closest confidants and, as a result, is one of glishman, Dr. William Arrowsmith, and Mrs. Hodges married Thomas Hood in the best remaining reference resources for his wife. Dr. Arrowsmith died within the late 194Os. After his wife's death in the twentieth-century history of months of his relocation to Goodwood, 1978, Mr. Hood began thinking about the Goodwood. Goodwood will be restored but Mrs. Arrowsmith remained on the restoration of Goodwood to its 1920s ap­ to its 1920s appearance, since the estate estate for another twenty-five years. pearance for use as a public museum. To holds the potential for being this region's In 1910 Mrs. Arrowsmith sold further his goals, he established the Mar­ best remaining resource on 1920s agricul­ Goodwood and its collections to another garet E. Wilson Foundation in memory of ture and lifestyle. Therefore, thorough and wealthy widow. Mrs. Alexander (Fanny) his wife. However, beyond setting up a comprehensive documentation of this Tiers had a number of homes throughout framework for the trust, Mr. Hood did estate under each of its owners is under­ the country. At this time her principle little to further the goals of the restoration way. The research design will address residence was an estate called "Farm­ in his last years. the role of Goodwood in regional eco­ lands" in Morris County, New Jersey. After his death in 1990 the Wilson nomic, social, and political contexts for Goodwood had suffered from neglect by Foundation moved quickly to secure the each era of ownership. the time Mrs. Tiers appeared, and al­ property in an effort to protect the sev­ Funding for this project is limited. The though she spent only limited time there, enteen buildings and the collections. foundation, therefore, has chosen to focus she instituted a major renovation of the Utility services were upgraded to a safe its efforts on research, fund-raising, essen­ estate. The Goodwood of today is largely and sanitary, though minimal, condition tial building repair and maintenance, and the result of Mrs. Tiers' efforts. to reduce fire and plumbing problems in grounds restoration. The grounds have As the story goes, in 1925 state senator several of the buildings, and a retired always been an important component of William C. Hodges (who in addition to contractor was hired to start necessary Goodwood's presentation, and the foun­ serving as President of the Florida Sen­ maintenance repairs to roofs, weak foun­ dation decided to focus primary enhance­ ate also ran for Governor three times - dations, and other potential problems. ment efforts on restoration of the grounds for three different political parties) After settling Mr. Hood's estate, the to their 1920s appearance. The decision to A .... bought the most expensive bed of his Foundation worked with museum pro­ move forward with the grounds work waw) life. His wife Margaret had always ad­ fessionals to develop a plan of action. based on four reasons. First, through the . mired one of the beds at Goodwood. Basic to this plan has been a multi-disci­ use of volunteers it was the most cost­ However, to get the bed he had to buy plinary research program incorporating effective way to produce dramatic visual the estate. He and Mrs. Hodges enter­ architectural, archival, archaeolOgical, improvement on the estate. Second, to tained the socially and politically promi- horticultural, and artifactual research. - See "Goodwood" page 9 6 Interpreting the Cattle Baron: Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Deer Lodge, Montana

by Rodd L. Wheaton • The National Park Service, since the early 1970s, has been charged with the man­ agement of the legacy of Johnny Grant and Conrad Kohrs. Grant anived in Montana with Hudson Bay Company connections. He married into the Bannock Tribe and ran cattle between the Oregon Trail and the Deer Lodge Valley where his ranch and house were located. In 1865 he moved north to Canada selling out to Conrad Kohrs. Kohrs, a native of Schleswig-Hol­ stein, Germany, had roamed the gold fields of the west and had ended up in Bannock City, Montana Territory. There, employed as a butcher, he soon owned the business. Marketing beef to miners was more profitable than mining. Kohrs rap­ idly expanded his enterprises into other communities and sought out a ranch to directly supply his butcher shops. Ulti­ mately by 1900 Kohrs controlled, either by ownership or through water rights, over a million acres of Montana. In 1868 Kohrs married Augusta Kruse, who had immigrated from Schleswig­ Holstein, and brought her to Montana. Almost immediately, Augusta Kohrs set {&bout turning the house that Kohrs had '~ught from Grant into a home. Of French Canadian log construction, the Grant house was described in the Montana Post of December 16, 1865, as looking like " .. .it had been lifted by the chimneys from the bank of the St. Lawrence, and dropped down in Deer Lodge Valley." On January 27,1871, The New Northwest reported that the house has " ... seven finely furnished rooms ... besides a magnificently furnished parlor and a spacious dining room.... " In 1883 the newly constructed trans-Montana railroad delivered a shipment of furniture. While the house and adjacent grounds rapidly became civilized, the ranch com­ plex grew as a home ranch for the far­ flung empire. Kohrs introduced Shorthorns to Montana and shipped them annually to Chicago for eastern markets. Kohrs success as an entrepreneur was realized by his survival of the disastrous winter of 1886-87. While in Chicago in 1890 the Kohrs purchased furnishings for the new wing of the ranchhouse. In 1899 (Top) Ranchhouse, Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site. View of the 1865 Grant structure which was the Kohrs moved permanently to Helena, constructed in a \'ernacular Greek Revival style. Montana's capital city, and the ranch be­ came a summer residence. Much of the (Bottom) Ranchhouse. View of the 1890 Kohrs wing and the kitchen porch which was restored utilizing paint empire was liquidated by 1920 when marks on the brick masonry walls and a historic pphotograph. Kohrs died. His grandson, Conrad Kohrs ,.Warren, purchased the home ranch in The National Park Service assumed ings and structures that dated from "J!Jhe 1930s and subsequently added sev­ control of a considerably diminished Grant's tenure, including the bunkhouse, eral new buildings. Warren operated the ranch: approximately 1200 acres abutting to Conrad Warren's additions. Subse­ r~nch until it was acquired by the Na­ the city of Deer Lodge. From this base the quent purchase of scenic easement lands tional Park Service which received a dona­ Park Service was challenged to interpret included buildings of the 1950s bringing tion of ranch equipment and household the "open range cattle industry." The re­ the total of structures now within the furnishings. sources at hand included numerous build- - See "Cattle Baron" next page 7 IWASHINGTON UPDATE by Page Putnam Miller

The National Ar­ A&M University in College Station, Texas. ommendations from historians and archi- chives announced on Texas A&M is the site of the future George vists and have reached out to listen to the .1 February 12 that the Ar­ Bush Presidential Library. views of many people. They assured me chivist of the United The Clinton Administration is moving that they are very aware of the legal re­ States, Don W. Wilson, quickly to seek an eminently qualified quirement that the Archivist be a "non­ will be stepping down person for the position of U.S. Archivist partisan professional" who will be able to from his position as head and has asked the assistance of the NCC in act independently of the White House and of the National Archives serving as a contact point for the White are seeking a person whose public record on March 31. Wilson was House Personnel office for this appoint­ reflects balance. While they do not have a appointed by President Reagan five and a ment. In early March I met with four specific timetable for this nomination, the half years ago. Ouring the past year Con­ members of the White House Personnel administration has made the search for a gressional Committees, journalists, and Office assigned to this task. They are a nominee for U.S. Archivist a top priority. professional groups have expressed con­ very impressive and capable group and Since the selection process for U.S. siderable disappointment in the failure of include people experienced in conducting Archivist has suddenly been put on a fast the National Archives to deal effectively executive searches. We discussed desired track, I have consulted frequently with with many pressing issues. On January 31, qualifications and the search procedures. I members of the NCC Policy Board. The the Council of the Society of American shared with them both a 19805 NCC quali­ consensus at this point is that we should Archivists adopted a resolution noting fications statement and one recently devel­ assist the White House in providing infor­ that the National Archives has not aggres­ oped by the Society of American mation about possible candidates, but that sively exercised the authority it does have Archivists and the National Association of NCC should not advocate a specific short to ensure the preservation of important Government Archives and Records Ad­ list. federal records and has not provided lead­ ministrators. The team from White House We are still waiting for the President's ership in the development and implemen­ Personnel are developing a profile of the budget and announcements of many key tation of a federal information policy. kind of person who could best lead the appointments. There are strong indica­ Wilson is leaving the National Ar­ National Archives and casting the net tions that Sheldon Hackney, a historian chives to become Research Professor of widely in gathering names of all those and President of the University of Penn­ Presidential Studies and Executive Direc­ who should be considered for this post. sylvania, will be nominated for the Na­ tor of the George Bush Center at Texas They are most interested in receiving rec- tional Endowment for the Humanities.

- "Cattle Barol!" from previous page The house, with its clapboard cov­ play in the ranchhouse. These have added park to approximately 90. All have been or ered log original section and brick rear other period styles that were never used in will be the subject of preservation/ restora­ wing, is one of the most interesting his­ the context of the ranch. Ultimately, this tion efforts as all relate to cattle ranching, toric house museums in the country. Its dichotomy Will be resolved by creating a interpreted from open range to feed lots. "finely furnished rooms" of the 1870s Helena house vignette in the proposed Because of the importance of each blossomed into 42 rooms by 1900. Nearly visitor center. The second issue involves structure, interpretive planning for the all the original furnishings, essentially one the movement of furnishings from docu­ ranch is difficult since the management woman's taste, were donated to the Na­ mented positions to accommodate visitor decision was that each structure would tell tional Park Service. The furnishings repre­ tours. This has been instituted for security its own story. Each structure was pro­ sent all of the periods of acquisition from purposes as well as traffic flow and prob­ posed for preservation to its most active French Antique, to Creative Revival, to ably will never be effectively resolved as use. For instance, an 1880s stallion bam Colonial Revival. The sequence of use is long as visitors have the ability to touch. that had been converted to a blacksmith evident: older pieces were relegated to In reviewing this project as described shop to a garage for the Kohrs' Maxwell secondary spaces or the bunkhouse, 1880s very briefly above, these are probably the was restored as a garage. While this solu­ styles were updated and juxtaposed with best solutions. The long continuum of tion worked for the individual buildings, 1890s styles. history from the 1860s to the 1970s dic- it has never lent itself well to dealing with Room finishes, though, had not fared tated the decisions since the interpretive the historic landscape around the build­ as well. Carpets had been replaced, wall story is not static. While only one family ings. Bunkhouse row with its extensive coverings were lost or covered over, and occupied the ranch, each member contrib­ 1930s alterations overlooks the ranchhouse ceilings had fallen. However, since the uted significantly to the overall picture by yard which is to be restored to its 1900 collection was so superb, it was deter­ adapting to changing methods of cattle appearance. The resolution is that a new mined that the house should reflect a pe­ production or decorative taste. Finally, while visitor center will be constructed in the riod no later than 1920. The interiors were these decisions can be based on a rationale, 1950s "Big Red Bam." The visitor first will restored to represent their most active use, the average visitor probably simply does not be introduced to modem feed lots and based on existing fabric and photo docu­ care. We do these things for our profes- then begin a regression in time. Walking mentation of 1895,1903, and 1916. This sional selves; the visitor just likes to look at the historic access road towards the interpretation has lead to some discrepan­ old things, maybe learn something about ranchhouse will put the present behind cies, for example where 1930s wallpapers cattle ranching, and will never know if an A, and the visitor will experience essentially were preserved in situ. 1870s fence abuts a 1930s building. ., the fruits of the cattle empire - the home Two additional issues continue to Editor's note - Rodd L. Wheaton is Chief ranch - which evolved over the years. influence the visitor's perception. Furnish­ of the Division of Cultural Resources Manage­ The intent is to focus on cattle, not indi­ ings from the Kohrs' Helena house are ment for the Rocky Mountain Region of the vidual buildings. included in the collection and are on dis- National Park Seroice.

8 -"Goodwood" from page 7 and research are also underway. The multi-diSciplinary approach to the resto­ delay grounds improvement compounded findings of the architectural drawings, ration and the creative availability of the problems of weeds, vines, and volunteer historical research, gardens research and outbuildings will expand the educa­ tree spread. Grounds improvement has archaeolOgical excavations will provide tional base for the museum. ,.lso permitted the relocation of plant information for as accurate a presenta­ The Wilson Foundation has wisely ;~aterials away from future construction tion of the estate as possible. chosen to undertake any and all research areas prior to the arrival of building con­ Since 1910, Goodwood has been sold necessary in order to assure a quality tractors. Third, the foundation can safely relatively intact, including furniture, fix­ restoration project that accurately re­ and creatively open the estate on a limited tures and personal effects accumulated flects the heritage embodied in basis to individuals and groups who may since 1885. Inventory of the collections is Goodwood. During this period of re­ contribute to the larger restoration effort. only just beginning. Due to limited staff, search and planning, funding for the Finally, by the time architectural restora­ survey and inventory of the artifacts is restoration will be sought. No time tion is completed, the grounds will have currently limited to a masters project for a frame for the restoration has been estab­ recovered sufficiently to look established. student in textile conservation at Florida lished that might create artificial time This will assure that the 1920s interpreta­ State University, the organization of arti­ constraints. Goodwood did not decline tion presented inside the building will be facts by a retired couple with a back­ overnight, and its restoration will not be positively reinforced by the grounds and ground in museum inventory work (and rushed. Rather, the Margaret Wilson their setting. lots of guts), and arrangement of photo­ Foundation will let the research, fund­ Great care has been taken to assure graphs under staff direction so that they ing, the availability of the needed that the grounds restoration retains the may be better used for research. craftspeople, and the development of the rural country estate atmosphere of Restoring the estate to its 1920s ap­ interpretive program set the pace. Goodwood in the 1920s, rather than the pearance will serve the foundation well, Editor's note - Larry Paarlberg is tlte creation of a formal garden presentation. as it incorporates Mrs. Tiers' extensive administrator/curator of Goodwood Planta­ This program is coordinated by a retired renovations, and as significant historical tion. He was formerly the project adminis­ master gardener with a deep interest in documentation will permit a thorough trator of the Knott House Museum for the historic preservation. It includes several and accurate restoration. It also will State of Florida. volunteer gardeners, the local rose society, reflect the Goodwood of Senator and camellia society, the master-gardener pro­ Mrs. Hodges. Much of Florida's political State Senator W.C. Hodges (owner ofGood wood gram, several local garden circles, and the history of the 1920s and 1930s was from 1925 to 1940) with two stl/dents frfNII the FFA (Future Farmers of America) at the shaped at Goodwood, and those years of Florida State College for Women c. 1928. local high school. Each group has adopted excitement are still remembered by specific beds or projects and works with many. the garden coordinator to record or restore Fortunately, ~~e beds properly and then to maintain the estate re­ '~ em. Utilizing oral interviews, studying modeling car­ the historical photographs, and analyzing ried out in 1914 the grounds themselves, Ms. Janet provided struc­ Broderson and her crew have already tures that will restored much of the estate that had enable been lost to vines, weeds, and woods. Goodwood to As much as possible, our program also serve the will use the existing plants at Goodwood local community in an effort to maintain the estate's ge­ and visitors to netic strain. Where new plants are Tallahassee with brought in they must be from "cultivars" very special available before 1930. All plants and meeting and beds are documented on donor cards reception spaces. and the master landscape plan. Further, Given the lack of we will utilize care and maintenance such facilities in practices of the 1920s and 30s like lim­ Tallahassee and ited spraying for pest control, less fre­ Goodwood's quent lawn mowing, and reactivation of prime location only those sprinkler heads used by Mrs. near the down­ Tiers and Sen. Hodges. town, this prom­ In addition to the grounds work, in ises to be a the second year of the effort the Wilson popular destina­ Foundation hired an administrator with tion. It is ex­ a curatorial background. A grant from pected that these the Florida Historic Preservation Advi­ areas of the es­ sory Council has permitted the docu­ tate will provide mentation of all of the standing greatly needed structures on the estate for the Historic revenue for the american Building Survey and the de- museum opera­ elopment of a master plan for the resto­ tion and will ration. A grant for a complete broaden the archaeolOgical survey for the property appeal of the has been submitted and is currently un­ estate. It is der consideration. Historical planning hoped that this

9 ICONSULTANTS' CORNER Computerized Consultants' Database

by Patrick Q'Bannon

During the past year the National expands upon the information gathered and expanded directory will facilitate Council embarked on an ambitious from the general membership. In 1988 contact between practicing consultants in project to develop a workable computer­ NCPH produced the Directory of Histori­ need of specialized technical skills or re­ ized membership list based upon the cal Consultants, which provided informa­ gional expertise. The on-line database will University of California Press' subscrip­ tion on twenty-seven consulting firms simplify the process of updating and revis­ tion mailing list. Alan Newell, of Con­ and sixteen individual consultants active ing the directory, and will provide infor­ sultants' Working Group (CWG), in throughout the nation in archives and mation on the name and location of the conjunction with Liz Monroe and records management, cultural resources consultant, the number and qualifications Lindsey Reed, developed the computer­ management, historic preservation, insti­ of the staff, and regional and topical areas ized database and produced a question­ tutional history, museum administra­ of expertise. The computerized format will naire that was included in the fall issue of tion, litigation research, oral history, limit the ability of consultants to convert Public History News. To date only about ten public policy research, and a variety of their directory entry into a full-blown percent have been returned - outstand­ other fields. The directory provided non­ resume or a glossy advertisement. It will, ing for a direct marketing solicitation for professionals in need of historical skills however, provide basic, essential informa­ life insurance, but disappointing to those with access to experienced historians. tion to identify consultants with the requi­ of us hoping to paint a more accurate por­ The small number of firms and indi­ site skills and experience. Print-outs of the trait of the NCPH's membership and to viduals included in the directory did not directory will be made available to organi­ broaden participation in the organization represent all historical consultants active zations such as State Historic Preservation by identifying members willing to serve in 1988, and pointed out the shortcomings Offices and humanities councils. The on committees and contribute to PHN and of published directories, which are diffi­ CWG invites suggestions as to other av­ The Public Historian. The CWG encourages cult to update and expensive to reproduce. enues for distribution of the directory. all members to complete and return the The CWG intends to recreate the 1988 Editor's note - In addition to working membership questionnaire. directory as an "on-line" computerized as a Senior Historian at Kise Franks & As an adjunct to the membership­ database that will assist non-professionals Straw Inc. in Philadelphia, Patrick wide database, the CWG wiII prepare a in the selection of qualified historians. O'Bannon is the Chair of the NCPH Nomi- • i computerized consultants' database that Additionally, the CWG hopes the revised nating Committee. j

Letitia HOllse (erected 1682). Letitia COllrt. Philadelphia. Penn .. c. 1843.

10 [BULLETIN

i~WARDSAND 1100 Pensylvania Avenue, NW; Washing­ Oral History Program, State Library of .. FELLOWSHIPS ton, DC 20506; (202)606-8210. New South Wales, Macquarie Street, The Organization of American Histo­ Sydney 2000. Telephone: (02)230 1697. Fax: Old Sturbridge Village, the outdoor rians' Richard W. Leopold Prize commit­ (02)223 4086. history museum in Sturbridge, Massachu­ tee is soliciting books for consideration. NAGARA announces plans for this setts, announces a Research Fellowship in The prize recognizes the Significant his­ year's annual meeting in St. Paul, MN on New England history and culture. Prefer­ torical work being done by historians July 21-24,1993. The theme of the meeting, ences will be given to research into the outside of academe. The award is given "Rivers of Revolution: Archives and history and material culture of African every two years for the best book written Records in the 1990's," is meant to convey Americans and Native Americans in rural by a historian connected with federal, state the notion of large-scale decisive changes New England between 1790-1860. The or municipal government, in the areas of and challenges in the way that govern­ fellowship project need not be limited to foreign policy, military affairs broadly ment records are managed. Key sessions this region or this period, but must relate construed, the historical activities of the will cover government information policy, primarily to both. Fellows will be in resi­ federal government, or biography in one management of electronic records, pro­ dence for six to twelve weeks, preferably of the foregoing areas. One copy of each gram planning and administration, and in the fall or spring semester. Candidates entry should be mailed to each member of strategies for appealing for and securing should have significant work and accom­ the prize committee by September 1 of needed resources. plishment in historical, archaeological, or odd-numbered years. Present members of Among the sessions planned are: material culture scholarship, and be the Leopold Prize committee are Robert appraisal of case files, records implica­ strongly committed to publishing the re­ Dallek, Committee Chair, Department of tions of Geographic Information Sys­ sults of their research. A stipend of up to History, University of California, Los An­ tems, implications of E-mail and $2,500 will be awarded. For application geles, Los Angeles, CA 90024; Diane management of electronic records, information please contact Jack Larkin, Shaver Clemens, 960 Hilldale Ave., Berke­ emerging issues in local government Director of Research, Collections and Li­ ley, CA 94708; and Roger D. Launius, records management, intergovernmental brary, Old Sturbridge Village, 1 Old NASA History Division, NASA Head­ records appraisal, and privatization of Sturbridge Village Road, Sturbridge MA quarters, Washington, DC 20546. records management services. 01566; (508)347-3362 ext. 298. Deadline for The LBJ Foundation will award a The meeting will be preceded by a applications is}uly 1, 1993. limited number of grants-in-aid for re­ day-long meeting between the Archivist of The National Endowment for the search in the Lyndon B. Johnson Library. the United States and the state archivists. Afiumanities' Collaborative Projects Pro­ The grant periods are September 1 This meeting is being organized by the !~m, welcomes applications for projects through February 28, and March 1 National Archives and Records Admin­ . of broad scholarly and public significance through August 31. Grant applications for istration. in the humanities that entail the collabora­ the period from September, 1993 through This year's meeting is hosted by the tion of two or more scholars for periods of February, 1994 must be received by July Minnesota Historical Society. Some of the one to three years. All topics in the hu­ 31,1993. Recipients will be announced in sessions will be held in its new History manities are eligible; collaborative projects September. Funds are awarded to defray Center. More information on the 1993 are expected to lead to major scholarly living, travel and related expenses in­ meeting, including copies of the program publications. Awards usually range from curred while conducting research at the booklet and registration materials, is $10,000 to about $150,000. Johnson Library during the award period. available from Crystal L. McCandlish, Applications are especially encour­ Grants range from $500 to $2,000. Prior to NAGARA Publications and Membership aged for research in history, philosophy, submitting a proposal, applicants must Services Office, 48 Howard Street, Al­ and other basic disciplines of the humani­ contact the Archives, Lyndon B. Johnson bany, NY 12207; (518)463-8644, fax ties; historical and analytical studies in Library, 2413 Red River Street, Austin, (518)463-8656. literature and the arts; biographies; fo­ Texas 78705, (512)482-5137, to obtain infor­ The 1993 Air Power Symposium, cused interdisciplinary studies; and other mation about materials available in the sponsored jointly by the Royal Air Force undertakings that promise to develop, library on the proposed research topic. and the United States Air Force history refine, or support integrated studies in the programs, will be held on 9 and 10 Sep­ humanities. The division encourages col­ CONFERENCES tember 1993 at Bolling Air Force Base, laborative research that builds upon exist­ Washington, DC. The Symposium will ing scholarship, addresses the problems of The Oral History Association of Aus­ tralia announces its biennial national con­ address "Anglo-American Air Power Co­ intellectual fragmentation, uses compara­ operation during the Cold War Era." tive or interdisciplinary approaches, or ference to be held September 9-12,1993 at Three panels will feature papers by schol­ aims for comprehensive treatment of the State Library of New South Wales, ars and participants on policy decisions, broad topics. Projects may require various Sydney. The major aims of the conference acquisition, and crisis response. Seating is of scholars, consultants, and are: to examine the way in which oral combinations limited, so those interested in attending research assistants; project-related travel; history has contributed to uncovering private, secret or unspoken aspects of our should register early. For further informa­ and technical support and services. Grants tion, please contact: Dr. Roger G. Miller; support full-time or part-time activities for past, induding experiences of war, domes­ Center for Air Force History; CAFH/DR APeriods of up to three years. tic life, and cultural or ethnic differences; (Building 5681); 170 Luke Ave., Suite 400; ,., The deadline is October 15, 1993, for to seek to understand societal taboos­ Bolling AFB, DC 20332-5113; (202)767-4713. projects beginning no earlier than July of how they have changed and why; to ex­ the next year. For application materials amine the nature of contemporary and further information write or call: Col­ historical practice and the place of oral COURSES laborative Projects/ Interpretive'Research; history as a source and methodology. The National Park Service announces Division of Research Programs, Room 318; Please send enquiries to: Rosemary Block, a training opportunity in Archeology for 11 Managers May 17-21, 1993 at Jefferson participants produce a workplan suitable tions, exhibitions, publications, and pro- • Patterson Park and Museum and Historic for their own curation needs. grams. For more information contact Su- Saint Mary's· City, Solomons, Maryland. This course is open to federal, state, san Trien at the Strong Museum, One Land managers and program managers tribal, and local cultural resources or ar­ Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607; whose job functions involve impacts to cheology program managers who are (716)263-2700, fax (716)263-2493. archeological resources seldom have the responsible for federal or federally admin­ background or training to evaluate alter­ istered archeological collections. For a PosmONS natives. This training will familiarize them registration form please contact: Center for R. Christopher Goodwin & Associ­ with archeology and archeological re­ Career Education and Workshops, George ates, Inc., a national leader in historic re­ sources so they can develop efficient pro­ Washington University, 2020 K Street, search and historic preservation, has grams, identify problems early, and NW, Suite 8-100, Washington, DC 20052; immediate openings for Senior Histori­ choose effectively among available alter­ (202)994-5299 or 1-800-947-4498. ans/Project Managers in our Frederick, natives for solutions. The 4O-hour course Maryland office. Qualifications: M.A. or will be held in Solomons, Maryland, on EXHIBITS Ph.D. in Public History/American His­ the shores of Chesapeake Bay. It empha­ The Strong Museum announces the tory, plus two years of applied research sizes hands-on experience, with field opening of a new exhibit celebrating the and writing experience with substantive visits to the major facilities and archeo­ Jell-O phenomenon. For almost a century, and recognized CRM and managerial logical resources in the area. Jefferson Americans have been gracing their tables contributions. Working knowledge of Patterson Park and Museum is an ar­ with jiggly squares and molded mounds NHPA, Section 106, and National Register cheological research and educational of brightly colored Jell-a. Quick and ver­ criteria is required. These full-time, sala­ facility that preserves the record of pre­ satile - just add water to powdered con­ ried positions have full benefits. Salaries historic and 17th-century plantation life tents in the packet and chill-Jell-O is a are competitive, and commensurate with in Maryland. Historic Saint Mary's City uniquely American food phenomenon. education and experience. Applicants also is an archeological research and edu­ Plunge into the quivering, shimmer­ should send a letter of interest with dates cational facility with prehistoric remains ing, jewel-toned world of one of of availability, vitae, and names and ad­ as well as renmants of the first capital of America's favorite desserts at There's dresses of three references to: R. Christo­ colonial Maryland, dating to the 1630s. Always Room for Jell-O, a new exhibit pher Goodwin & Associates, Inc; 337 East Field visits there will include the curato­ opening at the Strong Museum March Third Street; Frederick, Maryland 21701. rial and conservation facilities along with the 27, 1993 and running through January 4, R. Christopher Goodwin & Associates is archeological sites. The course will conclude 1994. The exhibit was developed by the an Equal Opportunity Employer. ..\ at the newly completed Maryland State Strong Museum with the cooperation of Historic Landmarks Foundation of Office of Archeology near Annapolis. the leRoy Historical Society, and made Indiana seeks applicants for Field Sur­ This course is open to federal, state, possible in part by Jell-O Brand Gelatin veyor. This will be a full time position tribal, and local program managers who and Wegrnans Food Markets. conducting survey of architecturally and have little or no background in archeol­ There's Always Room for Jell-O uses historically Significant buildings in se­ ogy, but must deal with-archeological photographs, recipe books, Jell-O molds, lected Indiana counties. Knowledge of resources as part of their jobs. For applica­ magazine advertisements, and excerpts 19th- and 20th-century American architec­ tion information, contact Leanne Stone, from radio commercials to tell the history tural styles and vernacular house types, Program Coordinator, Division of Con­ of Jell-O and the changing habits and val­ photography, and strong writing skills is tinuing Education, University of Nevada­ ues of American society. The exhibit in­ required. Position available June I, 1993. Reno, Reno, NV 89557-0032; (702)784-4046. cludes the history of the Jell-O factory, Please send resume and writing sample by The National Park Service announces which operated in leRoy, New York, from May I, 1993 to Ann C. Davis, Survey Co­ a training opportunity in Archeological 1900 until 1964. ordinator, Historic Landmarks Foundation Curation and Collections Management Octo­ Also included is an overview of the of Indiana, 340 West Michigan Street, In­ ber18-22, 1993 at the Western Archeologi­ innovative advertising campaigns that dianapolis, IN 46202; (317)639-4534. cal and Conservation Center in Tucson, ultimately made Jell-O a household word. Historic Landmarks Foundation of Arizona; and February 28-March 4, 1994 at On display are advertising illustrations Indiana seeks applicants for field surveyor George Washington University, Washing­ created by Maxfield Parrish, Norman internship. Intern will be responsible for ton, DC. This 4O-hour course is designed Rockwell, and Rose O'Neill, the originator conducting survey of architecturally and for cultural resources and archeology pro­ of Kewpie dolls (O'Neill created the draw­ historically significant buildings in se- gram managers to learn about their mana­ ing of the famous Jell-O girl, whose image lected Indiana counties. Knowledge of gerial authorities and responsibilities, of purity graced the Jell-O package from 19th- and 20th-century architectural styles, particularly with regard to 36 CFR Part 79, 1904 until 1949). vernacular house types, and agricultural Curation of Federally-Owned and Adminis­ There's Always Room for Jell-O will also structures is required. Position is available tered Archeological Collections. In addition, include excerpts from radio, including June 1, 1993 - August 20,1993. Salary is they will be able to analyze problems and Jack Benny's famous Jell-O sponsored $7.50 per hour. Please send resume and make decisions based upon appropriate program, which aired from 1934 until writing sample by May I, 1993 to Ann C. project alternatives; define applicable 1944. In millions of homes, listeners would Davis, Survey Coordinator, Historic land­ curation principles; evaluate curation fa­ tune in to the radio on Sunday evening to marks Foundation of Indiana, 340 West A) cilities; and make efficient use of available the familiar words, "Jell-O again! This is Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202; .. professional services. The course empha­ Jack Benny." (317)639-4534. sizes hands-on experience, with field visits to The Strong Museum, located in the The Illinois Humanities Council major museums and curatorial facilities in heart of downtown Rochester, explores seeks applicants for the position of Execu­ both areas and a practical exercise in which American life since 1820 through collec- tive Director. The Council is a grant-mak-

12 '.~! and operating foundation, deriving its rience. An excellent reading knowledge of The National Park Service announces jor funding from the National Endow- German, willingness to travel extensively the release of a 141-page reference catalog ment for the Humanities along with state, in the United States, and good oral and titled Listing of Education in Archeological corporate, and private support. Based in written communications skills are essen­ Programs: The LEAP Clearinghouse, 1990- Chicago, the Council is charged with en­ tial. Benefits include: one month's paid 1991 Summary Report (LEAP). This catalog, couraging greater public understanding of vacation; sick leave; choice of medical prepared by the Archeological Assistance the humanities in the State of Illinois. Re­ plans available; dental plan; group life Division, is the second volume of informa­ sponsibilities include working in a colle­ insurance; and TIAA/CREF retirement/ tion on archeological public awareness gial environment with the Board of annuity plan. programs and includes information from Directors and staff to develop policy and Send letter of application, resume, and 1990-1991. The first report was published the program of the IHC; implementing names, addresses and telephone numbers in 1990 and includes information from Board decisions with the twelve-person of four (4) references to: Jean Gnat, Associ­ 1987-1989. professional and office staff; developing ate Director, University Libraries, IUPUI, Both publications contain informa­ and mobilizing resources to sustain the 815 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN tion submitted by federal, tribal, state, work of the IHC; maintaining open com­ 46202-5163. Applications or nominations and other public agencies, as well as munications between board and staff received by March 15, 1993 will be guaran­ from private museums and educational within a creative and supportive work teed consideration. Position remains open organizations. The new catalog contains environment; engaging in long-range until filled. IUPUI Is An Equal Opportu­ product descriptions listed by general planning; maintaining effective relations nity / Affirmative Action Employer. programs (e.g., school education pro­ with cultural and educational institu­ Women And Minorities Are Encouraged grams, community outreach). Products tions and governmental agencies. The To Apply. vary from posters, brochures, and exhib­ Executive Director is a primary advocate its to films, school curricula, and volun­ for the public humanities in the State of PUBLICATIONS teer involvement. Under each product, a Illinois. Advanced degree in the humani­ The National Park Service announces sponsoring agency or organization, con­ ties preferred. Applicants must demon­ the publication of "Preserving the Past and tact person, and summary are listed by strate ability to communicate as well as Making It Accessible for People with Dis­ the statein which the archeology pro­ an administrative ability. Salary is com­ abilities." Providing accessibility for gram/ project occurred. petitive and commensurate with qualifica­ -people with disabilities in our nation's Groups that have promoted an ar­ tions and experience. Anticipated date of historic buildings, sites, and structures is cheological project or program to the ,Atppointrnent is June 15,1993. Send letter an important and challenging task. To public are encouraged to submit infor­ .,fapplication and resume with salary balance accessibility and historic preserva­ mation for inclusion in the Clearing­ history to: Search Committee; Illinois Hu­ tion mandates, owners of historic proper­ house. To be placed on a mailing list for manities Council; p.o. Box 5229; ties should take care to provide the the receipt of your free 1992 catalog or Evanston, IL 60204-5229. Please provide greatest level of accessibility without the 1990 catalog, write: Publications the names of three references whom we threatening or destroying features and Coordinator, U.s. Department of the may contact, giving addresses and tele­ materials that convey a property's signifi­ Interior, National Park Service, Archeo­ phone numbers. The IHC is an Equal cance. This information pamphlet pro­ logical Assistance Division, P.O. Box Opportunity Employer. vides answers to some of the most 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127. For Indiana University-Purdue Univer­ common questions about historic proper­ immediate reference, check with the U.S. sity at Indianapolis (IUPUI), University ties and their relationship to the Ameri­ Governmental Depository Library, your Libraries seeks qualified applicants for cans with Disabilities Act (ADA). For State Historic Preservation Officer, or Project Archivist, American Turners His­ more information, contact the author, your State Archeologist. To submit infor­ torical Records Survey Project. The Project Thomas C. Jester, National Park Service, mation to the Clearinghouse database Archivist will be responsible for conduct­ Preservation Assistance Division, P.O. Box contact the LEAP Coordinator at the ing a survey of historical records of the 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127. above address. American Turners, a German-American The American Institute for Conserva­ The Southern Oregon Historical Soci­ social, cultural and athletic organization tion of Historic and Artistic Works an­ ety has published a new brochure which founded in 1848, and with local societies nounces The 1993 Journal of the American follows the Applegate Trail route. The still operating in sixty cities. Duties will Institute for Conseroation. The Journal con­ history of the Applegate Trail and selected include conducting a mail survey, making tains articles on current issues and techni­ heritage sites along its route have been site visits, inventorying records in private cal procedures. Topics focus on the compiled into the self-guided tour bro­ hands, negotiating donations, and assum­ conservation of books and paper, paint­ chure, Tackle the Trail. The brochure is the ing primary responsibility for the presen­ ings, photographic materials, sculpture, result of a multi-county project to celebrate tation of a research guide to published and wooden artifacts, objects, ethnographic the 150th anniversary of the Oregon Trail. unpublished sources on the American materials, archeological objects, and archi­ Content of the brochure includes: the Turners. tectural materials. story of the Applegate brothers and their This is an IS-month position funded For information on subscription rates families' tragedy on the Columbia River, by a grant from the National Endowment as well as obtaining back issues and cumu­ which led to their adventure as trailblaz­ aor the Humanities. Salary is $27,000. Pre­ lative indexes of the Journal, contact the ers; history tidbits about each of the coun­ ¥erred requirements in order are: an M.A. American Institute for Conservation of ties in the Applegate country; historic sites in library science with specialization in Historic and Artistic Works, Suite 340; to explore; and maps. archives and rare books; second M.A. or 1400 16th Street, NW; Suite 340; Washing­ The brochure was produced by the higher in history, German or related field; ton, DC 20036; (202)232-6636; fax: Society in cooperation with other agen­ and two years professional archival expe- (202)232-6630. cies in Benton, Douglas, Josephine,

13 Kalmath, Lake, Lane, and Polk counties. Harrison refurbished the White House ment programs affecting Alaska Native. For your free copy of the brochure, send and hired Yergason as their interior de­ and to recommend changes to improve a self-addressed, standard-size envelope signer. Although the scrapbook covers their situation. with fifty-two-cent stamp to: Southern other Yergason commissions, most of its Prior to assuming his new position, Oregon Historical Society, 106 N. Cen­ pages relate to the work for the Dr. Hanable served as Deputy Com­ tral A venue, Medford, Oregon, 97501, Harrisons. Included are two fabric mand Historian of the Alaskan Air Com­ attention Stacey Williams. samples of material used in the Blue mand. As a result of his work there he Room. 5) ''The Shakers Worshipping," was recently presented with the United ANNOUNCEMENTS February 1831. This illustration, which States Air Force Excellence in Special The Discovery Channel announces a appeared in Atkinson's Casket, is one of Studies Award. The award recognized new six-part mini-series, How the West the earliest depictions of the Shakers. It his historical study of conflicts between Was Lost. This series chronicles the expe­ shows a Shaker dance called ''The Square environmental concerns and efforts to riences of Native Americans in the mid­ Order Shuffle." The print has been added develop military training opportunities to-late 18OOs, as pioneers began to to the Edward Deming Andrews Memo­ in Alaska. Before entering federal service encroach upon the land and challenge rial Shaker Collection, one of the finest he held appointments as Executive Di­ the lifestyle these indigenous people had research libraries on the Shakers. rector of the Alaska Historical Commis­ come to cherish. Each hourly episode of The Joseph Downs Collection of sion and as Alaska State Historic How the West Was Lost offers viewers a Manuscripts and Printed Ephemera Preservation Officer. first-hand look at the struggles of the holds approximately 2,000 record groups An active NCHP member for several Navajo, Nez Perce, Apache, Cheyenne that serve as a means of understanding years, Dr. Hanable has served on the and Lakota nations as they tried to sur­ America's cultural history. For more Council's Cultural Resources Manage­ vive the invasion of the white man. Pro­ information on the Downs Collection ment Committee and the Membership grams take viewers to places as diverse and other resources of the Winterthur Committee. as Little Bighorn, Sand Creek, and White library, call (302)888-4600, (800)448-3883 The Society for Historians of the Bird Canyon. More than 1,200 rarely­ or TOO: (302)888-4907. Gilded Age and Progressive Era seen archival photographs and first-ever The World History Association (SHGAPE), an affiliated member of the interviews with living descendants of seeks new members. If you teach the American Historical Association, fosters Sitting Bull, Chief Joseph, and Cochise whole history of the whole world in and advances the study and understand- are featured to relate these ultimately nine short months, you know the chal­ ing of the history of the United States tragic tales. How the West Was Lost will lenge of planning and organizing a during the period 1865-1917. SHGAPE .. premiere on Sunday, May 16, 1993 from meaningful course in world history. actively encourages graduate students 10:00 - 11:00 PM (ET), with additional t. Faced with the same dilemma, members join the Society at reduced membership episodes airing on consecutive nights of the World History Association have rates of $5 per year. For an additional through May 21. pioneered the field of world history and $20 dollars per year, new members will Winterthur Museum's Joseph Downs provided a much needed network of receive the Hayes Historical/oumal, pub­ Collection of Manuscripts and Printed support for those struggling to design lished quarterly by the Hayes Presiden- Ephemera recently acquired many sig­ courses which offer more than regional tial Center. Graduate students are nificant research resources. Highlights studies. The WHA encourages new invited to participate in the biennial include: 1) Architectural drawings and scholarship and good teaching through SHGAPE Best Article Competition, manuscript plantation records from biannual publications of both a bulletin which carries a $500 prize. This award "Whitehall," Annapolis, MD. The draw­ and a journal. In 1990 The /oumal of honors the best article treating any as- ings date from the 1760s and 1770s and World History received academic recogni­ pect of the United States history during record both interior and exterior details tion from the Council of Editors of the period of 1865-1917 published by a of the house, located on the Chesapeake Learned Journals for the best new jour­ graduate student or recent doctorate. Bay. The manuscript records document a nal. With a membership of 1,500 scholars SHGAPE sponsors sessions during the working plantation during the years of and teachers of world history and with American Historical Association's an- the American Revolution. 2) Account six affiliate organizations, the WHA nual meeting, to which graduate student book of Henry Lake, a Salem, MA sponsors regional and national confer­ members of the AHA may submit paper weaver. This account book records his ences yearly in addition to annual meet­ proposals. In addition, graduate stu- professional activities during the last ings with the American Historical dents are welcome to attend the Society's quarter of the 17th century and mentions Association. Please send $25 (U.S.) for an Council meeting and reception, also held personal transactions of finances and individual, one-year membership to during the AHA meeting. Graduate stu­ commodities. 3) Joseph Philbrick's day­ Richard Rosen, Executive Director; dent concerns are addressed directly by books, 1820-1862. Philbrick operated a World History Association; Department an elected graduate student representa- pottery manufacturing business in of History and Politics; Drexel Univer­ tive on the Society'S governing Council. Skowhegan, ME. These manuscripts sity; Philadelphia, PA 19104. For further information on graduate record his daily work and show the vari­ NCHP member William S. Hanable activities, please contact Stacy A. ety of products that he made. Business has been appointed Deputy Director of Cordery, Department of History, East account books that record the work of the Joint Federal-State Commission on Carolina University, Greenville, NC a potters during the first half of the 19th Policies and Programs Affecting Alaska 27858-4353. To become a member of .. century are rare. 4) Scrapbook kept by Natives. Congress established the com­ SHGAPE, please contact Roger D. EdgarS. Yergason, 1890-1913. In 1890 mission as an independent agency of the Bridges, Hayes Presidential Center, and 1891, President and Mrs. Benjamin federal government to assess govern- Spiegel Grove, Fremont, OH, 43420-2796.

14 [NCPH PUBLICATIONS:

• Full Run of Public History NlWS Beginning with vol. 1 no. 1 (Summer 1980) through vol. 12 no 4 Bargain Price $5.00

A Guide to Graduate Programs in Public History. Contains detailed information on more than fifty programs in the U.S. and Canada. Members $8.00; Non-members $10.00

Directory of Historical Consultants A detailed guide to the specialties, qualifications, and past experience of 43 historical consulting firms and independent consultants. Members $9.00; Non-members $10.00

Careers for Students of History A comprehensive guide to the diverse career options open to historians in the academic, public and private sectors. Members $5.00; Non-members $6.00

"Public History Today" A 33-minute professional-quality video examines the varieties and excite­ ment of public history. Suitable for students at the high school and college levels and for groups with an interest in public history. Prices listed belaw

NCPH Order Form "Public History Today' Video Indicate choice Qty Cost o One-half inch VHS cassette, $50.00 • 0 Three-quarter inch U-Matic video cassette, $50.00 o Rental, $35.00 NCPH Publications Public History News, Full Run A Guide to Graduate Programs in Public History. Directory of Historical Consultants Careers for Students of History Total

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NCPH member: Yes 0 No 0 Make check or money order payable to the National Council on Public History. Mail to: National Council on Public History 327 Cavanaugh Hall 425 University Boulevard Indianapolis, IN 46202-5140

15 ] Call for Papers and Presentations

The National Council on Public History solicits papers, workshops, and presentations for its • March, 1994 Annual Meeting to be held in Sacramento, California. The theme of the conference will be "public History and the Environment." The Program Committee invites sessions that reflect the work of public historians in a variety of areas, as well as any other topics of interest to public historians. Suggested topics include: • historians as environmental investigators • cultural resource management components of environmental cleanup • interpreting environmental themes in museums • collection and preservation of environmental documents • oral history in environmental research The Program Committee is particularly interested in attracting innovative programs that reflect the wide variety of media employed by public historians. Proposals for complete sessions are especially welcome. Please submit your one-page proposal plus brief resume by July 1,1993 to the 1994 Program Com­ mittee, c/o Alan S. Newell, Program Chair, HRA, Inc., P.O. Box 7086, Missoula, Montana 59807-7086. Phone (406)721-1958; fax (406)721-1964. -

Public History News NON· PROFIT ORG. u.s. POSTAGE 327 Cavanaugh Hall-IUPUI PAID 425 University Blvd PERMIT #4245 Indianapolis, IN 46202-5140 Indianapolis, IN

ISSN 08912610

Editor: Elizabeth B. Monroe Editorial Assistants: Amy H. Wilson and Douglas T. Wilson layout & Typesetting: Michelle Gradek