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Sex Differences of the Hip Bone Among Several Populations

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Sex Differences of the Hip Bone Among Several Populations Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 58 (4-6) : 265-276, March 1982 Sex Differences of the Hip Bone Among Several Populations By KUNIHIKO KIMURA 2nd Department of Anatomy, National Defense Medical College Tokorozawa, 359 Japan -Received for Publication, August 20, 1981- Key words : Sexual dimorphism (sex differences) , Hip bone (Os coxae), Ischium-pubis index. Summary. On the basis of the hip bones (os coxae) of 103 Japanese, 102 American White and 97 American Blacks, sexual dimorphism was ascertained by means of three dimensions (pubic and ischial lengths and iliac width) and three indices (ischium-pubis, ilium-ischium and ilium-pubis) . In relation to sex differences of the hip bone, the shape component seemed to be more important than the size component in each combination of the dimensions, except for a pair of ischial length and iliac width. A pair of pubic and ischial lengths was the most useful relation for sexing the hip bone among all combinations of these dimensions. In the distribution of the ischium-pubis index, the overlap samples between the male and female series were 7.8% in Japanese, 5.9% in American Whites and 7.2% in American Blacks. With the discriminant function of the pudic and ischial lengths, probabilities of misdiagnosis are 3.48% in Japanese, 5.82% in American Whites and 4.50% in American Blacks. Detailed historical resumes evaluating and interiliac index for sexing the hip sex differences in the pelvis have been bone based on the skeletons of American given by Hoyme (1957), Genoves (1959), Whites and Blacks. According to Derry's Krogman (1962) and Coleman (1969). Ac- and Straus' methods. many studies were cording to Hoyme, the first attempt to reported in Japanese hip bones. For ex- use measurements and indices to deter- ample, based on the pelves of 54 Japanese mine or confirm the sex of pelves was studied by Ikemoto (1929 ab), it seems that made by Matthew and Billings (1891). accurate sexing occurs in 76.2% with the Derry (1923/24) discussed sex and racial chilotic index and 79.4% with the chore- differences of the hip bone by means of matic and interiliac indices each. the chilotic and chorematic indices based On the basis of American White and on English, Egyptian and Derma skele- Black and Bantu pelves, Washburn (1948, tons. Using this method in German pelves, 1949) found that, by means of an ischium- Hdusermann (1925/26) found that misdia- pubis index devised by Schultz (1930), gnosis occured in 16.6% of males and the sex of 93-98% of the skeletons could 54.4% of females. Straus (1927) suggested be determined. With this index, Gaillard 265 266 K. Kimura (1961) obtained correct determination in have suggested that, in discriminant func- 93.0%, indetermination in 5.25% and tion analysis, the most significant two misdiagnosis in 1.75% of French skele- values are the total height of the hip bone tons. Hanna and Washburn (1953), using and an index of the diameter of the aceta- the interiliac index, ischial length and bulum to it in 24 variables tested by them. sciatic notch width added to the ischium- They sexed correctly 58 from 59 bones pubis index, obtained accuracy of 99.1% (98.3%) with their function. in the pelves of Alaskan Eskimos. The purpose of this study is to ascertain Sauter and Privat (1952, 1954/55) devised sex differences of the hip bone among a cotylo-sciatic index, on the basis of a several populations by means of three suggestion of Tin (1938). Kimura and simple dimensions to measure : the pubic Kitano (1959) found that accurate diagn- and ischial lengths and iliac width, and osis occured in 78.7% with sciatic notch three indices calcuated from these dimen- index (Bernbeck, 1952), 83.5% with the sions. ischium-pubis index, 81.9% with a revised cotylo-sciatic index and 87.7% with com- Materials and Method bined criteria in 115 Japanese skeletons. Genoves (1959) felt that one index, three The pubic and ischial lengths and the dimensions, and four morphological traits iliac width were measured by the author were basic to determine sex differences with a sliding (length) and a spreading in the pelvis, and found that agreement (width) caliper on the right hip bone of 103 with actual sex was arrived at in 94.5%, Japanese (52 males and 51 females) at the 94.2% and 94.3% of cases by applying Department of Anatomy, Yokohama City the respective metrical, morphological and University School of Medicine, in July, combined criteria. In his study, Genoves 1981, and of 102 American Whites (50 used an index of the distance from the males and 52 females) and 97 American lowest point on the greater sciatic notch Blacks (49 males and 48 females) of the to the pyramidal process to the breadth Terry Collection of the Smithsonian In- of greater sciatic notch. Davivongs (1963) stitution, Washington, in July, 1975. All concluded that the useful sex determinants the individuals were about 20 to 60 years were the ischium-pubis index, greater or adult, and their sexes were known, sciatic notch index (Genoves, 1959) and based on the records attached to the diameter of the acetabulum. In his Aust- skeletons. ralian aborigine material, Davivongs found The pubic length, ischial height (length) that the distribution of the ischium-pubis and iliac height (length) from the point index revealed 17% overlap between the at which they meet in the acetabulum male and female series. may be anatomically a representative di- Hanihara and Kimura (1959) first used mension for each bone of the os coxae. discriminant function analysis in sexing Thieme and Schull (1957) pointed out that the hip bone. With the discriminant func- the landmarks of the pubic and ischial tion of three measurements and the lengths used in the method of Schultz- ischium-pubis index, they obtained the Washburn were somewhat ill-defined and accuracy of 88.9% in sexing Japanese might lead to inaccuracy. In the present skeletons. Howells (1964), obtained the study, following Thieme and Schull (1957), accuracy of 96.5% by means of discrimi- the pubic dimensions was measured from nant function of six measurements of the the nearest border of the acetabulum to hip bone. Day and Pitcher-Wilmott (1975) the superior point of the pubic symphysis, Sex Differences in Hip Bones 267 and the ischial length was measured from Results the far border of the acetabulum to the inferior point of the ischial tuberosity. Table 1 gives the means (5) and stand- Because of the same reasons, instead of ard deviations (s) of the pubic and ischial the iliac height, the iliac width was me- lengths and the iliac width. In the table, asured from the anterior superior spine asterisks show the results of t-test for to the posterior one (Martin and Saller, the differences of the means between 1957). As shown in Figure 1, the pubic sexes in every population. Singificant and ischial lengths and the iliac width differences are found at the 1% level for seem to correspond appoximately to each the pubic and ischial lengths in every to the width, height and depth of the population, but for the iliac width only pelvis at a standing position in man. in American Whites. From multivariate From these dimensions, the ischium- analysis from three dimensions, significant pubis, ilium-ischium and ilium-pubis in sex differences are found at the 1% level dices were calculated. The revised ischi- in every population. In general, all the - urn-pubis index includes the acetabular three dimensions are greater in the male size, and its value is generally less than than in the female. Significant correla- that of the original index devised by tions are found at the 1% level between Schult-Washburn. With this revised me- two dimensions each in every population thod, Thieme and Schull (1957) have for each sex. obtained the accurcy of 96.5% in sexing Table 2 gives the size and shape dis- of the hip bone. In the present study, in tances and the generalized distances (D2) addition to three indices, the size and for the hip bone between sexes in every shape distances (Penrose, 1953/54), gene- population on the basis of all three di- ralized biological distances (D2) (Mahala- mensions or all pairs of two dimensions. nobis, 1936) and discriminant function In every population, the shape distance is (Fisher, 1936) were calculated from all or apparently greater than the size distance two of three dimensions for sexing the for each combination of the dimensions, hip bone in every population. The calcula except for a pair of the ischial length and tions were proceed by the Cannon BX-1 iliac width. The generalized distances be- system, using BASIC programs. tween the male and the female are greater Table 1. Means (3-c) and standard deviations(s) of the pubic and ischial lengths and the iliac width in Japanese and American Whites and Blacks. Note : **Significant at P<0.01 268 K. Kimura Ischium—Pubis Index Ilium—Ischium Index , Ilium—Pubis Index 0 , Text-Fig. 1. Distributions of the ischium-pubis, ilium-ischium and ilium-pubis indices for each sex among three populations. Sex Differences in Hip Bones 269 Table 2. Size and shape distances (Penrose, 1953/54) and generalized distances (Mahalanobis, 1936) for the hip bone between sexes in every population on the basis of all or two of three dimensions. in the combination of all the three dimen- pair of ischial length and iliac width sions and the pair of the pubic and ischial shows the next best accuracies to the lengths, followed by the pair of the ischial aboves 94.41% in Japanese, 91.00% in length and the iliac width, than the pair of American Whites and 90.82% in American the pubic length and the iliac width in Blacks.
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