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Home , Hip bone, Ischial spine, Wing of ilium

Research Article

Sex determination using the distance between posterior inferior iliac spine and in dry human innominate K. Akshaya, Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj*

ABSTRACT

Aim: This study aims to determine the sex using the distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine. Introduction: bone is taken into account because it is the most sexual dimorphic skeletal component in humans. The greater sciatic notch is very valuable as a result of its proof against damage and is extremely sexually dimorphic. Sexual dimorphism points to the contrasting features between male and female in relation to the size and appearance. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a total of 60 dry human pelvic of unknown sex and without any gross abnormality were collected from the Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, for evaluation. With the help of Vernier caliper and ruler, the measurements such as maximum jugular length, maximum jugular breadth, and diameter were measured. The results obtained were analyzed, tabulated, and represented graphically. Results: The distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine is greater in females than in males amped that the depth of the sciatic notch is lesser in females. All these parameters help us distinguish female and males . Thus, the pelvic bone helps in the determination of sex and is highly sexually dimorphic. Conclusion: The distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine is greater in females than in males amped that the depth of the sciatic notch is lesser in females. All these parameters help us distinguish female and males pelvis. KEY WORDS: , , Os innominatum, , Sciatic notch, Sexually dimorphic

INTRODUCTION wall muscles.[1,2] The ischial bone forms the lower and back part of the and is found below the ilium The hip bone, due to its irregularity in form, is known and behind the bone. The ischium is the strongest of as os innominatus. It is constricted at the center and the three regions that form the hip bone. It is divisible enlarged at its both ends. It is composed of three into three portions: The body, the superior ramus, and bones: Ilium, ischium, and pubis that fuse with one the inferior ramus. The body forms around one-third another in cotyloid cavity to make one hip bone. Ilium of the . (plural ilia) is that the uppermost and largest region. It makes up two-fifths of the socket. It is divisible into The os ischii forms a large swelling, the tuberosity two parts: The body and also the ala or ; of the os ischii, additionally stated colloquially as the the separation is indicated on the highest surface by “sit bone.” When sitting, the load is usually placed on a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external the . The covers surface by the margin of the socket. The body of ilium it within the upright posture, however, leaves it free forms the sacroiliac with the os. The edge of the in the sitting position. The pubic region or pubic wing of ilium forms the S-shaped bone crest that is bone is the ventral and anterior of the three elements well located through the skin. The bone crest shows forming the hip bone. It is divisible into a body, a clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum. The body forms Access this article online the wide, strong, medial, and flat portion of the os pubis that unites with the opposite pubic bone in the Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: 0975-7619 . The fibrocartilaginous pad that lies

Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding author: Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj, Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, 162, Poonamallee High Road, Chennai - 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India. Phone: +91-9940545168. E-mail: [email protected]

Received on: 17-05-2019; Revised on: 19-06-2019; Accepted on: 23-07-201

2246 Drug Invention Today | Vol 11 • Issue 9 • 2019 K. Akshaya and Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj between the symphyseal surfaces of the coxal bones regional variation of sexually dimorphic traits had been that secure the pubic symphysis is named the interpubic noted, researchers recommend that this distinction disc.[2-4] Sex determination using skeletal remains is did not have an effect on sex determination.[14-16] This of nice importance for archaeologists and rhetorical study is thus aimed to ascertain the sex using the consultants. The metric and non-metric variations in distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine and skeletal part among populations are evident. ischial spine.

Human hip bone has many parameters which may MATERIALS AND METHODS be useful in the determination of sex compared to alternative skeletal remains such as bone, , In the present study, a total of 60 dry human pelvic clavicle, and jaw.[5] The two hip bones articulate bones of unknown sex and without any gross posteriorly with and form a bony pelvis that abnormality were collected from the Department of transmits the weight through the socket to the lower limb Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, for and at an equivalent time mediate the propulsive thrust evaluation. The bones were photographed with better from the lower limb to the body.[6] In sitting position, clarity. the weight is obsessed by the ischial appendage, and therefore, the legs are relaxed for complimentary Inclusion Criterion movement. Varied morphology of human bone (the Both the left and right pelvis fully ossified, not broken, innominate or os coxae) and its sexual dimorphism and with no gross defects were taken. are of nice importance in various fields of analysis and judgment such as anatomical, anthropological, Exclusion Criterion and rhetorical purpose of read. Based on size and Bones with gross defects such as fractures, proportion of skeletal element, metric and non-metric malformations, and pathological deformities were variations between male feminine genders might be omitted. used for sex determination. Correct sex determination of human is helpful for bioarcheological With the help of Vernier caliper and ruler, the practices. The best strategies for determining sex measurements such as maximum jugular length, from adult skeletal remains involve measurement and maximum jugular breadth, and diameter were examination of the hip bone that presents variety of measured twice to avoid any errors. The values were gender-related anatomical variations.[7] Many authors tabulated and the results were interpreted statistically. have thought about completely different variables in human bone for the determination of sex such as studies RESULTS on prosthesis hiatus, sub-pubic angle, cotyloid cavity, bone crest, bone fossa, anterior border of human bone, Figure 1 shows the various anatomical features in pelvic anterior superior bone spine, anterior inferior bone bone and the depth and length of greater sciatic notch. spine, bone length/ischial bone length quantitative From Figure 2, it is very clear that the distance between relation, composite arch, preauricular surface, larger the posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine is sciatic notch, lesser sciatic notch, ischial spine, ischial relatively greater in females than in males. Whenever the eminence, posterior superior bone spine, posterior length increases, the depth would decrease increasing inferior bone spine, and visual determination of sex the surface area. The same observation can be seen mistreatment human bone. Indices and angles of larger sciatic notch are best known to be extremely sexually dimorphic. Consequently, they have been branded as reliable sex discriminators. The larger sciatic notch and cotyloid cavity are placed in central portion of the hip bone; therefore, they are better preserved.[3,4] These feature variations replicate purposeful variations on the pelvis to permit for vaginal birth in ladies. In general, the feminine pelvis flares a lot of laterally, with wider sciatic notch openings to permit for a wider passage, whereas the male pelvis tends to be more compressed and narrower.[8-10]

The development of quantitative ways had been tried in a shot to decrease ambiguity in assessment methods.[11] A small quantity of overlap, typically 5%, will occur between males and females thus some be associated in Figure 1: The various anatomical features in pelvic bone ambiguous or intermediate class.[12,13] Whereas some and the depth and length of greater sciatic notch

Drug Invention Today | Vol 11 • Issue 9 • 2019 2247 K. Akshaya and Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj with the pelvic bone. The depth of the sciatic notch is dimorphic, is resistant to harm. The greater sciatic less in females when compared to males [Figure 3]. All notch was found to be considerably wider in females these dimensional variations help us in identifying and than in males, regardless of the aspect of the bone.[18] differentiating the sexes using innominate bones. Similar observations are made earlier by varied authors (Kelley MA, 1979; Singh S et al., 1978; Rajangam S DISCUSSION et al., 1991).[19,20,21] All the previous studies concluded that the width of greater sciatic notch is larger in Recently, many researchers are working to determine females than males and the present study also showed the sex using various parameters of the hip bone. similar result. Maximum depth perpendicular to width The posterior border of the hip bone is used in many was lower in females than males, but the difference studies considering different populations for sex was not. Shah et al. and Dnyanesh et al. also found determination that serves archeological purposes similar results.[22,23] too. The features of hip bone exhibit most sexual dimorphism than the other bone in the body but are The variations between the female and male pelvis often found to be broken or missing in exhumed relate to function and body size. In general, the bones material. Medicolegally, innominate bone is of of the male pelvis are thicker and heavier, adapted immense help though it is available in fragments.[17] for support of the male’s heavier physical build and stronger muscles. The bigger sciatic notch of the male The greater sciatic notch is particularly valuable in hip bone is narrower and deeper than the broader notch such situations as a result of it’s extremely sexually of females. Because the feminine pelvis is tailored for

Figure 2: The distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine in males and females

Figure 3: The depth of greater sciatic notch in males and females

2248 Drug Invention Today | Vol 11 • Issue 9 • 2019 K. Akshaya and Karthik Ganesh Mohanraj parturition, it is wider than the male pelvis, as proved posterior inferior iliac spine and ischial spine of the human hip by the space between the anterior superior bone spines. bone and its role in determination of sex. Pac J Sci Technol 2013;14:379-83. The ischial tuberosities of females also are farther 7. Albanese J. A metric method for sex determination using the apart that will increase the dimensions of the pelvic hipbone and the femur. J Forensic Sci 2003;48:263-73. outlet. As a result of this increased pelvic dimension, 8. Isaac B. Biometry of the posterior border of the human hip the sub-pubic angle is larger in females (greater than bone: Normal values and their use in sex determination. J Anat Soc India 2002;51:43-6. eighty degrees) than it is in males (<70°). The feminine 9. Bruzek J. A method for visual determination of sex, using the sacrum is wider, shorter, and less curved, and also the human hip bone. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002;117:157-68. sacral promontory comes less into the , so 10. Phenice TW. A newly developed visual method of sexing the os giving the feminine () a more pubis. Am J Phys Anthropol 1969;30:297-301. 11. MacLaughlin SM, Bruce MF. Morphological sexing of the rounded or oval form compared to males. The lesser os pubis. An anatomical approach. Am J Phys Anthropol pelvic cavity of females is additionally wider and a 1980;81:260-1. lot of shallow than the narrower, deeper, and tapering 12. Taylor JV, DiBennardo R. Discriminant function analysis of lesser pelvis of males. Due to the apparent variations the central portion of the innominate. Am J Phys Anthropol 1984;64:315-20. between feminine and male hip bones, this can be the 13. Davivongs V. The pelvic girdle of the Australian aborigine; one bone of the body that permits for the foremost sex differences and sex determination. Am J Phys Anthropol accurate sex determination. 1963;21:443-55. 14. Boucher BJ. Sex differences in the foetal pelvis. Am J Phys Anthropol 1957;15:581-600. CONCLUSION 15. Mewalal. Evaluation of Various Indices of Adult Human Pelvic Girdle for Sex Determination. In: Thesis Submitted for the The distance between the posterior inferior iliac spine Degree of Doctor of Medicine. Delhi, India: University of and ischial spine is greater in females than in males Delhi; 1994. amped that the depth of the sciatic notch is lesser in 16. Patriquin ML, Steyn M, Loth SR. Metric assessment of race from the pelvis in South Africans. Forensic Sci Int females. All these parameters help us distinguish female 2002;127:104-13. and males pelvis. Thus, the pelvic bone helps in the 17. Debono L, Mafart B. Sex determination from fragmented determination of sex and is highly sexually dimorphic. hip bones using the Bruzek’s method: Experience in a historic necropolis in Provence (France). Anthropologie 2006;44:167-72. REFERENCES 18. Walker PL. Greater sciatic notch morphology: Sex, age, and population differences. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005;127:385-91. 1. Bojsen-Møller F, Simonsen EB, Tranum-Jensen J. 19. Kelley MA. Sex determination with fragmented skeletal Bevægeapparatets anatomi. Anatomy of the Locomotive remains. J Forensic Sci 1979;24:154-8. Apparatus. 12th ed. Denmark: Munksgaard Publisher; 2001. p. 20. Singh S, Potturi BR. Greater sciatic notch in sex determination. 237-9. J Anat 1978;125:619-24. 2. Peter L. Williams. Gray’s Anatomy. 38th ed. London: Churchill 21. Rajangam S, Jankiram S, Thomas IM. Sexing of hip bones of Livingstone Publications; 1995. p. 637-77. Karnataka origin. J Anat Soc India 1991;40:105-8. 3. Raju PB, Singh S. Sexual dimorphism in scapula. J Indian Acad 22. Shah S, Zalawadia A, Ruparalia S, Patel S, Rathod SP, Patel SV, Forensic Sci 1978;17:23-33. et al. Morphometric study of greater sciatic notch of dry human 4. Romer AS, Parsons TS. The Body. Philadelphia, PA: hip bone in Gujarat Region. Natl J Integr Res Med 2011;2:7. Holt-Saunders International; 1977. p. 188-92. 23. Dnyanesh S, Dnyanesh DK, Phaniraj S, Mallikarjun M, 5. Sinha AP, Kumari A, Ali S, Jethani SL, Sinha AP, et al. Vijayashri BH, Amgain K. Study of greater sciatic notch in sex Morphometric study of distance between posterior inferior determination of hip bone by metric method. IOSR J Dent Med iliac spine and ischial spine of the human hip bone for sex Sci 2013;10:18-23. determination. Int J Res Med Sci 2014;2:718-20. 6. Sinha AP, Kumari A, Gupta VP, Mansoor DI. Morphological Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None Declared and topographical study of the degree of angulation between

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