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Thalassarachna Basteri (Acari, Halacaridae), Description of External Characters of Larva, Nymphs and Adults and Outline of Discriminating Characters of Larvae

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Thalassarachna Basteri (Acari, Halacaridae), Description of External Characters of Larva, Nymphs and Adults and Outline of Discriminating Characters of Larvae Research Article ISSN 2336-9744 (online) | ISSN 2337-0173 (print) The journal is available on line at www.biotaxa.org/em Thalassarachna basteri (Acari, Halacaridae), description of external characters of larva, nymphs and adults and outline of discriminating characters of larvae ILSE BARTSCH Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, c/o DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] Received 1 November 2015 │ Accepted 18 November 2015 │ Published online 24 November 2015. Abstract Thalassarachna basteri is a species widespread in the North Atlantic, in the course of an annual life cycle it runs through one larval and two nymphal instars until the adults hatch. The development of external morphological characters from the larval to adult state is described. It proved to be similar to that known about other genera. Larvae in general have smaller plates, an incomplete number of setae on the venter and the legs, and shorter legs than the following instars. The larvae of T. basteri have almost the same shape and the same number of setae on idiosoma, gnathosoma and legs as larvae of northern hemisphere genera similar in size and sharing the habitat and life-style. Beside that the larval ocular plates of T. basteri are divided into an anterior and posterior platelet, still more generic differences exist, these are outlined. Key words: Halacaroidea, Thalassarachna, character development, comparison. Introduction The genus Thalassarachna Packard, 1871 includes at present 16 species (Bartsch 2015a). Records are restricted to the northern hemisphere, most are from the Atlantic, a single one from the Pacific. Thalassarachna species are found from the tidal zone to the deep sea (2600 m). The presently known species are rather large-sized, the idiosoma of the smallest males reach a length of almost 400 µm, those of the largest females 1200 µm, accordingly the specimens are easily recognized when sorting samples. Most males are somewhat smaller than females. The first halacarid mite described, illustrated and named, viz. Acarus basteri Johnston, 1836, is the type species of the genus Thalassarachna. An easily recognized discrimating character of adult Thalassarachna is the increased number of dorsal setae on the tarsi of legs I and II, namely four or more instead of the generally found three, but what is the situation in juvenile Thalassarachna? Halacarid larvae and most nymphs are known to have an incomplete number of setae. The present paper will present and illustrate external characters from larvae to adults of Thalassarachna basteri, compare the development with that known about other genera and summarize characters which will help to identify larvae and separate them from co-occurring genera which share the general body size and outline as well as the habitat. Ecol. Mont., 4, 2015, 33-45 THALASSARACHNA BASTERI - DESCRIPTION OF LARVA, NYMPHS AND ADULTS Material and Methods The specimens described have been collected by the author in the western Baltic, Heiligenhafen, Germany, extracted from dense epibios which in 10–30 cm depth covered shallow water boulders, mainly Ceramium sp. (Rhodophyta), bryozoans, hydrozoans, and clumps of Mytilus sp. (Bivalvia). Larvae and prototonymphs have been collected in June 1970, deutonymphs in July 1970 and adults in December 1970. Illustrations have been done with a drawing tube. The epimera and legs, as well as their segments and claws, are numbered I to IV, from anterior to posterior. In the chaetotaxy formula of the legs, the solenidia, famuli and parambulacral setae are excluded. Given length, height or width data are from at least ten measurements. In square brackets [ ] are the numbers found of a given character state. The description of characters during the development is based on different specimens extracted from seasonal samples and not from exuviae of reared individuals. Abbreviations used in the descriptions are: AD, anterior dorsal plate; AE, anterior epimeral plate; ds- 1 to ds-6, first to sixth pair of dorsal setae of idiosoma, numbered from anterior to posterior; GA, genitoanal plate; glp, (pair of) gland pore(s), numbered glp-1 to glp-5, from anterior to posterior; GO, genital opening; GP, genital plate; mxs-1, mxs-2, maxillary setae, numbered from basal to apical; OC, ocular plate(s); P-2 to P-4, second to fourth palpal segment; PD, posterior dorsal plate; PE, posterior epimeral plate(s). Characters of larvae, nymphs and adults, description Thalassarachna basteri runs through one larval and two nymphal instars until the adults, female or male, leave the skin of the preceding stage. Idiosoma. Length of larva 370–445 µm (190–310 µm according to Kirchner 1969), of protonymph 452–654 µm, of deutonymph 654–842 µm, of female 866–1197 µm, and of male 885–1105 µm. The difference in size of larvae may be due to that Kirchner measured larvae just hatched from cultures whereas the first mentioned length data are from larvae extracted from monthly taken samples from the shoreline, samples which mainly may have included larvae hatched several days or even weeks ago and consequently had increased in size. According to Kirchner (1969), larvae have a life span of almost 50 days. Dorsum of all instars with AD, paired OC and PD (Fig. 1A–D). Dorsal plates with reticulate ornamentation; in larvae reticulation very faint, in following instars more distinct and in cleared adults (body content removed) recognizable even at low magnification (60x). Black eye pigment present in all instars, in adults spot beneath AD about 12x20 µm (length:width), spot beneath OC in form of two pigment capsules, one directed anteriad, one posteriad; single cornea above anterior pigment capsule. AD with frontal spine, length and width of larval spine 6–15 and 8–15 µm, that of protonymphs 25–32 and 22–31 µm, of deutonymphs 42–51 and 47–55 µm, and of adults about 30–55 and 60–75 µm, respectively. AD rather narrow, in horizontal position 1.7–1.9 times longer than wide; with apodemes along arched posterior margin. OC of larva divided into anterior part, with faint cornea and two immediately adjacent black-pigmented eye spots, and posterior part, with gland pore and adjacent canaliculus, the two parts separated by striated integument (Fig. 1A). In all following instars OC elongate (Fig. 1B, C and D), surface reticulated and with single cornea in anterolateral part and gland pore and canaliculus in posterior angle. PD of all instars more or less quadrangular, anterior margin slightly arched (shape influenced by mounting and dilation of striated integument). In larvae PD only slightly extending beyond pair of setae (ds-5), in nymphs and female distance between anterior margin of PD and the level of setae slightly, in males PD distinctly larger than in larvae. All instars with six pairs of dorsal setae and four pairs of gland pores. First pair of setae (ds-1) posterior to the level of insertion of leg I; ds-2, ds-3 and ds-4 on minute sclerites within striated integument, ds-5 on PD, and ds-6 on anal plate. Pair of glp-1 on AD somewhat anterior to setae ds-1; glp-2 in striated integument between epimera II and III; glp-3 and adjacent pore canaliculus in posterior part of OC almost level with leg III; a fourth pair close to posterior margin of PD. Venter of all instars with an AE by fusion of epimera I and II. Larvae with two pairs of setae, one on epimera I and one in ventral position (Fig. 1F), all following instars with three pairs of setae (Fig. 1G–I), one pair added on epimera II. Larval and protonymphal AE with pair of epimeral pores. In larvae epimeral pore with internal acetabulum, this about 10 µm long and 8 µm in diameter (Fig. 1E), in protonymph acetabulum reduced in length, partly everted, a small canal crossing the integument; epimeral pore 9–15 µm in diameter, margins fringed (Fig. 1K and L). In deutonymphs and adults epimeral pores vestigial, in deutonymphs canal 34 BARTSCH Figure 1. Thalassarachna basteri (Johnston, 1836), A–D, idiosoma, dorsal aspect. A - Larva. B - Protonymph. C - Deutonymph. D - Female. E - Left part of anterior epimeral plate with internal epimeral acetabulum, larva. F–I, idiosoma, ventral aspect. F - Larva. G - Protonymph. H - Deutonymph. I - Female. J - Genital plate with internal acetabula, protonymph. K - Left part of anterior epimeral plate with epimeral pore, protonymph. I - Integument (optical section) and epimeral pore, protonymph. M - Genital plate with internal acetabula, deutonymph. N - Genital opening with internal acetabula, female. (ap, apodeme; ca, canal; co, cornea; eac, epimeral acetabulum; ep, epimeral pore; gac, genital acetabulum(a); glp, gland pore; OC ocular plate. Double-lined scale = 100 µm; single-lined scale = 50 µm. still recognizable. Larval PE solely including epimera III, pair of epimera IV and legs IV lacking; PE short, each with one ventral but no dorsal seta. In protonymph legs IV and epimera IV added and PE including epimera III and IV; each PE with one dorsal and two ventral setae (Fig. 1B and G). On deutonymphal PE a pair of ventral setae added. In adults number and position of setae equalling that of deutonymphs. Larval idiosoma ending with anal plate; genital plate lacking. This plate added in first nymphal instar. GP of protonymph small, without setae but with a pair of internal genital acetabula (Fig. 1J). GP of deutonymph increased in size, in its margins two pairs of perigenital setae, near primordial genital slit two pairs of subgenital setae and internally two pairs of acetabula present (Fig. 1M). In adults GP and anal plate fused, Ecol. Mont., 4, 2015, 33-45 35 THALASSARACHNA BASTERI - DESCRIPTION OF LARVA, NYMPHS AND ADULTS this GA with a large GO covered by pair of genital sclerites. Number of pairs of subgenital and perigenital setae in females increased to five to six and three to four (rarely up to seven), respectively, in males to 9–12 and about 55.
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