Introduction to LaTeX
Instructor TA Prof. Navrati Saxena Mamta Agiwal Associate Professor Ph.D Research Scholar Sungkyunkwan University Sungkyunkwan Univesity [email protected] [email protected] Introducing LaTeX
What is TeX & LaTeX Why use LaTeX Options other than LaTeX S/w required to setup LaTeX for windows Official help/tutorials (online & offline) Installation steps Hands on LaTeX
Process to create a document using TeX How to use LaTeX to create documents Basic structure of a LaTeX document Templates Packages Paper body Lets create our own paper Conclusion References Introducing LaTeX What is TeX and LaTeX?
TeX is essentially a Markup Language (like HTML, XML and RTF) TeX written by Donald Knuth in 70´s A revolution in typesetting Latex is an extension of TeX Macro packages to make TeX easier to use What is TeX and LaTeX?
LaTeX is a typesetting systems suitable for producing scientific and mathematical documents.
—LaTeX enables authors to typeset and print their work at the highest typographical quality.
—LaTeX uses TeX formatter as its typesetting engine.
—TeX is popular in academia, especially for writing research papers. Unique Advantages of LaTeX
Professional typesetting Best output It is the standard for scientific documents Processing Mathematical (& other) symbols Meaning based structuring (rather than appearance) Knowledgeable and helpful user group Its FREE! Platform independent Disadvantages of using LaTeX
“Hard to write disorganized documents”* Learning Curve Customizing is tedious.
* Taken verbatim from Not so short introduction to LaTeX Latex vs. Word Processors
High typeset quality Easy to include math formulas Source file format is not bounded to a particular OS or platform Latex implementations exists for all platforms (DOS, Windows, Unices,..) Latex is free Latex vs. Word Processors
De facto standard for scientific publishing Very few bugs Good for large documents Can run even on 386 PC Spaces Why Use LaTeX?
¥ J[x(×),u(×)] = ò F(x(t),u(t),t)dt Word High quality t0 LaTeX
Easy to use, especially for typing mathematical formulas
Portability (Windows, Unix, Mac)
Stability and interchangeability (Office 97 Office 2000)
Most scientific journals have their LaTeX styles (just download and use them).
Control: LaTeX is much more clever in positioning our images, text and tables with a lot of common sense. Points to Ponder
In a LATEX environment, LATEX takes the role of the book designer and uses TEX as its typesetter.
But LATEX is “only” a program and therefore needs more guidance.
The author has to provide additional information to the text as “LATEX commands.” What is LaTeX?
TeX
LaTeX
• TeX is a typesetter 2 •You write and TeX will place it on the page
Parts of a LaTeX Document: \documentclass {article} \documentclass {report} Basic Classes {book} {letter}
• First line of all LaTeX documents • Specifies the type of the document
• Eg: \documentclass[journal]{IEEEtran}
Packages
\begin{document}
\usepackage{algorithmic} \usepackage{array} \usepackage{fixltx2e} \usepackage{amsmath,amsfonts,amssymb} \usepackage{epsfig} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{psfrag} \usepackage{epstopdf} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{multicol} \usepackage{multirow} \usepackage{cite} \usepackage{refstyle} \end{document} Special Characters
The following symbols are reserved characters that either have a special # $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \ meaning under LATEX or are not available in all the fonts.
If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally not print, but rather coerce LATEX to do things you did not intend. Special Characters
These characters can be used in documents all the same by using a prefix backslash:
\# \$ \% \^\{ \& \_ \{ \} \~{}
# $ % ˆ & _ { } ˜ \
The backslash character \can not be entered by adding another backslash in front of it (\\); this sequence is used for line breaking. Use the \textbackslash command instead. Latex File Structure
•Document Class Predefined Formats (article, report, book,..). •Packages used Added Functionality (graphics, reference style,...). •Main Body Text and Bibliography References. Parts of a LaTeX Document: Environment Start with \begin{. . .} End with \end{. . .}
\begin{document} \begin{equation} … \end{equation} \end{document} Example of Latex document
\documentclass{article} \title{Simple Example} \author{Mamta Agiwal} \date{March 2000} \begin{document} \maketitle Hello world! \end{document}
Sections
\section{Section Title}
\subsection{Title}
\subsubsection{Title} Options other than LaTeX
• Adobe claims to be implementing technical publishing functionality in InDesign.
• Lout A markup language with a completely different underlying architecture to TeX.
• Troff/Groff. Originally designed for technical documentation within AT&T during the 1970s (actually a spinoff of the UNIX R&D work), it's still quite widely used for this today. For quite a long time most if not all O'Reilly books were typeset using it.
• DocBook. This is an XML tag based format for structure documentation, and tends to work by rendering through foreign engines.
• Wordperfect. This is a venerable word processing system that is considerably better at documentation-in-the-large than MS-Word.
• Microsoft Word. Not recommended for serious technical publication tasks due to its instability on complex documents. Softwares required to Setup LaTeX for Windows
• Download and install MikTeX LaTeX package http://www.miktex.org/
• Install Ghostscript and Gsview http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ PS device driver …
• Install Acrobat Reader
• Install Editor For MAC Users — WinEdt TeXShop http://www.winedt.com/ iTexMac — TexnicCenter Texmaker http://www.texniccenter.org/ … — Texmaker http://www.xm1math.net/texma ker/ Official help/tutorials (online & offline)
• Learn as you go
— “The not so short introduction to LaTeX2e”
http://tobi.oetiker.ch/lshort/lshort.pdf
— Comprehensive TeX archive network
http://www.ctan.org/
— Beginning LaTeX http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Info/Misc/LaTeX-Tutorial/LaTeX-Home.html
— Online help by Texmaker http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/doc.html
— Google Installation steps
Step by step easy installation guide can be downloaded from our lab website i.e. MUSIC lab website.
Following is the download link: http://lab.icc.skku.ac.kr/~navrati/latex.html Hands on LaTeX Process to Create a Document Using TeX
TeX input file Your source LaTeX file.tex document
Run LaTeX program
DVI file Device independent file.dvi output
Run Device Driver Unix Commands
Out input file > latex file.tex runs latex file.ps or file.pdf > xdiv file.dvi previewer > dvips file.dvi creates .ps > pdflatex file.tex creates .pdf directly How to Use LaTeX to Create Documents?
• Start with a skeleton document.
• Fill stuff (text, formula, figure, table …) into your skeleton
document
• Run LaTeX to generate output and make modifications
The above steps have been shown in the installation guide. Basic Structure of LaTeX Document
\documentclass [12pt]{article} Define the types of the document (article, book, thesis …)
\usepackage {color} Preamble. Incorporate packages or \usepackage {graphicx} define macros here
\begin{document} Main body, stuff to be printed, title, authors, abstract, sections, references, ….
\end{document} In the Preamble
•You specify your document class. •Document classes: letter, article, report, book, slides(beamer, prosper) • \documentclass[12pt]{article}
• Backslash – at the beginning of text markup command
•Packages: numerous packages are available • \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry} • \usepackage{setspace} • \usepackage{harvard} Templates
Suppose you want to write a paper for IEEE journals
•Download LaTeX template from IEEE website http://www.ieee.org/publications_stan dards/publications/authors/author_te mplates.html (Template should be used for all Transactions, except for the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, IEEE Magnetics Letters, IEEE Photonics Journal, and IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. (quoted from IEEE website mentioned above) ) •Open example LaTeX file (bare_jrnl.tex) and modify it
•No need to worry about things like margin, font, … bare_jrnl.tex click to open it in Texmaker
Paper body
\begin{document}
\section{Introduction}
\subsection{Subsection Heading Here}
\end{document} In the Body
To begin a new section \section{} Similarly, \subsection{}, \subsubsection{}, \subsubsubsection{} LaTeX does automatic numbering. If you don’t like it, use section*{} \emph{}, \textbf{} \singlespacing, \doublespacing, \onehalfspacing \centering or \begin{centering} & \end{centering} Lets Write our own paper!
Content for writing paper will be referred from the following reference (just for demonstration): Reis, S.R.N.; Reis, AI, "How to write your first scientific paper," Interdisciplinary Engineering Design Education Conference (IEDEC), 3rd , 4-5 March 2013 Title
\title{How to Write Your First Scientific Paper} Author section
\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Simone Rosa Nunes Reis} \IEEEauthorblockA{Instituto de Informática\\ UFRGS\\ Porto Alegre, Brasil\\ Email: [email protected]} \and \IEEEauthorblockN{André Inácio Reis} \IEEEauthorblockA{Instituto de Informática\\ UFRGS\\ Porto Alegre, Brasil\\ Email: [email protected]} } Abstract \begin{abstract} This paper presents a method to instruct students on how to write their first scientific paper. The method adopts a holistic approach that discusses several different aspects of paper writing. Covered issues include the choice of the paper subject, hypothesis formulation and the design of experiments to test it, the collection and analysis of data, and the planning and writing of the final text. The method has been successfully used to teach graduate and undergraduate students to write their first articles. \end{abstract} Keywords
\begin{IEEEkeywords} \textit{\textbf{Writing; Paper Writing; Scientific Method \\}} \end{IEEEkeywords} Writing sections and subsections
\section{Introduction} Engineers normally do not receive formal training in writing skills, at least not extensively. This is possibly the reason why the second chapter of Carl Selinger’s book (Stuff You Don't Learn in Engineering School [1]) is about writing. It is true that communication skills, especially written communication skills, may affect the professional success of engineers.
\subsection{Dealing with New Knowledge} Article writing is about new knowledge, as a paper is supposed to advance the scientific knowledge. This means that imagination plays an important role in scientific discovery. The ability to imagine new things relies on divergent thinking [2], which implies in being able to associate ideas that normally would not be associated. This is difficult to admit for people starting in science, as normally students are educated in such a way that they study a book chapter; and then they are tested to check if they have learnt the contents of the chapter. This is done normally with a set of exercises that test if the student understood what was taught and if (s)he is able to use the knowledge from the chapter, which is a well established knowledge. This kind of thinking is called convergent thinking [2]. Fig. 1 illustrates the concept that new knowledge has to be imagined outside the sum of all human knowledge; this is the case of new idea ni2, in Fig. 1. Notice that in the more frequent cases, a person imagines something that is new for the person, but it is not new to humankind; this is the case of new idea ni1 in Fig. 1.
Inserting an image \begin{figure} \centering \includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{knowledgeimag.JPG} \caption{New knowledge has to be imagined first} \label{fig:flow} \end{figure}
Creating a Table
• Add numbered table • \begin{table} \caption{}
• Simple tables can be produced by
• \begin{tabular}[pos]{tablespec}
• Within the {tablespec} section, one details the number of columns, the alignment, and the number of vertical lines of the table. • {lrc}, {|l|r|c}
• Then type in from left to right, the values for each cell with & in between.
• Put “\\” at the end of each row, then input another row of values if needed. • \hline Inserting a table
\begin{table}[ht] \caption{Type of knowledge and their examples} \label{knowledgetable} \centering \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|} \hline \bf{Knowledge Form}\hspace{.5em} & \bf{Definition}\hspace{.5em} & \bf{Examples}\hspace{.5em} \\ \hline Concept & generalized idea about something & the mole \\ \hline Rule & set of facts & units \\ \hline Process & a sequence of steps & equation \\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{table}
Writing mathematical equations
\begin{equation} \label{eq:lambda} \lambda &= \frac{P_i}{\sum_{i=1}^{N}{P_i}}+Zipf(\theta)^i \end{equation}
One estimate puts the count at 1.8 million articles published each year, in about 28,000 journals. As many as $50\%$ of papers are never read by anyone other than their authors, referees and journal editors. $90\%$ percent of papers published are never cited.
\begin{align} E_0 &= mc^2 \\ E &= \frac{mc^2}{\sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}} \end{align}
Acknowledgement
\section*{Acknowledgment}
The authors would like to thank...
Reference
\begin{thebibliography}{1}
\bibitem{IEEEhowto:kopka} H.~Kopka and P.~W. Daly, \emph{A Guide to \LaTeX}, 3rd~ed.\hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax Harlow, England: Addison-Wesley, 1999. \end{thebibliography}
You can also use bibTeX package to generate reference list http://www.hep.manchester.ac.uk/u/jenny/jcwdocs/latex/bib texbasics.html Citations
\cite{bibtexkey}, citeyear{bibtexkey}
It is more convenient to create a bibliography file, called bibtex file(.bib) and use it as needed.
WinEdt is capable of creating a bib file, but there are more convenient tools out there.
JabRef (http://jabref.sourceforge.net/)
Standard Environments
\begin{env_name} stuff Environment name (env_name) can be \end{enc_name} document, itemize, enumerate, tabular, etc.
\begin{itemize} \item The first item \item The second item \end{itemize}
\begin{enumerate} \item The first item \item The second item \end{enumerate} Cross Referencing
LaTeX generates numbers for Theorem, Equation, Section, Figure and other environments automatically. You can access them with \label and \ref
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
….
In Section \ref{sec:intro}, we …. Adding footnote
The footnote facility is easy to use.
The command you need is: \footnote{text}.
LaTeX will obviously take care of typesetting the footnote at the bottom of the page.
Each footnote is numbered sequentially
NOTE: Do not leave a space between the command and the word where you wish the footnote marker to appear, otherwise LaTeX will process that space and will leave the output not looking as intended. Writing an algorithm
LaTeX has several packages for typesetting algorithms in form of "pseudocode".
One of the simple and beautiful ways to insert algorithms or procedures into a LaTeX document is using the algorithmicx package.
Simple example is given in the next slide: Online Latex: Share Latex
Share with one person only (not sure)
Susceptible to corruption ( Take Backup)
Security issues
Alternatives (writelatex) Writing an algorithm % Add the packages \usepackage{algorithm} \usepackage{algpseudocode}
% Insert the algorithm \begin{algorithm} \caption{Compute sum of integers in array} \label{array-sum} OUTPUT: \begin{algorithmic}[1] \Procedure{ArraySum}{$A$} \State $sum = 0$ \For {each integer $i$ in $A$} \State $sum = sum + i$ \EndFor \State Return $sum$ \EndProcedure \end{algorithmic} \end{algorithm} CDC, 2007 Conclusion
In the first session we saw the brief introduction to LaTeX LaTeX is a document preparation system and document markup language. It is widely used for the communication and publication of scientific documents in many fields, including mathematics, physics, computer science, economics, and political science. We saw the installation softwares and guide to install LaTeX. In the second session we learnt how to create our own research paper. Trouble Shooting
Often times, you make a mistake when creating a document. You will notice the log file reporting a problem.
There are some common mistakes:
“end” doesn’t follow “begin”
$ doesn’t follow $
Using commands from packages lot defined in the preamble
Don’t forget “\”s. References Reis, S.R.N.; Reis, AI, "How to write your first scientific paper," Interdisciplinary Engineering Design Education Conference Introduction to LaTeX, PRISM Brownbag Series,Byungwon Woo
Introduction to LaTeX, Arun K. Subramaniyan, PurdueUniversity
The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX2, Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl Website Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/half-academic- studies-are-never-read-more-three-people-180950222/?no-ist THANK YOU!