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Transnational Corporations Investment and Development
Volume 27 • 2020 • Number 2 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Volume 27 • 2020 • Number 2 TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS INVESTMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva, 2020 ii TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Volume 27, 2020, Number 2 © 2020, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications 405 East 42nd Street New York New York 10017 United States of America Email: [email protected] Website: un.org/publications The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been edited externally. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2020/2 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales no.: ETN272 ISBN: 978-92-1-1129946 eISBN: 978-92-1-0052887 ISSN: 1014-9562 eISSN: 2076-099X Editorial Board iii EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief James X. Zhan, UNCTAD Deputy Editors Richard Bolwijn, UNCTAD -
Preventing Deglobalization: an Economic and Security Argument for Free Trade and Investment in ICT Sponsors
Preventing Deglobalization: An Economic and Security Argument for Free Trade and Investment in ICT Sponsors U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE FOUNDATION U.S. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CENTER FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION Contributing Authors The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is the world’s largest business federation representing the interests of more than 3 million businesses of all sizes, sectors, and regions, as well as state and local chambers and industry associations. Copyright © 2016 by the United States Chamber of Commerce. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form—print, electronic, or otherwise—without the express written permission of the publisher. Table of Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. 6 Part I: Risks of Balkanizing the ICT Industry Through Law and Regulation ........................................................................................ 11 A. Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 B. China ........................................................................................................... 14 1. Chinese Industrial Policy and the ICT Sector .................................. 14 a) “Informatizing” China’s Economy and Society: Early Efforts ...... 15 b) Bolstering Domestic ICT Capabilities in the 12th Five-Year Period and Beyond ................................................. 16 (1) 12th Five-Year -
Poverty Among Senior Citizens: a Canadian Success Story
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Papers in Economics Poverty among Senior Citizens: A Canadian Success Story Lars Osberg1 As Patrick Grady’s appreciation in this volume notes, throughout his career David Slater has balanced “a deep commitment to markets and the key role of the private sector with an equally deep commitment to social policies designed to create equality of opportunity and provide support for those who are disadvantaged”. In recent years, his work (e.g., Slater, 1995) has especially emphasized the sustainability and design of Canada’s retirement security system. As an appreciation of his work, this chapter therefore asks: · What are the achievements of the retirement security system which his generation of policymakers built in Canada? · What design elements are responsible for its successes? · What problems are there for the future? Although it may now be the case that Canadian economists take a social safety net for granted, David Slater’s generation had the opportunity to observe what a society without social security really looks like. At the time when David was taking undergraduate economics at Queen’s University, Paul Samuelson was writing the first version of his best-selling text, Economics, in which he welcomed the fact that within the United States 1I would like to thank Andrew Sharpe for his helpful comments, Lynn Lethbridge for her excellent work on this project and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for its ongoing financial support under Grant 410-2001-0747. All remaining errors are my responsibility. -
How Unequal? Insights on Inequality
How unequal? Insights on inequality April 2018 How unequal? Insights on inequality April 2018 About this publication How unequal? Insights on inequality © CEDA 2018 ISBN: 0 85801 318 5 The views expressed in this document are those of the authors, and should not be attributed to CEDA. CEDA’s objective in publishing this collection is to encourage constructive debate and discussion on matters of national economic importance. Persons who rely upon the material published do so at their own risk. Design: Robyn Zwar Graphic Design Photography: Page 29 and cover: ArlifAtoz2205/ Shutterstock.com Page 30: Childcare workers strike in Melbourne, September 2016. AAP Image/Supplied Page 42: Women protesting for equal opportunities for work and education, equal pay outside Sydney Town Hall, 11 November 1972. © Russell McPhedran / Fairfax Photo Library Page 55 and cover: Nils Versemann/ Shutterstock.com Page 56: iStock Page 68: AAP Image/Lukas Coch Page 78: TK Kurikawa/ Shutterstock.com Page 91 and cover: Shutterstock stock image Page 92: House auction Carnegie Melbourne. The Age/James Boddington Page 110: Shutterstock stock image About CEDA CEDA – the Committee for Economic Development of Australia – is a national, independent, member-based organisation providing thought leadership and policy perspectives on the economic and social issues affecting Australia. We achieve this through a rigorous and evidence-based research agenda, and forums and events that deliver lively debate and critical perspectives. CEDA’s membership includes more than 750 of Australia’s leading businesses and organisations, and leaders from a wide cross-section of industries and academia. It allows us to reach major decision makers across the private and public sectors. -
Challenges and Conceptions of Globalization
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1352-7606.htm Challenges and Challenges and conceptions conceptions of of globalization globalization An investigation into models of global change and their relationship with business practice 23 Christopher Bond Business School, University of Roehampton, London, UK, and Darren J. O’Byrne Department of Social Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK Abstract Purpose – This paper, which is conceptual in both nature and approach, builds on a recent contribution to the theorization of “globalization” and seeks to utilise the framework developed therein to help promote a more complex conceptual understanding of the potential implications of how business operates and responds to these challenges in a global environment. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws primarily on a heuristic framework developed by O’Byrne and Hensby that reviews eight models of global change. In this paper, the authors review and give consideration to the relationship between these models and business practice and contend that this relationship is far more complex than the majority of the current literature in the business and management field represents. Within the paper, the authors explore and discuss the dynamics of the eight models of “globalization” and assess the potential implications for business practice of working within these often conflicting and contradictory paradigms of “globalization”. As part of this review, the authors consider the strategic implications of “globalization” for business practice and propose a conceptual model with eight strategic options which are aligned to the eight models of global change. -
Megatrends the Deglobalization Myth(S)
Vanguard Research: Megatrends The deglobalization myth(s) About the Megatrends series Megatrends have accompanied humankind throughout history. From the Neolithic Revolution to the Information Age, innovation has been the catalyst for profound socioeconomic, cultural, and political transformation. The term “Megatrends” was popularized by author John Naisbitt, who was interested in the transformative forces that have a major impact on both businesses and societies, and thus the potential to change all areas of our personal and professional lives. Vanguard’s “Megatrends” is a research effort that investigates fundamental shifts in the global economic landscape that are likely to affect the financial services industry and broader society. A megatrend may bring market growth or destroy it, increase competition or add barriers to entry, and create threats or uncover opportunities. Exploring the long-term nature of massive shifts in technology, demographics, and globalization can help us better understand how such forces may shape future markets, individuals, and the investing landscape in the years ahead. Vanguard Investment Strategy Group’s Global Economics Team From left to right: Joseph Davis, Ph.D., Global Chief Economist; Roger A. Aliaga-Díaz, Ph.D., Americas Chief Economist; Peter Westaway, Ph.D., Europe Chief Economist; Qian Wang, Ph.D., Asia-Pacific Chief Economist Americas: Jonathan Lemco, Ph.D.; Andrew J. Patterson, CFA; Joshua M. Hirt, CFA; Maximilian Wieland; Asawari Sathe, M.Sc.; Adam J. Schickling, CFA Europe: Shaan Raithatha, CFA; Roxane Spitznagel; Griffin Tory Asia-Pacific: Beatrice Yeo, CFA; Alexis Gray, M.Sc. 2 Megatrend The deglobalization myth(s): Why slowing trade growth shouldn’t concern investors ■ While economists and policymakers have historically emphasized globalization’s benefits, the consensus is fracturing. -
“Fair” Inequality? Attitudes Toward Pay Differentials: the United States in Comparative Perspective
#2855-ASR 71:3 filename:71305-Osberg “Fair” Inequality? Attitudes toward Pay Differentials: The United States in Comparative Perspective Lars Osberg Timothy Smeeding Dalhousie University Syracuse University Are American attitudes toward economic inequality different from those in other countries? One tradition in sociology suggests American “exceptionalism,” while another argues for convergence across nations in social norms, such as attitudes toward inequality. This article uses International Social Survey Program (ISSP) microdata to compare attitudes in different countries toward what individuals in specific occupations “do earn” and what they “should earn,” and to distinguish value preferences for more egalitarian outcomes from other confounding attitudes and perceptions. The authors suggest a method for summarizing individual preferences for the leveling of earnings and use kernel density estimates to describe and compare the distribution of individual preferences over time and cross-nationally. They find that subjective estimates of inequality in pay diverge substantially from actual data, and that although Americans do not, on the average, have different preferences for aggregate (in)equality, there is evidence for: 1. Less awareness concerning the extent of inequality at the top of the income distribution in America 2. More polarization in attitudes among Americans 3. Similar preferences for “leveling down” at the top of the earnings distribution in the United States, but also 4. Less concern for reducing differentials at the bottom -
Health Impacts of Insecurity
HEALTH IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC INSECURITY: Lars Osberg McCulloch Professor of Economics Dalhousie University Expert Group Meeting United Nations Secretariat Department of Economic and Social Affairs Online – December 3rd / 4th 2020 What is “Economic Insecurity”? • “economic insecurity is the anxiety produced by a lack of economic safety, i.e. by an inability to obtain protection against subjectively significant potential economic losses”; (Osberg, 1998). • “the anxiety produced by the possible exposure to adverse economic events and by the anticipation of the difficulty to recover from them”. Bossert and D’Ambrosio, (2013) • “economic insecurity arises from the exposure of individuals, communities and countries to adverse events, and from their inability to cope with and recover from the costly consequences of those events”; (UNDP, 2008). Why might Economic (In)security matter? 1.Worrying about the future subtracts from enjoyment of the present • Economic (in)security should be part of measurement of economic well-being • INDEX OF ECONOMIC WELL-BEING (IEWB) [ Osberg (1985); Osberg / Sharpe since 1995; RIW 2002 ] = α1 CONSUMPTION + α2 SUSTAINABILITY + α3 POVERTY/INEQUALITY+ α4 SECURITY • Security enables stability & the maintenance of social relationships (essential for health) • Stress of Economic Insecurity is bad for the health (more mental illness, obesity) 2. COSTLY : Risk Averse individuals insure &/or change behaviour to avoid Welfare State Social Insurance + Regulation + Avoidance + Private 3. Economic Security = Human Right UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 25) + many other covenants 4. Political Economy Implications – the Nativism of the Insecure 3 • Public & Private Risk Mitigation least available for citizens of poor nations – i.e. Most of humanity live Poorer and More Insecure lives Economic Insecurity & Obesity Rates • Why did “Obesity Epidemic” break out where & when it did? • 1980s – strongest increase in U.S., U.K. -
APRIL-MAY 2006 Lars Osberg
PULLING APART — THE GROWING GULFS IN CANADIAN SOCIETY Lars Osberg Canadian society has become “increasingly unequal in recent years,” writes Lars Osberg of Dalhousie University. “While the poor became poorer, the rich have become much richer,” he writes, citing an absolute decline in provincial welfare benefits for single parents with one child. In oil-rich Alberta, such benefits in real 2004 dollars have fallen by 38 percent since 1986, while in Ontario they have fallen by 26 percent. If our richest provinces aren’t looking after their neediest citizens, including the homeless at the extremes of society, then these people’s situation is even more precarious in the have-not provinces. Yet Alberta, he writes, “is resentful of any suggestion for sharing,” and Ontario has become a demandeur, claiming a $23 billion shortfall from Ottawa. “The policy challenge,” he concludes, “is to establish and maintain ‘winning conditions’ in which citizens in all parts of the country would prefer to be part of Canada as a political, social and economic union.” f the objective of Canadian public policy is to increase the at the top and bottom of the income distribution. The real well-being of Canadians, then increasing the growth rate income (as reported for income tax purposes) of the top 1 per- I is not enough — the utility that citizens derive from eco- cent of Canadian income earners increased by 65.7 percent nomic life is affected by both the growth in average incomes (from $239,550 in 1986 to $396,880 in 2000, both measured and by changes in the distribution of those incomes. -
View Course Outline
ECONOMICS 2K3 ECONOMIC HISTORY OF CANADA COURSE OUTLINE September 2017: Monday, Wednesday & Thursday 10:30 MDCL 1105 W. Lewchuk KTH-702 Office Hours: Monday 11:30-12:30 [email protected] Classes start September 6 and end December 6 Ext. 27293 Your corn is ripe to-day; mine will be so to-morrow. Tis profitable for us both, that I shou’d labour with you to-day, and that you shou’d aid me to-morrow. I have no kindness for you, and know you have as little for me. I will not therefore, take any pains upon you account; and should I labour with you upon my own account, in expectation of a return, I know I shou’d be disappointed, and that I shou’d in vain depend on your gratitude. Here then I leave you to labour alone; you treat me in the same manner. The seasons change; and both of us lose our harvests for want of mutual confidence and security. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, book 3, part 2, section 5, 1740. OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE This course approaches economic theory and economic questions from an historical perspective using Canada as a case study. It will familiarize you with the growth and evolution of the Canadian economy over the last four hundred years. How did we become so rich? We examine the development of Canada in different time periods and the patterns of growth in different regions of Canada. Why are some parts of Canada richer than others? As well as an exploration of the economic history of Canada, the course will be organized around an examination of Canada’s economic relationship with Britain and the United States. -
Emerging Market Economies and Financial Globalization Ii
Aneta Lipska Aneta WRI TRAVEL THE ‘Superbly researched and beautifully written, Aneta Lipska’s book brings back into welcome focus one of the most intriguing women authors of the early nineteenth century. This is a significant contribution to travel writing studies.’ EmERGING MARKET ECONOMIES —Peter Hulme, Emeritus Professor in Literature, University of Essex, UK ‘In this pioneering study, Aneta Lipska saves Marguerite Blessington’s travel accounts AND FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION from near oblivion and convincingly proves that Blessington was more than Lord Byron’s scandalous interlocutor. She was a gifted writer who mastered the convention of a travelogue in the epoch of pre-commercial journeying.’ T Argentina, Brazil, China, India and INGS OF MARGUERI OF INGS —Zbigniew Białas, Professor of English, University of Silesia, Poland South Korea ‘This is a very useful addition to recent studies of Lady Blessington, offering a sophisticated, theoretically informed approach to women’s travel writing in the nineteenth century. It illuminates distinctive features of her style, such as the intermingling of “fact” and “fiction”, and deepens understanding of the cultural context of British travel in Europe in the period.’ — Michael Hollington, Honorary Research Fellow, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK ‘Lady Blessington’s reputation has grown considerably in recent years and she is now T acknowledged as a key writer, editor and salonnière of the 1820s, 30s and 40s. Aneta BLESSING E Lipska provides a fresh analysis of Blessington’s eclectic travel writing. This enjoyably quirky study interweaves Blessington’s tours with their rich biographical, cultural and critical contexts. Brimming with new insights and offering a commanding survey of existing work in the field, Lipska’s study is the first full-length study of Blessington’s unique blend of memoir and tour guide. -
1 Can Increasing Inequality Be a Steady State?
CAN INCREASING INEQUALITY BE A STEADY STATE? Lars Osberg McCulloch Professor of Economics Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada Email: [email protected] Version: 28 May, 2014 1 OECD STATISTICS WORKING PAPER SERIES The OECD Statistics Working Paper Series - managed by the OECD Statistics Directorate - is designed to make available in a timely fashion and to a wider readership selected studies prepared by OECD staff or by outside consultants working on OECD projects. The papers included are of a technical, methodological or statistical policy nature and relate to statistical work relevant to the Organisation. The Working Papers are generally available only in their original language - English or French - with a summary in the other. OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. Comments on Working Papers are welcomed, and may be sent to the Statistics Directorate, OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. The release of this working paper has been authorised by Martine Durand, OECD Chief Statistician and Director of the OECD Statistics Directorate. www.oecd.org/std/publicationsdocuments/workingpapers/ 2 FOREWORD Revised version of a paper presented at an OECD Seminar on 3 April 2014. This paper draws very heavily on the Keynote Address: “What’s so bad about more inequality?” delivered by the author to the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia – 2013 Annual Symposium “Levelling the Spirit: Addressing the Social Impacts of Economic Inequality”, held in Canberra, Australia, on 12 November 2013.