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Economic, Cultural, and Political Influences of the West in China (1940-Present) By: Liam Mccorry Faculty Supervisor: Pingjun Jiang Dr

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Economic, Cultural, and Political Influences of the West in China (1940-Present) By: Liam Mccorry Faculty Supervisor: Pingjun Jiang Dr La Salle University La Salle University Digital Commons HON499 projects Honors Program Spring 4-26-2017 Economic, Cultural, and Political Influences of the estW in China (1940-Present) Liam McCorry [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/honors_projects Part of the International Business Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation McCorry, Liam, "Economic, Cultural, and Political Influences of the estW in China (1940-Present)" (2017). HON499 projects. 30. https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/honors_projects/30 This Honors Project is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in HON499 projects by an authorized administrator of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. McCorry 1 Economic, Cultural, and Political Influences of the West in China (1940-Present) By: Liam McCorry Faculty Supervisor: Pingjun Jiang Dr. Kling McCorry 2 China has long been the focus of study for people trying to better understand economic transition as well as the evolution of Communism in a functional society. China has undergone the transition from an agricultural society to a manufacturing powerhouse in an extremely short amount of time. This Chinese Industrial Revolution took place in roughly 50 years, just a quarter of the time it took for the rest of the world to undergo the same changes. One of the major reasons for this rapid change is the investment within China from foreign firms. China had long practiced economic isolationism, not engaging in trade often with the rest of the world. For a period, they were forced into trade relations with nations such as England due to wartime losses. Following a tumultuous political climate, the Chinese Communist party rose to become the rulers of China. When Mao Zedong rose to power following this Civil War he sought to disconnect China from the global economy. Under the communist regime, the Chinese economy operated on five-year economic plans. This continued until Deng Xiaoping became the party leader and initiated economic reforms. Unlike Mao, he felt that China could benefit greatly from rejoining the global economy. This has helped to shape the Chinese economy into what you see today, there are remnants of the Chinese nationalist movement integrated into their global approach to doing business. To understand modern China and their connection to the Western world you must look at their past. In order to properly discuss the influence of the West in the affairs of the Chinese, you must break it into four time periods. These four periods are World War II and the rise of Communism, China as a plan based economy, Deng Xiaoping’s economic reform policies, and finally, in modern day China. Each section will evaluate the impact that the West had in three McCorry 3 areas: The economy, Policy, and Culture. China has long had a strained relationship with the West dating back to the age of isolationism. China lost the Opium Wars and were then forced into trade. The West took advantage of the vast resources in China and exploited the less technologically advanced society for their own gain. Missionaries came to China during this period to “save” the Chinese countrymen who were perceived as savages. These forced Western ideals and interactions left a bitter taste in the mouths of the Chinese people, leading to a movement where anything associated with the West was purged from Chinese society and culture forcefully. To further complicate the political climate of China, Japan invaded in 1937 leading to a lengthy conflict, which didn’t end until the conclusion of World War II. This invasion led to a collaboration between ruling party of China (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to join forces. This was not expected as the KMT had put an end to a Communist revolt as recently as 1931. The Rise of Communism: (1940-1949) China in the 1940’s can be defined as a period of extreme change; the first revolution had happened decades prior and the KMT had been the ruling party ever since. With the invasion of China from Japan there came a need for the KMT to work alongside the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The KMT did not have an influential presence in Western China primarily in rural areas. The CCP was able to bring these areas together, building a cohesive front. The KMT received aid from the West, primarily the United States, to try and weaken Japan over the course of World War II. When the United States formally joined the war, however, they focused on a naval assault on Japan, disregarding the invasion of China. Once George Marshall pulled the McCorry 4 United States out of the region it left the KMT with far superior technology as well as training from the West. This section will evaluate the impact this had on Chinese political development during this period. As previously stated, the KMT and the Chinese Communist party had long been political enemies, fighting for control of the country. One of the major developments in China occurred in 1940 when Mao Zedong set forth three goals that he wanted to accomplish. He wanted to present a united front with the KMT, engage in armed conflict with Japan, and to build a party within CCP occupied territories. Mao had ulterior motives with these goals, however, as the CCP was utilizing the united front with the KMT to infiltrate their ranks. (China: Tradition and Transformation, 486) This helped achieve the stated goal of armed conflict against Japan, while also setting the CCP up for the impending war with the KMT. The CCP could isolate and destroy KMT forces that stood in their way of increasing their power and influence. One of the ways in which Mao and the CCP were able to increase their presence was through party schools. These schools were designed to educate and inform the rural farmers of the ideological nature of the CCP, feeding them propaganda which would garner further support for their cause. Also in 1940, Mao released an essay titled “On New Democracy” which as stated by Fairbank and Reischauer: “Justified a united front as a temporary phase and yet reaffirmed the long-term mission of the party. For the benefit of his non-Marxist audience Mao blandly claimed to have inherited the mantle of Sun Ya-sen and the May Fourth movement, while for Marxists he implicitly put himself on the level of Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin as a contributor to Communist theory.” (China: Tradition and Transformation, 488) McCorry 5 The notion of Mao as a great Communist thinker was more in practice than it was in theory. The contributions from Mao were the establishment of a party, army, and a large support base in rural communities. Any of his stated theories could be attributed to those who came before him. One of Mao’s greatest tools of influence came in 1942 with a reform movement that set to correct unorthodox ideas. It relied on criticism of self and others in confined groups, admissions of guilt and repentance, and standard procedures. (China: Tradition and Transformation, 488) It was intended to stomp out liberal ideals that had infiltrated the CCP, crushing individualistic tendencies and diminish the influence of traditional morality over members of the CCP. This allowed for the CCP leaders to identify allies and eliminate potential threats to their long-term prosperity. This would prove to be essential for the Communists in the coming years as they sought to obtain full control over the political climate in China. Another outcome of this process of eliminating ideas and people that threatened the Communist party was that it helped to eliminate any of the communists that studied in Moscow. These party members removed Mao from power once and did not agree with all of his theories. Mao utilized the fact that Communist ideas were no longer a foreign concept to the Chinese people, empowering the rural farmers as the proletariat. It utilized modern technology and social organization to spread its idealism in turn, spreading the influence of communism. Mao identified that there was a need for revolution for Communism to fully take hold. This revolution would aim to give the masses a new life, which could only be achieved through total political influence and power that could change the old order. This power could only be achieved by creating a cohesive centralized party that relied upon its members submitting to absolute discipline. McCorry 6 Mao recognized that there was a need for another revolution in order for Communism to fully infiltrate Chinese culture. This was the catalyst for the Chinese Civil War which was waged from 1945-1949. The CCP was able to emerge as the victors of the civil war despite being outgunned and outmanned, forcing the KMT to retreat to what is now known as Taiwan. This conflict came at a time where the West feared any mention of the word Communism. They would vehemently fight it to halt the spread at any cost. For this reason, the KMT was given the superior technology by the United States but it was not enough. They entered the conflict with a gross overconfidence that this advantage alone would be enough to crush the Communist party forces. Mao was able to work with the People’s Liberation Army once again during this conflict. The CCP and the People’s Liberation Army utilized guerrilla tactics to compensate for their disadvantage. They built traps to halt the advance of the KMT tanks eliminating their advantage, increased their numbers as they moved East by convincing people of all backgrounds to fight for them, and finally would took control of the armaments supplied to the KMT and used them to better equip their armies.
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