Marcus Gunn Phenomenon: Differential Diagnosis of Palpebral Ptoses in Children

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Marcus Gunn Phenomenon: Differential Diagnosis of Palpebral Ptoses in Children 0021-7557/04/80-03/249 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © 2004 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria RELATO DE CASO Fenômeno de Marcus Gunn: diagnóstico diferencial das ptoses palpebrais na criança Marcus Gunn Phenomenon: differential diagnosis of palpebral ptoses in children Marcia R. F. Torres1, Nassin Calixto Jr.2, Luiz R. Oliveira3, Sílvia A. Steiner4, Amarilis M. Iscold4 Resumo Abstract Objetivo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo fazer uma revisão Objective: The aim of this paper is to review existing literature on bibliográfica, relatar e discutir o caso clínico de um paciente com the subject and to report on and discuss a case of Marcus Gunn fenômeno de Marcus Gunn. Phenomenon. Descrição: Criança de 5 anos de idade, sexo feminino, hígida. Nos Description: A five year-old female, otherwise a healthy patient, primeiros meses de vida, em consulta de puericultura, foi detectada while still a few months old, was seen by a pediatrician who detected alteração no olho direito, que, a princípio, parecia tratar-se de estrabis- a disorder of the right eye, initially believed to be strabismus, at a mo. Após consultas com vários oftalmologistas, não se alcançou um follow-up childcare consultation. Several ophthalmologists failed to diagnóstico preciso. Já aos 4 anos de idade, após exame realizado por establish a precise diagnosis. After a pediatric ophthalmologist had oftalmologista pediátrico, confirmou-se o diagnóstico do fenômeno de examined the child at four years of age, a diagnosis of Marcus Gunn Marcus Gunn. O restante do exame físico, incluindo exame neurológico, Phenomenon, otherwise known as jaw-winking phenomenon, was estava normal. Por se tratar de ptose palpebral leve, sem outras confirmed. Apart from this anomaly, physical, ophthalmological, and patologias associadas, optou-se por uma conduta conservadora. neurological examinations were normal. Since ptosis was mild and no Comentários: Este relato visa alertar os pediatras com relação ao association with strabismus, amblyopia or other conditions was fenômeno de Marcus Gunn, que ainda é pouco conhecido. A partir deste established, no surgical procedures were necessary until now. conhecimento, o pediatra poderá identificar o fenômeno, possibilitando Comments: This report is an alert to pediatricians regarding the o encaminhamento precoce para a abordagem de complicações ou presence of this largely unknown phenomenon, making it possible for condições associadas, além de diagnóstico diferencial com outros tipos pediatricians to identify the phenomenon, refer the patient to an de ptose palpebral. ophthalmologist, and establish differential diagnosis from other, more severe forms of ptosis, requiring more aggressive treatment. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(3):249-52: Fenômeno de Marcus Gunn, J Pediatr (Rio J). 2004;80(3):249-52: Marcus Gunn Phenomenon, Marcus Gunn, ptose palpebral, fenômeno jaw-winking, ptose congêni- Marcus Gunn, jaw-winking phenomenon, congenital ptosis, eyelid ta, diagnóstico diferencial. ptosis and differential diagnosis. Introdução As pálpebras são coberturas protetoras e móveis dos sendo os músculos frontal e de Müller coadjuvantes nessa olhos, que possuem planos superpostos, dentre os quais se tarefa. O músculo orbicular, inervado pelo sétimo par encontram alguns músculos. O músculo elevador da pálpe- craniano (nervo facial), realiza o fechamento ocular, função bra superior, inervado pelo terceiro par craniano (nervo importante para a dinâmica da visão1. oculomotor), é responsável pela abertura das pálpebras, A ptose, afecção das pálpebras, resulta do mau posicio- namento da pálpebra superior, estando sua margem anor- malmente inferiorizada. Admite-se que a posição normal da 1. Doutora em Gastroenterologia pela Universidade Federal de Minas borda livre da pálpebra seja, em média, 2 mm abaixo do Gerais (UFMG). Professora adjunta, Departamento de Pediatria, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG. limbo superior; qualquer cobertura adicional da córnea é 2. Doutor em Oftalmologia pela UFMG. Professor assistente voluntário, considerada patológica (desta forma, a pálpebra superior já Departamento de Oftalmologia, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG. 1 3. Professor assistente, Departamento de Pediatria, UFMG. Neurologista cobre 1-2 mm da córnea) . A ptose decorre de diversas Pediátrico, Hospital das Clínicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG. doenças, que podem ser agrupadas em quatro categorias: 4. Graduada em Medicina pela UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG. aponeuróticas, mecânicas, miogênicas e neurogênicas. As Artigo submetido em 15.04.03, aceito em 15.10.03. aponeuróticas incluem a ptose senil, a ptose associada à 249 250 Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 80, Nº3, 2004 Fenômeno de Marcus Gunn Torres MRF et alii cirurgia ocular, blefarocalasia, doença de Graves e gravi- de mastigação e aos movimentos laterais da mandíbula dez. Dentre as mecânicas, podemos citar a ptose causada (Figura 1). O teste de cobertura, oclusão de um dos olhos por cicatrizes e a ptose associada a tumores. A miastenia do paciente e observação do tipo e magnitude do movi- gravis e a ptose miopática progressiva familiar são exem- mento ocular desencadeado por essa oclusão detectou plos de ptoses miogênicas. As neurogênicas mais comuns ortotropia. O exame de refração demonstrou uma hiper- são a síndrome de Horner, a paralisia do terceiro par metropia fisiológica da infância. A fundoscopia e a biomi- craniano (oftalmoplegia) e as ptoses sincinéticas2,3. croscopia, exame que utiliza um estereomicroscópio as- Define-se por sincinesia a ocorrência de movimentos sociado a uma lâmpada de fenda, permitindo a visualiza- simultâneos ou uma seqüência coordenada de movimentos ção de pormenores de estruturas normais e patológicas de músculos inervados por diferentes nervos ou diferentes que escapam a outras técnicas semiológicas, não eviden- ramos do mesmo nervo4. ciaram alterações relevantes. Não foram observadas alterações no olho esquerdo. Em 1883, Marcus Gunn descreveu, pela primeira vez, uma sincinesia que cursa com ptose palpebral congênita de Diante do quadro, foi levantada a hipótese de fenômeno aspecto peculiar associada a movimentos da mandíbula. de Marcus Gunn. Solicitou-se exame ortóptico para avaliar Desde então, este achado é denominado fenômeno Marcus a presença de estrabismo. Constatou-se uma leve exoforia, Gunn. Novos casos têm sido relatados na literatura, porém com fusão foveal. Como, neste caso, a ptose era de caráter esta afecção continua sendo pouco conhecida, especial- leve, sem prejuízo à acuidade visual e sem estrabismo, não mente entre pediatras. foi indicada nenhuma intervenção cirúrgica; apenas acom- panhamento periódico. O fenômeno de Marcus Gunn (ou fenômeno jaw-winking) é caracterizado pela ptose palpebral, de grau variável, O exame neurológico realizado por um neurologista geralmente unilateral, que diminui ou mesmo se transforma pediátrico do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG foi normal. Foi em retração palpebral à movimentação mandibular2. Geral- realizada tomografia computadorizada do crânio, não tendo mente é de ocorrência esporádica, embora tenham sido sido detectada nenhuma alteração. descritos casos de transmissão por herança autossômica dominante irregular5. O fenômeno é responsável por 2 a 13% das ptoses congênitas, sendo que, em dois estudos Discussão recentes, encontrou-se uma prevalência de 5%5,6. No fenômeno de Marcus Gunn, a elevação ou mesmo retração da pálpebra ptótica é desencadeada por mastiga- ção, sucção, movimentação lateral da mandíbula, sorriso, Relato de caso contração do esternocleidomastóideo, protrusão da língua, Criança de 5 anos de idade, do sexo feminino, foi levada manobra de Valsava e até mesmo por uma simples inspira- 2 ao pediatra do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal ção . No caso relatado acima, observou-se ptose leve e de Minas Gerais (UFMG) para acompanhamento nos primei- presença de retração palpebral à mastigação, abertura da 7 ros meses de vida. O exame clínico estava normal, com boca e protrusão da língua . exceção de uma alteração ocular que, a princípio, parecia A etiopatogenia do fenômeno não está bem definida, tratar-se de estrabismo, sendo esta hipótese descartada sendo atribuída a uma conexão anômala entre os nervos pelo oftalmologista. A mãe relatava que, quando a criança dos músculos pterigóide externo e elevador da pálpebra. fixava o olhar, a pálpebra parecia ter uma abertura maior, Desta forma, o músculo elevador da pálpebra é inervado e a cabeça parecia inclinar-se para o lado. A mãe foi pelas ramificações motoras do nervo trigêmeo e pelo orientada pelo oftalmologista a retornar quando a criança nervo oculomotor3. Recentemente, descreveu-se um caso completasse 7 meses de idade. Nessa época, após exame de uma criança com o fenômeno de Marcus Gunn associ- oftalmológico (incluindo fundo de olho), concluiu-se que a ado a sincinesia dos músculos extra-oculares trigêmeo e criança não apresentava estrabismo ou outra alteração abducente7,8. Alguns autores descreveram casos em que oftalmológica. No entanto, à medida que a criança crescia, houve lesão do nervo oculomotor e inervação subseqüen- a alteração ocular tornava-se mais nítida, gerando ansieda- te da pálpebra por uma ramificação do quinto nervo de familiar. Aos 3 anos de idade, foi sugerida a solicitação craniano; estes seriam os raros casos da forma adquirida de uma terceira e, posteriormente, uma quarta opinião, do fenômeno9. sendo detectada a presença de astigmatismo. Nesse perí- Alguns autores afirmam que a ptose melhora com o odo, o caso foi examinado por vários pediatras durante tempo, mas não há comprovação
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