Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory

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An inventory of the estuarine fauna in the vicinity of Pensacola, Florida

Item Type monograph

Authors Cooley, Nelson

Publisher Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory

Download date 03/10/2021 21:22:42

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/18772 An Inventory of the Estuarine Fauna in the Vicinity of Pensacola, Florida

Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory Number 31 December 1978 Florida Department of Natural Resources

Reubin O'D. Askew Governor

Bruce A. Smathers Bill Gunter Secretary of State Treasurer

Robert L. Shevin Doyle Conner Attorney General Commissioner of Agriculture

Gerald A. Lewis Ralph D, Turlington Comptroller Commissioner of Education

Harmon W. Shields Executive Director

The Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory publishes two series, Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises and Florida Marine Research Publications. The latter, published at irregular intervals and numbered consecutively, supersedes the following Marine Research Laboratory publications: Professional Papers Series Technical Series Special Scientific Reports Educatior~alSeries Leaflet Series Salt Water Fisheries Leaflet Series The publication,^ include articles, monographs, bibliographies, synopses, and educational summaries dealing with the marine resources of Florida and nearby areas. Copies are distributed to libraries, laboratories, and research institutions throughout the world. Communications concerning receipt or exchange of publications should be directed to the Librarian of the Marine Research Laboratory.

Charles R. Futch Editor FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

Number 31

An Inventory of the Estuarine Fauna in the Vicinity of Pensacola, Florida

Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Research Laboratory

100 Eighth Avenue SE St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 ABSTRACT

Cooley, Nelson R.' 1978. An Inventory of the Vstuarine Fauna in the Vicinity of Pensacola, F10rida.~Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. No. 31.119 pp. This faunal inventory of the Pensacola Estuary, Florida, records 654 species of benthic and pelagic animals collected systematically from 1961 through 1963 and casually in other years. Sampling dates were correlated with approximate mid-points of spring rise and autumnal decline as well as annual extremes of water temperature. Biological sampling was coordinated with seasonal studies of hourly variation in salinity and water temperature during single maximum amplitude tidal cycles recorded simultaneously at six stations along the salinity gradient. Data for each species include salinity of sampling station, habitat, season in which collected, and relative abundance. Predominant species were mollusks (184), annelids (91, chiefly polychaetes), arthropods (91, chiefly decapod crustaceans), and bony fishes (180). Spawning of a turbellarian, seven mollusks and 25 crustaceans, and breeding of horseshoe crabs are reported; limited data do not define duration of spawning or breeding seasons. Season. duration and intensity of setting of larvae of oysters, barnacles, bryozoans and serpulid worms in Santa Rosa Sound during 1962-63 and in Little Sabine Bay during 1960-63 are also reported.

'Fishery Biologist, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561. (Associate Laboratory of the National Environmental Research Center, Corvallis, Oregon). Formerly U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Biological Laboratory.

'Contribution No. 102, Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory.

This public document was promulgated at an annual cost of $5108 or $2.55 per copy to provide the scientific data necessary to preserve, manage, and protect Florida's marine resources and to increase public awareness of the detailed information needed to wisely govern our marine environment. EDITOR'S NOTE Fox and Mock (1968);MISSISSIPPI: Moore (1961) and Richmond (1962, 1968);ALABAMA: Boschung This paper was accepted for publication in 1970. (1957); FLORIDA: General, Menzcl (1966), Tabb However, the manuscript review process pointed and Manning (1961); Protozoa, Borror (1962); out certain sections requiring revision. These revi- Sponges, De Laubenfels (1936, 1953) and Little sions involved a reworking of the massive amount of (1963); Parasitps, Hutton and Sogandares-Bernal data assembled for this comprehensive work. In the (1960), Loftin (1960), Holliman (1961), and Hutton interim, the Professional Pupers Series was (1964);Nemertineans, Coe (1951);Ectoprocts, Shier superseded by the Florida Marine Reseurch Publica- (1964); Echinoderms, Clark (1954), Deichmann tions. Thus, existing citations referring to this (1954),and Thomas (1962); Mollusks, Raker (1950), paper as being "in press" in the Professional Papers Rehder (1954),and Work (1969);Annelids, Hartman Series would correctly refer to this paper. (1951, 1959),and Carpenter (1956);Arthropods, Pro- venzano (1959) and Grice (1960); Fishes, Ginsburg (various, 1929-1953), Bailey, Winn and Smith (1954),Reid (1954),Kilby (1955),Joseph and Yerger (1956), Briggs (1958), Springer and Woodburn (1960),Yerger (1961),Moe and Martin (1965), Moe, Heemstra, Tyler and Wahlquist (1966), and Starck INTRODUCTION (1968).

Man's activities often cause changes deleterious to estuaries. To determine the impact of these activities, it is necessary to have some standard of METHODS comparison-an informational baseline established earlier. Too often in the past, baseline information The study area is a normal (positive) estuary useful to predict or explain die-off of a fish or oyster (sensu Pritchard, 1952: 3) located in Escambia and population has been lacking. In many estuaries, Santa Rosa Counties in extreme northwest Florida. compilation of such data would have been relatively It is designated "Pensacola Estuary" in this report simple had the need been realized earlier. as a matter of convenience. Five bays (Pensacola, This paper reports results of the first Escambia, East, Blackwater, and Little Sabine) and systematic faunal inventory of estuarine waters Santa Rosa Sound form its major parts (Figure 1). near Pensacola, Florida. It establishes a checklist of Charted depths in Blackwater, Escambia, and Little species and assembles information on their seasonal Sabine Bays are 4.6 meters (m) or less and in East occurrence, relative abundance, and habitats. Such Bay and Santa Rosa Sound, 7.6 m or less; most of information has become increasingly important as a Pensacola Bay is 6.1 to 9.1 m, increasing to nearly basis for measuring or predicting effects of future 18.3 m near the mouth. changes in estuarine environment. Bottom type varies. In shallow areas, the bot- When this investigation began, little had been tom is chiefly sand, sand plus shell fragments of published concerning estuarine fauna in the vicinity varying size and amount, or muddy sand with or of Pensacola. The main reports concerned oysters without grass beds of various sizes. In deep areas, and their predators (Butler, 1951a,b, 1952a,b,c, bottom types range from hard sand to muds of 1954a,b,c, 1955; Chapman, 1955; Cooley, 1958, various consistencies. In Escambia Bay, muds are 1962). Scattered references to species collected at soft and sticky. In Santa Rosa Sound off Town Pensacola appeared as components of studies en- Point, mud contains an admixture of sand. In lower compassing larger geographic areas. Representative Pensacola Bay, mud varies from a mixture contain- of these are reports of ciliate protozoa (Borror, ing sand and fine shell fragments at depths of about 1962), nemertineans (Coe, 1951, 1954) and fishes 12.2 m to sticky mud at greater depths. Escambia (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882; Jordan and Evermann, and East Bays contain isolated oyster reefs in addi- 1898; Evermann and Kendall, 1900; Ginsburg, 1929, tion to bottom types found elsewhere in the estuary. 1951a, 1952c; Bailey, Winn and Smith, 1954). Salinity ranges from essentially freshwater at In this report, the known Pensacola estuarine the upper end of the estuary to 32 to 33 parts per fauna is compared with others reported along the thousand (Oleo) at the lower end near the mouth of Gulf of Mexico. Especially useful in this connection Pensacola Bay. Observed water temperatures have were: TEXAS: Gunter (1945), Hedgpeth (1950), varied from 10.0 to 32.7"C. Whitten, Rosene and Hedgpeth (1950),Ladd (1951), During 1961 though 1963, six stations were Carlgren and Hedgpeth (1952), Breuer (1957, 1962), established along the salinity gradient in Pensacola, Simmons (1957), and Hoese (1958); LOUISIANA: Escambia, and Little Sabine Bays and Santa Rosa Behre (1950), Dawson (1966), Norden (1966), and Sound at sites based on usual salinity levels, bottom 2 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

Figure 1. Pensacola Estuary study area, showing station locations. types and water depths (Table 1; Figure l), No sta- tained with a recording thermograph. Water for tions were established in East and Blackwater Bays salinity determinations was obtained by an because their fauna was thought to be similar to automatic sampler designed and constructed by that of Escambia Bay. Laboratory personnel and attached to the salt water Sampling was seasonal but irregular during the system. Salinity was determined by the Mohr silver first year of the study. The following schedule was nitrate titration method. initiated at the beginning of the second year. Sampl- Water samples for salinity determination were ing was confined to months of minimum and max- collected at field stations in polyethylene bottles, imum water temperatures and approximate mid- transported to the Laboratory, and titrated the points of the spring rise and autumnal drop in water following day. Field water temperatures were taken temperature as determined from ten-year means of in situ with mercury thermometers and a thermistor the Gulf Breeze Laboratory's daily hydrographic thermometer. These data provide seasonal records at Sabine Island, i.e., in January (winter), hydrographic characterization of each station. Addi- April (spring), August (summer), and November tional salinity and water temperature data were col- (fall). On the day of maximum tidal amplitude in lected during regular sampling to aid in interpreting each of these months, hourly variations in surface faunal variations in relation to seasonal trends in and bottom salinity and water temperature during a hydrography. single tidal cycle were observed simultaneously at Biological sampling was coordinated with all stations. Where station hydrographic data are hydrographic sampling. Standardized samples of unavailable, hydrographic data continuously record- macrofauna were obtained at each station. Fish and ed in Santa Rosa Sound adjacent to the Laboratory larger invertebrates were collected with a 4.9 m ot- have been included for comparative purposes and ter trawl of 1 in (2.5 cm) stretched mesh. Four 15 are so designated. min tows at a speed of approximately two knots At the Laboratory, water temperatures were ob- were made at each station except in eastern Little NUMBER 31 3

TABLE 1. STATION LOCATIONS, CHARACTERISTICS. AND SAMPLE TYPES. 1961-1963.

Location Salinity Trawl Covered Scoop Protected Ekman Dredge (Sand bottom) Habitat (Mud bottom) Box

Upper Escambia Bay: Low 1.6 km N of Lora (<10 Oleo) X Point Lower Eacambia Bay: Inter- 3.2 km N of mediate Emanuel Point (Usually 10-20 X

Lower Pensacola Bay: High Vicinity Buoy 18 and (Usually Btry. Langdon Dock > 20 oleo) at Ft. Pickens State Park

Santa Rosa Sound: High Town Point, 1.1 km (Usually SE of Fair Point > 20 oloa) Light X

Little Sabine Bay: High East end near (Usually - mouth; > 20 oleo) West end X

Sabine Bay where shallow water and insufficient museum catalog and casual collections by myself maneuvering room prevented trawling. Sand bot- and others are less complete. Chordates are listed in toms in shallow water were sampled with a covered Appendix IV. Most fish records were compiled prior scoop and metal frame enclosing 0.1 m2 of bottom. to publication of the third edition of "A list of com- Nine samples, each 0.15 m deep, were collected mon and scientific names of fishes from the United equidistantly along a 100 m transect at each sta- States and Canada" (Am. Fish. Soc., 1970). Ar- tion. Mud bottoms in deep water were sampled with rangement and nomenclature, therefore, for the an Ekrnan dredge covering approximately 0.1 m%f most part follow the second edition of this work bottom. Nine equidistantly spaced dredge loads (Am. Fish. Soc., 1960). were taken grid-fashion in an area approximately Salinity areas are designated Low (usually 10 100 m by 100 m at each station, Sand-filled wooden O/oO or less), Intermediate (usually 10 to 20 Oleo) or "protected habitat" boxes covered with 118 in High (usually 20 0100or greater). Seasons of occur- (3.2 rnrn) mesh hardware cloth and measuring 0.1 m2 rence are abbreviated Sp (spring). Su (summer), F by 0.15 m deep were placed on the bottom near sand (fall), and W (winter). The term "abundance" is substrate stations to collect species made rare by relative and describes only the actual catch, predation. Benthic animals were separated from Because of collecting gear selectivity, the term does bottom debris by washing in a sieve of 1 mm mesh. not necessarily indicate population size or composi- Additional casual biological observations were tion at a given time. Terms describing relative abun- made elsewhere in the estuary as the opportunity oc- dance are defined as follows: curred. The Laboratory staff furnished additional unusual or rare specimens and data from their own Abundant = regularly caught; very field collections. numerous, often widespread in the Invertebrates collected in the Pensacola estuary. Estuary during the 1961-63 study are arranged in Common = frequently caught, but less taxonomic order in Appendix I, with data on numerous. habitats, relative abundance and seasons of occur- Uncommon = caught irregularly, usually rence in various salinity areas. Invertebrates col- in small numbers. lected otherwise are treated similarly in Appendix Rare = seldom caught, then only one, 11, but data obtained chiefly from the Laboratory two, or very few taken. 4 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

To relate species distribution to salinity gra- lower ends in a given season ranging from 21 to 31 dient, the animals are grouped by salinity area($ Vlo. Salinities rose from summer to fall, were least in Most species were collected only in the high salinity winter and rose again in spring (Table 2). Annual ex- portion of the estuary. Species found in other salini- tremes in water temperature were 10.O°C in winter ty areas, or in more than one area, are listed in Ap- and 32.7" C in summer. but the difference between pendix 111. highest and lowest water temperature in a given Representative specimens have been placed in season never exceeded 6.0% the reference collection of the Gulf Breeze Mean salinity and temperature levels for the Laboratory. estuary in the 1962-63 study period were compared with means for the same months in the 1951-60 decade (Figure 2). Seasonal trends in temperature RESULTS and salinity were similar, except in winter 1963 when mean salinity was 7.0 Oleo lower than the decade mean for the same month. Differences reported here PHYSICAL DATA are not considered significant, since I observed greater variation during a single tidal cycle eight There is a marked salinity gradient in the times for salinity and twice for temperature in my estuary, the difference in salinity between upper and seasonal sampling.

TABLE 2. SYNOPTIC SALINITIES AND WATER TEMPERATURES DURING SINGLE MAXIMUM AMPLITUDE TIDAL CYCLES. SUMMER 1962 THROUGH SPRING 1963.

Station Summer 1962 Fall 1962 Winter 1963' Spring 1963

Salinity (parts per thousand)

Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean Range - - - - Escambia Bay (upper) 13.1 10.4-14.8 14.7 12.8-16.8 1.6 0.6- 3.8 4.6 2.8- 8.2 14.9 11.0-16.8 14.9 12.8-17.2 3.7 1.0-11.0 5.5 3.8- 8.6 Escambia Bay (lower) 19.2 16.0-23.0 27.1 26.6-28.6 8.5 3.2-16.5 13.3 10.0-13.8 22.4 18.4-28.2 28.3 27.8-28.8 18.8 13.4-22.6 14.5 11.2-19.2 Santa Rosa Sound 22.6 20.0-26.2 28.3 25.0-30.0 20.7 17.4-23.0 24.7 23.8-25.0 (Town Point) 26.6 23.2-29.0 28.6 26.6-31.0 21.2 17.8-23.4 25.8 24.4-29.6 Santa Rosa Sound 24.6 22.6-28.0 27.8 27.2-28.6 23.4 20.4-25.8 26.4 26.0-30.4 (Sabine Island) 29.6 28.0-30.8 28.0 27.4-28.6 25.5 20.8-28.4 28.5 26.8-30.5 Little Sabine Bay 23.0 20.0-23.6 26.7 25.8-27.0 23.5 20.0-24.8 26.2 24.8-27.2 23.3 22.8-23.8 26.7 26.2-27.0 24.6 24.0-24.8 26.4 26.0-27.0 Pensacola Bay 26.1 23.6-31.8 29.1 27.8-31.0 20.0 14.8-28.4 20.8 19.2-22.6 (near Buoy 18) 29.5 30.2-32.8 31.7 30.2-33.0 29.2 22.6-31.8 30.2 26.4-32.2

Temperature (Celsius)

Eacambia Bay (upper) Escambia Bay (lower) Santa Rosa Sound (Town Point) Santa Rosa Sound (Sabine Island) Little Sabine Bay Pensacola Bay (near Buoy 18)

' Sampling halted after ten hours due to passage of severe cold front; NW winds 30 krn or more; 10°C drop in air temperature in five hours ' Thermometer broken after first observation; very rough water Laat 12 of 14 hours only; replacement of broken thermometer ' Data available only from Laboratory's West Dock recording thermograph NUMBER 31

highly productive of protozoans in other localities suggests that investigation would reveal a sizeable list of species, especially ciliates.

PHYLUM PORIFERA

Ten species in nine genera and eight families of Demospongea and one species of Calcispongea were identified from specimens collected during the 1961-63 study and in other years (Appendices I, 11). The single calcareous sponge was collected casually. The papers of De Laubenfels (1936, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1953) were especially useful for identification. 10 Sponges were collected only in high salinity SUMMER FALL WlNfER SPRING parts of the estuaty (Santa Rosa Sound, Little Sabine Bay and the lower half of Pensacola Bay). Figure 2. Comparison of seasonal salinity and temperature means in the Pensacola Estuary. 1962-63. with decade means for They were present in trawl samples in all seasons, the same months, 1951 through 1960. but were often too badly damaged to be identified, Additional casual collections were made by me and others, chiefly from oyster trays suspended from docks at Sabine Island. Sponges generally showed BIOLOGICAL DATA substrate specificity (Table 3). The extensive sponge fauna reported from the PHYLUM PROTOZOA United States coast of the Gulf of Mexico includes 145 species in 91 genera and 36 families of Presence and distribution of Protozoa in the Demospongea, one species of Hyalospongea, and Pensacola Estuary were not investigated during the two species in two genera and two families of 1961-63 study. However, casual observations Calcispongea (De Laubenfels. 1936, 1953; Behre, revealed a bloom of Noctiluca scintillans 1950; Whitten, Rosene and Hedgpeth, 1950; (Dinoflagellida) observed by P. A. Butler in Santa Hopkins, 1956; Menzel, 1956; Tabb and Manning, Rosa Sound in 1958. I observed eight genera in 1961; Richmond, 1962; Little, 1963; Dragovich and seven families and four orders of ciliates between Kelly, 1964; Forbes, 1964; present study). The major 1956 and 1960 while studying emission of cercariae, part of this list was reported by De Laubenfels Parorchis acanthus from oyster drills, Thais (1936,1953)for Florida waters from Tortugas north- haemastoma, isolated in finger bowls of water from ward to Apalachee Bay and St. George Sound, and Santa Rosa Sound (Appendix 11). Identifications by Little (1963) for the St. George Sound-Apalachee were made using Kudo (1954), but taxonomic ar- Bay-Panama City region. rangement in Appendix I1 follows the revised Although the Pensacola estuarine sponge fauna classification of Honigberg et al. (1964). is only a minor component of the list, it includes My ciliate records were reported in litt. to A. C. three demospongean and one calcispongean species Borror and were included in distribution notes of his not reported elsewhere along the Gulf coast of the 1962 study of ciliates of the Gulf of Mexico, which United States in literature available to me: Mycale recorded 219 species. Borror's observations were cecilia; Halicometes near perastra; Microciona sp.; made along the coasts of Wakulla and Franklin and Scypha sp. Counties, Florida, primarily near Alligator Harbor. Of eight species I recorded from Santa Rosa Sound, Halicometes near perastra closely resembles Spathidium sp. and Blepharisma sp. were also and may be conspecific with H. perastra described reported from Wakulla and Franklin Counties by from Tortugas by De Laubenfels (1936: 145, 146). Borror (1962), and Lacrymaria sp., Loxodes sp. and Typical species of Halicometes have a cylindrical Spathidium sp. were found near Cedar and Sea form surmounted by a subspherical lobate mass. Horse Keys by E. C. Bovee, who reported them in The original description of H. perastra implies that litt. for inclusion in Borror's paper. Litonotus sp., such a cap may have been lost from the cylindrical Vorticella sp, and Carchesium sp., observed by me specimen described by De Laubenfels. My in Santa Rosa Sound, apparently have not been specimens apparently represent the cap portion of recorded elsewhere along the Gulf coast. the sponge and differ further by possession of To my knowledge, no systematic study of the euasters that are 1.5 to 2 times larger than those Protozoa of the Pensacola Estuary has been reported by De Laubenfels. If my specimens prove attempted. Existence of a variety of habitat types to be within the normal range and variation of H. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

TABLE 3. SUBSTRATES AND LOCALITIES FOR SPONGES COLLECTED.

Substrate Species Locality

Muddy sand Xestospongia halichondn'oides Santa Rosa Sd. (off Town Pt.) Muddy sand Xestospongia halichondnoides Pensacola Bay (near Buoy 18) Muddy sand Craniella laminaris Santa Rosa Sd. (off Town Pt.) Muddy sand Halicometes near pemstra Pensacola Bay (near Buoy 18) Seagrasses only Halicometes near perastm Santa Rosa Sd. (English Navy Cove) Seagrasses & sticks Mycale cecilia Little Sabine Bay Seagrasses & sticks Haliclona permollis Pensacola Bay (mouth) Oyster & other shells Scypha sp. Santa Rosa Sd. (Sabine Is.) Oyster & other shells Aplysilla polymphis Santa Rosa Sd. Oyster & other shells Xestospongia halichondnoides Pensacola Bay (lower) Oyster & other shells Cliona truitti East Bay Experimental oyster tray Haliclona uiridis Santa Rosa Sd. (Sabine Is.) Experimental oyster tray Lissodendoryx isodictyalis Santa Rosa Sd. (Sabine Is.) Experimental tank wall Haliclona uirdis Santa Rosa Sd. (Sabine Is.) Experimental tank wall Microciona sp. Santa Rosa Sd. (Sabine Is.) perastw, the record would extend the known range to the surface. Chamber walls are supported by of the species over 900 km northwestward along the triaxons with crooked rays. The sponge wall con- Florida Gulf coast. tains many multirayed spicules that appear to be cemented into a network. Microciona sp. is represented by a thin en- crustation covering about 4 cmhf acrylic plastic PHYLUM CNIDARIA from the wall of an experimental tank. Yellow in life, it faded to dirty white in alcohol. Spiculation is sole- Collections made during the 1961-63 study and ly smooth, bent oxeas, 105.8 to 108 p by 4.8 to 6.4 h; in other years yielded three hydrozoans, five scypho- no rnicroscleres were seen in spicule or section zoans, and five anthozoans (Appendices I, 11). preparations. Stained vertical sections show a struc- Distribution within the Pensacola Estuary is ap- tural pattern resembling that described by Wilson parently related to certain habitat preferences. (1911: 3, 4, Fig. 5) for the encrusting form of Micro- Most species were collected in the High Salinity ciona prolifera. However, the latter is red in life; its Area (Santa Rosa Sound and lower Pensacola Bay), megascleres are smooth and spinose styles, and its but Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa)was found in the microscleres are isochelas and toxas. Low Salinity Area (upper Escambia Bay) and Ed- wardsia sp. (Anthozoa) was collected in both the Scypha sp. is represented by a 7 mm cylindrical High Salinity Area (Little Sabine Bay and Santa fragment consisting of approximately the upper half Rosa Sound) and the Intermediate Salinity Area of a fragile white sponge found on an oyster in Santa (lower Escambia Bay). Hydrozoans were attached to Rosa Sound. Its diameter is 4.5 mm; its wall oyster or snail shells or pilings, except medusae of thickness is 1.75 mm. There is no cortex. The oscule Nemopsis bachei which were pelagic, as were all is subterminal, subcircular, 1.5 mm in diameter, and scyphomedusae. Calliactis tricolor and Hydractinia surrounded by a thin cellular rim without a coronal echinata were attached to snail shells housing her- fringe of spicules. The spongiocoel is cylindrical, mit crabs. Edwardsia sp., Paranthus rapiformis, 1 mm in diameter. Canals run the full thickness of and Cerianthus americanus burrowed into sand or the wall; they are circular in cross-section (about 250 mud. Coral occurred only on old shells or rocks. p in diameter) and closely packed (centers about 350 Although medusae were collected chiefly during p apart). Exhalent canals open into the spongiocoel periods of lower water temperatures (late winter to without reduction in diameter. Spicules of the outer early spring). Aurelia aurita and Pelagia noctiluca surface are long, very thin oxeas placed tangentially were collected in August 1962 when water NUMBER 31 temperatures were near summer maxima. Sessile CLASS SCYPHOZOA forms (hydroids, anemones and coral) were collected in all seasons. More intensive collection may reveal Hedgpeth (1954b) listed ten species of a more extensive fauna, particularly of hydroids, Scyphomedusae known to occur in the Gulf of Mex- Elsewhere along the Florida coast, cnidarian ico, principally at Tortugas. Four are known in the faunal lists have been reported for the Alligator Pensacola Estuary. At Port Aransas, Texas, Harbor area (Menzel, 1956)and the Florida Bay area Stomolophus meleagn's often occurs in vast (Tabb and Manning, 1961). The more extensive numbers in lower bays and passes at the end of sum- fauna of the Alligator Harbor area (14 hydrozoans, 5 mer and has been seen to swarm on two occasions scyphozoans, 13 anthozoans) includes all Pensacola (Hedgpeth, 1954b). But in the Pensacola Estuary I Estuary species except Bougainvillia sp. never saw the species in large numbers. Rhopilema (Hydrozoa), Rhopilema verrilli (Scyphozoa), and verrilli, considered common in Chandeleur Sound, Astrangia astreiformis and Edwardsia sp. (An- Louisiana, has also been collected in Mobile Bay, thozoa). In the Florida Bay area, Tabb and Manning Alabama, and at Port Aransas. Texas (Hedgpeth, (1961) recorded only gorgonians (Anthozoa). 1954b). In the Pensacola Estuary. I have seen it on- Kramp's (1961) synopsis of the medusae of the ly twice since 1961. Aurelia aurita occasionally ap- world provided useful, though brief, descriptions pears in bays, but usually frequents lower bays and that aided in identifying various medusae. Gulf waters (Hedgpeth, 1954b). It occasionally appears in fairly large numbers in lower Pensacola Bay and Santa Rosa Sound in late summer and early fall. Cyanea capillata var. uersicolor, considered common CLASS HYDROZOA in Louisiana waters, has been reported from Mobile Bay, Alabama in February and tentatively from Deevey (1954) listed 183 species of hydroids Port Aransas, Texas in March (Hedgpeth, 1954b). 1 reported from the Gulf of Mexico, but did not con- have seen it in Santa Rosa Sound in February 1962, sider hydrornedusae. Sears (1954a)noted that about January 1964, and March 1965 and in lower Pen- 70 species of hydromedusae have been recorded sacola Bay in January 1963. from the Gulf region. She listed 29 authenticated species, considering validity of the remainder uncer- CLASS ANTHOZOA tain since they had not been subject to critical review in recent years. Hydroid stages of a Bougain- Bayer (1954)listed 89 alcyonarians known from villia species and Hydractinia echinata occur in the the Gulf of Mexico, but I encountered none and Pensacola Estuary. Although I have collected no know of no records from the Pensacola Estuary. To hydromedusae other than Nemopsis bachei, one my knowledge, the nearest Florida Gulf coast locali- might reasonably expect medusae of the Bougain- ty from which alcyonarians have been recorded is villia species to be present. the Alligator Harbor area, where five species are known (Menzel, 1956).In the Florida Bay area, Tabb The range of Hydractinia echinata has been and Manning (1961)recorded three species, only one reported as along the Atlantic coast from Labrador of which also occurs in the Alligator Harbor area. and Nova Scotia southward to North Carolina Hedgpeth (1954~)compiled, principally from (Miner, 1950), off the east coast of Florida from literature, a list of 36 species of anemones known Miami to the Florida Keys, Cay Sal Bank, Bahamas, from the Bahamas, Tortugas and the Gulf of Mex- and in the Gulf of Mexico from Seahorse Key, ico, despite the lack of a systematic study of Alligator Harbor, Pensacola Estuary, Texas and anemones of the Gulf. Of species he listed, I have Louisiana (Deevey, 1954; Menzel, 1956; Joyce, 1961; seen only Paranthus rapiformis, Calliactis tricolor present study). In the Pensacola Estuary, it occurs and Cerianthus americanus in the Pensacola in lower Pensacola Bay and Santa Rosa Sound. Estuary. Calliactis tricolor and Cerianthiopsis americana are the only anemones recorded by Nernopsis bachei occurs in the western Atlantic Menzel(1956) at Alligator Harbor. from Woods Hole, Massachusetts to Florida (except around southern Florida) and the entire northern Paranthus rapiforrnis has not been previously Gulf of Mexico (Moore, 1962).Moore recorded occur- recorded from the Pensacola Estuary. It was found rence of its medusae in and near St. Vincent's and identified on 22 June 1966 by P. A. Butler in the Sound, Florida, in Biloxi Bay and Mississippi muddy sand of a Sabine Island experimental clam Sound, Mississippi, and near Sabine Pass, Texas tank which was supplied with flowing water from during January, February, and March from 1958 Santa Rosa Sound (Appendix 11). This may be the through 1960. Pensacola records reported here are first Florida Gulf coast record for the species; it is for January (1942, 1963, 1964) and March (1966). not included in faunal lists for Alligator Harbor, FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

Tampa Bay, or Florida Bay (Hutton et al., 1956; ctenophores appear in the estuary during colder Menzel, 1956; Tabb and Manning, 1961; Dragovich months and occur along the entire salinity gradient. and Kelly, 1964). It is known from New Haven, Con- Sears (1954b: 297) stated "only about a dozen necticut, Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Beaufort, North species have been recorded with any certainty in the Carolina, Grand Isle, Louisiana, and is common in Gulf", listing B. ovata and Mnemiopsis mccradyi shallow water along the Texas coast (Carlgren and Mayer among them. Beroe ovata and Mnemiopsis Hedgpeth, 1952). mccradyi have been reported in Florida from the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956),in Mississippi Calliactis tricolor is common in the Pensacola at Horn Island (Richmond, 1962),in Louisiana from Estuary on shells carried by hermit crabs (Pagurus the Grand Isle region (Behre, 1950), and from impressus, Pagurus pollicaris), sometimes in various Texas bays (Gunter, 1950; Whitten, Rosene association with the hydrozoan, Hydractinia and Hedgpeth, 1950; Breuer, 1957, 1962; Simmons, echinata, and the bryazoan, Bugula neritina. Large 1957). shells, such as those of Strornbus alatus, may have up to eight anemones attached; four or five were PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES reported on larger shells by Carlgren and Hedgpeth (1952).At Alligator Harbor, C. tricolor is associated with Hepatus and Pagurus (Menzel, 1956). Along Flatworms of the Pensacola Estuary are poorly the Texas coast, this species is the most common known. Only three turbellarians and two digenetic anemone to about 18 m. It occurs on the carapace of trematodes were recorded (Appendices I, 11). More the calico crab, Hepatus epheliticus, and on shells intensive collecting directed toward this phylum carried by the large red hermit crab, Petrochirus will undoubtedly yield a larger species list, especial- diogenes. Reported distribution is Beaufort, North ly of parasites. Carolina to Florida, Texas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Barbados, St. Thomas, Jamaica, and CLASS TURBELLARIA Curagao (Carlgren and Hedgpeth, 1952). Smith (1954)listed 51 hermatypic (reef)species Stylochus ellipticus and S. frontalis are com- and 40 ahermatypic (chiefly deep water) genera of monly associated with oysters in the Pensacola corals found in the West Indies and Gulf of Mexico. Estuary. They were common in spring in experi- He stated (1954: 294) that, "In shallow water the on- mental oyster trays at Sabine Island and on fouling ly ahermatypic corals are 3 or 4 species of plates used in 1962-63 to estimate setting rates of Astrangia, Madracis, and Phyllangia." Astrangia oysters and other sedentary organisms in Santa astreiformis is the only coral I encountered. It usual- Rosa Sound and Little Sabine Bay. Egg deposition ly consists of small colonies on rocks or shells in the by S. ellipticus was observed in Santa Rosa Sound most saline portions of the High Salinity Area. Liv- in January, February, and March 1960. Both ing specimens are not common, probably because of Stylochus species, also known from St. George fluctuating salinity levels and low winter Sound (Menzel, 1956)and Apalachicola Bay, Florida temperatures. Elsewhere on the Florida Gulf coast, (Pearse, 1938, cited in Hyman, 1954: 301), are Menzel (1956) reported six coral species for the among the most common littoral polyclads of the Alligator Harbor area, but his list included offshore Gulf coast from Florida to Texas (Hyman, 1954: collections. None of his species occur in the Pen- 301). sacola Estuary. Bdelloura candida is known in the Pensacola PHYLUM CTENOPHORA Estuary from specimens on a Lirnulus collected in Santa Rosa Sound in August 1949. It has been Three species occur in the Pensacola Estuary: reported from horseshoe crabs in the Alligator Har- Beroe ovata, Mnemiopsis sp. and Pleurobrachia sp. bor area and is more widely known along the Atlan- (Appendices I, 11). Identifications are based on tic coast from Casco Bay, Maine to Cape Hatteras, specimens collected casually; those obtained during North Carolina (Miner, 1950: 236), regular sampling were too damaged to identify. A checklist of 18 turbeuarian species from the Ctenophores were common in trawl samples in the Alligator Harbor area was given by Menzel (1956), Low and Intermediate Salinity Areas in February but I have seen no other species lists for Florida 1962 (upper and lower Escambia Bay) and in the Gulf coast localities. High Salinity Area in fall and winter (lower Pen- sacola Bay, November 1962; Santa Rosa Sound, November 1962, January 1963). Swarming of Beroe CLASS TREMATODA ovata at Sabine Island was observed in February 1952, April 1965 and March 1966. Evidently Parochis acanthis, widely distributed along the NUMBER 31 northern Gulf of Mexico, is also known from has been reported only from Marco Island in ex- Massachusetts, California, Cuba, Hawaii, Scotland treme southwestern Florida (Coda, 1961). Pen- and Wales. Adult hosts are various gulls, terns and sacola and Alligator Harbor possess only four shore birds; intermediate hosts are various marine species in common: Cerebratulus lacteus, Am- snails (Perez Vigueras, 1940; Cooley, 1958, 1962; phiporus cruentatus, Micrura leidyi, and Oerstedia Holliman, 1961; Hutton, 1964). In Florida, P. acan- dorsalis. thus has been reported from Boca Ciega Bay, Although all Pensacola nemertineans except Pinellas County (Hutton, 1964), the Apalachee Bay Paranemertes biocellata are widely distributed area (Holliman, 1961),and Pensacola Bay and Santa along the Atlantic coast, the fauna may be divided Rosa Sound (Cooley, 1958, 1962). into four categories (Coe, 1951): 1) apparently endemic species found only on the northern Gulf The stylet-bearing pleurolophocercous cercaria coast-Paranemertes biocellata; 2) species occurring reported here is parasitic in the compound tunicates on both Atlantic and Gulf coasts-Cerebratulus Amaroucium sp. (possibly A. constellatum Verrill) lacteus and Micrura leidyi; 3) species found on both and ?Polycitor sp. Infected specimens were heavily Atlantic and Pacific coasts as well as along the parasitized with larval stages. The cercaria is northern Gulf coast-Tubulanus pellucidus, peculiar in that it appears to possess three anterior Zygonemertes virescens, Amphiporus cruentatus; stylets, each in its own sucker-like structure. and 4) circumpolar species inhabitin European Checklists of parasitic flatworms have been shores as well as both Atlantic and Pacl'i ic coasts of presented for several areas of the Florida Gulf coast: North America-Oerstedia dorsalis. northwest Florida, particularly near Alligator Har- bor (Menzel, 1956; Loftin, 1960); south Florida, chiefly the Tampa Bay area, but including a few PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA species from Apalachicola Bay, Cedar Key, Charlotte Harbor, Chokoloskee in Collier County, Ectoprocts are common fouling organisms in Key West and Dry Tortugas (Chandler, 1954; the high salinity portion of the Pensacola Estuary, Manter, 1954; Hutton and Sogandares-Bernal, where they compete with barnacles, oysters, ser- 1960; Hutton, 1964). pulid worms and other sedentary organisms for setting space. Setting of ectoprocts in Little Sabine Bay from 1960 through 1963 usually occurred from PHYLUM NEMERTINEA May to November (Figure 3). Peak sets occurred in summer; heaviest sets observed were 6.4 colonies Seven species in seven genera and five families per cm2per week (1961) and 2.7 colonies per cm2per are reported (Appendix I), including three week (1962). Similar trends were observed at the (Tubulanus pellucidas. ?Zygomertes virescens and nearby Santa Rosa Sound bridge from 1962 through ?Amphiporus cruentatus) previously recorded from 1963, but setting rates were lower (Figure 4). Pensacola by Coe (1951, 1954) and Cerebratulus Four species in four genera and four families of lacteus, known in Santa Rosa Sound since at least ectoprocts were collected during the 1961-63 study 1942. Present records of Micrura leidyi, Oerstedia (Appendix I): Membranipora tenuis, Electra dorsalis and ?Paranernertes biocellata are the first laciniosa, Bugula neritina, and Hippodiplosia for this estuary. The last species was previously americana. Identifications were determined from known only from Biloxi, Mississippi (Coe, 1951, descriptions and illustrations of Osburn (1950), 1954). Largaaij (1963) and Shier (1964). All specimens were collected from sand or sandy mud bottoms at depths to 2.3 m. Micrura leidyi, Membranipora tenuis is the common encrusting ?Amphiporus cruentatus and ?Zygonemertes ectoproct in the Pensacola Estuary. It was the most virescens were collected only in the High Salinity numerous on cement-board fouling plates placed 0.3 Area (Little Sabine Bay and Santa Rosa Sound), to 3.7 m below mean low water (MLW) at the Santa Oerstedia dorsalis. ?Paranemertes biocellata and Rosa Sound bridge at Pensacola Beach from 5 Tubulanus pellucidus only in the Low Salinity Area September 1961 to 4 November 1963, and also oc- (upper Escambia Bay), but Cerebratulus lacteus occurred on fouling plates of the 1960-63 Little Sabine curred at all these localities. Bay study cited above. The Laboratory collection Only 21 nemertinean species have been recorded contained four specimens encrusting eel grass, San- from the entire United States Gulf coast (Coe, 1951, ta Rosa Sound, 9 March 1962, and one specimen on 1954; Menzel, 1956; Corrga, 1961). Twelve have been oyster shell, with Hippodiplosia americana, Santa recorded from Florida Gulf coast localities. chiefly Rosa Sound, 16 May 1950. from the Pensacola Estuary (seven species: present Elsewhere in northwest Florida, M. tenuis has study) and the Alligator Harbor area (11 species: been reported in shallow water from Keaton Beach Menzel, 1956). Ototyphlonemertes evelinae Coda (Taylor County) to Panama City, in 9 m off Dog FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

- TEMPERATURE (Cl -- SALINITY (o/OO)

I... l... a.*....afil.*ma*a~~*-a~~n*mm-**-nn~*am - OYSTERS - . BRYOZOA

SERPULID WORMS

BARNACLES

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1960 1961 1962 1963

Figure 3. Setting of sessile organisms, Little Sabine Bay, 1960-63. NUMBER 31

Figure 4. Setting of sessile organisms, Santa Rosa Sound at Pensacola Heach Bridge, 1962-63. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUB1,lCA'I'IONS

Island, near Buoy 26 off Alligator Point, and in December 1961, at 2.4 m below MLW from 28 May 26 m off Fort Walton Beach (Shier, 1964); it com- to 27 August 1962, and at 1.2, 2.4 and 3.7 m below monly encrusts grass at Alligator Harbor (Menzel, M1,W from 18 February to 6 May 1963. Colonies of 1956).The species tolerates reduced salinities and is Membranipora tenuis and other sedentary often the only calcareous, encrusting ectoproct in organisms were also present. In addition, a brackish areas (Shier, 1964). It is a cosmopolitan specimen of H. americana associated with M. tenuis shallow water species known from the Atlantic and on an oyster shell collected in Santa Rosa Sound in Pacific Oceans (Osburn, 1950; Shier, 1964). May 1950 was found in the Laboratory collection. Elsewhere in northwestern Florida, Shier (1964) Electra laciniosa is rare in the Pensacola found H. americana at 9 m off Dog Island and near Estuary. I have seen only a single colony found on a Buoy 26 off Alligator Point. fouling plate from the Santa Rosa Sound setting Largaaij (1963: 194) noted that in the northwest study. The plate was submerged at 1.2 m below Gulf of Mexico, H. arnericana occurs "only in those MLW from 18 December 1961 to 12 March 1962. inshore and very shallow offshore waters whose Exact date of setting is not known. Ectoprocts did monthly average salinity remains generally < 30 Oleo not appear at this depth on other plates changed throughout the year", and considered it a "typically weekly before the week of 7-14 May 1962. The brackish (polyhaline) species." Salinities in Santa species, known only from the Florida Gulf coast, Rosa Sound, continuously monitored at four-hour was erected by Shier (1964: 612) for specimens col- intervals at Sabine Island, 0.6 mile southwest of the lected in beach drift at St. Andrew's State Park bridge, ranged from 18.0 to 29.6 O/oo, and were 20 Oleo (Bay County), on Sargassum at Keaton Beach, on or greater during most of the time the plates con- marine grass at Bald Point (Franklin County), and taining H. americana were immersed. on shell near Everglades (Collier County). The present record extends the known range westward approximately 160 km and supports Shier's statement PHYLUM PHORONIDA that the species is probably present in shallow waters along the entire west coast of Florida. Phoronids were collected only five times, all during the 1961-63 study (Appendix I). The two species occurred only in the High Salinity Area, and appear Bugula neritina occurred in the high salinity to be first records of phoronids from this estuary. waters of lower Pensacola Bay. It was common in trawl samples in the vicinity of Buoy 18 on old shell Phoronis architec ta was collected in Little and ascidians at depths of 12.2 to 15.8 m in January Sabine Bay in sand at water depths of 1.1 to 1.4 m in and April 1963. David J. Hansen gave me June (1 specimen) and July 1961 (4 specimens), and specimens which he reported common on dead shell in lower Pensacola Bay in sandy mud at 12.2 m and compound ascidians in trawl collections on 4 water depth in July 1962 (2 specimens).Phoronis ar- and 20 February 1964 at depths of 3.0 to 15.2 m in chitecta was first reported on the Gulf coast at lower Pensacola Bay between Buoy 18 and the en- Alligator Harbor (Long, 1960), although uniden- trance to Big Lagoon. Elsewhere in northwest tified actinotroch larvae had been found earlier in Florida, Shier (1964) found B. neritina in many col- plankton tows in Louisiana bays and at Port Aran- lections from shallow water and beach drift from sas, Texas (Hedgpeth, 1954d). The species occurs Bald Point to St. Teresa (Franklin County), noting along the Florida Gulf coast from Pensacola to that it occurs on a variety of substrates including Sanibel Island and on the Atlantic coast in Biscayne other ectoprocts, shells, ascidians, hydroid stems, Bay and near Cape Hatteras and the Beaufort, and grass blades. It is abundant on a variety of North Carolina region (type locality) (Paine, 1961). substrates at Alligator Harbor at salinities of 29.0 to 37.0 O/ooo (Menzel, 1956). Salinities at my lower Phoronis australis occurred in the tube of an Pensacola Bay station, about three miles from the unidentified cerianthid anemone collected during Gulf, never exceeded 33.0 O/oo,although salinities May 1963 from Santa Rosa Sound. This species is should approach Gulf levels in the immediate vicini- peculiar in that its delicate tubes characteristically ty of the bay mouth. Bugula neritina is a warm water occur in the interstices of Cerianthus tubes. It is species occurring in shallow depths on Atlantic and known elsewhere from Port Jackson, Australia Pacific shores of the Americas (Osburn, 1950; Shier, (type locality), Japan, and off India (Hyman, 1959). 1964).

Hippodiplosia americana occurred on fouling PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA plates at the Santa Rosa Sound bridge at Pensacola Beach. The plates had been submerged at 1.2 to Brachiopods are rare in the Pensacola Estuary, 3.7 m below MLW from 5 September to 18 confined to the High Salinity Area, and represented NUMBER 31

only by Glottidia pyramidata (Appendix I). CLASS OPHIUROIDEA Specimens were collected only three times during this study: 1, Little Sabine Bay, mud in 2.4 to 3.0 m, Amphiodia atra was collected in Little Sabine 8 November 1962; 1, Little Sabine Bay, sand in Bay. It occurs from York River, Virginia, south to 0.5 m, 15 January 1963; and 1, Sabine Island ex- the Gulf of Mexico (possibly discontinuous around perimental clam tank, sand, running water from south Florida) and through the Caribbean and along Santa Rosa Sound, 13 January 1963. the east coast of South America to Rio de Janeiro, Paine (1963) reported that G. pyramidata in the Brazil (Thomas, 1964). This may be the species United States is apparently limited to inshore recorded as Micropholis atra in the Tampa Bay area waters south of Fort Wool, Virginia, and east of (USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, un- Panama City, Florida. He reported it (1963: 188) in published data). the St. Augustine, Florida area, but it is apparently absent southward along the Atlantic coast and Arnphioplus coniortodes, collected in Santa around the southern tip, appearing again along the Rosa Sound, is known elsewhere only from Key Gulf coast at Marco, Placida, Pass-a-Grille north to West and Biscayne Bay, Florida (Thomas, 1962). Clearwater, Seahorse Key, the Alligator Harbor Present records extend the known range approx- area and off Panama City. Cooper (1954) also imately 800 km northwestward into the Gulf. reported it from Cedar Keys. Pensacola Estuary records extend its known range about 160 km Amphioplus sp., collected from Santa Rosa westward in the Gulf. Sound, could not be identified further by Dr. Lowell P. Thomas, to whom it was sent for identification. The specimen was not intact and might be one of the PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA previously listed species.

The recorded echinoderm fauna of the Pensacola Amphipholis gracillima, collected only once in Estuary now totals 27 species (Appendices I, 11), the present study, was found in Santa Rosa Sound but only 20 species were taken during systematic off Town Point in mud with Amphioplus conior- collection. Four classes are represented: Asteroidea, todes. Elsewhere on the Florida Gulf coast, it is two species in one genus and family; Ophiuroidea, abundant in the vicinity of Whistle Buoy near ten species in nine genera and five families; Alligator Harbor (Menzel, 1956). Reported distribu- Echinoidea, six species in six genera and five tion is South Carolina, Florida, Bermuda, St. families; and Holothuroidea, nine species in seven Thomas, Tobago (B.W.I.), British Honduras, and genera and four families. Brazil (Thomas, 1962). This may be the species recorded as Micropholis gracillima in the Tampa Bay area (USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished data). CLASS ASTEROIDEA Hemipholis elongata was collected in lower Pen- Luidia alternata occurs along the Gulf coast in sacola Bay. Other Gulf coast localities are the the Tampa Bay area (unpublished data, USNMFS Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), Horn Island, Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach), in the Alligator Mississippi (Richmond, 1962) and Grand Isle, Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), in Santa Rosa Sound Louisiana (Behre, 1950). It has also been reported (present study), and at Horn Island, Mississippi from South Carolina, Biscayne Bay, Puerto Rico, (Richmond, 1962). It occurs along the southeast Trinidad, and Brazil (Thomas, 1962). coast of the United States southward to Brazil (Gray et al., 1968). Ophiophragmus filograneus occurs in Florida from the Indian River at Melbourne on the east Luidia clathrata was collected in Santa Rosa coast, around the tip of Florida to Whitewater and Sound off Town Point. Along the Gulf coast, it has Coot Bays, Marco, Fort Myers, and the Cedar Keys been reported from the Alligator Harbor area region (Thomas, 1961), Tampa Bay area (USNMFS (Menzel, 1956),Boca Ciega and Tampa Bays and im- Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished mediate offshore waters (Hutton et al., 1956; data), in Santa Rosa Sound and Little Sabine Bay in Dragovich and Kelly, 1964; USNMFS Laboratory, the Pensacola Estuary (present study), and at Horn St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished data), at Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962). Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962) and Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950). It occurs from New A single specimen of Ophiactis sp. was collected Jersey to Florida, the West Indies and Brazil from lower Pensacola Bay. It could not be identified (Miner, 1950). further by Dr. Lowell P. Thomas. FLORIDA MAltlNE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

Ophiothn'x angulata was collected from lower Ciega Bay (Hutton et al., 1956),Tampa Bay and im- Pensacola and Little Sabine Bays. It is known in mediate offshore waters (Dragovich and Kelly, Florida from the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1964; USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, 1956),off Egmont Key (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), unpublished data). Other Gulf records include Horn Boca Ciega Bay (Hutton et al., 1956), Tampa Bay Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962), Grand Isle, area (USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, Louisiana (Behre, 1950), and off Port Aransas, unpublished data), and off East Cape Sable (Tabb Texas (Gunter, 1950). Widely distributed from and Manning, 1961), and is also widely distributed Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts to the West Indies, from Chesapeake Bay to the West Indies and Rio de it is more common south of Cape Hatteras, North Janeiro, Brazil at depths to 366 m (Miner, 1950). Carolina (Miner, 1950).

Ophioderrna brevispinum was collected in Santa Encope michelini was collected in Santa Rosa Rosa Sound. Other Florida Gulf coast localities are Sound and lower Pensacola and Little Sabine Bays. the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), Boca Along the Florida Gulf coast it also occurs in the Ciega Bay (Hutton et al., 1956); Dragovich and Kel- Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), Tampa Bay ly, 1964), Tampa Bay area (USNMFS Laboratory, area (USNMFS I,aboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished data), and unpublished data), and the Gulf off Tampa Bay Florida Bay (Tabb and Manning, 1961). It is (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). The species occurs in distributed from Massachusetts to Florida, the Gulf the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Yucatan of Mexico and the Caribbean (Zisenhunne, 1955, fide (Mortensen, 1948, fide Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). Diadema antillarum was collected in Santa Ophiolepis elegans was collected from lower Rosa Sound in December 1950; to my knowledge, it Pensacola Bay. Along the Gulf coast, it is also found has not since been collected in this area. It occurs in in Florida off East Cape Sable (Tabb and Manning, the tropical eastern and western Atlantic. In the 1961), Boca Ciega Bay (Hutton et al., 1956; western Atlantic, it is found from Florida to Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), Tampa Bay area Surinam and throughout the West Indies (Randall (USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, un- et al., 1964). published data), and Alligator Harbor (Menzel, 1956),and in Louisiana at Grand Isle (Behre, 1950). Moira atropos was collected from Santa Rosa It ranges from the Carolinas to the West Indies in Sound. It also occurs in the Tampa Bay area 3.7 to 36.6 m of water (Miner, 1950). (USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished data), in the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), at Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, CLASS ECHINOIDEA 1950), and from North Carolina southward to the West Indies (Miner, 1950). Arbacia punctulata was collected from Santa Rosa Sound. It also occurs in the Tampa Bay area CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA (USNMFS Laboratory, St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished data), at Alligator Point (Menzel, 1956), Theelothuria princeps ( =Holothuria princeps and Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968).The Selenka of Deichmann, 1954; cf. Wells and Wells, species ranges from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to the 1961: 267, 268) is known from the west coast of Gulf of Mexico in shallow water (Miner, 1950). Florida, Santo Domingo and Yucatan (Deichmann, 1954). It is often washed ashore in windrows on the Lytechinus variegatus occurs in Santa Rosa Gulf beach of Santa Rosa Island by storms or pro- Sound. It is known on the Florida Gulf coast from longed periods of heavy wave action, but is rare in the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), Boca the estuary. I have seen only two specimens, both Ciega Bay (Hutton et al., 1956),Egrnont Key, Terra trawled during the week 18-24 April 1965 from deep Ceia Bay and other localities in the Tampa Bay area water (12.2 m or more) of lower Pensacola Bay op- (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964; USNMFS Laboratory, posite Fort Pickens State Park swimming beach, St. Petersburg Beach, unpublished data). It ranges where bottom salinities approach those of the near- from Bermuda and North Carolina to the West In- by Gulf. The cloaca of each specimen contained a dies and Brazil (Miner, 1950). commensal pinnotherid crab, Pinnaxodes floridensis. Mellita quinquiesperforata was collected in San- ta Rosa Sound and lower Pensacola and Little Sabine Bays. Along the Florida Gulf coast, it occurs Pentamera pulcherrima was collected in Little in the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), Boca Sabine and lower Pensacola Bays. Common along NUMBER 31 the Atlantic seaboard, occasionally to New (Diadema antillarurn), and four sea cucumbers (Pen- England, it also occurs on the Texas coast and at tamera pulcherrima, Thyoneria cognata, Sabanilla, Colombia. In the southern part of its Theelothuria princeps and Lipotrapezia seguroen- range, it occurs in shallow water buried in mud; in sis) were previously unrecorded in the local fauna. the northern part, it occurs in deeper waters and is Brittlestars, sand dollars, and the apodan sea either washed up after storms or dredged cucumber, Synaptula hydriformis, were the most (Deichmann, 1954). common forms collected. Echinoderms were collected only in the High Thyone mexicana was collected in Little Sabine Salinity Area (lower Pensacola and Little Sabine Bay. Previously known only from the coast of Loui- Bays and Santa Rosa Sound); their substrate siana and Texas in shallow water down to "a few preferences varied. Most species preferred sand, fathoms" (Deichrnann, 1954), the present record ex- mud, or mixtures of the two. Sea urchins were also tends the range northward and eastward about collected from rocks. A brittlestar, Ophioderma 280 km. breuispinum, and the urchins Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus variegatus were each collected once Thyone briareus was collected in Little Sabine from experimental oyster trays suspended above Bay. It occurs from Texas to Florida and northward the bottom at Sabine Island. along the Atlantic seaboard to Woods Hole, Massachusetts from the shore to "a few fathoms" in Table 4 lists 47 species of echinoderms by class muddy localities. It is often attached to eel grass in and locality of occurrence along the Florida Gulf muddy, sheltered localities (Deichmann, 1954). coast. The Pensacola, Alligator Harbor, and Tampa Bay faunas are similar in diversity, but species com- Thyonen'a cognata, found in Little Sabine and position is dissimilar. All three have nearly twice as lower Pensacola Bays, is also known from Cuba, many species as have been reported for nearshore Yucatan, Tortugas, and Biscayne Bay, Florida in waters of upper Florida Bay. Possibly more exten- shallow water to "a few fathoms." In Biscayne Bay, sive collecting in Florida Bay will reveal the ex- it is collected from soft bottom in patches of eel istence of a larger echinoderm fauna. The Alligator grass (Deichrnann, 1954). Harbor area has 16 species that also occur in the Pensacola Estuary; the Tampa Bay area has 13; the Lipotrapeza seguroensis was taken from Santa Florida Bay area has only four. Only the brittlestars Rosa Sound. It is known from Brazil, Jamaica, Tor- Ophiophragmus filograneus, Ophiothrix ungulata, tugas and Cape Florida from sandy mud in grass Ophioderma breuispinum and Ophiolepis elegans flats (Deichmann, 1954). The present record extends occur in all four localities. the range approximately 800 km northwestward in the Gulf. Five categories based on geographical distribution are recognizable in the identified echinoderm Synaptula hydriformis occurs in the Pensacola fauna of the Pensacola Estuary. The largest group Estuary in Little Sabine and lower Pensacola Bays (14 species) is composed of species whose ranges in- and Santa Rosa Sound. Common from Bermuda to clude the Carolinian and Caribbean Zoogeographical Brazil, it also occurs at Tortugas and around the Provinces: Luidia alternata, Amphioplus conior- southern Florida coast (Deichmann, 1954). todes, Arnphipholis gracillirna, Hemipholis elongata, O~hiolepiselegans, Lytechinus Leptosynapta crassipatina was collected in San- uariegatus, Encope michelini, Diadema antillarum, ta Rosa Sound. It is known from Key West, Florida Moira atropos, Theelothuria princeps, Thyoneria northward and westward to Horn Island, Mississip- cognata, Lipotrapezia seguroensis, Synaptula pi (Deichmann, 1954). Menzel (1956) recorded it at hydriformis, and Leptosynapta crassipatina. A Alligator Harbor. smaller group (six species) has ranges that include the Virginian, Carolinian and Caribbean Provinces: Leptosynapta inhaerens, collected from Santa Luidia clathrata, Arnphiodia atra, Ophiothrix Rosa Sound, is also known along the Atlantic coast angulata, Ophioderma breuispinum, Mellita quin- from Maine to South Carolina from the shore to quiesperforata and Pentarnera pulcherrima. Two 183 m, and from British and European shores species, Ophiophragmus filograneus and Thyone (Miner, 1950). mexicana, are confined to the Carolinian Province. Two others, Arbacia punctulata and Thyone Remarks: One sea star (Luidia clathrata), six briareus, have ranges that include the Virginian and brittlestars (Amphioplus coniortodes, Arnphioplus Carolinian Provinces. Leptosynapta inhaerens is sp., Amphipholis gracillima, Hemipholis elongata, widely distributed on both sides of the North Atlan- Ophiactis sp., and Ophiolepis elegans), an echinoid tic. 16 FlARIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUHI,ICATIONS

TABLE 4. COMPARISON OF ECHINODERM FAUNAS OF FOUR FLORIDA GULF COAST LOCALITIES.' ..- -" .-

. .- Locality Species Pensacola Alligator Tampa Florida Estuary Harbor Bay Bay

Class Asteroidea Astropecten articulatus (Say) A. duplicatus (Say) Luidia alternata (Say) L. cluthrata (Say) Echinaster sentus (Say) E. spinulosus Verrill

Total asteroids 2 4 5 3

"- - --

Class Ophiuroidea Astrophyton sp. Amphiodia atra (Stimpson) A. pulchella (Lyman) Amphioplus abditus Lyman A. coniortodes H. L. Clark A. thrombodes H. L. Clark Amphioplus sp. Amphipholis gmcillima Stimpson Hemipholis elongata (Say) Ophionephthys limicola Liitken Ophiophragmus septus (Liitken) 0. filograneous (Lyman) 0. wurdemanni (Lyman) Ophiostigma iscianthum (Say) Ophiactis sauignyi (Miiller and Troschel) Ophiactis sp. Ophiothn'x anguluta (Say) Ophionen's reticuluta (Say) Ophiodenna brevispinum (Say) Ophiolepis elegans Litken

Total ophiuroids 10 9 13 9 -. - ---

Class Echinoidea Arbacia punctuluta (Lamarck) Iliadema antillarum (Philippi) Lytechinus uariegatus (Lamarck) Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray) Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske) Encope michelini L. Agassiz Moira atropos (1,amarck) Plagiobrissus gnzndis (Gmelin)

Total echinoids 6 8 5 0

-. - -- .- A NUMBER 31 17

TABLE 4. COMPARISON OF ECHINODERM FAUNAS OF FOUR FLORIDA GULF COAST LOCALITIES.'(Continued)

Locality Species Pensacola Alligator Tampa Florida Estuary Harbor Bay Bay

Class Holothuroidea Holothuria firidane PourtalGs Theelothuna princeps (Selenka) Pentacta pygmaea (Thkel) Pentamera pulchem'ma Ayres Thyone briareus (LeSueur) 2'. mexicana Deichmann Thyoneria cognate (Lampert) Thyonella gemmata (PourtalPs) Lipotmpezia seguroensis (Deichmann) Synaptula hydriformis (LeSueur) Ideptosynapta crassipatina H. L. Clark Leptosynapta inhaerens (0.F. Miiller)

Total holothuroids 9 4 1 1

Totals all classes 27 25 24 13

' Present study; Menzel, 1956; Hutton et al., 1956; Uragovich and Kelly, 1964; Tabb and Manning, 1961; USNMFS, unpublished data, 1970 as Micropholis (USNMFS, unpublished data, 1970) ' as Ophiocnida (Menzel. 1956)

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA 1961-63 sampling program, have been collected only in the High Salinity Area. Distribution of The Pensacola Estuary possesses an extensive cephalopods varied among species and, to some ex- molluscan fauna of 184 species, consisting of one tent, seasonally. Lolliguncula breuis, common in amphineuran, 96 gastropods, four scaphopods, 80 spring and summer in the High Salinity Area but bivalves, and three cephalopods (Appendices I, 11). uncommon in the Intermediate Salinity Area, Distribution notes for areas other than the Pen- became abundant in the latter (lower Escambia Bay) sacola Estuary are not included here because of the in fall and in the High Salinity Area (Pensacola Bay number of species involved and availability of such and Santa Rosa Sound) in winter. Loligo pealei was information in the literature. The works of Abbott confined to the High Salinity Area (Pensacola Bay (1954, 1974),Marcus and Marcus (1959, 1960,1962, 1970),Moore (1961, 1969) and Morrison (1970) were TABLE 5. DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSCAN SPECIES BY especially useful in solving problems of identifica- CLASS AND SALINITY AREA. 1961-63. tion, distribution and nomenclature. Mollusks were collected at all stations, the Class High Intermediate Low Two All Total number of species increasing toward the more saline Only Only Only Areas Areas end of the estuary (Table 5). One hundred seventeen species (77%) were confined to a narrow salinity Gastropoda 57 2 10 9 78 range, 18 species (12%)were found in two salinity Scaphopoda 4 4 areas, and 17 others (11%)were found in all three Bivalvia 53 7 8 68 areas during 1961-63. Gastropods and bivalves oc- Cephalopoda 1 1 2 curred along the entire salinity gradient. Scaphopods were confined to the High Salinity Area. Amphineurans and certain other species listed Total 115 2 -- 18 17 152 in Appendix 11, though not taken during the FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICA'I'IONS and Santa Rosa Sound), Although collected during (Gastropteridae) were collected in July 1966 and spring and summer, it was abundant only in lower March 1968 from sand of an experimental tank sup- Pensacola Bay in spring. Locally rare, Octopus plied water from Santa Rosa Sound. At rest, the vulgaris was confined to the High Salinity Area and 1968 specimen was 5 mm long, 2 mm wide and was collected only from a rock jetty at the mouth of 1.5 mm high. When swimming actively, its width Pensacola Bay and on rock bottom at Sabine Island. was greater than its length. Description in life: Most gastropods and bivalves were found on ground color purplish-red with tiny bluish-white sand or sandy mud. However, the sargassum spots; edges of parapodia and posterior rim of head nudibranch, Scyllaea pelagica, was found only on shield vivid light blue; tip of posterior flagellum Sargassum natans. The gastropods Diodora bluish-white. Posterior edge of mantle shield folded cayenensis, Pleuroploca gigantea, Archidon's sp. longitudinally to form a tube. Parapodia fold over and sometimes Bursatella leachi plei were collected dorsum at rest. The batwing sea slug occurs along from submerged rocks. The bivalves Lithophaga the Florida Gulf coast in Tampa Bay (W. G. Lyons, bisulcata and Diplothyra smithii bored into shells of personal communication), Alligator Harbor (Ab- mollusks; Martesia cuneiformis, Bankia gouldi and bott, 1954: 284), and Santa Rosa Sound. Further Teredo navalis are wood borers; Crassostrea distribution: Biscayne Bay, Florida; West Indies; uirginicq Ostrea equestn's and 0. frons were at- SEio Paulo, Brazil; Atlantic coast of Morocco; tached to a variety of hard substrates, e.g., rocks, southern coast of Portugal; Mediterranean Sea, in- shells, pilings, submerged wood, Squids were cluding the Adriatic and Aegean Seas (Marcus and pelagic, and Octopus were benthic among rocks. Marcus, 1960: 139). Mollusks most frequently encountered in each salinity area were: High-Bittium uarium, Thais Pteria colymbus, collected in lower Pensacola haemastoma, Mitrella lunata, Nassarius acutus, Bay in April 1966, was attached to a sponge shelter- Nassarius albus, Nassarius uibex, Laevicardium ing a drornidiid crab. It is apparently the first mortoni, Anomalocardia auberiana, Tellina alter- specimen collected from this estuary. The species is nata, Tagelus divisus, Tagelus plebeius, Ensis common in the Alligator Harbor area in high salini- minor; Intermediate-Texadina sphinctostomu, ty locations open to the Gulf (Menzel, 1956),but un- Nuculana concentrica; and Low-Neritina recliuata, common in the East Cape Sable area of Florida Bay Texadina sphinctostoma, Rangia cuneata. (Tabb and Manning, 1961). In Texas, Hildebrand (1954) found it attached to the octocoral, Eugorgia My specimens of Texadina sphinctostoma are uirgulan'a, along jetties at Port Aransas and Port the first recorded from the Pensacola Estuary and Isabel, and on unspecified substrate off Padre constitute an eastward range extension. According Island. to Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, National Museum of Natural History, who identified the specimens, the Forms apparently assignable to Ostrea previously known range of this species was Laguna equestris and 0. frons were examined from the de Terrninos, Campeche to Mobile Bay, Alabama. study area. Dr. P. A. Butler of this Laboratory (personal communication) considers it uncertain that My specimen of Phalium granulaturn may be these two morphological types represent distinct the first reported from this estuary, although empty species, and believes that 0. frons is probably not shells are occasionally washed ashore on the Gulf present. The National Marine Fisheries Service side of Santa Rosa Island. It also occurs in the East Biological Laboratory at Milford, Connecticut is at- Cape Sable area of Florida Bay (Tabb and Manning, tempting to resolve this problem by means of 1961) and in the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, chromosome studies. 1956), but has not been recorded from the Tampa Bay area. Known range is North Carolina to the Two specimens of Cumingia tellinoides vanhyn- Gulf of Mexico and West Indies (Abbott, 1954). ingi were collected in September 1966 at Sabine Island, 127 rnm below the surface of muddy sand in Three specimens of Chelidonura (Aglajidae) col- an experimental clam tank supplied water from San- lected on 24 June 1966 at Sabine Island from muddy ta Rosa Sound; they apparently entered the tank as sand of an experimental clam tank supplied con- larvae. This is the first record of the bivalve from tinuously running water from Santa Rosa Sound this estuary. This subspecies replaces the nominal were subsequently described as C. sabina (Marcus subspecies from southern Florida to Texas and is and Marcus, 1970). The species has been identified common in shallow water (Abbott, 1954), but was from Santa Rosa Sound (Sabine Island, type locali- not reported in recent faunal lists for Florida Bay, ty), Key Biscayne, Florida, and Curagao. the Tampa Bay area, and Alligator Harbor (Tabb and Manning, 1961; Dragovich and Kelly, 1964; Single specimens of Gastropteron rubrum Menzel, 1956). Moore (1961) included it in the NIJMBER 31 marine and brackish water mollusks of Mississippi ing high salinities. Intensity and duration of setting because it was on the checklist of the Gulf Coast indicate good reproduction of oysters, but predation Research I,aboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, by the drill, Thais haemastoma, is severe, and com- but he did not collect it. Behre (1950) reported only mercial production is limited to areas of Escambia dead shells from the Grand Isle, Louisiana region, and East Bays where waters are too fresh for drills. and Ladd (1951)reported that even dead shells were Recent faunal checklists are available for the rare in Aransas and Redfish Bays, and Lydia Ann Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), Tampa Bay Channel in Aransas Pass, Texas. Perhaps the area (Baker, 1950; Hutton et al., 1956; Dragovich subspecies is less common over its Gulf coast range and Kelly, 1964), and Florida Bay (Tabb and Mann- than Abbott (1954)indicated. ing, 1961). Composition of reported molluscan faunas of these localities and of the Pensacola Eggs of at least seven species of mollusks were Estuary are compared in Table 6. found: Murex fulvescens on M, fulvescens in experimental oyster plot, Santa Rosa Sound, July TABLE 6. COMPARISON OF NUMBERS OF MOLLUSCAN 1965; Cantharus cancellarius, on glass wall of run- SPECIES IN THE PENSACOLA ESTUARY WITH THOSE ning seawater aquarium, Sabine Island, last week of KNOWN FROM OTHER WEST F1,ORIUA LOCAI,ITIES. NUMBERS IN PARENTHESES REPKESEN'I' SPRCIES IN April 1965, specimen collected from Santa Rosa TIIE SPECIFIED AREA ALSO OCCURRING IN THE Sound (English Navy Cove) earlier that week; PENSACOLA ESTUARY. ' Fasciolaria hunteria, on old oyster shell, Santa Rosa ...... - Sound, 27-30 April 1964; Prunum apicinum, eggs Number of species nearly ready to hatch, attached to shell of Dinocar- --- dium robustum, Santa Rosa Sound (Town Point), 3 Class Pensacola Allirrator Tampa Florida August 1961; Bursatella leachi plei, Santa Rosa Estuary ~&bor ~uy Bay Sound (English Navy Cove), 29 April 1965; squid egg masses (undetermined species), lower Pensacola Amphineurn 1 0 2 (0) 1 (1) Bay, 1 and 9 August 1961; Santa Rosa Sound (Town Gastropoda 96 119 (66) 56 (17) 67 (33) Point), 3 August 1961. Locally and elsewhere along Scaphopoda 4 0 0 2 (1) Hivalvia 80 99 (60) 73 (30) 61 (39) the northern Gulf coast, Thais haemastoma Ccphalopoda 3 3 (2) 3 (1) 1 (1) deposits egg capsules regularly from March to August (Butler, 1954a). Setting of oysters and their competitors was Totals 184 221 (118) 133 (48) 132 (75) studied in Little Sabine Bay from 1960 through 1963 and in Santa Rosa Sound at the Pensacola Beach toll bridge from 1962 through 1963 using Of the four localities, greatest numbers of standard cement-board plates in holders immersed molluscan species have been reported from the Pen- at fixed depths and changed weekly. Trends in set- sacola Estuary. The species list of the Alligator ting of oysters are summarized as monthly average Harbor area is comparable in size, but includes no set per 100 cm' of surface in Figures 3 and 4. Setting amphineurans or scaphopods, and only about half of of oysters in Little Sabine Bay usually begins in the species occur at Pensacola. Greater areas direct- May or June and ceases in October or November; ly exposed to the Gulf of Mexico and higher chief setting period is usually in June. In 1961, salinities in those areas may be important reasons unusually heavy and prolonged spring rains delayed why a given species occurs in the Alligator Harbor setting until June when salinity levels returned to area but not in the Pensacola Estuary. Of 103 normal; peak setting occurred in August and species reported from the Alligator Harbor area but September, two months later than usual. In 1963, not the Pensacola Estuary, 65 occurred in habitats when rainfall was subnormal, salinity levels aver- with salinity levels ranging from 25 to 37 O1oo.At my aged 20.0 Vlo or greater on 344 days and never fell most saline station (lower Pensacola Bay), salinities below 17.0 VOo,permitting earlier setting, but peak ranged from 22 to 33 Oleo. The lower salinity levels in and total sets were much below those of other years. the Pensacola Estuary are related to the presence of Greatest sets (spat per cmi per week) observed on in- a barrier island impeding exchange between the dividual plates each year were 4.3 (10-17 June 1960), estuary and Gulf and permitting longer retention of 4.6 (5-11 September 1961), 4.8 (14-20 August 1962), fresh water discharged into the estuary by the many and 1.5 (17-24 June 1963). Similar results were tributary rivers and bayous. Had my study included observed at the Santa Rosa Sound bridge station, stations in the nearby Gulf, perhaps many of the but setting rates were lower. Greatest sets (spat per species reported from the Alligator Harbor area cmL per week) observed at this station were 3.2 would have been found. (14-21 May 1962), but only 0.14 (27 May-3 June The Tampa Bay fauna (133 species) as recorded 1963) when setting was greatly reduced by prevail- by Baker (1950),Hutton et al. (1956)and Dragovich FLOHlnA MARINE KESEAHCH PUBLICATIONS and Kelly (1964) is less than the number recorded factor in distribution of annelids within the estuary, from the Pensacola Estuary; no scaphopods were most species appearing restricted to specific salinity reported in their studies. Approximately one-third areas (Appendix 111): High Salinity Area (Pensacola (48 species) of the mollusks known from Tampa Bay and Little Sabine Bays, Santa Rosa Sound)-68 also occur in the Pensacola Estuary. Baker listed 97 polychaetes, one oligochaete, three leeches; In- species, and Hutton et al. listed 50 species from termediate Salinity Area (lower Escambia Boca Ciega Bay alone, while Dragovich and Kelly Bay)-one polychaete; Low Salinity Area (upper listed only 31 species for the entire Tampa Bay area Escambia Bay)-one polychaete; High and In- including Boca Ciega Bay, suggesting that had termediate Salinity Areas-three polychaetes; High Dragovich and Kelly collected dredge as well as net and Low Salinity Areas-three polychaetes; All samples, a larger species list would have resulted. Salinity Areas-ten polychaetes. Although most species are new records for the The northern Gulf of Mexico littoral, of which Pensacola Estuary, relatively few represent very the Pensacola Estuary is a part, lies within the great range extensions. However, four polychaetes Carolinian Zoogeographical Province; consequently, (Pherecardia striatq Magelona sp., Travisia forbesi, the molluscan fauna of the estuary is predominantly and Sternaspis fossor) may constitute first records temperate in character (Rehder, 1954). Faunal for the Gulf of Mexico. associations reported by Rehder and also noted in the Pensacola Estuary include: 1) species Pherecardia striata, represented here by a single characteristically associated with rocky outcrops specimen from lower Pensacola Bay in 1955, is and jetties, e.g.. Pisania tincta, Brachidontes ex- otherwise known from tropical seas. According to ustus; 2) species associated with shallow water san- Hartman (1951: 25), it has a characteristic pro- dy stretches, shallow grassy bays, and muddy flats, stomial caruncle readily distinguishing it from all e.g*, Sinum perspectiuum, Busycon contran'um, other amphinomids. Melongena corona, Oliua sayana, Prunum apicinum, Terebra dislocata, Aplysia willcoxi, Lucina Magelona sp. is represented by 12 specimens floridana, Trachycardium egmontianum, Dosinia collected from lower Pensacola Bay in mud under elegans, Chione cancellata; and 3) species associated 12.2 m of water, 3 August 1961. The specimens dif- with brackish estuaries, e.g., Neritina recliuata, fer from Mugelona near californica Hartman, also Cerithidea scalariformis. Rehder noted a tropical present in the estuary, by possessing frontal horns; component intruding from the adjacent Caribbean some have a single palp, others none. Magelona near Province. Nine Caribbean species reported by Work californica lacks frontal horns and has two palps. (1969)from Los Roques, Venezuela, also occur in the Whether the specimens represent two different Pensacola Estuary. species must await further study.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA Trauisia forbesi is represented by three specimens from sandy mud in 2.4 to 4.6 m in the Annelids are a major faunal component in the east end of Little Sabine Bay (8 November 1962), Pensacola Estuary. The present list records 87 and three specimens from Santa Rosa Sound at species of polychaetes in 67 genera and 31 families, Town Point (1, sandy mud in 5.5 to 6.1 m, 8 one species of oligochaete, and three species of November, 1962; 1 each, sand of protected habitat piscicolid leeches (Appendices I, 11); most are new box in 1.8 m, 20 November 1962, 5 February 1963). records for this estuary. It is known from both sides of the North Atlantic Hartman's (1940; 1941; 1944a, b; 1945; 1950; (Miner, 1950). 1951; 1952; 1959) papers were helpful for identification of polychaetes. Sternaspis fossor, previously known from the Most numerous as individuals and species were Bay of Fundy south to Gay Head and the Woods nereid polychaetes, dominating practically all collec- Hole, Massachusetts region, is present in collections tions. Chief nereids encountered were Laeonereis from Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point in sandy culveri, Neanthes succineq Nereis pelagica occiden- mud in 4.6 to 6.1 m on 8 November 1962 (7 talis and, in winter 1962-63,Platynereis dumerillii. specimens) and 18 January 1963 (1 specimen). The Most polychaetes were collected in sand or san- specimens agree with the descriptions and illustra- dy mud, but serpulids generally attached their tions of Verrill (1873: 507, 606, pl. XIV, fig. 74) and calcareous tubes to old shells. The single oligochaete Miner (1950: 374, pl. 118, color pl. VIII, fig. 12). species lived in mud. Leeches were ectoparasitic on fishes, except for one specimen found unattached in Eighteen other polychaete species recorded here the Laboratory salt water pumping system. were previously known in the Gulf only from single Salinity tolerance appears to be an important localities (Table 7). Some of the present records NUMBER 31 2 1

TABLE 7. POLYCHAETES COLLECTED DURING 1961-63, PREVIOUSLY KNOWN ONLY FROM SINGLE LOCALITIES IN THE GULF OF MEXICO. EXTRA-GULF DISTRIBUTION GIVEN IN STUDIES CITED.

Occurrence in Gulf Family Species Previous Present Studies Study

Phyllodocidae Eteone lactea Ochlockonee Bay, upper Escambia Bay Franklin Co., Fla. (Hartman. 1951) Nereiphylla near paretti Lemon Bay, Fla. lower Pensacola Bay; (Hartman, 1951) Santa Rosa Sound (Town Pt.) Syllidae Syllis gmcilis Franklin Co., lower Penaacola Bay Fla. (Hartman, 1951) Lumbrinereidae Ninoe nigripes gracilis Grand Isle, La. lower Pensacola Bay; (Hartman, 1951) Santa Rosa Sou4 (Town Pt.) Doruillea rubra Dry Tortugas & Little Sabine Bay Loggerhead Key, Fla. (Hartman, 1951) Orbiniidae Scoloplos rubra Franklin Co.. Fla. Santa Rosa Sound (Hartman. 1951) (Town Pt.) Spionidae Prionospio heterobrancha Turtle Bayou, Little Sabine Bay texana Aransas Bay, Texas (Hartman. 1951) Capitellidae Capitellides jonesi St. Andrews Bay, Little Sabine Bay; Fla. Santa Rosa Sound (Hartman, 1959) (Town Pt.) Capitomastus aciculatus St. Andrews Bay, Little Sabine Bay Fla. (Hartman, 1959) Dasybranchus lunulatus Florida Keys Little Sabine Bay (Hartman, 1951) Mediomastus californiensis Alligator Harbor. Santa Rosa Sound Fla. (Town Pt.) (Hartman, 1951) Notomastus hemipodus Lemon Bay, Fla. Santa Rosa Sound (Hartman, 1951) (Town Pt.) Sabellariidae Sabellaria uulgaris Tecolutla, Mexico Santa Rosa Sound beaufortensis (Rioja, 1946, fide (Town Pt.) Hartman, 1951) Sabellidae Branchiomma nigro- Sarasota Co., Fla. Santa Rosa Sound maculata (Hartman, 1951) (Town Pt.) Choneduneri Thornton Is., lower Pensacola Bay; Sarasota Co., Fla. Little Sabine Bay (Hartman, 1951) Megalomma bioculatum Vera Cruz, Mexico lower Pensacola Bay (Rioja, 1946, fide Hartman, 1951) Fabticia sp. Bald Point, Franklin Little Sabine Bay; Co.. Fla. Santa Rosa Sound (Hartman, 1951) (Town Pt.) Serpulidae Hydroides pmtulicola Tecolutla. Mexico Little Sabine Bay; (Rioja, 1946, fide Santa Rosa Sound Hartman, 1951) (Town Pt.)

represent considerable extensions of known study record 199 species in 128 genera and 39 distributions within the Gulf. families. Most of the known littoral polychaete fauna of The polychaete fauna of the Pensacola Estuary the Gulf of Mexico is recorded by Monro (1933, cited is for the most part distributed among the four main Hartman, 1951, who listed 28 species from jor Gulf of Mexico components recognized by Hart- Monro's report not otherwise recorded in her paper), man (1945). Thirteen Pensacola species are of the Hartman (1951, 1952, 1959), Carpenter (1956) and Delta Fauna, 15 have West Indian affinities, 30 Menzel (1956). These six papers plus the present belong to the shore fauna of the eastern United 22 FLORlDA MARINE RESEARCH PUHLICATIONS

States, ranging northward to New England, and 11 the Laboratory salt water pumping system at are cosmopolitan. Remaining Pensacola species are Sabine Island on 7 March 1963 and must have less readily categorized, but some, such as Maldane entered from Santa Rosa Sound. An unidentified sarsi and Pista cristata, are very widely distributed piscicolid leech differing from these was collected in deeper waters; others, such as Neanthes succinea from the lower jaw of Fundulus sp. on 23 October and Laeonereis culveri, are brackish or euryhaline 1961. species. Records of piscicolid leeches from other Gulf A close relationship exists between the Pen- estuaries appear rare. Hutton (1964)recorded three sacola polychaete fauna and that of the Beaufort, species from various fishes in Tampa Bay and in the North Carolina area. Of 87 species now known from Gulf of Mexico off Naples, Florida. Meyer and the Pensacola Estuary, 46 also occur at Beaufort, Barden (1955) reported one species found on blue where 105 species have been recorded (Hartman, crabs, on a caridean shrimp, and on oysters in Texas 1945). and Louisiana. I found none of their species in the The Pensacola Estuary polychaete fauna is the Pensacola Estuary. most diverse published for any locality along the Florida Gulf coast. Reported faunas of seven other areas are compared with the Pensacola fauna in PHYLUM ECHIURIDA. Table 8. The Pensacola and Alligator Harbor faunas, with 46 species in conimon, are most nearly Thalassema mellita has been found in the Pen- alike as might be expected from their proximity. sacola Estuary (Appendix I) in sand or sandy mud Oligochaetes are apparently little known in Gulf in depths less than 4.5 m in the High Salinity Area. of Mexico estuaries. I am aware of only one report The species was collected only from Santa Rosa other than that of Enchytraeus sp. in the present Sound at Town Point (4 specimens, 4 February study. Carpenter (1956: 95, 96) recorded an uniden- 1963; 1 specimen, 20 July 1963) and the west end of tified oligochaete as the dominant annelid just Little Sabine Bay (1 specimen, 31 January 1963). It above the high-tide line in the Alligator Harbor is known elsewhere in the Gulf only from area, Florida. In the Pensacola Estuary, however. Apalachicola Bay (Pearse and Wharton, 1938, cited Enchytraeus sp. was rare at the completely in Hedgpeth, 1954e: 419) and in sand dollar tests in submerged station where collected. the Alligator Harbor area, where it was reported as The present study reports three species of Lissomyema mellita (Conn) by Menzel (1956). piscicolid leeches from the Pensacola Estuary (Ap- Lissomyema was erected by Fisher (1946) for a pendices I, II), all from the High Salinity Area. specimen of Thalassema mellita Conn from Cystobranchus sp. (2 specimens) was found on toad- Beaufort, North Carolina (type locality of T. mellita) fish (Opsanus sp.) in Santa Rosa Sound in February that he considered different from Thalassema. and April 1956. Calliobdella sp. was found free in Echiurids appear rare in Gulf waters. The only

TABLE 8. COMPARISON OF KNOWN PENSACOLA POLYCHAETE FAUNA WITH THOSE REPORTED FROM OTHER WEST FLORIDA LOCALITIES.

Species Locality Species Genera Families also at Source Pensacola

Pensacola Estuary 87 67 3 1 Present study St. Andrews Bay 5 4 2 3 Hartman, 1959 Apalachicola Bay 2 2 2 1 Hartman. 1951 Alligator Harbor Area 78 63 32 46 Carpenter, 1956; Menzel, 1956 Tampa Bay Area' 1 1 1 0 Dragovich and Kelly, 1964 Sarasota County Area 4 1 36 25 24 Hartman. 1951 (Englewood & Lemon Bays. Thornton Is., Chadwick Beach) Florida Bay Area 12 11 9 6 Tabb and Manning, 1961 Tortugas 53 39 18 12 Monro, 1933: Hartman. 1951

' Recent unpublished work by J. L. Taylor indicates 171 species in Tampa Bay NUMBER 31

other records of which I am aware concern ziella limonitella, Nassarius acutus, Nassarius sp., Thalassema philostracum Fisher, in dead shells Oliuella mutica, Polinices duplicatus, Terebra pro- from Thornton Island (near Englewood) and Lemon texta, Turbonilla sp., and others), but were also oc- Bay flats, Florida (Fisher, 1947) and Mustang casionally found in shells of the scaphopod, Den- Island (near Port Aransas), Texas (Hedgpeth, talium texasianum, and in serpulid polychaete tubes 1954e). (Eupomatus dianthus and other unidentified species). Aspidosiphon species typically occupy holes in rotting coral rocks, but in northern waters PHYLUM SIPUNCULIDA may utilize shells and worm tubes instead (Hyman, 1959: 667). Local habitat preference is perhaps Five species occur in the Pensacola Estuary related to scarcity of coral and to abundance of (Appendix I). New records for Florida are small gastropod shells. Phascolion strombi, previously known in the Gulf area only from Caminada Bay, Louisiana (Hedgpeth, 1954e), and Golfingia improuisum, ap- Sipunculus nudus was collected on 30 January parently the first record of this species from the 1963 from a sand box suspended in Santa Rosa Gulf of Mexico. Sound at Sabine Island. A cosmopolitan species, it Sipunculids are confined to the High Salinity has been reported elsewhere in Florida' from Key Area of the estuary (Little Sabine and Pensacola West (Gerould, 1913) and Alligator Harbor (Menzel, Bays and Santa Rosa Sound). Most species live free 1956). in sand or mud in water depths to 13.7 m, but Aspidosiphon speciosus and Phascolion strombi in- habit empty mollusk shells and worm tubes. Siphonosoma cumanense was collected in Santa Seven specimens of Golfingia improvisum were Rosa Sound in sand-filled protected habitat boxes in collected in lower Pensacola Bay in mud in 12.2 m 2 m in November 1962. It also occurs in Boca Ciega on 3 August 1961. It has been reported off Connec- Bay in sand (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), at Key ticut and New Jersey and off the coast of Sweden West in sand, and along the shore in Oyster Bay (Miner, 1950). among oyster shells (Gerould, 1913). The last collection site is uncertain, as Gerould does not specify the county in which Oyster Bay occurs. Along the Phascolion strombi was collected in Little Florida Gulf coast, bays with this name are found in Sabine Bay in sand in 0.3 to 0.9 m during June and Wakulla and Monroe Counties. Siphonosoma July 1961, 3 August 1962, and 19 April 1963; in curnanense is further known from Venezuela, the In- Santa Rosa Sound (Town Point) in sand in 1.1 m on dian Ocean and Indonesia (A. C. Stephen, in litt., 13 July 1961, and in mud in 5.5 to 6.1 m on 8 cited by Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), Queensland November 1962; and in lower Pensacola Bay in sand and Western Australia (Edmonds, 1955), and Tahiti in 0.5 m on 18 January 1963 and in mud in 12.2 m on ( Wesenberg-Lund, 1954). 3 December 1961. It was found only in empty gastropod shells (Anachis iontha, Nassarius sp. and others), although Hyman (1959: 665) noted that The sipunculid fauna of the Gulf of Mexico is members of the genus live in empty scaphopod poorly known and apparently limited to few species. shells and annelid tubes. Although reported Gerould (1913), Fisher (1947), Hedgpeth (1954e), elsewhere in the Gulf only from Caminada Bay, it is Menzel(1956) and Dragovich and Kelly (1964) list a common throughout the Arctic Ocean, the North total of only 12 Gulf species. One other is listed Atlantic Ocean as far south as the West Indies, and herein. the Mediterranean Sea (Gerould, 1913). Along the Florida Gulf coast, sipunculid species have been reported from Key West (lo), the Tor- Aspidosiphon speciosus was collected in lower tugas (2),Oyster Bay (I),Boca Ciega Bay (I),Cedar Pensacola Bay in mud in 12.2 m on 1 August 1961 (6 Keys (I),the Alligator Harbor area (3)and the Pen- specimens), 3 August 1961 (20 specimens), 23 March sacola Estuary (5).The faunas of Pensacola and Key 1962 (2 specimens), 18 January 1963 (3 specimens) West include four species common to both: and 24 April 1963 (1 specimen), and in Santa Rosa Phascolion strornbi, Aspidosiphon speciosus, Sipun- Sound (Town Point) in sand on 13 August 1961 (3 culus nudus and Siphonosoma cumanense. Only specimens). It has been reported elsewhere in Sipunculus nudus is common to reports from the Florida only at Key West (type locality), but has Pensacola Estuary and Alligator Harbor, and only been reported off Havana and off the Brazilian coast Siphonosoma cumanense has been reported in the at about 7 "S (Gerould, 1913). Pensacola specimens Pensacola Estuary as well as in Boca Ciega and occurred chiefly in empty gastropod shells (Kurt- Oyster Bays. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Chelonibia testudinaria was epizoic on an Atlan- CLASS CRUSTACEA tic loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta caretta, cap- SUBCLASS COPEPODA tured in Santa Rosa Sound one mile west of Sabine Island in April 1966. Specimens collected at Pen- sacola by Silas Stearns prior to 1916 were reported No systematic collecting of estuarine copepods by Pilsbry (1916: 265). The species has been record- was attempted. The two species reported (Appendix ed around the Gulf of Mexico from Key West, 11) are from incidental observations and are normal- Florida to Progreso, Yucatan (Pilsbry, 1916; Henry, ly ectoparasitic on fishes. Among these was the first 1954). It occurs in all tropical and temperate seas, known female of Argulus floridensis. It was iden- probably wherever its usual host, the loggerhead tified by Dr. R. F. Cressey, National Museum of turtle, is found (Pilsbry, 1916: 264). Natural History, and is now deposited in that museum. Dr. Cressey will describe the specimen in a Xenobalanus globicipitis was found on the trail- forthcoming revision of the genus. An additional 13 ing edge of the fluke of a 1.7 m, freshly dead female species in ten genera of calanoid copepods and 11 bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, in Santa species in five genera of cyclopoid copepods were Rosa Sound west of Sabine Island in April 1967. collected in the Pensacola area in the winter of 1954 Most dolphins entering bays in this area from the and summer of 1955 by Grice (1960), but it is not Gulf of Mexico are infested with this barnacle, but clear which were collected within the estuary and lose the infestation after entering the bays (J.B. which were from nearby Gulf stations. Siebenaler, Curator of the Gulfarium, Fort Walton In the Alligator Harbor area, Menzel (1956) Beach, Florida, personal communication). This recorded 74 species in eight orders of copepods. obligate cetacean barnacle has numerous hosts; in- More intensive collecting in the Pensacola Estuary festations of bottlenose dolphins in Florida and might also yield a substantial list. Mississippi were reported by Caldwell et al. (1965).

SUBCLASS CIRRIPEDIA Lepadomorph barnacles are represented in the ORDER THORACICA Pensacola Estuary by Octolasmis lowei, found on the gills of a large male blue crab, Callinectes Five species of balanomorph barnacles iden- sapidus, trawled from Santa Rosa Sound in April tified from Pilsbry (1916), occur in the Pensacola 1966. Since this crab is common locally, 0. lowei Estuary (Appendices I, 11). Balanus eburneus ap- may be more common than the data indicate. Oc- parently occurs throughout the estuary, but is abun- tolasmis lowei [as 0.mulleri (Coker, 1902)lis known dant only in the High Salinity Area. Balanus on the Gulf coast from Alligator Harbor, Florida amphitrite niveus and Balanus improvisus are ap- (Menzel, 1956), Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- parently not common locally. mond, 1962) and Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950; Causey, 1961). Callinectes sapidus and C. danae are the usual North American hosts, but Arenaeus Balanus eburneus and B. a. niveus occur in the cribrarius and various species of Libinia, Portunus Gulf of Mexico from the Florida Keys to Texas, from a little above low tide to at least 45.7 m, more and Calappa also serve as hosts (Causey, 1961). often on wood or shells than on rock, and are able to live in brackish water. Balanus improvisus usually ORDER ACROTHORACICA occurs in brackish water. It has been previously reported from west Florida, Mississippi and Texas, The only representative encountered in the Pen- and probably occurs along the northern Gulf of sacola Estuary is Kochlon'ne floridana, known here Mexico wherever suitable substratum (wood, shells, from a single specimen found in January 1966 in old or rock) is available. In other areas, its vertical oyster shell dredged six weeks earlier from Santa distribution is from low tide line to 150 m (Henry, Rosa Sound near Sabine Island and kept in a con- 1954). crete tank supplied with running water from Santa In Little Sabine Bay from 1960 to 1963 and in Rosa Sound. The specimen was identified by Dr. nearby Santa Rosa Sound from 1962 to 1963, bar- Jack T. Tomlinson (in litt., 30 July 1966). nacle setting was essentially continuous, halting only briefly in the coldest part of winter (Figures 3, 4). Peak setting occurred when the water was cool, ORDER RH lZOCEPHALA primarily from February to April or May, secondari- ly in September or October. In these two parts of the Three sacculinids are known in the Pensacola Pensacola Estuary, barnacles are by far the chief Estuary. Loxothylacus texanus and Loxothylacus competitor of the commercial oyster, Crassos trea sp. are parasitic in the blue crab, Callinectes uirginica, for setting space. sapidus; L. panopei is parasitic in xanthid crabs, NUMBER 31

Neopanope texana texana and Eurypanopeus ORDER ISOPODA depressus. All sacculinids are rare locally. Five species in five genera and four families are Loxothylacus texanus has been reported in por- known from the Pensacola Estuary. Sp haeroma tunid crabs in the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, quadridentata was common, occurring chiefly in the 1956).Reinhard and Reischman (1958: 93,95)report High Salinity Area (Little Sabine and Pensacola L. panopei parasitizing Panopeus herbstii and Bays and Santa Rosa Sound at Town Point) on sand Eurypanopeus depressus in Florida. and sandy mud, and rarely (1 specimen) in the In- termediate Salinity Area (lower Escambia Bay) on soft mud. SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA Of 12 isopod species recorded from the Alligator ORDER NEBALIACEA Harbor area (Menzel, 1956),I have seen only Ligyda exotica in the Pensacola Estuary. None of eight Nebalia sp. occurred in small numbers in Little isopod species reported from Florida Bay (Tabb and Sabine Bay and Santa Rosa Sound at Town Point Manning, 1961) were collected here. during summer and fall of 1961, fall of 1962 and winter of 1962-63. ORDER AMPHIPODA

ORDER CUMACEA I identified only Haustorius sp,, a High Salinity Area animal abundant chiefly in spring in the Oxyurostylis smithi was found year-round in shallow-water sand bottom of Santa' Rosa Sound at small numbers in sand and sandy mud in Pensacola Town Point. Haustoriid amphipods from this in- and Little Sabine Bays and Santa Rosa Sound at vestigation are being studied by Dr. E. L. Bousfield, Town Point. National Museums of Canada, who informed me (in litt., 2 May 1966) that cursory examination revealed at least four species in three genera; he believed all ORDER MYSIDACEA species are new to science. Collecting specifically for amphipods will probably yield a larger list for the Only three mysid species are known from the Pensacola Estuary. Menzel(1956) listed Haustorius Pensacola Estuary. Intensive sampling for mysids and six other genera from Alligator Harbor. may reveal a larger fauna.

Bowrnaniella dissimilis, the most common ORDER DECAPODA mysid in the estuary, occurred predominantly on High Salinity Area sand bottoms. It was found Decapods were the most diverse benthic crusta- year-round in Little Sabine Bay and Santa Rosa ceans in the Pensacola Estuary, totaling 66 sbecies Sound, but only in summer in lower Pensacola Bay. in 42 genera and 19 families. Taxonomic keys and It was also collected once in the Intermediate Salini- descriptions of Hay and Shore (1918), Rathbun ty Area (lower Escambia Bay) on soft mud, and (1930), Anderson and Lindner (1943), Provenzano twice in the Low Salinity Area (upper Escambia (1959) and Williams (1965)were useful aids in iden- Bay) on sand. The species is euryhaline, tolerating a tification. salinity range of at least 0.4 to 27.4 Oleo.

Taphromysis bowmani, known only from Section Penaeidea Florida, is represented here by an adult male collected in lower Escambia Bay on soft mud (salinity Six species in four genera and two families were 18.8 Oleo) in January 1963, and by a juvenile female found in the Pensacola Estuary. Penaeus were the found in the Sabine Island saltwater pumping most abundant. Pink shrimp, P. duorarum, were col- system (salinity 24.2 O1Oo)in January 1964. These lected in Little Sabine Bay in all seasons, but were records extend the known range approximately common only in summer. They also occurred in San- 320 km westward. Bllcescu (1961: 523) speculated ta Rosa Sound off Town Point in spring. White that this species occurs "along the entire west coast shrimp, P. setiferus, were collected in all salinity of Florida and at least as far north as Biscayne Bay areas in summer, but not at any station in other on the east coast." seasons; they were common only in the Low and In- termediate Salinity Areas (Escambia Bay). Brown Mysidopsis almyra is represented by a single shrimp, P. attecus, were collected in the High Salini- female collected in the Low Salinity Area (upper ty Area (Pensacola Bay and Santa Rosa Sound off Escambia Bay) on sand in November 1962. Town Point) and the Intermediate Salinity Area FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUR1,ICATIONS

(lower Escambia Bay) only in summer. Rock shrimp. Of 20 species of caridean shrimps in 12 genera Sicyonia breuirostn's, were collected in the High and three families from the Alligator Harbor area Salinity Area in Pensacola Bay in March and (Menzel, 1956) and 22 species in 12 genera from August, and in Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point in Florida Bay (Tabb and Manning, 1961), I collected May, but were never numerous. Trachypenaeus only Alpheus heterochaelis, Latreutes fucorum and sirnilis were collected only in November 1964, when Pakaemonetes pugio. Dragovich and Kelly (1964) several hundred were taken from Santa Rosa Sound reported only unidentified carideans in Tampa Bay. by Laboratory personnel for use in other studies. Menzel (1956) reported eight species of penaei- dean shrimps in the Alligator Harbor area, but of Section Anomura these. I found only P. duorarum, P. setiferus and S. brevirostris. Of four species of penaeids reported Thirteen species in nine genera and four families from Tampa Bay (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), I are reported for the Pensacola Estuary. have collected only P. duorarurn and T. similis. Of six species noted in the Florida Bay area (Tabb and I have seen only six local specimens of Manning, 1961), I found only P. duorarum and P. Callianassa jamaicense louisianensis, all from out- aztecus. side the study area: 1, East Bay, 24 August 1960, substrate unknown; 3 (including 1 ovigerous Q), Bayou Grande at the mouth of Soldier's Creek, mud Section Caridea bank at water's edge, 29 July 1963; 2, Santa Rosa Sound, Woodlawn Beach mud flat, 15 July 1964 Eight species of caridean shrimps in six genera (many were dead or dying after area was sprayed to and three families were collected (Appendices I, 11). control biting flies, Stomoxys calcitrans). No salini- Snapping shrimp, Alpheus heterochaelis, were most ty data are available for these specimens. Hedgpeth common. (1950) collected the species in the salt flat area of Large river shrimp of the genus Macro- Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Texas from sta- brachiurn, although essentially freshwater forms, tions with a salinity range of 5.0 to 17.0 but occasionally enter brackish estuarine waters. stated that actual salinity within the animal's bur- Macrobrachium ohione were taken in upper Escam- row is probably higher. At Alligator Harbor, this bia Bay in May 1964 from freshwater (salinity 0,00 species occurs where salinities range from 25.0 to O1oosurface, 0.09 010, bottom). No salinity data exist 37.0 Oleo (Menzel, 1956). for local specimens of M. acanthurus. Hedgpeth (1950) collected M. ohione in Aransas National Single specimens of Polyonyx gibbesi Wildlife Refuge, Texas, at 8.6 O1,o,and Gunter (1950) (ovigerous 0 ) and Petrolisthes armatus were col- stated that this species enters waters as saline as 12 lected from Santa Rosa Sound, and three specimens o/oo. Elsewhere, M. acanthurus occurs in rivers from of Porcellana sayana were taken from Pensacola Florida to Texas. Macrobrachium ohione is known Bay (High Salinity Area) (Appendix 11). Of six from North Carolina to Texas, and in the Mississip- porcellanid crabs reported from the Alligator Har- pi and Ohio Rivers and their main tributaries as far bor area (Menzel, 1956), I collected only Porcellana north as Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois and Ohio sayana and Petrolisthes armatus. Of four (Pennak, 1953). porcellanids found in the Florida Bay area (Tabb Collection dates for ovigerous caridean shrimps and Manning, 1961) and two porcellanids in Tampa are presented in Table 9. Bay (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), I found only P. ar- rnatus. TABLE 9. COLLECTION DATES FOR OVIGEROUS CARIDEAN SHRIMPS. Emerita talpoida is common at shallow-water, Species Dates sand-bottom stations in lower Pensacola Bay and Santa Rosa Sound at Town Point. It is more abundant at the nearby Gulf beach of Santa Rosa Island, Alpheus heterochaelis 27 June 1951 (1); 8 July 1962 (1); where sportfishermen collect larger specimens for 30 March (I),20 August 1963 (1). bait. It also occurs in the Alligator Harbor area Hippolyte rostericola 20 March 1962 (8). Lsander tenuicornis 7 June 1962 (4). (Menzel, 1956) and at Egmont Key and the Gulf Pakmonetes pugio 21 March 1962 (2); beaches near Tampa Bay (Dragovich and Kelly, 20 April 1966 (2). 1964). Palaemonetes vulgan's 16 November 1962 (2). Macrobmchium acanthurus 7 October 1957 (1). Hermit crabs were predominant anomurans in Macrobmchium ohione 6 May 1964 (2);23 April 1965 (1). both variety and numbers in the Pensacola Estuary. Of 23 species of shallow-water hermit crabs known NUMBER 31 27

from Florida (Provenzano, 1959), eight were col- Paguristes tortugae and Pagurus annulipes, which I lected during the present study and in other years did not find. The latter may actually have been P. (Appendices I, 11). Seven species came from the bonairensis, however. High Salinity Area (Pensacola and Little Sabine Collection data for ovigerous hermit crabs are Bays and Santa Rosa Sound), the eighth from the presented in Table 10. These may be compared with Intermediate Salinity Area (lower Escambia Bay). Petrochirus diogenes never occurred in my samples, TABLE 10. COLLECTION DATA FOR OVIGEROUS but I have seen two specimens trawled locally in HERMIT CRABS. high salinity waters: 1, lower Pensacola Bay between Fort Pickens Dock and U. S. Coast Guard Station, muddy sand, 10.1 to 15.8 m, in Murex Species Collection data fulvescens shell, 20 March 1964; and 1, Santa Rosa Sound (English Navy Cove), 19-23 April 1965. Clibanarius uittatus Santa Rosa Sound at Sabine Island. Clibanan'us cubensis specimens were juveniles. 3 June 1964 (1). The nearest Florida locality for which the Pagunstes hummi Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point. pagurid fauna has been reported is the Alligator 30 January 1963 (2);lower Pensacola Bay, 15 July 1964 (1). Harbor area, where ten species are known (Wass, Pagurus pollican's Lower Pensacola Bay. 20 February 1955, cited by Provenzano, 1959). Seven species oc- 1964 (2). cur at both Pensacola and Alligator Harbor: Pen- Pagurus bonairensis Santa Rosa Sound at Sabine Island. sacola Estuary lacks Isocheles wurdemanni, 16 August 1955 (2);Little Sabine Paguristes puncticeps and P. tortugae, but adds Bay, 21 March 1962 (1). Clibanan'us cubensis. The last is apparently a first northwest Florida record. Westward extensions of Florida ranges are documented for C. vittatus, records by Provenzano (1959) for three species in Paguristes hummi, Pagurus bonairensis and south Florida: Clibanarius uittatus. 28 October possibly for Pagurus longicarpus. 1957; Pagun'stes hummi, 3 February 1967; Pagurus In the Tampa Bay area, Dragovich and Kelly pollican's, March 1938. In Tampa Bay, Dragovich (1964) found only Petrochirus diogenes, Pagurus and Kelly found ovigerous P. pollicaris in November pollicaris and Pagurus longicarpus, all of which oc- and December, 1961, and P. longicarpus from Oc- cur at Pensacola. In the Florida Bay area, Tabb and tober, 1961 through April, 1962. Manning (1961) recorded six species: Petrochirus Table 11 lists 19 gastropod species whose shells diogenes, Pagurus impressus, P. longicarpus and P. housed hermit crabs. The most common hermit pollicaris, which also occur at Pensacola, and crabs employed the greatest variety of shells. Most

TABLE 11. GASTROPOD SHELLS HOUSING HERMIT CRABS COLLECTED DURING 1961-63.

Hermit Crabs

Snail shells Clibanan'us Clibanarius Pagun'stes Pagurus Pagurus Pagurus Pagurus Petrochirus tricolor vittatus hummi bonairensis impressus longicarpus pollicans diogenes

Bulla stn'ata x Busycon spimtum B. pc-rversum Calotrophon ostrearum x Cantharus cancellurius Cerithium muscarum x Epitonium angulutum E. rupicolum Melongena corona Mitrellu lunata Murex fulvescens Nassarius acutus x N. albus x N. uibex x Oliva sayana x Polinices duplicatus Strombus alatus Strombus sp. (prob.S. alatus) Thais haemastoma FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS frequently used shells were Cantharus cancellan'us Santa Rosa Sound in June 1951, and one specimen (4 species), Polinices duplicatus (4 species), Thais trawled from lower Pensacola Bay in 13.1 to 15.2 rn haemastoma (4 species), and Murex fulvescens (3 in March 1962. It is common in Apalachee Bay, species). Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956) and occurs near shore at St. Petersburg Beach, Tampa Bay area (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). Section Brachyura Persephona mediterranea occurs in the Pen- Thirty-nine species in 23 genera and ten families sacola Estuary, but was not taken in the 1961-63 were found in the Pensacola Estuary. The most survey. Recorded specimens are: 1cr, 1 Q , Santa diverse and abundant families are Portunidae, Xan- Rosa Sound, 8 June 1951; 1 ovigerous 9,upper Pen- thidae, Pinnotheridae and Majidae. Sixty-six sacola Bay (Butcherpen Cove), 18 September 1964; species in 41 genera and 13 families occur in the and 1u, Santa Rosa Sound, 457 m W of Pensacola Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956). The same Beach toll bridge, 9 December 1965. Persephona families predominate, and 22 species occur at both mediterranea is apparently uncommon in Alligator localities. Harbor (Menzel, 1956), Tampa Bay (Dragovich and Dromidia antillensis characteristically holds a Kelly, 1964), and Florida Bay (Tabb and Manning, compound tunicate over its carapace for conceal- 1961). ment. This crab is uncommon offshore year-round in Guinot-~umorti er (1959) compared P. the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956),but is rare aquilonaris [=mediterranea] with P. punctata in in the Tampa Bay area, where it conceals itself in some detail, discussed their taxonomy and redefined sponge (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). No ovigerous their ranges. She gave the range of P. aquilonan's as females were collected in the Pensacola Estuary, but New Jersey to Florida and Texas, Antilles Dragovich and Kelly collected them off Tampa Bay (Guadeloupe, in particular), French Guiana, and in April. Guinot-Dumortier (1959)reported its range Brazil. as North Carolina, Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda. Nine species in three genera of Portunidae occur Gulf of Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico, French Guiana in the Pensacola Estuary. The blue crab, Callinectes and Brazil (Islas Abrolhos). sapidus, is common to abundant throughout. The smaller C. danae is common seasonally in the High Calappa jlurnmea, C. angusta and C. sulcata Salinity Area, but rare to absent elsewhere. were not taken during the 1961-63 survey, but are Callinectes ornatus, rarely found, occurs only in known in the Pensacola Estuary from other collec- lower Pensacola Bay. Callinectes sirnilis, described tions: C. flammea, 2 adults, lower Pensacola Bay by Williams (1966) and closely similar to C. danae near Fort Pickens spoil bank, trawl, 9.1 to 15.2 m, 9 and C. ornatus, was not known at the time of the April 1962; C. angusta, 1, Santa Rosa Sound, 3 miles 1961-63 study, but was collected subsequently in W of Sabine Island, trawl, 1,2 to 3.0 m, sand and the Pensacola Estuary by others. Three specimens grass bottom, 25 November 1964; and C. sulcata, 1, from the High Salinity Area, identified by me as C. Santa Rosa Sound between Deer Point and Pen- danae, were discovered among my specimens sacola Beach toll bridge, trawl, 2 June 1966. (Stephen P. Cobb, Florida Department of Natural On the Florida Gulf coast, C. flammea occurs in Resources Marine Research Laboratory, St. the Alligator Harbor area (Menzel, 1956) and off- Petersburg, Florida, personal communication). The shore from Tampa Bay (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). four local Portunus species are uncommon to rare. Calappa angusta is known from southern Florida Although P. sayi and P. spinimanus have been col- (Williams, 1965), but was not included in recent lected occasionally in all salinity areas, they, like faunal lists for the Alligator Harbor, Tampa Bay other local Portunus species, are usually found in and Florida Bay areas (Menzel, 1956; Dragovich and the High Salinity Area. I have seen only six Kelly, 1964; Tabb and Manning, 1961). Faunal lists specimens of Oualipes guadulpensis from the Pen- available to me record C. sulcata from the western sacola Estuary: two each from lower Pensacola Bay and northwestern Gulf off Obreghn, Mexico, Texas and Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point in April 1963, and Louisiana at depths of 22 to 64 m (Hildebrand, and one each from lower Pensacola Bay in February 1954), and at Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, and March 1964. 1968),but not from Alligator Harbor, Tampa Bay or Collection data for ovigerous portunids are Florida Bay (Menzel, 1956; Hutton et al., 1956; presented in Table 12. Dragovich and Kelly (1964) Dragovich and Kelly, 1964; Tabb and Manning, reported ovigerous Portunus gibbesii in Tampa Bay 1961), or Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950). in June 1962, but I collected none in the Pensacola Estuary. Hepatus epheliticus is apparently known in the Portunids shared by the Pensacola Estuary, Pensacola Estuary from one specimen trawled from Alligator Harbor, Tampa Bay and Florida Bay are NUMBER 31

TABLE 12. COLLECTION DATA FOR OVIGEROUS Neopanope t. texana were noted in Tampa Bay in POHTUNID CRABS. January, February, May through July. October. and November (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), in Florida Species Collection data Bay in October and November (Tabb and Manning, 1961) and at Cedar Key in March (Rathbun, 1930). Ovigerous Panopeus herbstii were found in the Tam- Callinectes similis Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point, pa Bay area in June (Dragovich and Kelly, 1964), 3 August 1961 (2). Callinectes sapidus Lower Pensacola Bay: 1 August and ovigerous Eurypanopeus depressus were col- 1961 (7); 14 November 1961 (1);30 lected in the Florida Bay area in January and April 1963 (18).Santa Rosa Sound: November (Tabb and Manning, 1961). 3 August 1961 (4);18 April 1963 (1). One Neopanope t. texana and one Lower Escambia Bay: 29 April 1963 Eurypanopeus depressus from Little Sabine Bay (1). Portunus sayi Santa Rosa Sound at Sabine Island: were parasitized by sacculinid barnacles, Lox- 7 June 1962 (2,on Sargassum othylacus panopei. natans). Six species in three genera of Pinnotheridae Callinectes sapidus, Portunus gibbesii, and P. have been collected in the Pensacola Estuary. Three spinimanus (Menzel, 1956; Dragovich and Kelly, species are commensal with other animals. Pinnax- 1964; Tabb and Manning, 1961). odes floridensis lives in the cloaca and respiratory The sacculinid barnacle, Loxothylacus texanus, tree of the holothurian, Theelothuria princeps. Pin- infected a Callinectes sapidus from Little Sabine naxodes floridensis reported here were obtained Bay and one from Santa Rosa Sound off Town from the single estuarine collection of this sea Point. Loxothylacus sp. parasitized two such crabs cucumber. Wells and Wells (1961) described this from Santa Rosa Sound (English Navy Cove); one crab from specimens collected at Fort Walton Beach host crab was infected by two specimens. and East Pass, Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida. This record extends the known range approximately 64 km westward. The Pensacola list of eight species in five genera Pinnixa chaetopterana occurred in tubes of four of Xanthidae compares with those from the of ten specimens of the polychaete, Chaetopterus Alligator Harbor area (13 species in ten genera), variopedatus, collected during the 1961-63study. In Tampa Bay (eight species in six genera) and Florida each instance, the crabs were paired, one male and Bay (nine species in seven genera) (Menzel, 1956; one female. Laboratory records verify the presence Dragovich and Kelly, 1964; Tabb and Manning, of this crab in the Pensacola Estuary since 1942. 1961). Eurypanopeus depressus, Menippe Pinnotheres maculatus was found in the mantle mercenan'~and Neopanope texana texana occur at cavity of a bivalve, Laeuicardium mortoni, in Santa all four localities. Panopeus herbstii and Pilumnus Rosa Sound during the 1961-63 study. and was sayi have been reported from all but Florida Bay. earlier found in scallops from Santa Rosa Sound in Panopeus occidentalis occurs in the Pensacola June 1950, April 1951, September 1955, and Estuary and Florida Bay, but has not been reported January 1956. from the other two. Pilumnus dasypodus is known Pinnotherid crabs are also known from the in the Pensacola Estuary and Alligator Harbor area, Alligator Harbor area (11 species in three genera) but not further south. and Florida Bay (two species in two genera) (Menzel, Collection data for ovigerous xanthids are 1956; Tabb and Manning. 1961). Pinnotheres presented in Table 13. Elsewhere, ovigerous maculatus occurs in the Pensacola Estuary, Alligator Harbor area and Florida Bay; Pinnixa TABLE 13. COI,I,ECTION DATA FOR OVIGEROUS chaetopterana and P. cylindn'ca are known from XANTHID CRABS. both Pensacola and the Alligator Harbor area. Re maining Pensacola estuarine pinnotherids have not Species Collection Data been reported from these other localities.

Menippe mercenana Santa Rosa Sound, 20 August 1957 (1). Six species in five genera of spider crabs (Ma- Neopanope t. texana Little Sabine Bay, 5 June 1962 (1). jidae) occur in the Pensacola Estuary; all were col- Pilumnus sayi Lower Pensacola Bay, 20 March 1964 lected only in the High Salinity Area. (2). Metoporhaphis calcarata, the most common, occurs Pilurnnus dasypodus Lower Pensacola Bay, 15 July 1964 (1). throughout the year in lower Pensacola Bay and Panopeus herbstii Little Sabine Bay, 13 May 1964 (1). Lower Pensacola Bay, 16 April 1963 Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point. An ovigerous (4). Podochela sidneyi was trawled from lower Pen- sacola Bay in 12.2 to 13.7 m in April 1964. One FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

Stenorhynchus seticornis was trawled from the munication) has suggested that numerous active same area in 10.1 to 15.2 m in March 1964. A single burrows indicate the species has become established Pelia mutica was collected from Santa Rosa Sound on Sabine Island. These are apparently the first in January 1965 from an oyster tray suspended records of the species from northwest Florida. Its from a dock at Sabine Island. Libinia dubia was col- known range includes the east coast of America lected in lower Pensacola and Little Sabine Bays from Florida to Brazil, and the Caribbean Islands. and Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point only from fall In the United States, it occurs "from Vero Beach on through spring. Libinia emarginata is known here the central east coast of Florida around the tip of from two specimens collected in Santa Rosa Sound the peninsula, in the Florida Keys, and along the (June 1950, April 1964). Gulf coast as far north as Tampa" (Gifford, 1962). at All these crabs also occur in the Alligator Har- Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950),and in Texas at bor area, where 16 species and one subspecies in 12 Port Isabel, occasionally as far north as Port Aran- genera are known (Menzel, 1956). In Tampa Bay, sas (Hedgpeth, 1954a) and Rockport (Gifford, 1962). four species in four genera were recorded by Dragovich and Kelly (1964), but only M. calcarata and L. dubia were also collected in the Pensacola ORDER STOMATOPODA Estuary. Six species in five genera were reported in Florida Bay by Tabb and Manning (1961), but only Squilla empusa was the only stomatopod col- M. calcarata, P. mutica and L. dubia have been collected. It is commonly trawled over mud in the High lected in the Pensacola Estuary. Salinity Area (lower Pensacola Bay and Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point) from spring through fall. It is Uca pugilator (Ocypodidae) occurs on sandy known along the entire Florida coast (Menzel, 1956; beaches of Santa Rosa Sound. I did not sample Manning, 1959; Tabb and Manning, 1961; populations of this fiddler crab since it is a shore Dragovich and Kelly, 1964). animal, but it is often collected for use as bait by sportfishermen. Laboratory museum records men- CLASS ARACHNOIDEA tion an ovigerous female collected in May 1952. SUBCLASS ARACHNIDA

Uca minm has been collected by D. R. Nimmo, A single, unidentified, immature pseudoscor- Gulf Breeze Laboratory (personal communication, pion was collected from sand in 0.6 m of water in 1970) in the lower Escambia River and at the mouth Santa Rosa Sound at Town Point in June 1961. Dr. of East Bay River. C. Clayton Hoff informed me (in litt., 25 June 1964) Five species in two genera occur in the Alligator that it belonged to the Cheiridiidae, but he was Harbor area (Menzel, 1956), and four species of Uca unable to assign it to a genus. He believed its are found in Florida Bay (Tabb and Manning, 1961); presence in the water was probably accidental, Uca pugilator and U. minax occur in both localities, although some species do occur in the intertidal In the Tampa Bay area, Dragovich and Kelly (1964) zone. recorded only Uca rapax (Smith). SUBCLASS MEROSTOMATA Sesarrna cinereum and S. reticulatum (Grap- sidae) occur on the rocky shore of Sabine Island. Limulus polyphemus, although not collected They have been noted in Laboratory records since during the 1961-63study, has been long known from 1949, but I did not collect them. Two ovigerous S. the Pensacola Estuary. The earliest record of which cinereum were collected in the Laboratory I am aware is a specimen collected in Santa Rosa boathouse on Sabine Island in July 1949. Both Sound in February 1938 (Hedgpeth, 1954f);earliest species also occur in the Alligator Harbor area record in the catalog of the Gulf Breeze Laboratory (Menzel, 1956); S. reticulatum and two other grap- museum is a specimen from Santa Rosa Sound in sids were recorded from the Florida Bay area (Tabb August 1949. I have seen occasional specimens from and Manning. 1961), but no grapsids were recorded the Sound since 1956. Breeding was recorded during from the Tampa Bay area by Dragovich and Kelly the last week of May 1964 and the second week of (1964). May 1966 in Santa Rosa Sound (P. A. Butler, personal communication), and in June 1964 in lower Cardisoma guanhumi, the land crab (Gecar- Escambia Bay, when I examined a breeding pair cinidae), was collected on the causeway between (total length: D, 502 mm; Q , 213 mm). Elsewhere in Santa Rosa and Sabine Islands (1adult o,October Florida, Menzel(1956) reported the species common 1950) and on Sabine Island (1 adult 9 each, in fall in the Alligator Harbor area, but Dragovich September 1958, September 1964; 1 adult o, and Kelly (1964) collected only three small November 1965). Dr. P. A. Butler (personal com- specimens (length 40 to 51 mm) in the Tampa Bay NUMBER 31 area; Tabb and Manning (1961) did not record it Boschung and Gunter, 1962; Vick, 1964; Pierce, from Florida Bay. 1965). Subphylum Vertebrata PHYLUM CHORDATA CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES Subphylum Urochordata Seven species in seven genera and five families Nine species in five genera and four families are recorded in Appendix IV. Sharks are seldom were found, all in small numbers (Appendix IV). On- caught in the estuary. Those recorded are small ly Bostrichobranchus pillularis (Verrill) occurs out- species, except Carchan'nus leucas, which reaches side the high salinity part of the estuary (Pensacola 2.1 m when mature; all are from the high salinity and Little Sabine Bays and Santa Rosa Sound); it part of the estuary. Five (Aprionodon isodon, was found chiefly in Santa Rosa Sound, but was col- Scoliodon terraenouae, Carcharinus leucas, C. lected in winter 1963 in the Intermediate Salinity milberti and Sphyrna tiburo) were among the 19 Area (lower Escambia Bay). species reported from the St. Andrew Bay area Species collected only once were: 2 Polycitor sp., (Vick, 1964). Of four species reported from the lower Pensacola Bay near Buoy 18, sandy mud in Mobile Bay, Alabama, vicinity (Boschung, 1957), 12.2 to 12.8 m (salinity 30.0 Oleo), April 1963; 1 only Scoliodon terraenouae and Sphyrna tiburo were Molgula habanensis, sand box suspended from dock taken in the Pensacola Estuary. at Sabine Island, 19 November 1962 to 29 January The few skates and rays were also from high 1963 (daily average salinity varied from 21.0 to 29.6 salinity stations. The clearnose skate, Raja Oleo; water temperature ranged from 4.5 to 18.0°C); 5 eglanten'a, and the southern stingray, Dasyatis Molgula lutulenta, trawl, Santa Rosa Sound off amen'cana, are usually trawled in small numbers in Town Point, muddy sand in 4.3 m, March 1962; 1 spring. Stingrays are more common in the estuary Molgula occidentalis, Santa Rosa Sound off Town than present data indicate; I have seen numerous Point, muddy sand in 5.6 m, August 1961. small specimens in shallow grassbeds of English Five of six Amaroucium sp. and one of two Navy Cove in Santa Rosa Sound in summer. Polycitor sp. collected in lower Pensacola Bay in Dasyatis amen'cana also occurs in St. Andrew Bay April 1963 were parasitized by a trematode dis- (Vick, 1964) and in Texas coastal waters (Gunter, cussed elsewhere in this report. This association was 1945; Hoese, 1958), but Boschung (1957) did not also encountered in one of three Amaroucium sp. report it from the Mobile Bay, Alabama, vicinity. collected in the surf on the Gulf side of Santa Rosa I have seen only one cownose ray, Rhinoptera Island in April 1963. bonasus, from the Pensacola Estuary. A juvenile Van Name (1954), in an excellent but brief about 400 mm broad was trawled in Pensacola Bay discussion of the Tunicata of the Gulf of Mexico, in fall 1962 but was not preserved. Bigelow and noted that the Gulf's richest known ascidian fauna Schroeder (1953a) examined a specimen from Pen- occurs in the shallow region that borders the eastern sacola and cited Goode and Bean's (1879) earlier side of the Gulf along the west coast of Florida and Pensacola record, as well as other Gulf of Mexico particularly the southern part of the state. records of the species. According to Bigelow and Schroeder, it is found in coastal waters of the western Atlantic from southern New England to Subphylum Cephalochordata middle Brazil. The descriptions of Hildebrand and Schroeder Branchiostoma caribaeum was collected (1927) and Bigelow and Schroeder (1953b) were regularly in the High Salinity Area, but only once in useful for identifying certain cartilaginous and bony the Intermediate Salinity Area (Appendix IV). fishes whose ranges extend northward into Estimated lancelet densities exceeded 100 per m' at Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Maine, respective one or more high salinity stations each season from ly, as was Nichols (1929) for species ranging fall 1962 through summer 1963; highest catches oc- southward to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. curred in fall and winter. Lancelets occurred more frequently and were more numerous in protected habitat boxes than in nearby sand or mud bottoms, CLASS OSTEICHTHYES possibly because the boxes provided clean siliceous sand (an optimal habitat, according to Pierce, 1965) The known bony fish fauna of this estuary con- and protected them from predation. Along the Gulf sists of 180 species in 133 genera and 66 families coast, the species occurs from Florida to Texas, (Appendix IV); most were collected during the although rarely from the latter (Bigelow and P6rez 1961-63 study. Farfante, 1948; Hefley and Shoemaker, 1952; Although relative abundance is indicated in Ap- Hedgpeth, 1954g; Boschung, 1957; Dawson, 1961; pendix IV, valid comparisons of catch sizes can be 32 FLORIDA MARINE RESEAHCH PUBLICATIONS

made only among trawl samples collected from in the High Salinity Area and lowest in the In- spring 1962 through spring 1963 (Table 14),when ef- termediate Salinity Area; numbers of individuals in fort at each station was equal. the Low and Intermediate Salinity Areas were highest in spring and summer, but numbers in the TABLE 14. SEASONAL VARIATION IN NUMBERS OF High Salinity Area and in the entire estuary were FISH SPECIES AND INDIVIDUALS IN THE CATCH, geitest from winter through summer. SPRING 1962 THROUGH SPRING 1963. BY SALINITY AREA. DOMINANT SPECIES Salinity Area 1962 1963 Spr. Sum. Fall Win. Spr. Ninety-two species were collected during - seasonal sampling from spring 1962 through spring 1963, but few were abundant. Thirteen species LOW: Species 6 7 16 5 10 Individuals 1565 1903 861 25 2802 dominated catches (Table 15). Urophycis floridanus were caught in winter and INTER- Species 6 9 15 9 11 spring; U. regius were caught in spring. Abundance MEDIATE: Individuals 12 963 334 445 3389 of U. ,floridanus at Pensacola was reported by Jor- dan and Evermann (1898). Elsewhere along the HIGH: Species 27 39 29 20 33 Florida Gulf coast, Miles (1951) collected this hake Individuals 1769 2447 773 2076 1688 in the Apalachicola Bay area from February through April at water temperatures of 17.5 to 24°C; Reid (1954) collected it at Cedar Key from ESTUARY Species 30 44 40 26 38 TOTAL: Individuals 3346 5313 1968 2546 7879 January through April at water temperatures ranging from near 9 to 18"C, and cited reports of similar occurrences of this species and congeners along the From spring 1962 through spring 1963, diversi- Gulf and Atlantic coasts. Vick (1964) reported ty in all seasons was greater in the High Salinity neither U. floridanus nor U. regius from the St. An- Area than elsewhere. Diversity increased in the drew Bay area. Elsewhere around the northern Gulf, High Salinity Area during spring and summer, but U. floridanus has been reported in Mobile Bay, declined during fall and winter. In the Low and In- Alabama in May and December (Boschung, 1957), termediate Salinity Areas, however, diversity in- at Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968), creased through fall, declining in winter. Grand Isle and Vermilion Bay, Louisiana (Behre, Generally, numbers of individuals were highest 1950; Norden, 1966) and in Texas in Copano and

TABLE 15. SEASONAL CATCHES OF 13 BONY FISH SPECIES DOMINATING TOTAL CATCHES, SPRING 1962 THROUGH SPRING 1963.

Season of Species 1962 1963 Totals Greatest Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Abundance

Brevoortia patronus SP Anchoa hepsetus r' Anchoa mitchilli Su, F Sy nodus foetens Su Bagre marinus Su Urophycis floridanus w, SP Urophycis regius SP Bairdiella chrysura Su Cynoscion arenarius Su Leiostomus xanthurus W, SP, su Micropogon undulatus SP, su Lagodon rhomboides Sp. su Stenotomus caprinus SP

Total dominants 3079 4982 1759 2389 7728 19937 Total others 267 331 209 157 151 1115 (species) (211 (241 (32) (181 (281 Total all species 3346 5313 1968 2546 7879 21052 NUMBER 31

Aransas Bays and nearby Gulf at water worldwide and in the western Atlantic is found from temperatures of 11.1 to 24.0°C (Gunter, 1945). Nova Scotia and Bermuda to Santos, Brazil, and Hoese (1958) cited Springer and Bullis's (1956) throughout the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958), report of U. regius at RIV Oregon Station 1086 in the Gulf off Texas at 18 fm. RARE AND UNCOMMON SPECIES Bagre marinus were caught in summer; all were juveniles from low and intermediate salinity sta- Few fish species in the Pensacola Estuary are tions. Adults never appeared in my trawl samples. abundant. Many are rare enough locally to warrant but I have caught them on hook and line in other comment. summers in the High Salinity Area, The species has been reported in the Caloosahatchie Estuary in May Albula vulpes. A juvenile, 40 mm SL, was sein- and September (Gunter and Hall, 1965). Reid (1954) ed from Santa Rosa Sound near Sabine Island in reported them common at Cedar Key from April to 0.9 m in June 1965. The species was reported from October, but absent in winter, probably due to high Pensacola by Bean (1883, cited by Evermann and susceptibility to cold. In Apalachicola Bay, they Kendall, 1900). from the St. Andrew Bay area (Vick, were caught in the Bay as early as April (water 1964), and from Tampa by Henshall (1895, cited by temperature 17.5"C), but they were more abundant Springer and Woodburn, 1960, who did not find it at Gulf than Bay stations (Miles, 1951). In St, An- there). It is apparently uncommon along the Gulf drew Bay, they were caught only in June and July coast north of Florida Bay; Hoese (1958) reported it (Vick, 1964). Other Gulf records place the species in rare off the central and southern Texas coast. It has Alabama waters from July to November (Boschung, not been reported between Pensacola and the cen- 1957), In Louisiana, the species was reported in tral Texas coast. In the western Atlantic it is known Barataria Bay in May and July through November from New York and Bermuda to Rio de Janeiro (Fox and Mock, 1968) and in Vermilion Bay from (Briggs, 1958). April to October (Norden, 1966). Alosa chrysochlon's. A juvenile, 26 mm SL, was Cynoscion arenarius were caught in spring and collected by Ekman dredge in upper Escambia Bay summer; all were juveniles and were more numerous in March 1962. Another, 115 rnrn SL, was trawled at low and intermediate salinity stations. In the from upper Escambia Bay in 1.8 to 2.4 m (salinity Apalachicola Bay area, Miles (1951) caught this 20 Yoo, temperature 17.2"C) in November 1962. species from February through May at Gulf sta- Bailey, Winn and Smith (1954) reported it from tions and in April and May at Bay stations. At brackish and fresh water in the tidal section of the Cedar Key, Reid (1954) caught juveniles from Escambia River, which enters the Pensacola September through December, but adults were most Estuary. The only other Florida Gulf coast record I numerous in spring. Vick (1964)found the species in have seen is from Alligator Harbor (Yerger, 1961). St. Andrew Bay from June to September. In Mobile The skipjack herring is euryhaline, ranging along and adjacent bays, Boschung (1957)reported it com- the Gulf coast from Florida to Texas and northward mon in May and August to December (salinity rang- in the Mississippi River to Minnesota and Wiscon- ing from freshwater to 30.2 Oleo). Elsewhere along the sin and the Ohio River to Pennsylvania (Briggs, Gulf coast, it occurs at Horn Island, Mississippi 1958; Hoese, 1958; Hildebrand, 1963). (Richmond, 1968), in Louisiana at Grand Isle (Behre, 1950) and Barataria and Vermilion Bays Trachinocephalus myops. The only specimen I (Norden, 1966; Fox and Mock, 1968); it is common have seen from this estuary is a juvenile, 102 mm in bay and shallow Gulf areas of Texas (Hoese, SL, trawled in 12.2 to 18.3 m in lower Pensacola Bay 1958). in August 1964. Elsewhere along the Florida Gulf coast, the species is common off Pinellas County Mugil cephalus are much more prevalent than (Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., 1966) and has my collections indicate because collecting gear was been reported off Panama City and Pensacola inadequate for this species. Present in the estuary in (Anderson et al., 1966). In the western Atlantic, it all seasons, it schools in large numbers during colder ranges from southern New England and Bermuda to months and supports a local commercial fishery. Rio de Janeiro and throughout the Gulf of Mexico The species is abundant along the entire U. S. coast (Briggs, 1958; Hoese, 1958; Anderson et al., 1966). of the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to Texas (Gunter, 1945; Behre, 1950; Reid, 1954; Kilby, 1955; Menzel, Ictalurus catus. The only white catfish I have 1956; Boschung, 1957; Hoese, 1958; Springer and seen from this estuary, 130 mm SL, was trawled in Woodburn, 7 960; Richmond, 1962; Norden, 1966; January 1965 in 1.8 to 3.0 rn north of the railroad Fox and Mock, 1968).This euryhaline species occurs trestle in Escambia Bay (surface salinity 2.1 Oleo, FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS bottom salinity 4.4 Oleo), Its presence was probably ranges from Massachusetts to Rio Grande do Sul, related to low salinity levels, since this catfish has Brazil (Briggs. 1958; Hoese, 1958). been recorded from "tidal freshwaters" near the mouth of the Escarnbia River (Bailey et al., 1954). It Hirundichthys rondeleti. Two juveniles, 15 and rarely strays into brackish water (Breder, 1948). 17 mm SL, were taken in Santa Rosa Sound in April Gunter and Hall (1965) collected this fish in the 1942. An adult, 190 mm SL, was collected in Santa Caloosahatchee Estuary in January, March and Rosa Sound at Sabine Island in May 1963. A June at salinities of 0.09 to 0.26 Oleo. Elsewhere, it oc- specimen from Pensacola was designated the type of curs in streams from Massachusetts south to Lake Exocoetus volador by Jordan (1884; cited in Jordan Okeechobee, Florida, and in rivers entering the Gulf and Evermann, 1896), Briggs (1958) placed this of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). species in Danichthys, but Starck (1968)assigned it to Hirundichthys. In the western Atlantic, the Gymnothorax nigromarginatus. An adult, blackwing flying fish ranges from southern New 436 mm SL, was taken on hook and line over sand in England and Bermuda to Colombia and throughout Santa Rosa Sound in June 1960. Another adult was the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958; Hoese, 1958). trawled in lower Pensacola Bay near Buoy 18 in 13.7 m in August 1961. Jordan and Evermann Cypselurus heterurus. A single specimen, (1896) reported this eel from Pensacola as Lycodon- 210 mrn SL, was found freshly dead on the Santa tis saxicola nigromarginatus. In the Gulf of Mexico, Rosa Sound beach of Santa Rosa Island south of the blackedge moray occurs along the coast of Sabine Island in May 1965. In the western Atlantic, Florida and westward to Padre Island, Texas the species occurs from the Gulf of Maine and Ber- (Ginsburg, 1951a; Hoese, 1958). muda to Rio de Janeiro and throughout the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958; Hoese, 1958; Vick, 1964). Ariosoma impressa. The only specimen I have seen, 535 rnrn SL, was trawled in Santa Rosa Sound Fundulus grandis grandis. Gulf killifish occur in in April 1964. It has been reported from Dauphin marsh drainage ditches emptying into Santa Rosa Island, Alabama (Ginsburg, 1951a) and from north Sound, and are occasionally collected in the Sound of Marquesas Keys, Florida (Moe et al., 1966). It itself. D. L. Coppage (personal communication) ranges from Cape Hatteras to Cuba and in the reported them less common in the marsh ditches northern Gulf of Mexico as far west as Dauphin than either F. similis or Cyprinodon variegatus, and Island, Alabama (Ginsburg, 1951a; Briggs, 1958). noted that salinities in the ditches vary from 6 to 29 O1Oo,depending on tidal stage and rainfall. Two Ophichthus guttifer? A single specimen, 95 mm unusually large specimens, 135 and 141 mm SL, SL, was collected in Santa Rosa Sound from mud in were taken from a "dried up marsh pond" 5.5 to 6.1 m (salinity 30.6 Oleo, temperature 20.0°C) (presumably on Santa Rosa Island). It has also been in November 1962. It was too badly preserved to reported from the Escambia River (Bailey et al., confirm all characters and was provisionally as- 1954). Boschung (1957) reported it from the Mobile signed to this species. According to Ginsburg Bay area as F. heteroclitus grandis. The species (1951a), 0.guttifer may be a variant of 0.ocellatus ranges from the Mantanzas River in northeast (LeSeuer). The type specimen of the former, Florida south to the Florida Keys, then north and presumably collected in the Gulf of Mexico, was west along the Gulf coast at least to Laguna de sent to the U. S. National Museum from Pensacola Tarniahua, Mexico (Kilby, 1955; Brown, 1957; Vick, by Silas Stearns (Ginsburg, 1951a). Previously 1964; Gunter and Hall, 1965). thought confined to snapper banks off Pensacola (Ginsburg, 1951a), the Florida snake eel apparently Fistularia tabacaria. I know of only one cornet- enters at least the high salinity part of the Pen- fish from this estuary, a 183.8 rnrn SL specimen sacola Estuary. trawled at 1.8 to 3.0 m in Santa Rosa Sound two miles west of Sabine Island in July 1964. Reported Ophichthus gomesi. I have seen only one from Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968), it specimen, 183 rnrn SL, taken on hook and line in also has been collected at Port Isabel and off Aran- Santa Rosa Sound in April 1951. Although sas Pass, Freeport, and Padre Island, Texas (Hoese, previously reported from Pensacola (Ginsburg, 1958). In the western Atlantic, the species ranges 1951a), it is rare in this estuary. It occurs along the from the Gulf of Maine and Bermuda to Rio de entire Florida Gulf coast from Key West and Janeiro, Brazil (Briggs, 1958; Hoese. 1958). Florida Bay to Pensacola, and at Bayou La Batre, Alabama (Ginsburg, 195la; Reid, 1954; Joseph and Micrognathus crinigerus. A female, 61 mm SL, Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb was collected in February 1967 from an oyster tray and Manning, 1961; Vick, 1964; Moe et al., 1966). It suspended in Santa Rosa Sound at Sabine Island NUMBER 31

(salinity 32.2 010,, temperature 10.O°C). I have seen specimens from Santa Rosa Sound (180 mrn SL, no others from the estuary. This pipefish occurs June 1955; 187 rnrn SL, trawled in April 1964). I along the entire Florida Gulf coast (Reid, 1954; have not found the species in any recent faunal lists Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, for Florida Gulf coast estuaries. Jordan and Ever- 1960; Moe et al., 1966), and ranges from Florida to mann (1896) described specimens from Pensacola, Abrolhos Reef, Brazil, including the northeastern and Courtenay (1967) reported a specimen from off Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). St. George Island in the northeastern Gulf.

Epinephelus nigritus. A juvenile, 126 mm SL, Serranellus subligarius. Two specimens, 79 and was trawled from Santa Rosa Sound between Deer 92 mm SL. were caught in a fish trap in Santa Rosa and Fair Points in late August 1963. I have seen no Sound in June 1951. Two more were trawled from others from this estuary. A juvenile (about 460 mm lower Pensacola Bay in February 1964. One (73 mm and 1.4 kg) was speared by J. A. Couch (personal SL) was caught in the ship channel between Buoys communication) at the steel jetties at the mouth of 15 and 26 in 9.1 to 10.7 m; the other was caught be- Pensacola Bay on 9 February 1964. In previous tween the entrance to Big Lagoon and the U. S. years, he saw adults there that weighed an Coast Guard Station in 3.0 to 15.2 m. The belted estimated 22 to 45 kg, Juveniles are known locally sandfish occurs along the Florida Gulf coast from as "kitty mitchell" by some fishermen, who perhaps Tortugas to the Pensacola Estuary and offshore in do not associate them with the much larger adult. the Gulf of Mexico (Longley and Hildebrand, 1941, The studies of Smith (1961) and Rivas (1964) were cited in Reid, 1954; Clark, 1959; Springer and Wood- especially used for identification and distribution of burn, 1960; Yerger, 1961; Moe and Martin. 1965; this species. Along the Florida Gulf coast, Vick Moe et al., 1966). It ranges from North Carolina to (1964) found the Warsaw grouper common in deep Florida and west to Texas (Robins and Starck, channels of St. Andrew Bay and in the Gulf off 19611. Panama City. It occurs in Alabama waters (Boschung, 1357), but was not reported at Horn Serraniculus pumilio. A single specimen, 56 mm Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962, 1968) and is SL, was trawled in lower Pensacola Bay near Buoy rare at Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950). In 18 in 13.4 to 16.1 m in February 1962. It has been Texas, Hoese (1958) found it fairly common, noting reported from Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, that young enter the bays, but Gunter (1945)did not 1968), and off Padre Island (Hoese, 1958, citing record it. The species occurs from Massachusetts others) and upper Aransas Bay (Gunter, 1945), and Bermuda to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Texas. The pygmy sea bass occurs in the northern throughout the Gulf of Mexico (Smith, 1961). Gulf from Texas to Tampa Bay, Florida, and northward along the Atlantic coast from Cape Kennedy, Mycteroperca interstitialis. I have seen only Florida to Cape Lookout. North Carolina (Ginsburg, two yellowmouth groupers, both from Santa Rosa 1952b; Reid. 1954; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Sound. One, 104 mm SL, was collected in July 1949; Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., 1966). the other, 150 mm SL, was caught in a fish trap at Sabine Island on 10 October 1963 (salinity 29.6-31.6 Lobotes surinamensis. I have seen only o/o,, temperature 23.5-25.0°C). In Texas, Hoese juveniles collected in Santa Rosa Sound: two (17 and (1958) reported it from jetties at Port Aransas. I 37 mm SL) trawled in August 1950, and one have not seen this species in any recent faunal lists (109 mrn SL) dipnetted in July 1956. The tripletail for Florida Gulf coast estuaries. It ranges from occurs along the entire Florida Gulf coast (Miles, Massachusetts to Florida and Cuba (Briggs, 1958). 1951; Reid. 1954; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb and Manning, 1961; Yerger, 1961; Vick, 1964; Mycteroperca phenux. The only specimen I have Moe et al., 1966). Specimens have been caught at seen from the estuary, 155 mm SL, was caught in Mobile Bay in July and August (Boschung. 1957).in Santa Rosa Sound in October 1952. Scamp have Louisiana at Grand Isle (Behre. 1950), Barataria been reported from deep water Gulf reefs off and Vermilion Bays (Norden. 1966; Fox and Mock, Panama City (Vick, 1964), at Horn Island, 1968), and in Texas at Freeport, Aransas Bay and Mississippi (Richmond, 1968), and in Texas at elsewhere (Gunter, 1945; Hoese, 1958). In the Freeport and Aransas Pass and offshore in the Gulf western Atlantic, it ranges from Massachusetts and (Hoese, 1958, citing others). It ranges from the Bermuda to Argentina (38"S) (Briggs, 1958). Carolinas southward around the southern tip of Florida, along the northern Gulf of Mexico to Texas Lutjanus griseus. I collected only one gray and Yucatan (Smith, 1961). snapper, a 75 mrn SL juvenile trawled in the west end of Little Sabine Bay on 16 November 1962. Rypticus bistrispinus. I have seen two Another specimen, 140 mm SL, has no collection FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS data, but, judging from its position in the reference Pomatomus saltatrix. The only two specimens I collection numbering system, appears to have been have seen from the estuary were caught on hook and added to the collection during spring or summer line in July and August 1963, The latter was 1957. Recent faunal lists for Florida Gulf coast 250 mm SL. Bluefish are numerous in spring and localities record this euryhaline species from the summer in the nearby Gulf. They occur along the en- Florida Bay area (Tabb and Manning, 1961), tire Florida Gulf coast, more frequently offshore Caloosahatchie Estuary (Gunter and Hall, 1965), than inshore (Reid, 1954; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; the Tampa Bay area (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Vick, 1964; Moe et Moe and Martin, 1965), Monroe and Pinellas Coun- al.. 1966), and along the Alabama and Texas Gulf ties (Moe et al., 1966). Cedar Key (Reid, 1954), coasts (Boschung, 1957; Hoese, 1958). Distribution Alligator Harbor (Joseph and Yerger, 1956), and St. is worldwide; in the western Atlantic, the species Andrew Bay and vicinity (Vick, 1964). Elsewhere ranges from Nova Scotia and Bermuda to Argentina along the northern Gulf of Mexico, it has been (40"s) (Briggs, 1958). reported from Mobile and Dauphin Island Bays (Boschung, 1957),and from Barataria Bay (Dawson, Caranx bartholomaei. A 50 mm SL juvenile was 1966); in Texas, Hoese (1958)reported it fairly com- trawled in lower Escambia Bay in November 1962 in mon, although Breuer (1962) did not find it in the 1.8 to 2.4 m (salinity 20.4 OIo0,temperature 17.2"C). Lower Laguna Madre. Briggs (1958)gave the range The Laboratory reference collection catalog also has of the gray snapper as both sides of the Atlantic; in listed a yellow jack, SL not noted, collected in a fish the western Atlantic, it ranges from Bermuda to Rio trap in Santa Rosa Sound in September 1955, but de Janeiro. the specimen can no longer be found. I have not found this species in any recent faunal lists for Florida Gulf coast localities, and know of no recent Lutjanus synagris. I have seen three spot snap- Florida Gulf coast record other than an 85 rnm Pen- pers from this estuary. A 77.5 mm SL specimen was sacola specimen reported by Ginsburg (1952~). trawled in Santa Rosa Sound in August 1957, collec- However, Berry (1958) noted its occurrence in the tor unknown. A 75 mrn specimen was trawled in Gulf of Mexico. It has also been reported at St. Pensacola Bay (vicinity of Buoy 18)in August 1962. Joseph Island, Texas (Gunter and Knapp, 1951, D. J. Hansen trawled a 110 mm SL specimen in San- cited in Hoese, 1958). The yellow jack ranges from ta Rosa Sound (English Navy Cove) in September Massachusetts to Macei6, Brazil, and the northern 1963. Recent faunal lists for Florida Gulf coast Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). localities record the species from the Florida Bay area (Tabb and Manning, 1961),the Tampa Bay area Oligoplites saurus. Four juveniles, 31-34 mm (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe and Martin, SL, were collected in a Santa Rosa Island marsh 1965),Pasco, Pinellas and Lee Counties and the Gulf drainage ditch in June 1963. Jordan and Gilbert of Mexico from the Marquesas Keys to Sarasota (1882, cited by Reid, 1954) found the leatherjacket County (Moe et al., 1966). Elsewhere along the "rather common in summer at Pensacola." It occurs northern Gulf of Mexico, the species has been along the entire Florida Gulf coast (Ginsburg, reported from Bon Secour Bay, Alabama 1952c; Reid, 1954; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; (Boschung, 1957), Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb and Manning, mond, 1962, 1968), and Barataria Bay, Louisiana 1961; Vick, 1964; Moe et al., 1966). It has been col- (Behre, 1950);in Texas, Hoese (1958)reported it off- lected in Mobile Bay from July through September shore and occasionally inshore. Briggs (1958) (6.5 to 16.1 O/o,;26 to 33°C; Boschung, 1957), off reported the range of the spot snapper as Bermuda Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962), and in and North Carolina to Santos, Brazil. Barataria and Vermilion Bays, Louisiana from June to October and November (Norden, 1966; Fox and Priacanthus arenatus. I have seen only two Mock, 1968). It is uncommon in Texas bays and specimens from this estuary: one (46 mm SL) trawl- nearby Gulf waters (Hoese, 1958).The leatherjacket ed from Santa Rosa Sound in May 1956; the other ranges from the Gulf of Maine to Uruguay (Briggs, (51 mm SL) trawled in lower Pensacola Bay near 1958). Buoy 18 in 13.7 m in July 1961. I have not found it in any recent faunal lists for other Florida Gulf Trachinotus carolinus. The only estuarine coast estuaries, but it has been reported off the specimen I have seen (149 mm SL) was trawled from Texas coast near Padre Island and Port Aransas Escambia Bay off Trout Bayou in 1.8 to 2.7 m dur- (Hoese, 1958, citing others). In the western Atlantic, ing October 1965 (salinity 27.0 Oleo, temperature the bigeye ranges from Bermuda and Massa- 24.5"C). Pompano are common along nearby Gulf chusetts to Argentina (35"s) and is widespread in beaches in spring and early summer, and occur the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). along the entire Florida Gulf coast (Ginsburg, NUMBER 31

1952c; Reid, 1954; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Gulf south of Dauphin Island, Alabama, and in Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb and Manning, Mississippi Sound between Cedar Point and 1961; Vick, 1964; Moe et al.. 1966). They occur in Dauphin Island; he considered it uncommon in Mobile Bay and along the Gulf beaches of Alabama Alabama. and cited reports that it is more common in August and October (Boschung, 1957), off Horn in the western part of its Gulf range, In Louisiana, it Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962), in Barataria is "one of the commonest species" around Grand and Vermilion Bays, Louisiana (Norden, 1966; Fox Isle (Behre, 1950), and is present in Barataria Bay and Mock, 1968), and are common in Texas (Hoese, from June to December (Fox and Mock, 1968), but 1958). The species ranges from Massachusetts and rare in Vermilion Bay (Norden. 1966). Hoese (1958) Bermuda to Santos, Brazil (Briggs, 1958). found it uncommon in shallow Gulf waters in Texas. The banded drum ranges from Massachusetts to Eucinostomus lefroyi. Six mottled mojarra (13.5 Florida and the northern Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, to 30 mm SL) were trawled in 2.4 to 4.6 m in Little 1958). Sabine Bay in November 1962 (salinity 27.4 OIo0, temperature 16.5 "C). Jordan and Swain (1884) Menticirrhus focaliger. The only specimen I reported this species from Cedar Key, but Reid have seen (126 mrn SL) was trawled in Santa Rosa (1954) did not find it there. Hoese (1958)reported it Sound (English Navy Cove) in September 1963. The from Port Aransas, Texas. It ranges from Bermuda rninkfish occurs along most of the Florida Gulf and North Carolina to Natal, Brazil (Briggs, 1958). coast from Monroe County northward and westward to the Pensacola Estuary (Ginsburg, Haemulon sciurus. A 130 rnrn SL specimen was 1952c; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Springer and caught on hook and line in Santa Rosa Sound in Woodburn, 1960; Gunter and Hall, 1965; Moe et al.. June 1951. Recent Florida Gulf coast records are all 1966). Boschung (1957)caught it in the Gulf surf at from Monroe County in southern Florida (Tabb and Baldwin County, Alabama. It is widespread in the Manning, 1961). The bluestriped grunt ranges from Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). Bermuda and the Florida Keys to Rio de Janeiro and the northeastern and southwestern Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). Menticirrhus littoralis. One specimen (112 rnrn SL) was trawled from Santa Rosa Sound a half mile Equetus umbrosus. I have seen only two west of Sabine Island in 1.8 to 3.7 m in May 1964. I specimens from the Pensacola Estuary. Both were have seen no others from this estuary. The Gulf collected in a fish trap in Santa Rosa Sound at kingfish also occurs along the Florida Gulf coast in Sabine Island by H. L. Jones: a 115 mm SL the Apalachicola Bay area (Miles, 1951),at Alligator specimen on 17 April 1967; a 116 mm SL specimen Harbor (Joseph and Yerger, 1956), and in Pinellas, on 2 October 1967. Salinity and water temperature Sarasota and Lee Counties (Springer and Wood- were not taken at time of collection. However, data burn, 1960; Gunter and Hall, 1965; Moe and Martin, taken continuously from the Laboratory's saltwater 1965; Moe et al., 1966). Boschung (1957)caught this system intake about 7.62 m (25 ft) from the fish trap species along the Gulf shore of Alabama, but not indicate that on 17 April 1967, water temperature within Mobile Bay. It is present at Horn Island ranged from 23.0 to 26.0°C and salinity averaged (Richmond, 1962), uncommon in Barataria Bay. 28.5 Oleo (27.6 to 29.8 Oleo), whereas on 2 October Louisiana (Behre, 1950; Fox and Mock, 1968), and 1967, water temperature ranged from 20.5 to 22.5'C occurs in shallow Gulf waters in Texas (Hoese, and salinity averaged 29.9 Oleo (28.0 to 31.2 O/OO). 1958). It ranges from Virginia to Florida and Along the Florida Gulf coast, the species has been throughout the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). reported from the Tortugas (Longley and Hildebrand, 1941, fide Reid, 1954). Although it does Pogonias cromis. I collected no black drum dux- not appear on species lists from other Gulf estuaries ing this study, but they are occasionally caught in consulted for this study, Briggs (1958) noted that the estuary by sportfiahermen. One was caught on the cubbyu ranges from South Carolina to Florida hook and line at Sabine Island during June 1963 and the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. (W. T. Young, personal communication). It has been collected just outside the Calooshatchee Estuary Larimus fasciatus. The only specimen I have (Gunter and Hall, 1965), is common in Tampa Bay, seen (119 mm SL) was trawled from Santa Rosa Florida (R. W. Topp, personal communication), and Sound (English Navy Cove) in September 1963. occurs in Mobile Bay, Alabama (Boschung, 1957% Joseph and Yerger (1956) reported a single juvenile Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1962) and at Alligator Harbor, but I have not seen the species Barataria and Vermilion Bays, Louisiana (Norden, in recent faunal lists for other Florida Gulf coast 1966; Fox and Mock, 1968). It is commercially im- localities. Boschung (1957) collected it in fall in the portant in Texas (Gunter, 1945; Hoese, 1958). Black FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS drum occur from Massachusetts to Argentina ranges from Bermuda and Rhode Island to Uruguay (40"s)(Briggs, 1958). (Briggs, 1958),

Diplodus holbrooki. The only specimen I have Eupomacentrus leucostictus. I observed seen from the estuary (115 mm SL) was caught in a juveniles swimming among submerged rocks at fish trap at Sabine Island on 2 December 1963 Sabine Island on 14 September 1966. The species (average salinity 28.2 Oloo,temperature 13.5 to has only been reported along the Florida Gulf coast 16.0°C). The spottail pinfish also occurs along the at Clearwater Harbor (Pinellas County), though ap- Florida Gulf coast from the Alligator Harbor area to parently not since Goode and Bean's (1880) report, Tampa Bay and offshore in the Gulf from Pinellas according to Springer and Woodburn (1960). Hoese County to Sarasota County (Reid, 1954; Joseph and (1958, citing Springer and Hoese, 1958) reported it Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe et from off Pass Cavallo, Texas. In the western Atlan- al., 1966), but is not reported in recent lists for tic, the beaugregory occurs from Maine and Ber- Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, or Texas. It muda to Bahia, Brazil (Briggs, 1958). ranges from Chesapeake Bay to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). Lachnolairnus maximus. The only hogfish I have seen is a juvenile (140 mm SL) trawled in Santa Kyphosus sectatrix. I have seen only three Rosa Sound (English Navy Cove) in September specimens, all from Santa Rosa Sound. Two (98 and 1966. It has been reported along the Florida Gulf 103 mm SL) were taken by castnet in May 1950; the coast from Florida Bay and the Florida Keys to the other (about 200 rnrn SL) was caught on hook and Alligator Harbor area (Reid, 1954; Joseph and line at Sabine Island in November 1965. Moe et al. Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb (1966) reported specimens from inshore waters of and Manning, 1961; Moe et al., 1966). It ranges from Pinellas County, but I have seen no other recent Bermuda and North Carolina to Colombia, and the Florida Gulf coast records. It was also reported at northeastern and southwestern Gulf of Mexico Corpus Christi, Port Aransas and other Texas (Briggs, 1958). localities (Hoese, 1958). In the western Atlantic, the Bermuda chub ranges from Massachusetts and Ber- Hemipteronotus nouacula. Two specimens (75 muda to Brazil (Briggs, 1968). and 84 mm SL) were trawled in Santa Rosa Sound in July 1951. Three more (50 to 69 mm SL) were Chaetodon ocellatus, I have seen three trawled from Santa Rosa Sound west of Sabine specimens, all from Santa Rosa Sound. One (90 mm Island in 4.6 to 6.1 m in October 1963. The pearly SL) was trapped over sand in August 1949; a razorfish has been trawled occasionally in the High juvenile (15 mm SL) was collected with SCUBA Salinity Area in other years. I have not seen it in re- about 180 m west of Sabine Island in 3 m during cent faunal lists for Florida or Alabama Gulf coast summer 1963, and a juvenile (71 mm SL) was estuarine localities, although it has been reported trapped at Sabine Island in October 1963. The only from Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968). recent Florida Gulf coast records I have seen cite it Nouaculichthys rosipes (Jordan and Gilbert) and offshore of Pinellas County and in the vicinity of Xyn'chthys psittacus (Linnk) were synonymized Marquesas Keys (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; with this species by Randall (1965), who examined Moe et al., 1966). It occurs at Port Isabel and Port specimens from the Mediterranean and southern Aransas, Texas (Hoese, 1958),but is not reported in Caribbean Seas and the Gulf of Mexico. recent lists from Alabama, Mississippi, or Loui- siana. The spotfin butterflyfish ranges from Sparisoma radians. One specimen (60 rnm SL) Massachusetts to Mamanguape, Brazil and is was trawled over sand in Santa Rosa Sound in June widespread in the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). 1949. I know of no other record of Scaridae from this estuary. Hoese (1958, citing others) reported S. ra- Abudefduf saxatilis. I observed juveniles swim- dians from Corpus Christi Bay and Port Isabel, ming among submerged rocks at Sabine Island on Texas. Schultz (1969) cited the range of the species 14 November 1966. Elsewhere along the Florida as central and western Atlantic Oceans. Gulf coast, the species has been reported at Panama City, John's Pass (Pinellas County), and off Monroe Scomber colias. A juvenile (138 mm SL) was County (CaldweU and Briggs, 1957, cited by trawled in lower Pensacola Bay near Buoy 18 in 12.2 Caldwell, 1959; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe to 14.3 m in April 1963 (salinity 30.0 0/,,, et al., 1966). It is also known at Horn Island, temperature 23.3OC). Another (125 rnm SL) was Mississippi (Richmond, 1968) and at Port O'Connor dipnetted from a surface-feeding school of round and Port Aransas, Texas (Hoese, 1958, citing scad, Decapterus punctatus, in Santa Rosa Sound in others). In the western Atlantic, the sergeant major late April 1967, Recent Florida Gulf coast faunal NUMBER 31 lists record the chub mackerel from the Tampa Bay throughout the Gulf of Mexico and West Indies area and the Gulf of Mexico off Pinellas and Lee (Briggs, 1958; Dawson, 1969). Counties (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe et al., 1966). Hoese (1958, citing others) noted its presence Gobionellus hastatus. One specimen (80 mm off Padre and Mustang Islands and Port Isabel, SL) was taken in Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point Texas, but it was not recorded on recent lists from by Ekman dredge in 5.8 m on mud in August 1962 Alabama, Mississippi or Louisiana. In the western (salinity 29.0 Oleo, temperature 28.2"C); another Atlantic, the species ranges from Nova Scotia and (114 mm SL) was trawled in the Sound west of Bermuda to Ilha Rosa, Brazil (Briggs, 1958). Sabine Island in September 1963, and two (both 124 mm SL) were trawled in lower Escambia Bay in Dormitator maculatus. An adult (93 mm SL) 3.0 to 3.7 m in April 1963 (salinity 16.4 Oleo, was trawled in upper Escambia Bay in August temperature 24.g°C). Two others (95 and 110 mm 1965. I have seen no others from this estuary. Re- SL) were taken in Santa Rosa Sound in April 1949 cent Florida Gulf coast faunal lists record the fat and July 1964. All were adults. The species has also sleeper only in the Pinellas County and Tampa Bay been reported from freshwater in the Escambia area (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe et al., River (Bailey et al., 1954).Recent faunal surveys for 1966) and at Coot Bay Pond in the Florida Bay area Florida Gulf coast localities list the sharptail goby (Tabb and Manning, 1961). Elsewhere along the at Alligator Harbor (Joseph and Yerger, 1956) and Gulf coast, it occurs in Louisiana at Grand Isle in Pinellas County and the Tampa Bay area (Spring- (Behre, 1950) and Vermilion Bay (Norden, 1966). It er and Woodburn, 1960; Moe et al., 1966). The occurs from North Carolina to Rio de Janeiro and in species also occurs in Mobile Bay and Mississippi tributaries on all sides of the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, Sound (Boschung, 1957; Dawson, 1969), at Horn 1958). Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968), in Barataria and Vermilion Bays, Louisiana (Behre, 1950; Eleotris pisonis. I have seen only two Norden, 1966), and is not uncommon in Texas specimens, both juveniles, from this estuary. One waters (Hoese, 1958). It occurs from North (13 mm SL) was collected by Ekman dredge from Carolina to Campeche, Mexico (Dawson, 1969). mud in 5.8 rn in Santa Rosa Sound off Town Point in August 1962; the other (64 mm SL) was dipnetted at Gobionellus stigmaturus. The spottail goby was Sabine Island in October 1964. An additional adult collected twice during the study, at opposite ends of (84 mm SL) was taken by hook and line in the Little Sabine Bay, by W. T. Young. One specimen, Escambia River, outside the study area, in February 30 mm SL, was collected by trawl from the west end 1959. Collection of this species in Santa Rosa Sound of the Bay in January 1963 (water depth 0.9 to indicates that it can invade high salinity waters, 5.8 m; salinity 16.0 oleo surface, 23.4 Oleo bottom; although, as Dawson (1969) noted, it is usually temperature 133°C surface, 10.3"C bottom). The restricted to low salinity areas. I have not found the second specimen, 28 mm SL, was taken in a pro- species on any recent faunal lists for Florida Gulf tected habitat box in the east end of the Bay in coast estuarine localities, but it has been reported at February 1963 (water depth 2.4 m; salinity 20.0 Oleo; Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968), temperature 11.5"C). The only recent Florida Gulf Mississippi Sound (Dawson, 1969), Vermilion Bay, coast records I have found are for Monroe County Louisiana (Norden, 1966), and Galveston and Mis- (Moe et al., 1966) and Cedar Key (Kilby, 1955). sion Bay, Texas (Hoese, 1958). The spinycheek Briggs (1958) noted that the spottail goby ranges sleeper occurs from Bermuda and South Carolina to from Bermuda to the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Rio de Janeiro and in tributaries on all sides of the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958; Dawson, 1969). Gobiosoma longipala. A juvenile was collected in November 1962 from a protected habitat box submerged for approximately three months in Evorthodus lyricus. An adult (79 mm SL) was Santa Rosa Sound at Town Point. The specimen was trawled from lower Pensacola Bay in August 1961; I identified by Dr. Victor G. Springer and deposited have seen no others from this estuary. The species in the National Museum of Natural History (USNM has been reported at Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- 201039). The only other Florida Gulf coast records mond, 1968), Mississippi Sound (Dawson, 1969), of the twoscale goby are from inshore waters of Grand Isle, Louisiana marsh ditches (Behre, 1950), Pinellas County (Moe et al., 1966), Boca Grande and in Texas at Galveston (Hoese, 1958, citing (Briggs, 1958) and Caloosahatchie Estuary (Gunter Fowler, 1945) and Aransas Bay (Gunter, 1945). I and Hall, 1965). Elsewhere, it has been reported at have not found it recorded in any recent faunal lists Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968).Dawson for Florida Gulf estuaries. The lyre goby ranges (1969)reported it in the Gulf of Mexico from Marco, from Chesapeake Bay to Dutch Guiana and Florida to Texas. FLORIDA MARINE KESb:ATtCII PUBLICA'I'IONS

Microgobius carri. A juvenile Seminole goby cola Bay (vicinity Buoy 18) in April 1963 (salinity was collected on an experimental oyster plot west of 30.0 Vo,, water temperature 23.3"C); the other, Sabine Island in Santa Rosa Sound in August 1963. 55 mm SL, was trawled in lower Pensacola Bay dur- It was identified by Dr. Springer and deposited in ing April 1964 by D. J. Hansen and H. L. Jones. the National Museum of Natural History (USNM Elsewhere along the Florida Gulf coast, it has been 201040). Other records, all from southern Florida, reported in or off Aucilla, Pepperfish Key, Cedar are: Sanibel Island (type locality), Gulf of Mexico off Keys, Gasparilla and Tampa Bay (Ginsburg, 1950), Venice, and off Tampa Bay (Springer and Wood- from the Gulf about 130 km west of Cape Sable and burn, 1960). off Pinellas County (Moe et al., 1966), and at Cedar Key (Reid, 1954). Other recent northern Gulf coast Microgobius gulosus. I have seen only one records list it at Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- specimen from this estuary, a 31 mm SL adult found mond, 1968) and off Sabine Pass, Texas (Ginsburg, in a dredgeload of shell from Santa Rosa Sound in 1950). Briggs (1958) noted that the species is July 1949. Another (39 mm SL) was collected out- widespread in the Gulf of Mexico. side the study area in a freshwater pond in Fort Pickens State Park at the western end of Santa Prionotus tribulus crassiceps. Single 100 mm Rosa Island in March 1964. It has also been SL juveniles were trawled at both Escarnbia Bay reported from tidal fresh water in the Escambia stations, and a 32 mm SL specimen was taken at the River in spring (Bailey et al., 1954). The clown goby lower station in November 1962. Depth ranged from occurs along the entire Florida Gulf coast (Reid, 1.8 to 3.7 m, salinity from 20.4 to 27.4 'loo and 1954; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Springer and Wood- temperature from 17.2 to 17.8"C. The bighead burn, 1960; Tabb and Manning, 1961; Gunter and searobin occurs along the entire Florida Gulf coast Hall, 1965; Moe et al., 1966). It has also been col- (Miles, 1951; Reid, 1954; Kilby, 1955; Joseph and lected in a brackish lake at Gulf Shores, Alabama Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb (Boschung, 1957),at Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- and Manning, 1961; Vick, 1964; Gunter and Hall, mond, 1968),and in Texas at Mission Bay, in a tide 1965; Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., 1966). It pool near Sabine Lake, and at Aransas Pass and has been reported from Mobile Bay, Bon Secour Corpus Christi (Hoese, 1958). It ranges from Bay, and Mississippi Sound, Alabama (Boschung, Chesapeake Bay to Corpus Christi, Texas (Dawson, 1957), Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968), 1969). and Vermilion Bay, Louisiana (Norden, 1966). In Texas, it has been reported from Copano Bay, Aran- Scorpaena brasiliensis. The only specimens I sas Bay, off Corpus Christi Pass, Aransas Pass, and have seen are two juveniles (68 and 72 mm SL) Galveston (Hoese, 1958). It ranges throughout the cataloged without data in the Laboratory's Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). reference collection, but presumed to have been collected in the high salinity end of the estuary. The Opisthognathus macrognathus. One juvenile species has been reported in recent lists for Florida (49 mm SL) was trawled in lower Pensacola Bay Gulf localities from Pensacola to the Florida Keys near Buoy 18 in 13.1 to 16.1 rn in March 1962. The and Tortugas (Reid, 1954; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; only other Pensacola record of which I am aware is Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb and Manning, Bean's (1883)report on the Stearns collection (cited 1961; Eschmeyer, 1965; Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe by Evermann and Kendall, 1900). The species has et al., 1966), and from Galveston, Texas (Gunter, been reported along the Florida Gulf coast from 1945; Ginsburg, 1953). It ranges from Virginia Cedar Key (Reid, 1954) to at least Pinellas County south to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe et al., 1966). I Caribbean Sea (Eschmeyer, 1965). have an additional specimen (131 mm SL) collected on the Gulf side of St. Andrew's State Park near Prionotus carolinus. One juvenile (80 mm SL) Panama City in October 1965. The spotfin jawfish was collected in Santa Rosa Sound in July 1949. ranges through the northeastern and southwestern Another specimen (175 mm SL) was trawled in Gulf of Mexico to Cuba (Briggs, 1958.) lower Pensacola Bay in November 1962 in 12.2 to 12.8 m (salinity 31.2 O1oO,temperature 19.3'C). The Astroscopus y-graecum. One juvenile (130 mm northern searobin is not reported in any recent SL), collected in August 1950, and two juveniles faunal lists that I have seen for Florida or other Gulf (each 95 mm SL),collected in August 1961 in 5.5 m, coast localities. It ranges from Nova Scotia to were examined. All were trawled over sand in Santa Venezuela (Briggs, 1958). Rosa Sound. The southern stargazer has been reported along the Florida Gulf coast from Pensa- Prionotus martis. I have seen only two juvenile cola to the Florida Keys (Miles, 1951; Reid, 1954; specimens: one, 79 mm SL, was trawled in Pensa- Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, NUMBER 31

1960; Berry and Anderson, 1961; Vick, 1964; Gunter Chasmodes. Elsewhere along the Gulf coast, the and Hall, 1965; Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., species occurs at Mobile Bay and Gulf Shores, 1966). It has been reported from the Alabama Gulf Alabama (Boschung, 1957), Horn Island, Mississip- coast and Mississippi Sound (Boschung, 1957),and pi (Richmond, 1968), Vermilion Bay, Louisiana also occurs in Aransas Bay, Texas and the nearby (Norden, 1966),and Texas (Hoese, 1958). The freck- Gulf in both winter and summer at salinities rang- led blenny ranges from South Carolina to Florida ing from 17.5 to 35.5 Oleo (Gunter, 1945).The species and the northern Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). ranges from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, southward along the United States Atlantic and Brotula barbata. A juvenile (170 mm SL) was Gulf coasts and the coasts of central and South trawled in lower Pensacola Bay near Buoy 18 in America to Santos, Brazil (Berry and Anderson, 13.7 m in August 1961. I have not found this species 1961). in faunal lists for Florida Gulf estuaries, but it is common in deep water off Grand Isle, Louisiana in Dactyloscopus crossotus. One juvenile (20 mm winter (Behre, 1950) and occurs in Laguna Madre SL) was collected from sand in 0.5 m in Little Sabine and in the Gulf off Port Aransas, Texas (Hoese, Bay in August 1963 (salinity 22.2 Oleo, temperature 1958). The bearded brotula ranges from Bermuda 28.0°C). I have not found this species in any recent and the Florida Keys to Jamaica and throughout faunal lists for Florida Gulf estuaries. Its reported the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). range includes the Bahamas, the east coast of Florida, and Natal, Brazil (type locality) (Bohlke, Ophidion holbrooki. A juvenile (150 rnm SL) 1966); the present record extends its range into the was trawled in Santa Rosa Sound in August 1950. northern Gulf of Mexico. Florida Gulf coast faunal lists record the species from Cedar Key southward to the vicinity of the Uactyloscopus tridigitatus. One adult (26 mm Marquesas Keys (Reid, 1954; Springer and Wood- SL) was collected from sand in 0.5 m in Santa Rosa burn, 1960; Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., 1966). Sound at Town Point in January 1963 (salinity 27.4 The bank cusk-eel ranges throughout the northern Oleo, temperature 1l.a°C). It was previously reported and eastern Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). on the Gulf coast only from the Alligator Harbor and Hillsborough County areas (Yerger, 1961; Moe Ophidion welshi. One adult (182 mm SL) was et al., 1966) and at Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- trawled near Sabine Island in 1.8 to 3.7 m in May mond, 1962). The species ranges from Bermuda and 1964. Florida Gulf coast faunal lists report it from the eastern Gulf of Mexico to Natal, Brazil (Briggs, Apalachicola Bay southward to inshore waters of 1958). Charlotte County (Miles, 1951; Reid, 1954; Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., 1966).Elsewhere along the Blennius cristatus. A very young specimen Gulf coast, it occurs off Mobile Bay, Alabama (11.3 mm SL), lacking the characteristic nuchal (Boschung, 1957),at Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- crest, was taken from a protected habitat box in Lit- mond, 1968), at Grand Isle, Louisiana (Dawson, tle Sabine Bay in March 1962 (salinity 22.6 oleo, 1966), and in Texas off Mustang and St. Joseph temperature 28.0°C). I have not found this species Islands (Gunter, 1945). The crested cusk-eel ranges in any faunal lists for Florida or other Gulf coast from New Jersey to Florida and the northern Gulf of localities except in Texas at Port Aransas jetties Mexico (Briggs, 1958). and Galveston (Hoese, 1958). In the western Atlan- tic, the molly miller occurs from Bermuda and Peprilus alepidotus. A juvenile (42.5 mm SL),in southern Florida to Pernambuco, Brazil, and association with an unidentified "jellyfish", was col- throughout the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). lected in Santa Rosa Sound in September 1952, col- lector unknown. Recent Florida reports list this Hypsoblennius ionthas. Four adults (56 to species in the Marquesas Keys, Tampa Bay area, off 83 mm SL) were trawled in Little Sabine Bay in 1.8 Manatee County and confirm its presence in Escam- to 2.7 m in May 1963 (salinity 27.0 Oleo, temperature bia County (Moe and Martin, 1965; Moe et al., 1966). 22.0°C). Although present in St. Andrew Bay (Vick, Briggs (1958) gave the range of the harvest fish as 1964), I have not found the species in other faunal Maine to Florida and the northeastern Gulf of Mex- lists for Florida Gulf estuaries. Specimens reported ico, but the reports of Breuer (1962) and Fox and for the Alligator Harbor area by Joseph and Yerger Mock (1968)extend the range into the northwestern (1956: 142) are actually young Chasmodes saburrae, Gulf of Mexico. according to Springer, who later examined them (Springer and Woodburn, 1960). Springer's (1959) Sphyraena borealis. Single juveniles (28, 113, key to the genera of western Atlantic blenniids is and 96 mm SL) were collected from Santa Rosa useful for separating Hypsoblennius and Sound in May 1952, July 1955, and May 1964. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICAI*IONS

Florida Gulf coast faunal lists report this species in Echeneis naucrates. A juvenile (171 mm SL) the Alligator Harbor and Tampa Bay areas (Spring- was trawled from Santa Rosa Sound in October er and Woodburn, 1960; Yerger, 1961; Moe et al,, 1957. Another (166 mm SL) was trawled in the 1966). Elsewhere along the Gulf coast, it has been Sound in English Navy Cove in 1.5 to 3.1 m in reported at Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, September 1963. Florida Gulf coast faunal lists 1962) and Grand Isle, Louisiana (Fox and Mock, report the species from Alligator Harbor to Florida 1968). The northern sennet ranges from Bay (Reid, 1954; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Springer Massachusetts to Miami, throughout the Gulf of and Woodburn, 1960; Tabb and Manning, 1961; Mexico, south to Panama, and, questionably, to Ber- Vick, 1964; Moe et al., 1966). It also occurs in muda, Santo Dorningo and Rio de Janeiro (De Sylva, Alabama waters (Boschung, 1957), the Gulf off 1963). Grand Isle, Louisiana in association with large sawfish (Behre, 1950), and is common in Texas Sphyraena guachancho. A juvenile (118 mm SL) waters (Hoese, 1958). In the western Atlantic, it was trawled in Santa Rosa Sound in August 1957. I ranges from Nova Scotia and Bermuda to Macei6, have not found this species in Florida Gulf coast Brazil (Briggs, 1958). faunal lists. However, it is known from Bon Secour Bay, Alabama and nearby Gulf waters (Boschung, 1957), at Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, Cantherhinespullus. A juvenile (67 mm SL) was 1962), Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950),where it trawled over grass in Santa Rosa Sound in May was not caught at salinities below 30 Oleo (Behre, per- 1950. I did not find the species in faunal lists for sonal communication, 1960), and in Texas in Aran- Florida or other Gulf coast estuaries. In the western sas Bay and off Pass Cavallo (Gunter, 1945; Hoese, Atlantic, the orangespotted filefish occurs from 1958). In the western Atlantic, the guaguanche oc- Massachusetts to Rio de Janeiro, the West Indies, curs from Massachusetts to Brazil and throughout Bermuda and the northern Gulf of Mexico (Randall, the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean (De Sylva, 1963). 1964).

Syacium gunten'. An adult (126 mm SL) was Alutera monoceros. A juvenile (103 mm SL)was trawled in Little Sabine Bay in 2.4 to 4.6 m in trawled from Santa Rosa Sound in August 1957. It August 1961. Another was trawled in lower Pensa- occurs in the Florida Keys and on the east coast of cola Bay near Buoy 18 in 12.8 to 15.2 m in March Florida (Berry and Vogele, 1961), but has not been 1962. The only Florida Gulf coast records I have are reported in faunal lists from locations along the those of Moe et al, (1966) from localities off Monroe Florida Gulf coast. In the western Atlantic, the County and near the Marquesas Keys. It has also unicorn filefish occurs from Bermuda and been reported from Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- Massachusetts to Ilha Grande, Brazil (Briggs, mond, 1962) and in shallow Gulf waters off Texas, 1958). where it is abundant (Hoese, 1958). Monmanthus ciliatus. Two juveniles (70 and Gymnachirus melas. A melanistic juvenile 79 mm SL) were trawled over grass in Santa Rosa (37 mm SL) was trawled in Santa Rosa Sound Sound in May 1950; another (69 mrn SL) was col- (English Navy Cove) in 3.1 m in January 1964 lected at Sabine Island in April 1963. It has been (salinity 25.0 Oleo, temperature ll.O°C), Dawson recorded from the entire Florida Gulf coast (Joseph (1964: 651) noted that melanistic juveniles are rare and Yerger, 1956; Springer and Woodburn, 1960; in collections (fewer than 10 such specimens of G. Tabb and Manning, 1961; Moe et al., 1966)except at melas), but noted (1964: 659), "Young, at least from Cedar Key (Reid, 1954). It is also known from Horn about 22 to 55 mm SL, exhibit, on both sides, Island, Mississippi (Richmond, 1968). In the various degrees of melanism which is lost with age western Atlantic, the fringed filefish occurs from or development." Florida Gulf coast faunal lists Newfoundland and Bermuda to Argentina and is report the species from off Pasco, Pinellas and widespread in the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). Manatee Counties (Moe et al., 1966);Dawson (1964) lists additional collections from off Franklin County Canthidermis sufflamen. A juvenile (120 mm westward through Escambia County and off the SL) was collected in a fish trap at Sabine Island in Florida Keys and Tortugas. The known range of G. November 1958. Juveniles and young adults of this melas is "Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts . . . species have generally been reported as Canthider south along the Atlantic coast to the Dry Tortugas mis sabaco (Poey), but Moore (1967) synonymized area of Florida, thence northward and westward the two. A single specimen was collected at Grand along the Gulf of Mexico to the offings of Pensacola Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 1950), and Hoese (1958) Bay, Florida (2g058'N, 87'17'W)" and ". . . the reported it off Freeport, Texas. The ocean trigger- Bahamas" (Dawson, 1964). fish ranges from Massachusetts to the Lesser An- NUMBER 31

tilles and to the north-central and western Gulf of 1950; 1, 64 rnrn SL, June 1962. One additional Mexico (Briggs, 1958). specimen (27.4 rnrn SL) was collected from an experimental oyster tray at Sabine Island in May 1967. Reported Florida Gulf coast localities include Balistes vetula. A juvenile (87 mm SL) was inshore waters of Levy County (Reid, 1954),St. An- trawled in Santa Rosa Sound (English Navy Cove) drew Bay and adjacent Gulf beaches (Vick, 1964), in September 1963. Vick (1964)reported a specimen Franklin County, Tampa Bay, offshore waters of from the St. Andrew Bay area. Baughman (1950, Lee County, and inshore and offshore waters of cited in Hoese, 1958) discussed the Texas distribu- Monroe County (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; tion of this species. In the western Atlantic, the Moe et al., 1966). Elsewhere along the Gulf coast, it queen triggerfish occurs from Massachusetts to occurs at Horn Island, Mississippi (Richmond, Santos, Brazil, including the northern and eastern 1968), in Sargassum drift at Grand Isle (Behre. Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). 1950) and in Barataria Bay, Louisiana (Fox and Mock, 1968),and is common in Sargassum off Texas Lagocephalus laeuigatus. An adult (145 mm SL) (Hoese, 1958).Hoese (1958)noted "records of H. gib- was trawled over sand in Santa Rosa Sound in July bus (Mitchill) refer to this species." In the western 1949; another (150 mm SL) was trawled in the Atlantic, the sargassumfish occurs from Bermuda Sound between Deer and Grassy Points in 1.8 to and Massachusetts to Rio de Janeiro and is 3.1 m in June 1964. Florida Gulf coast faunal lists widespread in the Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958), report it from St. Andrew Bay and the nearby Gulf, Alligator Harbor, the Cedar Key area and the Tam- Ogcocephalus vespertilio. Specimens were pa Bay-Pinellas County area (Berry, 1958; Springer taken during the 1961-63 study only in lower Pensa- and Woodburn, 1960; Yerger, 1961; Vick, 1964; Moe cola Bay near Buoy 18 in 13.1 to 14.6 m in August et al., 1966). It occurs in Mobile Bay, Alabama 1961 and March 1962. Three additional specimens (Boschung, 1957),and also at Grand Isle, Louisiana, where it is found only inland, usually in deeper pools (65 to 165 mm SL) were collected in lower Pensacola Bay in April 1967+Moe et al. (1966) reported the (Behre, 1950). It occurs along the Texas coast, but not in bays (Hoese, 1958). In the western Atlantic, species from Pinellas County southward to Charlotte County. Elsewhere along the Gulf coast, it the smooth puffer occurs from Massachusetts to has been reported at Horn Island, Mississippi (Rich- Argentina (38"S) (Briggs, 1958). mond, 1968), at Grand Isle, Louisiana (Behre, 19501, and off Aransas Pass, Texas (Gunter, 1945), Hoese Antennan'us ocellatus. An adult trawled in (1958) noted considerable confusion over the genus lower Pensacola Bay in spring 1965 was in- in the Gulf of Mexico, pointing out that many 0. advertently discarded. Another (190 mm SL) was vespertilio in collections are actually 0. cubifrons trawled in lower Pensacola Bay in April 1967. (Richardson).The longnose batfish ranges from New Florida Gulf coast faunal lists record it from inshore York to Hispaniola and is widespread in the Gulf of and offshore locations from Pasco County Mexico (Briggs, 1958). southward to the Marquesas Keys area (Springer and Woodburn, 1960; Moe et al., 1966). In the western Atlantic, the ocellated frogfish occurs from Remarks: Localities near the Pensacola Estuary South Carolina to Puerto Rico and throughout the from which recent checklists of cartilaginous and Gulf of Mexico (Briggs, 1958). bony fishes have been compiled are St. Andrew Bay (127 spp.; Vick, 1964) and Alligator Harbor (139 spp.; Joseph and Yerger, 1956; Yerger, 1961), about Antennarius scaber. A single specimen, 152 and 256 km to the east, and the Mobile Bay 109.7 mm SL, was collected by trawl in Santa Rosa vicinity (152 spp.; Boschung, 1957), about 64 km to Sound on 18 April 1967 by H. L. Jones. It is absent the west. from northern Gulf coast faunal lists, supporting Briggs' (1958) statement that the splitlure Joseph and Yerger (1956) recognized four com- frogfish's range is New Jersey to Rio de Janeiro and ponents in the Alligator Harbor fish fauna, based on the southeastern and western Gulf of Mexico. The latitudinal distribution. These components, also present record and one from Texas off Port Aransas recognizable in the Pensacola Estuary, are here (Baughman, 1950, fide Hoese, 1958) indicate that presented as percentage of total fish species: 1) this species also occurs rarely in the north-central temperate or northern (20%); 2) species and northwestern Gulf. characteristic of the Gulf and southeastern United States (20%);3) Gulf of Mexico endemic (14%);and Histrio histrio. Specimens collected from 4) tropical (43%). Remaining 3 percent are either Sargassum weed in Santa Rosa Sound include: 1, cosmopolitan or species with distributions not 58 mrn SL, October 1941;'2,76and 92 rnm SL, June assignable to these categories. Among species com- FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS prising the tropical component, the following were persistent pesticides through the estuarine food seldom caught during this study or during other web. One dolphin was infested with the obligate years from 1941 through 1967: Albula vulpes, cetacean barnacle, Xenobalanus globicipitis (see Ophicthus gomesi, Hirundichthys rondeleti, page 24 ). This dolphin is widely distributed along Micrognathus crinigerus, Mycteroperca phenax, the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States Lutjanus griseus, L. synagris, Eucinostomus lefroyi, (Gunter, 1954). Haemulon sciurus, Equetus umbrosus, Abudefduf saxatilis, Halichoeres bivittata, Lacholaimus maximus, Hemipteronotus novaculq Sparisoma radians, Eleotris pisoniq Dormitator maculatus, Go- SUMMARY bionellus hastatus, G. stigmaturus, Prionotus martis, Astroscopus y-graecum, Dactyloscopus crossotus, D. tridigitatus, Blennius cristatus, Mugil The known fauna of the Pensacola Estuary is curema, Cantherhines pullus, and Antennarius rich and varied, the present list comprising 654 iden- scaber. tified species from 16 phyla. Predominating are Only fifty-three species from the Pensacola mollusks (184 species), annelids (91 species), ar- Estuary are also known from Mobile Bay, St. An- thropods (91 species), and bony fishes (180 species), drew Bay, and Alligator Harbor. Faunal differences these major taxa alone accounting for 546 species, among the four localities may be attributable to The known molluscan fauna of the Pensacola large differences in area, water depth, salinity Estuary is somewhat less than that known for range, diversity of bottom types, and collecting ef- Alligator Harbor, Florida, but both are much fort. greater than those yet known from Tampa and Florida Bays. Only 64% or fewer of the species found at Pensacola occur at the other three CLASS REPTILIA localities. ORDER TESTUDINATA All but four annelids reported for the Pensacola Estuary are polychaetes, and nearly half the poly- Caretta caretta caretta. An adult, 763 mm chaete species reported from the littoral zone of the carapace length, was trawled in Santa Rosa Sound Gulf of Mexico occur in the Pensacola Estuary. The about one mile west of Sabine Island on 19 April Pensacola annelidan fauna is the most diverse 1966 and later released. The Atlantic loggerhead reported for any locality on the Florida Gulf coast. turtle lays its eggs on the Gulf beach of Santa Rosa An unusual intrusion of a tropical echinoderm Island, but is seldom found in the estuary. Common into the Pensacola Estuary is the echinoid, Diadema in all Florida shore waters, its general distribution is antillarum, reported here only once. the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Comparisons of known echinoderm faunas of and Mediterranean Sea (Carr and Goin, 1959). the Pensacola Estuary, Alligator Harbor, and Tam- pa and northern Florida Bays are probably more valid than are those of mollusks and annelids, CLASS MAMMALIA because they have been surveyed more thoroughly. ORDER RODENTIA Echinoderm faunas at Pensacola, Alligator Harbor and Tampa Bay are similar in diversity, but species Myocaster coypus. Nutria were seen swimming composition is dissimilar. All three have nearly in Santa Rosa Sound several times during the twice as many species as those known from northern 1950's and early 1960's, and at least one was killed Florida Bay. on Sabine Island by the laboratory caretaker (P. A. The arthropod fauna recorded for the Pensacola Butler, personal communication). This South Estuary thus far is almost wholly crustacean, of American rodent has become established in Loui- which the largest and most varied group is the siana, east Texas, and several other states (Blair et decapods (66 species). The tropical component in- a]., 1957). cludes at least five decapod species: Clibanarius cubensis (Paguridae); Dromidia antillensis (Drorniidae); Calappa angusta, C. sulcata (Calap- ORDER CETACEA pidae); and Cardisoma guanhumi (Gecarcinidae). The Sabine Island colony of C. guanhumi is ap- Tursiops truncatus. The bottlenose dolphin was parently the northernmost in the United States. In- commonly seen throughout the estuary in all vestigations of rnicrocrustaceans of the estuary, seasons. During 1966 and 1967. a number of about which little is known, will greatly augment specimens found dead in the high salinity part of the the checklist of species. estuary were examined by R. F. Johnson of this The 180 species of bony fishes present in this Laboratory, while investigating translocation of estuary represent 66 families. More species are NUMBER 31 recorded for the Pensacola Estuary than for either AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY Mobile Bay, Alabama, St. Andrew Bay, or Alligator 1960. A list of common and scientific names of Harbor, Florida, nearby localities for which recent fishes from the United States and faunal lists are available. Canada, 2nd ed. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 2. 102 pp. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Canada, 3rd ed. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 6. 149 pp. I acknowledge the courtesy of the following in- ANDERSON, W. W.. and M. J. LINDNER dividuals who identified one or more specimens: 1943. A provisional key to the shrimps of the R. Tucker Abbott, Frederick H. Berry, Herbert T. family Penaeidae with especial reference Boschung, Jr., Edward L. Bousfield, Thomas E. to American forms. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. Bowman, William D. Clarke, Daniel M. Cohen, 73: 284-319. Robert H. Gibbs, Jr., C. Clayton Hoff, William L. ANDERSON, W. W., J. W. GEHRINGER, Klesch, Marvin C. Meyer, J. P. E. Morrison, H. H. and F. H. BERRY Plough, Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr., Rev. Placidus 1966. Family Synodontidae. Pp. 38-46 in J. Tee- G. Reischman, 0.S. B., C. Richard Robins, Victor Van et al., eds. Fishes of the Western G. Springer, James E. Sykes, Lowell P. Thomas, North Atlantic. Sears Fou~d.Mar. Res. Jack T. Tomlinson, and Harry W. Wells. Mem. No. 1, Pt. 5. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. The following individuals donated to the study one or more specimens with collection data: John A. BACESCU, M. Briggs, John Bullard, Scott Bush, Philip A. Butler, 1961, Taphromysis bowmani, n. sp., a new Gus Calfas, T. A. Coleman, David L. Coppage, John brackish water mysid from Florida. Bull. A. Couch, Kenneth L. Echternacht, Gary Gaston, Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. ll(4):517-524. J. Kietz Haburay, Robert Hastings, Hugh T. BAILEY, R. M., H. E. WINN, and C. L. SMITH Holland, 111, Robert F. Johnson, Bruce Jones, 1954. Fishes from the Escambia River, James M. Keltner, Jr., William L. Klesch, Jimmy Alabama and Florida, with ecological and Lee, David Lively, James B. Long, Jr., Jack I. Lowe, taxonomic notes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Dale J. MacGregor, James McVey, Paul Reynolds, Phila. 106: 109-164. Charles Sanford, Erwin H. Schroeder, Donald C. BAKER, B. B. Speed, Paul Wilson, and William T. Young. David J. 1950. Some mollusks near St. Petersburg, Hansen, Hughey L. Jones, Joy F. Morrill, and Florida. Nautilus 63(4): 123-125. Robert R. W. Witte were especially generous. BAUGHMAN, J. L. The Director, United States National Marine 1950. Random notes on Texas fishes, Pt. 11. Fisheries Service (USNMFS) Laboratory, formerly Tex. J. Sci. 2(2): 242-263. [Not seen]. at St. Petersburg Beach, Florida, kindly furnished BAYER, F. M. an unpublished list of echinoderms collected in the 1954. Anthozoa: Alcyonaria. Pp. 279-284 in Tampa Bay, Florida area. Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: Editorial assistance of David K. Camp, Stephen its origin, waters, and marine life. U. S. P. Cobb, Frank H. Hoff, William G. Lyons, and Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. Robert W. Topp was most helpful. They and BEAN, T. H. Thomas H. Perkins also aided by suggesting 1883. Catalogue of the collection of fishes ex- nomenclatural and distributional reports concern- hibited by the U. S. National Museum. ing decapod crustaceans, mollusks, polychaetes and Report upon exhibit of United States fishes. made at London. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. 27: 387-510. [Not seen]. BEHRE, E. H. 1950. Annotated list of the fauna of the Grand LITERATURE CITED Isle Region, 1928-1946, Occas. Pap. Mar. Lab., Louisiana State University, No. 6: ABBOTT, R. T. 1-66. 1954. American seashells. D. Van Nostrand BERRY, F. H. Co., Inc., New York. xii + 541 pp. 1958. Additions to the fishes of Cedar Key, 1974. American seashells, 2nd ed. Van Florida, and a list of Gulf of Mexico Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 663 Carangidae. Q, J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 21(2): pp., 24 pls. 190. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

BERRY, F. H., and W. W. ANDERSON BRIGGS, J. C. 1961. Stargazer fishes from the Western North 1958. A list of Florida fishes and their distribu- Atlantic (Family Uranoscopidae). Proc. tion. Bull. Fla, State Mus. Biol. Ser. 2(8): U. S. Natl. Mus. 112(3448):563-586. 223-318. BERRY, F. H., and L. E. VOGELE BROWN, J. L. 1961. Filefishes (Monacanthidae) of the 1957. A key to the species and subspecies of the Western North Atlantic. U. S. Fish. cyprinodont genus Fundulus in the Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 61: 61-109. United States and Canada east of the con- tinental divide. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 17(3): BIGELOW, H. B., and I. P~REZFARFANTE 69-77, 1948. Lancelets. Pp. 1-28 in John Tee-Van et al., BUTLER, P, A. eds. Fishes of the Western North Atlan- 1951a. Growth and mortality rates in sibling and tic. Sears Found. Mar. Res. Mem. No. 1, unrelated oyster populations. Proc. Gulf Pt. 1. Yale University, New Haven, Con- Caribb. Fish. Inst., 4th Ann. Session. P. necticut. 7l.(Abstr.). BIGELOW, H. B., and W. C. SCHROEDER 1951b. Research and the oyster industry. South, 1953a. Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates, and rays. Fisherman Ann. Rev. 1951: 118-119. Pp. 1-514 in John Tee-Van et al., eds. 1952a. Shell growth versus meat yield in the Fishes of the Western North Atlantic. oyster C. virginica. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Sears Found. Mar. Res. Mem. No. 1, Pt. Assoc. 43: 157-162. 2. Yale University, New Haven, Connec- 1952b. Seasonal growth of oysters (C. virginica) ticut. in Florida. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. Assoc. 195313. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish 43: 188-191. Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 53: 577 pp. 1952c. Importance of local environment in BLAIR, W. F., A. P. BLAIR. P. BRODKORB. oyster growth. Proc. Gulf Caribb. Fish. F. R. CAGLE, and G. A. MOORE Inst.. 5th Ann. Session. Pp. 99-106. 1957 Vertebrates of the United States. 1954a. The southern oyster drill. Proc. Natl. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.. New York. Shellfish. Assoc. 44: 67-75. ix + 819 pp. 1954b. Selective setting of oyster larvae on ar- B~HLKE,J. E. tificial cultch. Proc. Natl. Shellfish. 1966. A new name for the dactyloscopid fish, Assoc. 45: 95-105. Cokeridia crossota Meek and Hildebrand, 1954c. Summary of our knowledge of the oyster 1928. Copeia 1966(4):879-880. in the Gulf of Mexico. U. S. Fish. Wildl. BORROR, A. C. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55: 479-489. 1962. Ciliate protozoa of the Gulf of Mexico. 1955. Reproductive cycle in native and Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 12(3): transplanted oysters. Proc. Natl. 333-349. Shellfish. Assoc. 46: 75 (Abstr,). BOSCHUNG, H. T. CALDWELL, D. K, 1957. The fishes of Mobile Bay and the Gulf 1959. Observations on tropical marine fishes coast of Alabama. Ph.D. Dissertation. from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 2211): 69-74. Alabama. v + 626 pp., 1 pl. CALDWELL, D. K., and J. C, BRIGGS BOSCHUNG, H. T., and G. GUNTER 1957. Range extensions of Western North 1962. Distribution and variation of Bran- Atlantic fishes with notes on some soles chiostoma caribaeum in Mississippi of the genus Gymnachirus. Bull. Fla. Sound. Tulane Stud. Zool. 9(5): 245-257. State Mus. Biol. Ser. 2(1): 1-11. [Not seen]. BREDER, C. M., JR. CALDWELL, M. C., D. K. CALDWELL, 1948. Fieldbook of marine fishes of the Atlantic and J. B. SIEBENALER coast from Labrador to Texas, Rev. ed. G. 1965. Observations on captive and wild Atlan- P. Putnarn's Sons, New York. xxxvii + tic bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops trun- 332 pp. catus, in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. BREUER, J. P. Los Ang. Cty. Mus. Contrib. Sci. No. 91: 1957. An ecological survey of Baffin and 3-10. Alazan Bays, Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. CARLGREN, O., and J. W. HEDGPETH Univ. Tex. 4(2): 135-155. 1952. Actiniaria, Zoantharia, and Ceriantheria 1962. An ecological survey of the lower Laguna from shallow water in the northwestern Madre of Texas, 1953-1959. Publ. Inst. Gulf of Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 8: 153-183. Univ. Tex. 2(2): 141-172. I-IV pls. NUMBER 31

CARPENTER, D. D. Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 1956. Distribution of polychaete annelids in the ll(1): 1-44. Alligator Harbor area. Fla. State Univ. COURTENAY, W. R., JR. Pap. Oceanogr. Inst. No. 2: 89-110. 1967. Atlantic fishes of the genus Rypticus CARR, A., and C. J. GOIN (Gramrnistidae). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1959. Guide to the reptiles, amphibians and Phila. 119 (6): 24 1-293. fresh-water fishes of Florida, University DAWSON, C. E. of Florida Press, Gainesville, Florida. xii 1961. Notes on a second record of Bran- + 341 pp. chiostoma from Louisiana. Copeia 1961 CAUSEY, D. (2): 242. 1961. The barnacle genus Octolasmis in the 1964. A revision of the western Atlantic flatfish Gulf of Mexico. 'l'urtox News 3912): 50-55. genus Gymnachirus (the naked soles). CHANDLER, A. C. Copeia 1964(4):646-665. 1954. Cestoda. Pp. 351-353 in Paul S. Galtsoff, 1966. Additions to the known marine fauna of coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, Grand Isle. Louisiana. Proc. La. Acad. and marine life. U, S, Fish Wild. Serv. Sci. 21: 175-180. Fish. Bull. 55. 1969. Studies on the gobies of Mississippi CHAPMAN, C. R. Sound and adjacent waters. 11. An il- 1955. Feeding habits of the southern oyster lustrated key to the Gobioid fishes. Publ. drill. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 46: Gulf Coast Res. Lab. Mus. 1: 1-60. 169-176. DEEVEY, E. S., JR. CLARK, A. H. 1954. Hydroids of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 1954. Echinoderms (other than Holothurians) 267-272 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 373-389 in Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish Bull. 55. its origin, waters, and marine life. U. S. DEICHMANN, E. Fish Wild. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. 1954. The holothurians of the Gulf of Mexico. CLARK, E. Pp. 381-410 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. 1959. Functional hermaphroditism and self- Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters. and fertilization in a serranid fish. Science marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. (Wash. D. C.) 129(3343):215-216. Bull. 55. COE, W. R. DE LAUBENFELS. M. W. 1951. The nemertean faunas of the Gulf of Mex- 1936. A discussion of the sponge fauna of the ico and of southern Florida. Bull. Mar. Dry Tortugas in particular and the West Sci. Gulf Caribb. l(3): 149-186. Indies in general, with material for a revi- 1954. The nemertean faunas of the Gulf of Mex- sion of the families and orders of the ico, Pp. 303-309 in Paul S. Galtsoff, Porifera. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pap. Tor- coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, tugas Lab. 30: 225 pp. watersland marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. 1948. The order Keratosa of the Phylum Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. Porifera-a monographic study . Allan COOLEY, N. R. Hancock Found. Publ. Occas, Pap, No. 3. 1958. Incidence and life history of Parorchis 216 pp., PIS. 1-30. acanthus, a digenetic trematode, in the 1949. Sponges of the Western Bahamas. Amer. southern oyster drill, Thais haemastoma. Mus. Novit. No. 1431. 25pp. Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc. 48: 174-188. 1950. The Porifera of the Bermuda Ar- chipelago. Trans. 2001. Soc. Lond. 2711): 1962. Studies on Parorchis acanthus 1-154, pls. 1-2. (Trematoda: Digenea) as a biological con- 1953. Sponges from the Gulf of Mexico. Bull. trol for the southern oyster drill, Thais Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 2(3): 511-557. haemastoma, U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. DE SYLVA, D. G. Fish. Bull. 62: 77-91. 1963. Systematics and life history of the great COOPER, G. A. barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda 1954. Brachiopoda occurring in the Gulf of (Walbaum). Stud. Trop. Oceanogr. 1: viii Mexico. Pp. 363-365 in Paul S. Galtsoff, + 179 pp. coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, DRAGOVICH, A., and J. A. KELLY, JR. and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 1964. Ecological observations of macro- Fish. Bull. 55. invertebrates in Tampa Bay, Florida, CORREA, D. D. 1961-62. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 1961. Nernerteans from Florida and Virgin 14(1):75-102. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PURLICATIONS

EDMONDS, S. J. 1952a. Flounders of the genus Paralichthys and 1955. Australian Sipunculoidea. I, The genera related genera in American waters. U. S. Sipunculus, Xenosiphon, and Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 52: 266-351. Siphonosoma. Aust. J. Mar, Freshwater 1952b. Eight new fishes from the Gulf Coast of Res. 6(1): 82-97. the United States, with two new genera ESCHMEYER, W. N. and notes on geographic distribution, J. 1965. Western Atlantic scorpionfishes of the Wash. Acad. Sci. 42(3): 84-101. genus Scorpaena, including four new 1952c. Fishes of the family Carangidae of the species. Bull. Mar. Sci. 1511): 84-164. northern Gulf of Mexico and three related EVERMANN, B. W., and W. C. KENDALL species, Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 1900. Checklist of the fishes of Florida. Rep. 2(2): 43-117. U. S. Comm. Fish. Fish. 25 (for 1899): 1953, Western Atlantic Scorpionfishes. 35-103. Srnithson. Misc. Collect. 121(8): 1-103. FISHER, W. K. GOODE, G. B., and T. H. BEAN 1946. Echiuroid worms of the North Pacific 1879. A catalog of a collection of fishes from Ocean. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 96(3198): Pensacola, Florida, and vicinity sent by 215-292, pls. 20-37. Mr. Silas Stearns, with descriptions of six 1947. New genera and species of echiuroid and new species. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. sipunculoid worms. Proc. U. S, Natl. 2(1879): 121-156. Mus. 97(3218): 351-372, pls. 8-15. 1880. Catalog of a collection of fishes obtained FORBES, M. L. in the Gulf of Mexico by Dr. J. W. Velie, 1964. Distribution of the commensal oyster, with descriptions of seven new species. Ostrea permollis, and its host sponge. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 2(1879): 333-345. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 14(3): [Not seen]. 451-464. GRAY, I. E., M. E. DOWNEY, FOWLER, H. W. and M. J. CERAME-VIVAS 1945. A study of the fishes of the southern Pied- 1968. Sea-stars of North Carolina. U. S. Fish mont and coastal plain. Monogr. Acad. Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 67(1): 127-163. Nat. Sci. Phila. 7: 1-408. [Not seen]. GRICE, G. D. FOX, L. S., and W. R. MOCK, JR. 1960. Calanoid and Cyclopoid Copepods col- 1968. Seasonal occurrence of fishes in two shore lected from the Florida Gulf coast and habitats in Barataria Bay, Louisiana. Florida Keys in 1954 and 1955. Bull. Mar. Proc. La. Acad. Sci. 31: 43-53. Sci, Gulf Caribb. lO(2): 216-226. GEROULD, J. H. GUINOT-DUMORTIER, D. 1913. The sipunculids of the eastern coast of 1959. Sur une collection de crustaces (Decapoda North America. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. Reptantia) de Guyana Francaise. I. 44(1949): 373-437, pls. 58-62. Brachyura (Oxyrhyncha exclus). Bull. GIFFORD, C. A. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. 3l(ser. 2): 423-434. 1962. Some observations on the general biology GUNTER, G. of the land crab, Cardisoma guanhumi 1945. Studies on the marine fishes of Texas. (Latreille). Biol. Bull. 123(1):207-223. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 1: 1-190. GINSBURG, I. 1950. Seasonal population changes and 1929. Review of the weak fishes (Cynoscion) of distributions as related to salinity, of cer- the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the tain invertebrates of the Texas coast, in- United States, with a description of a new cluding the commercial shrimp. Publ. In- species. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 45: 71-85. st. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. l(2): 7-51. 1937. Review of the seahorses (Hippocampus) 1954. Mammals of the Gulf of Mexico, F'p. found on the coasts of the American con- 543-551 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of tinents and of Europe. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine Mus. 83(2997): 497-594, life. U. S. Fish Wildl, Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. 1950. Review of the Western Atlantic Triglidae GUNTER, G., and G. E. HALL (Fishes). Tex, J. Sci. 214): 289-327. 1965. A biological investigation of the 1951a. The eels of the Northern Gulf Coast of the Caloosahatchie estuary of Florida. Gulf United States and some related species. Res. Rep. 2: 1-71. Tex. J. Sci. 3(3): 431-485. GUNTER, G., and F. T. KNAPP 1951b. Western Atlantic tonguefishes, with 1951. Fishes new, rare, or seldom reported from descriptions of six new species. Zoologica the Texas coast, Tex. J. Sci. 3(1): 134-148. 36(3): 185-201, pis. 1-111. [Not seen]. NUMBER 31

HARTMAN, 0. 1954e. Miscellaneous vermes. Pp. 419-420 in 1940. Polychaetous annelids. Part 11. Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: Chrysopetalidae to Goniadidae. Allan its origin, waters, and marine life. U. S. Hancock Pac, Exped. 7(3): 173-287, pl. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. 31-44. 1954f. Xiphosura. P. 423 in Paul S. Galtsoff, 1941. Polychaetous annelids. Part IV. Pec- coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, tinariidae, with a review of all species and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. from the Western Hemisphere. Allan Fish. Bull. 55. Hancock Pac. Exped. 7(5): 325-345, pls. 1954g. The lancelets: Branchiostornidae. P. 499 49-52. in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: 1944a. Polychaetous annelids. Part V. Eunicea. its origin, waters, and marine life. U. S. Allan Hancock Pac. Exped. lO(1): 1-237, Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull, 55. pls. 1-18. 1944b. Polychaetous annelids. Part VI. HEFLEY, H. M., and H. SHOEMAKER Paraonidae, Magelonidae, Longosomidae. 1952. The occurrence of Branchiostoma (Am- Ctenodrilidae, and Sabellariidae. Allan phioxus) in Mississippi and Louisiana. Hancock Pac. Exped. lO(3): 311-389, pls. Science (Wash. D. C.) 115(2976):48. 27-42. HENRY, D. P. 1945. The marine annelids of North Carolina. 1954. Cirripedia: the barnacles of the Gulf of Duke Univ. Mar. Stn. Bull. No. 2. 54 pp., Mexico. Pp. 443-446 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, 10 pls., 2 charts. and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 1950. Goniadidae, Glyceridae, Nephtyidae. Fish. Bull. 55. Allan Hancock Pac. Exped. 15(1): 1-181, HENSHALL, J. A. text figs. 1-3, pls, 1-19. 1895. Notes on fishes collected in Florida in 1951. The littoral marine annelids of the Gulf of 1892. Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm. 1411894): Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 201-221. 2(1): 7-124, 27 PIS. HILDEBRAND, H. 1952. Fouling Serpulid worms new to the Gulf H. of Mexico. Tex. J. Sci. 4(1): 63-64. 1954. A study of the fauna of the brown shrimp (Penaeus uztecus Ives) grounds in the 1959. Capitellidae and Nereidae (marine an- western Gulf of Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. nelids) from the Gulf side of Florida, with a review of freshwater Nereidae. Bull. Sci. Univ. Tex. 3(2): 233-236. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 9(2): 153-168. HILDEBRAND, S. F. 1963, Family Clupeidae, Pp. 315-319 in John HAY, W. P., and C. A. SHORE TeeVan et al., eds. Fishes of the Western 1918. The decapod crustaceans of Beaufort, North Atlantic. Sears Found. Mar. Res. N. C., and the surrounding region. Bull. Mem. No. 1, Pt. 3. Yale University, New U. S. Bur. Fish. 35: 369-476. Haven, Connecticut. HEDGPETH, J. W. HILDEBRAND, S. F., and W. C. SCHROEDER 1950. Notes on the marine invertebrate fauna of 1927. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Bull. U. S. salt flat areas in Aransas National Bur. Fish. 43, Pt. I: 366 pp. Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Univ. HOESE, H. D. Sci. Tex. l(2): 103-119. 1958. 1954a. Bottom communities of the Gulf of Mex- A partially annotated checklist of the ico. Pp. 203-214 in Paul S. Galtsoff, marine fishes of Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters. Sci. Univ. Tex. 5: 312-352. and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. HOLLIMAN, R. B. 1961. Larval trematodes from the Apalachee Fish. Bull. 55 Bay area, Florida, with a checklist of 1954b. Scyphozoa. Pp. 277-278 in Paul S. known marine cercariae arranged in a key Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, to their superfamilies. Tulane Stud. Zool. waters, and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. 9(1): 2-74, 113 figs. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. 1954~.Anthozoa: the anemones. Pp. 285-290 in HONIGBURG, B. M., W. BALAMUTH, E. C. Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: BOVEE. J. 0. CORLISS, M. GOJDICS, R. P. its origin, waters, and marine life. U. S. HALL, R. R. KUDO, N. D. LEVINE, A. R. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. LOEBLICH, JR., J. WEISER, and 1954d. Phoronida. P. 367 in Paul S. Galtsoff, D. H. WENRICH coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, 1964. A revised classification of the phylum and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Protozoa. J. Protozool. 1l(1): 7-20; 1l(4): Fish. Bull. 55. 480. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

HOPKINS, S. H. KILBY, J. D. 1956. Notes on the boring sponges in Gulf 1955. The fishes of two Gulf coastal marsh Coast estuaries and their relation to areas of Florida. Tulane Stud. Zool. 2: salinity. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 6(1): 176-247. 44-68. KRAMP, P. L. HUTTON, R. F. 1961. Synopsis of the medusae of the world. J. 1964. A second list of parasites from marine Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 40: 1-469. and coastal animals of Florida. Trans. KUDO, R. R. Am. Microsc. Soc. 83(4): 439-447. 1954. Protozoology, 4th ed. Charles C, Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. xi + 966 pp. HUTTON, R. F., LADD, H. S. and F. SOGANDARESBERNAL 1951. Brackish-water and marine assemblages 1960. A list of parasites from marine animals of of the Texas coast, with special reference Florida. Trans Am. Microsc. Soc. 79(3): to mollusks. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. 287-292. Tex. 211): 126-163, Table 1. HUTTON, R. F., B. ELDRED, K. D. LARGAAIJ, R. WOODBURN, and R. M. INGLE 1963. New additions to the bryozoan fauna of 1956. The ecology of Boca Ciega Bay with the Gulf of Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. special reference to dredging and filling. Univ. Tex. 9: 162-236. Fla. Board Conserv. Mar. Res. Lab. Tech. LITTLE, F. J., JR. Ser. No. 17. 87 pp. 1963. The sponge fauna of the St. George's HYMAN, L. H. Sound, Apalachee Bay, and Panama City 1954. Free-living flatworms (Turbellaria) of the regions of the Florida Gulf Coast, Tulane Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 301-302 in Paul S. Stud. Zool. ll(2):31-71. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, LOFTIN, H. waters, and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. 1960. An annotated checklist of trematodes and Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. cestodes and their vertebrate hosts from 1959. The invertebrates: small coelomate northwest Florida. Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. groups, Vol. V. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 23(4): 302-314. Inc., New York. viii + 783 pp. JORDAN, D. S. LONG, C. D. 1884. Notes on a collection of fishes from 1960. A phoronid from the Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Pensacola, Florida, obtained by Silas Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. lO(2): 203-207. Stearns, with descriptions of two new LONGLEY, W. H., and S. F. HILDEBRAND species (Exocoetus volador and 1941. Systematic catalogue of the fishes of Tor- Gnathypops mystacinus). Proc. U. S, tugas, Florida. Carnegie Inst. Wash- Natl. Mus. 7: 33-40. [Not seen]. ington Publ. 535. xiii + 331 pp., 34 pls. JORDAN, D. S., and B. W. EVERMANN [Not seen]. 1896- The fishes of north and middle America. MANNING, R. B. 1900. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 47. Pt. I-IV. 1959. A checklist of stomatopod crustaceans of 3313 pp., 392 pls. the Florida-Gulf of Mexico area. Q. J. Fla. JORDAN, D. S., and C. H. GILBERT Acad. Sci. 22(1): 14-24. 1882. Notes on fishes observed about Pen- MANTER, H. W. sacola, Florida, and Galveston, Texas, 1964. Trematodes of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. with description of new species. Proc. 335-350 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of U. S. Natl. Mus. 5: 241-307. Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine JORDAN, D. S., and J. SWAIN life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv, Fish. Bull. 55. 1884. Notes on fishes collected by David S. Jor- MARCUS, E., and E. MARCUS dan at Cedar Keys, Florida. Proc. U. S. 1959. Some opisthobranchs from the north- Natl. Mus. 7: 230-234. [Not seen]. western Gulf of Mexico. Publ. Inst. Mar. JOSEPH, E. B., and R. W. YERGER Sci. Univ. Tex. 6: 250-264. 1966. The fishes of Alligator Harbor, Florida, 1960. Opisthobranchs from American Atlantic with notes on their natural history. Fla. warm waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. State Univ. Stud. No. 22: 111-156. lO(2): 129-203. JOYCE, E. A., JR. 1962, Opisthobranchs from Florida and the 1961. The Hydroida of the Seahorse Key area. Virgin Islands. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf M. S. Thesis. University of Florida, Caribb. 12(3):450-488. Gainesville, Florida. vi + 116 pp. 1970. Opisthobranchs from Cura~ao and NUMBER 31

faunistically related regions. Stud. Fauna NICHOLS, J. T. Cura~aoOther Caribb. Isl. 33: 1-129. 1929. The fishes of Porto Rico and the Virgin MENZEL, R. W., editor Islands, Branchiostomidae to Sciaenidae. 1956. Annotated checklist of the marine fauna New York Acad. Sci. Scient. Surv. Porto and flora of the St. George's Sound- Rico Virgin Islands lO(2): 161-295. Apalachee Bay region, Florida Gulf NORDEN, C. R. Coast. Fla. State Univ. Oceanogr. Inst. 1966. The seasonal distribution of fishes in Ver- Contrib. No. 61. vi + 78 pp. milion Bay, Louisiana. Wis. Acad. Sci. MEYER, M. C.. and A. A. BARDEN, JR. Arts Lett. 55: 119-137. 1955. Leeches symbiotic on arthropods, OSBURN, R. C. especially decapod Crustacea. Wasmann 1950. Bryozoa of the Pacific Coast of America. J. Biol. 13(2): 297-312. Part 1. Cheilostomata-Anasca. Allan MILES, R. M. Hancock Pac. Exped. 14(1): 1-269. 1951. An analysis of the "trash fish" of shrimp PAINE, R. T. trawlers operating in Apalachicola Bay 1961. Observations on Phoronis architecta in and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico. M. S. Florida waters. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Thesis. Florida State University, Caribb. 1l(3): 457-462. Tallahassee, Florida. 46 pp. 1963. Ecology of the brachiopod, Glottidia MINER, R. W. pyramidata. Ecol. Monogr. 33(3): 1950. Fieldbook of seashore life, 2nd impres- 187-213. sion. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. xv PEARSE, A. S. + 888 pp. 1938. Polyclads of the east coast of North MOE, M. A,, JR., and G. T. MARTIN America. Proc. U. S. Natl. Mus. 86: 67-98. 1965. Fishes taken in monthly trawl samples [Not seen]. offshore of Pinellas County, Florida, with PEARSE. A. S.. and G. W. WHARTON new additions to the fish fauna of the 1938. The oyster "leech", Stylochus inimicus Tampa Bay area. Tulane Stud. Zool. Palombi, associated with oysters on the 12(4): 129-151. coasts of Florida. Ecol. Monogr. 8: MOE, M. A., JR., P. C. HEEMSTRA, 605-655, 37 figs. J. E. TYLER, and H. WAHLQUIST PENNAK, R. W. 1966. An annotated listing of the fish reference 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United collection at the Florida Board of Conser- States. The Ronald Press Co., New York. vation Marine Laboratory. Fla. Board ix + 769 pp. Conserv. Mar. Res. Lab. Spec. Sci. Rep, P~REZVIGUERAS, I. No. 10. 121 pp. 1940. Notas sobre algunas especies nuevas de MONRO, C. C. A. trematodos y sobre otras poco conocidos. 1933. On a collection of Polychaeta from Dry Pub. Revist. Univ. Habana No. 28 and 29: Tortugas, Florida. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1-16, 16 pls. (Ser. 10) 12:244-269, 12 figs, PIERCE. E. L. MOORE, D. 1965. The distribution of lancelets ( Amphioxi) 1967. Triggerfishes (Balistidae) of the Western along the coasts of Florida. Bull. Mar. Atlantic. Bull. Mar. Sci. 17(3):689-722. Sci. 15(2):480-494. MOORE, D. R. PILSBRY, H. A. 1961. Marine and brackish water mollusks of 1916. The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) con- the State of Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. 1: tained in the collections of the U. S. Na- 1-58. tional Museum, including a monograph of 1962. Occurrence and distribution of Nemopsis the American species. Bull. U. S. Natl. bachei Agassiz (Hydrozoa) in the north- Mus. No. 93. xi + 366 pp., pls. 1-76. ern Gulf of Mexico. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf PRITCHARD, D. W. Caribb. 12(3):399-402. 1952. A review of our present knowledge of the dynamics and flushing of estuaries. 1969. Systematics, distribution, and abundance Chesapeake Bay Inst., Johns Hopkins of the West Indian micromollusk, Ris- Univ. Tech. Rep. No. 4. 45 pp., 9 figs. soina catesbyana d'orbigny. Trans. Gulf. PROVENZANO, A. J., JR. Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. 19: 425-426. 1959. The shallow-water hermit crabs of MORRISON, J. P. E. Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 9(4): 1970. East Florida Donax. Seafari 12(7): 1-2. 349-420. MORTENSEN, T. RANDALL, J. E. 1948. A monograph of the Echinoidea, Vol. IV, 1964. A revision of the filefish genera Amanses Pt. 2. Reitzel, Copenhagen. 471 pp. and Canthen'nes. Copeia 1964(2):331-361. FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

1965. A review of the razor fish genus Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine Hemipteronotus (Labridae) of the Atlan- life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. tic Ocean. Copeia 1965(4):487-501. 1954b. Ctenophores in the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. RANDALL, J. E., R. E. SCHROEDER, 297 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of and W. A. STARCK, I1 Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine 1964. Notes on the biology of the echinoid life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Sew. Fish. Bull. 55. Diadema antillarum. Caribb. J. Sci. 4(2 SHIER, D. E. and 3): 421-433. 1964. Marine Bryozoa from northwest Florida. RATHBUN, M. J. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf. Caribb. 14(4): 1930. The Cancroid crabs of America of the 603-662. families Euryalidae, Portunidae, SIMMONS, E. G. Atelecyclidae, Cancridae, and Xanthidae. 1957. An ecological survey of the upper Laguna Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 152. xi + 609 Madre of Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci. pp., pls. 1-230. Univ. Tex. 4(2): 156-200. REID, G. K., JR. SMITH, C. L. 1954. An ecological study of the Gulf of Mexico 1961. Synopsis of biological data on groupers fishes, in the vicinity of Cedar Key, (Epinephelus and allied genera) of the Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 4(1): western North Atlantic. NE 61: 04449. 1-94. Final rev. ed. FA0 Fish. Biol. Synop. 23: REHDER, H. A. 61 PP. 1954. Mollusks. F'p. 469-474 in Paul S. Galtsoff, SMITH, F. G. W. coord. Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, 1954. Gulf of Mexico Madreporaria. Pp. and marine life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 291-295 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Fish. Bull. 55. Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine REINHARD, E. G., and P. G. REISCHMAN life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55, 1958. Variation in Loxothylacus panopei SPRINGER, S., and H. R. BULLIS (Gissler),a common sacculinid parasite of 1956. Collections by the Oregon in the Gulf of mud crabs, with the description of Lox- Mexico. U. S. Fish. Wildl. Sew. Spec. Sci. othylacus perarmatus, n. sp. J. Parasitol. Rep. Fish. 196: 1-134. 44(1): 93-99. SPRINGER, V. G. RICHMOND, E. A. 1959. Blenniid fishes of the genus Chasmodes. 1962. The fauna and flora of Horn Island, Tex. J. Sci. ll(3):321-334. Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. l(2): 59-106. SPRINGER, V. G., and H. D. HOESE 1968. A supplement to the fauna and flora of 1958. Notes and records of marine fishes from Horn Island, Mississippi. Gulf Res. Rep. the Texas coast. Tex. J. Sci. 20: 343-348. 2(3): 213-254. [Not seen]. RIOJA, E. SPRINGER, V. G., and K. D. WOODBURN 1946. Observaciones sobre algunos poliquetos 1960. An ecological study of the fishes of the de las costas del Golfo de Mexico. An. Tampa Bay area. Fla. Board Conserv. Inst. Biol. Mexico 16(1and 2): 193-203, 1 Mar. Res. Lab. Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 1. 104 pl. [Not seen]. PP- RIVAS, L. R. STARCK, W. A., I1 1964. Western Atlantic serranid fishes 1968. A list of fishes of Alligator Reef, Florida, (groupers) of the genus Epinephelus. Q. J. with comments on the nature of the Fla. Acad. Sci. 27(1): 17-30. Florida reef fish fauna. Undersea Biol. ROBINS, C. R., and W. A. STARCK, I1 l(1):4-40. 1961. Materials for a revision of Serranus and TABB, D., and R. B. MANNING related fish genera. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1961. A checklist of the flora and fauna of Phila. 113(11):259-314. northern Florida Bay and adjacent SCHULZ, L. P. brackish waters of the Florida mainland 1969. The taxonomic status of the controversial collected during the period July, 1957 genera and species of parrot fishes with a through September, 1960. Bull. Mar. Sci. descriptive list (Family Scaridae). Gulf. Caribb. ll(4): 552-649. Smithson. Contrib. Zool. No. 17: v + 49 THOMAS, L. P. pp., pls. 1-8. 1961. Distribution and salinity tolerance in the SEARS, M. amphiurid brittlestar, Ophiophragmus 1954a. Hydromedusae of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. filograneus (Lyman, 1875). Bull. Mar. Sci. 273-274 in Paul S. Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of Gulf Caribb. ll(1):158-160. NUMBER 31

1962. The shallow water amphiurid brittlestars WESENBERG-LUND, E. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) of Florida. 1954. Sipunculids and echiurids collected by Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 12(4): Mr. G. Ranson in Oceania in 1952. Bull. 623-694. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., Paris 26(3): 1964. Amphiodia atra (Stimpson) and 376-384. Ophionema intricata Liitken, additions to WHITTEN, H. L., H. F. ROSENE. the amphiurid brittlestar fauna of Florida and J. W. HEDGPETH (Echinodermata: Amphiuroidea). Bull. 1950. The invertebrate fauna of Texas coastal Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 14(1): 158-167. jetties: a preliminary survey. Publ. Inst. VAN NAME, W. G. Mar. Sci, Univ. Tex. l(2): 53-87. 1954. The Tunicata of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. WILLIAMS, A. B. 495-497 in Paul S, Galtsoff, coord. Gulf of 1965. Marine decapod crustaceans of the Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine Carolinas. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. life. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 55. Bull. 65(1):xi + 298 pp. VERRILL, A. E. 1873. Report upon the invertebrate animals of 1966. The Western Atlantic swimming crabs Vineyard Sound and the adjacent waters, (Callinectes ornatus, C. danae) and a new, with an account of the physical related species (Decapoda, Portunidae). characters of the region. U. S. Bur. Corn- Tulane Stud. Zool, 13(3): 83-93. mer. Rep, U. S. Comm. Fish Fish. WILSON, H. V. 1871-1872: 295-778. 191 1. Development of sponges from dissociated VICK, N. G. tissue cells. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. 30: 1-30, 1964. The marine ichthyofauna of St. Andrew pls, I-v. Bay, Florida, and nearshore habitats of WORK, R. C. the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. Tex. 1969. Systematics, ecology, and distribution of A & M Res. Found., A & M Proj. 286-D. the mollusks of Los Roques. Venezuela. 77 PP. Bull. Mar. Sci. 19(3): 614-711. WASS. M. L. YERGER. R. W. 1955. The decapod crustaceans of Alligator 1961. Additional records of marine fishes from Harbor and adjacent inshore areas of Alligator Harbor, Florida, and vicinity. northwestern Florida. Q. J. Fla. Acad, Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 24(2): 111-116. Sci. 18: 129-176. ZIESENHUNNE, F. C. WELLS, H. W., and M. J. WELLS 1955. A review of the genus Ophioderma M. & 1961. Pinnaxodes floridensis, a new species of T. Pp. 185-201 in Essays in the Natural pinnotherid crustacean commensal in Sciences in Honor of Captain Allan Han- holothurians. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. cock. University of Southern California 1l(2): 267-279. Press, Los Angeles, California.

NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I

INVERTEBRATES COLLECTED IN THE PENSACOIAA ESTUARY DURING THE 1961-63 STUDY. Casual observation only. Sole living specimen collected during study; dead shells common in western Little Sabine Bay and lower Pensacola Bays (High Salinity Area). Prior to 1959, living specimens were common to abundant at times in western Little Sabine Bay. "ead shells only. Spat only. Older oysters uncommon to rare at all sampling stations. "ppeared chiefly in protected habitat boxes. Result of predation? "as been recorded in previous years; may be more common than data indicate. ' Six very young juveniles only. Wommon on rocky shoreline of Sabine Island, Santa Rosa Sound (High Salinity Area); known from the Sound at least since 1949.

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

PHYLUM PORIFERA CLASS DEMOSPONGIA ORDER HAPLOSCLERIDA Haliclonidae Xestospongia halichondrioides (Wilson) High Muddy sand

ORDER POECILOSCLERIDA Ophlitaspongidae Mycale cecilia de Laubenfels High Grass beds, Su 1961 C encrusting Sp, F 1962 seagrass and W 1962-63 sticks

ORDER HADROMERIDA C hoanitidae Halicometes near perastra High Muddy sand de Laubenfels

ORDER CHORISTIDA Craniellidae Craniella laminan's (George High Muddy sand & Wilson)

PHYLUM CNIDARIA CLASS HYDROZOA ORDER HYDROIDA Bougainvilliidae Hydractinia echinata Fleming High Benthic: on shells Sp 1962 of Polinices sp., Thais haemastoma housing hermit crabs FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCII PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Nemopsis bachei L. Agassiz High Pelagic W 1962-63 A (late W, [Medusae] early Sp)

CLASS SCYPHOZOA ORDER SEMAEOSTOMEAE Pelagiidae Pelagia noctiluca (Forskil) Low Pelagic Su, F 1962 C Cyaneidae Cyanea capillata var, High Pelagic versicolor L. Agassiz Ulmaridae Aurelia aurita (Limb) Inter- Pelagic Su 1961 C mediate (late Su, early F) High Pelagic Su 1962 C (late Su, early F)

ORDER HHIZOSTOMEAE Rhizostomatidae Rhopilema uerrilli (Fewkes) High Pelagic Sp 1963 C (late W, early Sp)

CLASS ANTHOZOA SUBCLASS ZOANTHARIA ORDER ACTINARIA Hormathiidae Calliactis tricolor (LeSueur) High Benthic: on Polinices and other snail shells housing hermit crabs

Edwardsiidae Edwardsia sp. High Benthic: Su, F 1961 sand W 1961-62 Sp, Su 1962 Su 1963 Inter- Benthic: mediate sand. mud PHYLUMCTENOPHORA Unidentified ctenophores High Pelagic

Inter- Pelagic mediate Low Pelagic NUMBER 31 56

APPENDIX I (Continued) - Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS TURBELLARIA ORDER POLYCLADIDA Stylochidae Stylochus ellipticus (Girard) High Benthic: sand CLASS TREMATODA Unidentified pleurolophocerous High Parasitic in stylet cercaria Amaroucium sp., ?Polycitor sp. PHYLUM NEMERTINEA CLASS ANOPLA ORDER PALEONEMERTINI Tubulanidae Tubulanus pellucidus Coe Low Sand

ORDER HETERONEMERTINI Lineidae Micrura leidyi (Verrill) High Sand

Cerebrutulus lacteus Verrill High Sand, sandy Low mud

ORDER HOPLONEMERTINI Emplectonematidae ?Paranemertes biocellata Coe Low Sand Amphiporidae Amphiporus cruentatus Verrill High Sand ?Zygonemertes virescens High Sand Montgomery Prosorhochmidae Oerstedia dorsalis Biirger Low Sand

PHYLUM ECTOPROCTA CLASS GYMOLAEMATA ORDER CHEILOSTOMATA Membraniporidae Membranipora tenuis Desor High Benthic: F 1961 encrusting W 1961-62 fouling plates, Sp, Su 1962 shells Sp, Su, F 1963 Electrinidae Electra laciniosa Shier High Benthic: encrusting fouling plates, shells 67 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Bicellariidae Bugula neiitina Linn6 High Benthic: shells, ascidians

Schizoporellidae Hippodiplosia americana High Benthic: (Verrill) fouling plates, shells PHYLUM PHORONIDA Phoronidae Phoronis architects Andrews High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

High Benthic: on cerianthid tube in aquarium PHYLUM BRACHIOPODA CLASS INARTICULATA ORDER GTREMATA Lingulidae Glottidia pyramidata High Benthic: (Stimpson) mud. sand PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA CLASS ASTEROIDEA ORDER PHANEROZONIA Luidiidae Luidia alternata (Say) High Benthic: muddy sand, sand

L. clathrata (Say) High Benthic: mud

CLASS OPHIUROIDEA ORDER OPHIURIDA Amphiuridae Amphiodia atra (Stimpson) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 mud, muddy W 1962-63 sand

Amphioplus coniortodes High Benthic: H. L. Clark mud

Amphioplus sp. High Benthic: mud NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance -- -

Amphipholis gracillima High Benthic: (Stimpson) mud

Hemipholis elongata (Say) High Benthic: mud

Ophiophragmus filograneus High Benthic: Su, F 1962 C (Lyman) mud, muddy W 1962-63 sand Sp, Su 1963

Ophiactidae Ophiactis sp. High Benthic: muddy sand

Ophiotrichidae Ophiothn'x angulata (Say) High Benthic: sand, mud

Ophiolepidae Ophiolepis elegans Liitken High Benthic: mud

CLASS ECHINOIDEA ORDER TEMNOPLEUHOIDA Toxopneustidae Lytechinus uariegatus High Benthic: (Larnarck) rocks, sand

ORDER CLYPEASTEROIDA Scutellidae Encope michelini L. Agassiz High Benthic: sand, mud

Mellita quinquiesperforata High Benthic: ( Leske) sand, mud

CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA ORDER DENDROCHIROTA Cucumariidae Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres High Benthic: mud, sandy mud

Thyone briareus (LeSueur) High Benthic: muddy sand, sandy mud

T. mexicana Deichmann High Benthic: sandy mud 59 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Thyoneria cognata (Lampert) High Benthic: Sp, F 1962 sand, sandy W 1962-63 mud Sp 1963

ORDER ASPIDOCHIROTA Phyllophoridae Lipotrapera seguroensis High Benthic: Deichrnann sand

ORDERAPODA Synaptidae Sy naptula hydriformis High Benthic: Su 1961 (LeSueur) sand, muddy through sand Su 1963 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS GASTROPODA SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA ORDER ARCBAEOGASTROPODA Fissurellidae Diodora cayenensis (Lamarck) High Benthic: sand Trochidae Calliostoma yucatecanum Dall High Benthic: [Juvenile] sand C, jujubinum High Benthic: tampaense Conrad muddy sand Neritidae Neritina reclivata (Say) Inter- Benthic: Su, F 1961 mediate, soft sand W 1961-62 Low Sp, Su, F 1962; W 1962-63 Sp, Su 1963 Smaragdia uiridis (LinnB) High, Benthic: Sp, Su 1962 Low sand Su 1963

ORDER MESOGASTROPODA Littorinidae Littorina irrorata (Say) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand W 1961-62 Sp, Su 1962 Rissoinidae Rissoina catesbyana d'orbigny High Benthic: sand Vitrinellidae Teinostoma biscaynense High Benthic: Pilsbry & McGinty sand NUMBER 31 60

APPENDIX I (Continued) Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Solariorbis terminalis High Benthic: (Pilsbry & McGinty) sand Cyclostremiscus pentagonus High, Benthic: (Gabb) Intermediate sand, mud Caecidae Caecum floridunum Stimpson High Benthic: sand C. pulchellum Stimpson High Benthic: sand Meioceras nitidum (Stimpson) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud Potamididae Cerithidea scalariformis (Say) High Benthic: sand Cerithiidae Bittiurn varium (Pfeiffer) High, Inter- Benthic: F 1961 mediate, Low sand Sp, Su,F 1962 W 1962-63 Cerithium atratum (Born) High Benthic: sand C. muscarum Say High Benthic: sand

Cerithiopsis greeni (C.B.Adams) High Benthic: W 1961-62 sand Sp, Su, F 1962 C. bicolor (C.B. Adams) High Benthic: sand Seila adamsi (H.C. Lea) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 sand, mud W 1962-63 Triphoridae Triphora intermedia High Benthic: (C.B. Adams) sand T. nigrocincta (C.B. Adams) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 mud, sand Epitoniidae Epitonium angulatum (Say) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 sand, mud 6 1 FLORIDA MARINE Rk>SEARCIIPUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

E. humphreysi (Keiner) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 R sand E. rupicolum (Kurtz) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C Intermediate, sand Sp, Su, F 1962 Low W 1962-63 E. tollini Bartsch High Benthic: sand

Epitonium sp. High Benthic: F 1961 U sand, mud Su, F 1962 Calyptraeidae Crepidula convexa Say High Benthic: sand C. fornicata (Linn6) High, Benthic: W 1961-62 C High Salinity Low sand, mud through R Low Salinity Sp 1963 C. maculosa Conrad High Benthic: W 1961-62 U sand, mud through F 1962 C. plana Say High Benthic: Sp, Su 1962 U sand W 1962-63 Strombidae Strombus alatus Gmelin High Benthic: sandy mud Naticidae Polinices duplicatus (Say) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, mud through R Intermediate mediate Sp 1963 Salinity P. lacteus (Guilding) High Benthic: sand

Natica pusilla Say High Benthic: Su 1961 C sand, sandy W 1961-62 mud Sp, F 1962 Sp 1963 Eulimidae Melanella bilineata Alder High Benthic: mud

ORDER NEOGASTROPODA Muricidae Calotrophon ostrearum (Conrad) High Benthic: sandy mud NUMBER 31 62

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Eupleura sulcidentata Dall High Benthic: sand Thais haemastoma Linn6 High. Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, sandy through R Intermediate. mediate, mud Su 1963 Low Salinity Low Urosalpinx perrugata (Conrad) High Benthic: Su. F 1962 sand, sandy mud Columbellidae Anachis iontha (Ravenel) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, sandy Sp 1962 R Intermediate mediate mud through Salinity W 1962-63 A. obesa (C.B. Adams) High Benthic: sandy mud A. similis (Ravenel) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy Sp, Su 1962 mud W 1962-63 Mitrella lunata (Say) High, Benthic: Su 1961 A High Salinity Inter- sand, muddy through R Intermediate. mediate, sand Su 1963 Low Salinity Low Buccinidae Cantharus cancellarius Conrad High Benthic: sand Pisania tincta (Conrad) High Benthic: sandy mud Melongenidae Busycon spiratum (Lamarck) High Benthic: sandy mud Melongena corona (Gmelin) High Benthic: sand, muddy sand Nassariidae Nassan'us acutus (Say) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, mud W 1961-62 R Intermediate, mediate, through Low Salinity Low Su 1963

N. albus (Say) High Benthic: W 1961-62 sand through Su 1962 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

N. vibex (Say) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, sandy through R Intermediate, mediate, mud Su 1963 Low Salinity Low Olividae Oliva sayana Ravenel High Benthic: sandy mud

Olivella mutica (Say) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud Marginellidae Gibberulina ovuliformis High Benthic: Su 1961 U dJOrbigny sand, sandy through mud F 1962 Granula lavalleeana (dlOrbigny) High Benthic: sand

Prunum apicinurn (Menke) High Benthic: Su 1961 U sand, muddy Sp, Su, F 1962 sand Conidae Conus stearnsi Conrad High Benthic: sand Terebridae Terebra concava Say High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

T. dislocata (Say) High Benthic: sandy mud

?T. hastata (Gmelin) High Benthic: sand

T. protexta Conrad High Benthic: sandy mud Turridae Kurtriella limonitella Dall High Benthic: Su 1961 U sand, sandy W 1961-62 mud through W 1962-63

Pyrgocy thara plicosa High Benthic: (C.B. Adams) sand NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA ORDER CEPHALASPIDEA Acteonidae Acteon candens Rehder High Benthic: sandy mud

A. punctostriatus High, Benthic: Su 1961 U High Salinity C.B. Adams Inter- sand, sandy Sp 1962 R Intermediate mediate mud through Salinity W 1962-63 Bullidae Bulla striata (Bruguiere) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, sandy W 1961-62 R Intermediate, mediate, mud, mud Su, F 1962 Low Salinity Low W 1962-63 Atyidae Haminoea succinea Conrad High, Benthic: U High Salinity Inter- muddy R Intermediate, mediate, sand, mud Low Salinity Low

Haminoea sp. Inter- Benthic: mediate mud Acteocinidae Acteocina canaliculata (Say) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, W 1961-62 U Intermediate, mediate, sandy mud, through Low Salinity Low mud W 1962-63 Pyrarnidellidae Odostomia bisuturalis (Say) Inter- Benthic: mediate mud

0.impressa (Say) High, Benthic: Inter- sand mediate

0.seminuda (C,B. Adams) High Benthic: sand

Texadina sphinctostoma Inter- Benthic: Su 1961 Abbott & Ladd mediate, sand, mud W 1961-62 Low through W 1962-63

Turbonilla sp. High Benthic: Su 1961 sand. sandy Sp, Su 1962 mud FLORIDA MARINE HESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

ORDER ANASPIDEA Aplysiidae Bursatella leachi plei Rang High Benthic: Su, F 1962 C sandy mud, W 1962-63 rocks

ORDER NOTASPIDEA Pleurobranchidae Pleurobranchus areolatus MGrch High Benthic: Sp, Su 1963 sand, sandy mud

ORDER DORIDOIDEA Polyceridae Polycera hummi Abbott High, Benthic: Inter- sandy mud, mediate mud Corambidae Doridella obscura Verrill High Benthic: sandy mud

CLASS SCAPHOPODA Siphonodentaliidae Cudulus carolinensis Bush High Benthic: mud Dentaliidae Dentaliurn eboreum Conrad High Benthic: Su 1961 sandy mud, Sp, F 1962 mud W 1962-63

D. texasianum Philippi High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy Sp, F 1962 mud W 1962-63 D. pilsbryi Rehder High Benthic: sand

CLASS BIVALVIA ORDER PROTOBRANCHIA Nuculanidae Nuculana acuta (Conrad) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy Sp 1962 mud through W 1962-63

N. concentn'ca (Say) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High, Interme- Inter- sandy mud, Su 1962 diate Salinity mediate, mud through R Low Salinity Low W 1962-63 NUMBER 31 66

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

ORDER FILIBRANCHIA Arcidae Anadara brasiliana (Lamarck) High Benthic: sandy mud

A. transversa (Say) High Benthic: Su 1961 C sand, sandy Sp, Su, F 1962 mud W 1962-63 Sp 1963

Barbatia candida (Helbling) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 C sandy mud W 1962-63 Sp 1963

Noetia ponderosa (Say) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud Mytilidae Amygdalum papyria (Conrad) High, Benthic: Su 1961 U High Salinity Low sand W 1961-62 R Low Salinity through F 1962 Sp 1963

Brachidontes exustus (LinnB) High, Benthic: W 1961-62 C High Salinity Low sand through R Low Salinity Sp 1963

B. recurvus (Rafinesque) High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand W 1961-62 R Intermediate mediate through Salinity W 1962-63 Lithophaga bisulcata High Benthic: (d'orbigny) in dead scallop shell

Musculus lateralis (Say) High Benthic: Su 1961 U sand W 1961-62 Su 1962 through W 1962-63

Modiolus americanus (Leach) High Benthic: Su, F 1961 sand Su, F 1962 Pinnidae A tn'na rigida (Lightfoot) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand Su, F 1962 Su 1963 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

A. serrata (Sowerby) High Benthic: sandy mud Pectinidae Argopecten irradians High Benthic: concentricus (Say) sandy mud A. gibbus (Linne) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud Aequipecten muscosus (Wood) High Benthic: sandy mud

Chlamys benedicti (Verrill High Benthic: & Bush) sandy mud Anomiidae Anomia simplex d'orbigny High, Benthic: Su 1961 U High Salinity Low sand W 1961-62 R Low Salinity F 1962 Ostreidae Ostrea equestn's Say High Benthic: Sp, Su 1962 U on wall of Su 1963 protected habitat box Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) High Benthic: Su 1961 on wall of through protected Su 1963 habitat box

ORDER EULAMELLIBRANCHIA Crassitellidae Crassinella lunulata (Conrad) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy Su 1962 mud through W 1962-63 Corbiculidae Polymesoda caroliniana (Bosc) Low Benthic: Sp, Su 1963 R muddy sand Lucinidae Lucina amiantus Dall High Benthic: Su 1961 U sand, Su 1962 sandy mud through W 1962-63 L. floridana Conrad High Benthic: sand, sandy mud NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

L. multilineata Tuomey High Benthic: & Holmes sand, sandy mud

L. sombrerensis Dall High Benthic: mud

?Phacoides filosus Stimpson High Benthic: Su. F 1962 sand, sandy mud

P. nassula (Conrad) High Benthic: sandy mud Cardiidae Dinocardium robusturn High Benthic: (Lightfoot) sandy mud

Laevicardium laevigatum (Linn6) High Benthic: sandy mud

1;. mortoni (Conrad) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy through mud W 1962-63 Su 1963

Trachycardium egmontianum High Benthic: (Shuttleworth) sand

T. muricatum (LinnB) High Benthic: sand Veneridae Anomalocardia auberiana High, Benthic: Su 1961 A High Salinity (d'orbigny) Inter- sand, sandy through R Intermediate, mediate, mud Su 1963 Low Salinity Low

Callocardia texasiana Dall High Benthic: sand

Chione cancellata (Linnh) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

C. grus (Holrnes) High Benthic: sand

C. intapurpurea (Conrad) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Dosinia discus (Reeve) High Benthic: Su, F 1962 sand, sandy mud

D. elegans Conrad High Benthic: sand

Parastarte triquetra High, Benthic: Su 1961 (Conrad) Low sand, sandy Sp 1962 mud through Sp 1963

Tellinidae StrigiZla mirabilis High Benthic: (Philippi) sand Tellidora cristata (Rhcluz) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Tellina alternata Say High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, sandy through U Intermediate, mediate, mud, mud Su 1963 Low Salinity Low

T. listen' Roding High Benthic: sandy mud

T. lineata Turton High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy W 1961-62 mud through F 1962 Su 1963

T. similis Sowerby High Benthic: sandy mud

T. tampaensis Conrad High Benthic: Su, F 1961 sand Sp 1962 Su 1963

T. texana Dall High Benthic: sand

T. uersicolor DeKay High Benthic: sandy mud

Semelidae Abra aequalis (Say) High Benthic: sandy mud

A. lioica (Dall) High Benthic: sand NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Semele bellastn'ata (Conrad) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Donacidae Donm dorotheae Morrison High Benthic: Su, F 1962 sand Sanguinolariidae Tagelus divisus (Spengler) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, sandy Sp, Su, F R Intermediate, mediate, mud 1962 Low Salinity Low

T. plebeius (Lightfoot) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand Sp, Su, F R Intermediate, mediate, 1962 Low Salinity Low

Solenidae Ensis minor Dall High, Benthic: Su 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, W 1961-62 R Intermediate, mediate, sandy mud through Low Salinity Low Su 1963 Mactridae Mactra fragilis Gmelin High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy Sp, Su 1962 mud Su 1963

Mulinia lateralis (Say) High, Benthic: Su 1961 R High Salinity Inter- sand. mud W 1961-62 U Intermediate, mediate, Sp, F 1962 Low Salinity Low Su 1963

Rangia cuneata (Gray) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 R High Salinity Inter- muddy sand, Sp 1962 U Intermediate mediate, sandy mud through Salinity Low Su 1963 C Low Salinity Spisula solidissima raveneli High Benthic: (Conrad) sand Corbulidae Corbula barrattiana C.B. Adams High Benthic: sandy mud

C. swiftiana C.B. Adams High, Benthic: Su 1961 Inter- sand, Su, F 1962 mediate sandy mud 71 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative S~ecies Area Habitat Season Abundance

Pholadidae Martesia cuneiformis (Say) High Benthic: in submerged wood

Diplothyra smithii Tryon High Benthic: in mollusk shells

Teredinidae Bankia gouldi Bartsch High, Benthic: Su 1962 C High Salinity Inter- submerged Su 1963 R Intermediate mediate wood Salinity

Lyonsiidae Lyonsia hyalina floridana High Benthic: Su, F 1961 U High Salinity Conrad sand, sandy Su, F 1962 R Intermediate, mud Sp 1963 Low Salinity

CLASS CEPHALOPODA ORDERDECAPODA Loliginidae Loligo pealei LeSeuer High Pelagic

Lolliguncula brevis High, Pelagic Su 1961 C (A winter) (Blainville) Inter- Sp 1962 High Salinity mediate through U (A fall) Sp 1963 Intermediate Salinity PHYLUM ANNELIDA CLASS POLYCHAETA Polynoidae Lepidarnetria commensalis High Benthic: Webster sand

Lepidonotus sublevis Verrill High Benthic: sandy mud

L. variabilis Webster High Benthic: sandy mud, mud

Sigalionidae Sthenelais articulata Kinberg High Benthic: muddy sand

Amphinornidae ?Amphinome rostrata (Pallas) High Benthic: sand I

NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued) Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Phyllodocidae A naitides erythrophyllus High Benthic: (Schmarda) sand

Eteone lactea Claparkde Low Benthic: sand

E. heteropoda Hartman High, Benthic: Su. F 1961 U Inter- sand Sp, Su 1962 mediate, Low

Eumida sanguinea (Oersted) High Benthic: sand

Nereiphylla near paretti High Benthic: Sp, Su 1962 R Blainville sand Hesionidae Podurke near guanica High Benthic: Hoagland sand

Syllidae Syllis gracilis Grube High Benthic: sandy mud Nereidae Ceratonereis irritabilis High, Benthic: Su 1962 C (Low, Su 1962) (Webster) Inter- sand, sandy W 1962-63 U (otherwise) mediate, mud Low

C. tridentata (Webster) High, Benthic: Inter- sand, mediate, sandy mud Low

Laeonereis culveri (Webster) High, Benthic: Su 1961 Inter- sand, muddy through mediate, sand Su 1962 Low W 1962-63 Sp, Su 1963

Neathes succinea (Frey High. Benthic: Su 1961 & Leuckart) Inter- sand, muddy Sp, Su 1962 mediate, sand, sandy W 1962-63 Low mud Sp, Su 1963 Nereis largoensis Treadwell High Benthic: sandy mud FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCII PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

N. falsa Grube High, Benthic: Inter- sand, sandy mediate mud

N. riisei Grube High Benthic: sandy mud

Perinereis anderssoni Kinberg High Benthic: sandy mud

P. floridana (Ehlers) High Benthic: sandy mud

Perinereis sp. High Benthic: sandy mud

Platynereis dumerilii High Benthic: Sp, Su 1962 A (W 1962-63) (Audouin & Milne Edwards) sand and W 1962-63 R (otherwise) eel grass

Nephtyidae Nephtys bucera Ehlers High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

N. picta Ehlers High Benthic: Su, F 1961 sand W 1961-62 Glyceridae Glycera americana Leidy High Benthic: sand, sandy mud G. dibranchiata Ehlers High Benthic: sand

Onuphidae Diopatra sp. High Benthic: sand Onuphis rnagna (Andrews) High, Benthic: Su 1961 Inter- sand, Su, F 1962 mediate sandy mud Sp 1963 Eunicidae ?Marphysa sunguinea (Montagu) High Benthic: sandy mud Lumbrinereidae Lumbrinereis alata Hartman High Benthic: sandy mud NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

L. parvapedata (Treadwell) High Benthic: sandy mud

Ninoe nigripes gracilis High Benthic: Hartman sand, sandy mud

Arabellidae Drilonereis magna (Webster Inter- Benthic: & Benedict) mediate sand

Dorvilleidae Dorvillea rubra (Grube) High Benthic: sandy mud

Orbiniidae Haploscoloplos foliosus High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 C Hartman Inter- sand, Sp, Su 1962 mediate, muddy sand W 1962-63 Low Su 1963

H. fragilis (Verrill) High, Benthic: Su 1961 U High Salinity Low sand, mud Su 1962 R Low Salinity Su 1963

Haploscoloplos sp. High Benthic: sand

Scoloplos rubra (Webster) High Benthic: sand

Spionidae Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers) High Benthic: sand

Polydora websten' Hartman High, Benthic: Inter- sand mediate, Low

Polydora sp. High Benthic: sandy mud

Prionospio heterobranchia Moore High Benthic: sand

Spiophanes bombyx (Claparkde) High Benthic: Su 1961 R sand, Sp, Su 1962 sandy mud W 1962-63 Magelonidae Magelona near californica High Benthic: Hartman sand FI,OHIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Magelona sp. High Benthic: sandy mud

Chaetopteridae Chaetopterus uariopedatus High Benthic: (Renier) sand, sandy mud

Spiochaetopterus oculatus High Benthic: Webster sand, sandy mud

Arenicolidae Arenicola cristata Stimpson High Benthic: C (Su 1962) sand R (otherwise) Opheliidae Armandia agilis (Andrews) High Benthic: F 1961 sand, W 1961-62 sandy mud Sp, F 1962 W 1962-63

Trar~isiaforbesi Johnston High Benthic: F 1962 sand, sandy W 1962-63 mud Capitellidae ?Capitella capitata High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 (Fabricius) Low sand Sp 1962

Capitellides jonesi Hartman High Benthic: sand

Capitomastus aciculatus High Benthic: Su, F 1961 Hartman sand

Dasybranchus lunulatus Ehlers High Benthic: sand

Heteromastus filiformis High Benthic: Su, F 1961 (Claparhde) sand Sp 1962

Mediomastus californiensis High Benthic: Hartman sand

Notomastus hemipodus Hartman High Benthic: sand NUMBER 31 76

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Maldanidae Axiothella mucosa (Andrews) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 Low sand, W 1961-62 muddy sand Sp, Su 1962 W 1962-63 Sp, Su 1963

Maldane sarsi Malmgren High Benthic: sand

Pectinariidae Pectinaria gouldii (Verrill) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 C High Salinity Inter- sand, Sp 1962 R Intermediate, mediate, muddy sand, through Low Salinity Low sandy mud Su 1963

Sabellariidae Sabellaria floridensis High Benthic: R Hartman old shell, sandy mud

S. uulgaris beaufortensis High Benthic: R Hartman sandy mud

Arnpharetidae Hypaniola floridana (Hartman) High, Benthic: Inter- sand mediate

Melinna maculata Webster High Benthic: sand Terebellidae Loimia uiridis Moore High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Pista cristata (Miiller) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Thelepus setosus (Quatrefages) High Benthic: sandy mud

Trichobranchidae Terebellides stroemi Sars High Benthic: sand, sandy mud Sabellidae Branchiomma nigromaculata High Benthic: (Baird) sand FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH FUBIAICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Chone duneri Malmgren High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Fabricia sp. High Benthic: sand

Hypsicomus elegans (Webster) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 Inter- sand, Sp, Su 1962 mediate, muddy sand, V\r 1962-63 Low sandy mud Sp, Su 1963 Megalomma bioculatum (Ehlers) High Benthic: sandy mud Sabella melanostigma Schmarda High Benthic: old shell, sandy mud

5. microphthalma Verrill High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, Sp, Su 1962 sandy mud W 1962-63 Sp 1963 Serpulidae Hydroides dianthus (Verrill) High, Benthic: Su, F 1961 C High Salinity Inter- old oyster, Sp, F 1962 R Intermediate, mediate, scallop, W 1962-63 Low Salinity Low snail shell Sp 1963 H. protulicola Benedict High Benthic: old shell Sternaspidae Sternaspis fossor Stimpson High Benthic: sandy mud

CLASS OLIGOCHAETA Enchytraeidae Enchytraeus sp. High Benthic: sand

CLASS HIRUDINEA Piscicolidae Calliobdella sp. High Sabine Is., saltwater pumping system Unidentified piscicolid leech High Lower jaw of Fundulus sp. NUMBER 31 78

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

PHYLUM ECHIURIDA Thalassernidae Thalassema mellita Conn High Benthic: sand, sandy mud PHYLUM SIPUNCULIDA Aspidosiphon speciosus High Benthic: Gerould sand, mud

Golfingia improvisum Thee1 High Benthic: mud

Phascolion strombi High Benthic: (Montagu) mud, sand

Siphonosoma cumanense High Benthic: (Keferstein) sand

Sipunculus nudus Linne High Benthic: sand

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS CRUSTACEA SUBCLASS CIRRIPEDIA ORDER THORACICA Balanidae Balanus eburneus Gould High Pilings, All Seasons rocks 1961-63

Low Wall of protected habitat box

ORDER HHIZOCEPHALA Sacculinidae Loxothylacus texanus Boschma High Parasitic: in Calli- nectes sapidus

L. panopei (Gissler) High Parasitic: in Neopanope t. texana; in Eurypanopeus depressus 79 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA ORDER NEBALIACEA Nebaliidae Nebalia sp. High Benthic: Su, F 1961 sand F 1962 W 1962-63

ORDER CUMACEA Diastylidae Oxyurostylis snithi Calman High Benthic: Su, F 1961 sand, sandy Sp, Su 1962 mud W 1962-63

ORDER MYSIDACEA Mysidae Taphromysis bowmani Inter- Pelagic: Bscescu mediate over soft mud

Mysidopsis almyra Bowman Low Pelagic: over sand

Bowmaniella dissimilis High Pelagic: F 1961 (Coifman) over sand, W 1961-62 mud Sp, Su, F 1962 Su 1963

Inter- Over soft mediate mud

Low Over sand

ORDER TANAIDACEA Tanaidae Leptochelia sp. High Benthic: sand, sandy mud, seagrasses

ORDER ISOPDDA Cymothoidae Lironeca ovalis (Say) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud, seagrasses

Nerocila munda Harger High Benthic: sandy mud Sphaeromidae Sphaeroma quadridentata Say High Benthic: F 1961 sand, sandy Sp, Su, F 1962 mud W 1962-63 Sp 1963 NUMBER 31

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Inter- Soft mud mediate Idotheidae Erichsonella Fliformis (Say) High Benthic: sand

ORDER AMPHIPODA Haustoriidae Haustonus sp. High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, sandy through mud Sp 1963 Low Sand

ORDER DECAPODA Section Penaeidea Penaeidae Penaeus aztecus Ives High Benthic: sand, muddy sand

Inter- Sandy mud mediate

P. duorarum Burkenroad High Benthic: Sp, Su, F sand, sandy 1962; W 1962- mud 1963; Sp 1963 P. setiferus (LinnB) High Benthic: sand, muddy sand

Inter- Sandy mud mediate

Low Muddy sand, sandy mud

Sicyonia breuirostn's High Benthic: Sp, Su 1962 Stimpson sandy mud Sp 1963 Sergestidae Lucifer faxoni Borradaile High Benthic: sandy mud

Section Caridea Alpheidae Alpheus heterochaelis Say High Benthic: Su, F 1962 sand, muddy W 1962-63 sand, sandy Sp, Su 1963 mud, seagrasses FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Hippolytidae Hippolyte zostericola (Smith) High Benthic: seagrasses in sand, sandy mud Latreutes fucorurn High On Sargassum (Fabricius) SP. Palaemonidae Leander tenuicornis (Say) High On Sargassum natans

Palaemonetes pugio High Benthic: Holthuis sand, sandy mud

P. vulgaris (Say) High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Section Anomura Hippidae Emerita talpoida Say High Benthic: sand

Paguridae Clibanarius vittatus (Bosc) High Benthic: Su 1961 rock, sand, Sp, F 1962 muddy sand Sp 1963

C.?cubensis (Saussure) Inter- Benthic: mediate muddy sand

Paguristes hummi Wass High Benthic: muddy sand

Pagurus longicarpus Say High Benthic: sand, rocks and sand

P. impressus (Benedict) High Benthic: muddy sand

P. poklicaris Say High Benthic: muddy sand

P. bonairensis Schrnitt High Benthic: Su 1961 C muddy sand Sp, Su, F 1962 (A Su 1962, and seagrass W 1962-63 Sp 1963) beds Sp, Su 1963 NUMBER 31 82

APPENDIX I (continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Section Brachyura Callappidae Hepatus epheliticus (Linne) High Benthic: sandy mud

Portunidae Callinectes danae Smith High Benthic: Su 1961 sandy mud Sp 1962 through Sp 1963 Inter- Sandy mud mediate

C. sapidus Rathbun High Benthic: Su 1961 sand, W 1961-62 sandy mud through Sp 1963

Inter- Benthic: Su 1961 mediate sandy mud Sp 1962 through Sp 1963

Low Benthic: Su 1961 sandy mud, Sp 1962 mud through Su 1963

C. ornatus Ordway High Benthic: sand C. similis Williams High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Ovalipes guadulpensis High Benthic: (Saussure) sandy mud

Portunus gibbesii (Stimpson) High Benthic: Su 1961 sandy mud Su, F 1962 Sp 1963

P. sayi (Gibbes) High Benthic: Su 1961 sandy mud, Su, F 1962 Sargassum

Inter- Benthic: mediate sandy mud, soft mud

Low Benthic: soft mud 83 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

P. spinirnanus Latreille High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Inter- Benthic: mediate sandy mud, soft mud

Low Benthic: sandy mud, soft mud

Xanthidae Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith) High Benthic: Su 1961 sand through Su 1963

Menippe mercenaria (Say) High Benthic: sandy mud

Neopanope texana texana High Benthic: (Stimpson) sand, sandy mud

Panopeus herbstii High Benthic: H. Milne Edwards sand, sandy mud

P. occidentalis Saussure High Benthic: sand, sandy mud

Pinnotheridae Pinnotheres maculatus Say High Benthic: mantle cavity of Laevicardium mortoni

Pinnixa chaetopterana Stimpson High Benthic: Su 1962 Chaetop terus Sp, Su 1963 tube

P. cylindn'ca Say High Benthic: sand

P. sayana (Stimpson) High Benthic: sand

Pinnixa sp. High Benthic: F 1961 sand, mud Su, F 1962 NUMBER 31 84

APPENDIX I (Continued)

Salinity Relative Species Area Habitat Season Abundance

Majidae Metoporhaphis calcarata (Say) High Benthic: Sp, Su, F sandy mud 1962 W 1962-63

Libinia dubia H. Milne Edwards High Benthic: F 1962 sand, sandy W 1962-63 mud Sp 1963

ORDER STOMATOPODA Squillidae Squilla empusa Say High Benthic: Su 1961 sandy mud Su, F 1962 Sp 1963

CLASS ARACHNOIDEA SUBCLASS ARACHNIDA ORDER CHE1,ONETHIDA Cheiridiidae Unidentified immature High Benthic: Su 1961 pseudoscorpion sand

APPENDIX I1

INVERTEBRATES COLLECTED OR OBSERVED DURING 1942 THROUGH 1967 BUT NOT DURING THE 1961-63 STUDY. ESCAMBIA RIVER, UPPER ESCAMBIA BAY AND BAYOU GRANDE ARE LOW SALINITY AREAS; LOWER ESCAMBIA BAY, EAST BAY AND LOWER BAYOU TEXAR ARE INTERMEDIATE SALINITY AREAS; ALL OTHER LOCALITIES ARE IN THE HIGH SALINITY PORTION OF THE ESTUARY. RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IS NOT INDICATED IN AVAILABLE RECORDS.

N. R. Cooley in litt. to A. C. Borror. See Borror, 1962. ' See Cooley, 1958, 1962. 3 100 pair elytra. Double infection.

Species Location Habitat Date

PHYLUM PROTOZOA CLASS PHYTOMASTIGOPHOREA ORDER DINOF1,AGF:LLIDA Noctilucidae Noctiluca scintillans Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic 30 January 1958 (Macartney) near Sabine Is. 85 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATlONS

APPENDIX I1 (Continued)

Species Location Habitat Date

CLASS CILIATEA SUBCLASS HOLOTRICHIA ORDER GYMNOSTOMATIDA Enchelyidae Lacryman'a sp. All ciliates from Water in dishes Santa Rosa Sd. at containing Thais Sabine Is. haemastoma isolated to observe emission of cercariae

Amphilep tidae Litonotus sp.

Loxodidae Loxodes sp.

Spathididae Spathidium sp.

SUBCLASS PERITRICHIA ORDER PERITRICHIDA Vorticellidae Vorticella sp.

Carchesium sp.

SUBCLASS SUCTORIA ORDER SUCTORIDA Dendrosomatidae Unidentified suctorian sp.

SUBCLASS SPIROTRICWIA ORDER HETEROTRICIIIDA Spirostomatidae Blepharisma sp. PHYLUM PORIFERA CLASS DEMOSPONGEA ORDER KEHATOSIDA Aplysillidae Aplysilla polyraphis Santa Rosa Sd. Encrusting October 1954 de Laubenfels oyster shell 28 October 1966 13 October 1967

ORDER HAPJ,OSCLERIDA Haliclonidae Haliclona permollis Pensacola Bay Encrusting seaweeds 6 September 1962 Bowerbank (mouth) and sticks

H. uiridis Santa Rosa Sd. Wall of ex- 25 August 1967 (Duchassaing & Michelotti) (Sabine Is.) perimental tank NUMBER 31 86

APPENDIX I1 (Continued)

Species Location Habitat Date

ORDER POECILOSCLERIDA Tedaniidae Lissodendoiyx isodictyalis Santa Rosa Sd. Oyster tray 15, 25 October 1967 (Carter) (Sabine Is.) Microcionidae Microciona sp. Santa Rosa Sd, Experimental 8 August 1967 (Sabine Is.) ecosystem tank

ORDER HADROMERIDA Choani tidae Halicometes near perastra Santa Rosa Sd. Grass bed 10 February 1964 de Laubenfels (English Navy Cove)

Clionidae Cliona truitti Old East Bay Boring oyster shell 1 August 1967

CLASS CALCISPONGEA ORDER SYCONOSA Scyphidae Scypha sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Oyster shell 17 May 1967 (Sabine Is,) PHYLUM CNIDARIA CLASS HYDROZOA ORDER HYDROIDA Cyaneidae Cyanea capillata var. Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic January 1964 uersicolor L. Agassiz March 1965 CLASS SCYPHOZOA ORDER RHIZOSTOMEAE Stomolophidae Stomolophus meleagn's Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic 23 March 1964 L. Agassiz 7, 19 October 1965 CLASS ANTHOZOA ORDER ACTINARIA Actinostolidae Paranthus rapiformis Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. 22 June 1966 (LeSueur) clam tank

ORDER CERIANTHARIA Cerianthidae Cerianthus americanus Santa Rosa Sd. Clam tray 10 April 1956 Verrill

Lower Pensacola Bay Benthic: mud 4 February 1964

ORDER MADREPORARIA Astrangiidae Astrangia astreiformis Santa Rosa Sd. Rock July 1950 Milne Edwards & Haime 87 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I1 (Continued)

Species Location Habitat Date

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA CLASS TENTACULATA ORDER CYDIPPIDA Pleurobrachiidae ?Pleurobrachia sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic 28 January 1965

ORDER LOBATA Mnemiidae Mnemiopsis sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic 28 January 1965

ORDER BEROIDA Beroidae Beroe ovata Chamisso & Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic 22 February 1942 Eysenhardt 8 February1952 6 April 1965 3 March 1966 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES CLASS TURBELLARIA ORDER TRICLADIDA Bdellouridae Bdelloura candida (Girard) Santa Rosa Sd. On Limulus 23 August 1949

ORDER POLYCLADIDA Stylochidae Stylochus ellipticus Little Sabine Bay Piling 18 November 1963 (Girard) Santa Rosa Sd. Oyster tray 9 April 1965 S. frontalis Verrill Santa Rosa Sd. Oyster tray 8, 17 February 1956 CLASS TREMATODA ORDER DIGENEA Echinostomatidae Parorchis acanthus (Nicoll) Santa Rosa Sd. Parasitic in Thais Pensacola Bay haemastoma, Larus argentatus Pontop- pidan, L. delawarensis Ord, L. atricilla LinnB, Sterna albifrons Pallas PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA CLASS OPHIUROIDEA ORDER OPRIURIDA Ophioderrnatidae Ophioderma brevispinum (Say) Santa Rosa Sd. Experimental 12 August 1958 (Sabine Is.) oyster tray

CLASS ECHINOIDEA ORDER ARBACIOIDA Arbaciidae Arbacia punctulata Santa Rosa Sd. Experimental 13 February 1964 (Lamarck) (Sabine Is.) oyster tray NUMBER 31 88

APPENDIX I1 (Continued)

Species Location Habitat Date

Diadematidae Diadema antillarum Santa Rosa Is. Rocks 28 December 1950 ( Philippi)

ORDER SPATANGOIDA Schizasteridae Moira atropos (Lamarck) Santa Rosa Sd. 24 April 1951 CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA ORDER ASPIDOCHIROTA Holothuriidae Theelothun'a princeps Lower Pensacola 18-24 April 1965 (Selenka) Bay 22 April 1966

ORDER APODA Synaptidae Leptosynapta crassipatina Santa Rosa Sd. Sand 25 January 1961 H.L. Clark (Sabine Is.)

L. inhaerens (O.F. Miiller) Santa Rosa Sd. Cement tank 21 July 1950 (Sabine Is.) PHYLUM MOLLUSCA CLASS AMPHINEURA ORDER CHITONIDA Ischnochitonidae Chaetopleura apiculata (Say) Lower Pensacola Bay On dead shells 20 February 1964 On sandy mud 19 August 1964

CLASS GASTROPODA SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA ORDER ARCHAEOGASTROPODA Trochidae Calliostoma pulchrum Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud 4 February 1964 (C.B. Adams)

ORDER MESOGASTROPODA Naticidae Sinum perspectiuum (Say) Big Lagoon Sand 25 January 1956 Santa Rosa Sd. Sand & grass 25 November 1964 Cassididae Phalium granulatum (Born) Lower Pensacola Bay 18-22 April 1966 Tonnidae Tonna galea (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Beach 27 November 1955

ORDER NEOGASTROPODA Muricidae Murex fulvescens Sowerby Santa Rosa Sd. Piling 28 December 1949

Urosalpinx tampaensis Santa Rosa Sd. 28 June 1955 (Conrad) FLORILIA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I1 (Continued) Species Location Habitat Date

Melongenidae Busycon contrarium (Conrad) Pensacola Bay Sandy mud April 1964 Fasciolariidae Fasciolan'a hunteria (Perry) Lower Pensacola Bay 13 April 1965 Pleuroploca gigantea Santa Rosa Sd. Sand July 1949 (Kiener)

SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA ORDER CEPHALASPIDEA Gastropteridae Gastropteron rubrurn Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. 24 July 1966 (Rafinesque) clam tank 18 March 1968 Aglajidae Chelidonura sabina Santa Rosa Sd. Muddy sand, 24 June 1966 Marcus & Marcus experimental clam tank

ORDER ASCOGLOSSA Elysiidae Elysia sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Sand 7 September 1963

ORDER DORIDOIDEA Archidoridae Archidon's sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Rocks 5 January 1951 Onchidorididae Onchidoris bilamellata Santa Rosa Sd. Piling 20 February 1942 (LinnB)

ORDER AEOLIDOIDEA Aeolidiidae Spurilla neapolitana Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. 11 December 1964 (Delle Chiaje) oyster tray Cuthonidae ?Catriona aurantia Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. 15 January 1954 (Alder & Hancock) clam tray Flabellinidae Coryphella sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. running 12 January 1951 water aquarium

ORDERDENDRONOTACEA Scyllaeidae Scyllaea pelagica Linn6 Santa Rosa Sd. On Sargassum April 1962 natans April 1966 CLASS BIVALVIA ORDER FILIBRANCHIA Arcidae Anadara ovalis (Brugui6re) Santa Rosa Sd. Sand May 1950 Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud 4 February 1964 NUMBER 31 90

APPENDIX I1 (Continued) species Location Habitat Date

My tilidae Modiolus dernissus Santa Rosa Sd. Salt marsh September 1955 granosissimus Sowerby Lower Bayou Salt marsh, on 25 January 1964 Texar roots of Spartina Pteriidae Pteria colymbus (Roding) Pensacola Bay Attached to sponge 11 April 1966 Ostreidae Ostrea frons Linnk Santa Rosa Sd. Piling, Sabine Is. 30 April 1950 oyster trays Oyster shells 20 July 1964 Veneridae Macrocallista nimbosa Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud April 1964 (Lightfoot) Petricolidae Petricola pholadiformis Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud 24 April 1964 Lamarck

ORDER EULAMELLIBRANCHIA Tellinidae Quadrans lintea Conrad Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. Cause- 23 March 1956 way clam box Macoma mitchelli Dall Santa Rosa Sd. Wet table 16 November 1965 Semelidae Cumingia tellinoides Santa Rosa Sd, Sand, Sabine 22 September 1966 vanhyningi Rehder Is. clam tank Mactridae Labiosa plicatella Lamarck Big Lagoon Sand 26 July 1951 Pholadidae Martesia striata (Linn6) Santa Rosa Sd. In wood of clam 10 January 1951 tray 29 June 1955 Teredinidae Teredo navalis Linnb Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. Cause- 23 March 1956 way clam box CLASS CEPHALOPODA ORDER OCTOPODA Octopodidae Octopus vulgaris Lamarck Santa Rosa Sd. Submerged December 1963 (Sabine Is.) rocks April 1966 PHYLUM ANNELIDA CLASS POLYCHAETA Polyodontidae Polyodontes lupina (Stimpson) Santa Rosa Sd. Mud 13 February 1942 91 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I1 (Continued) Species Location Habitat Date

Sigalionidae Sthenelais ~p.~ Santa Rosa Sd. Sabine Is. clam box 26 June 1956 Amphinomidae Pherecardia striata Pensacola Bay Hook and line, 15 August 1955 (Kinberg) Ft. Pickens Phyllodocidae Nereiphylla fragilis Oyster shell 11 June 1951 (Webster)

Onuphidae Diopatra cuprea (Bosc) Santa Rosa Sd. Sand 15 August 1942

Spionidae Scolelepis squamata (Miiller) Santa Rosa Sd. Sand flats 8 August 1942

Ctenodrilidae Ctenodn'lus sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Experimental 2 August 1963 oyster tray Maldanidae Branchioas ychis Santa Rosa Sd. Mud 4 April 1949 americana Hartman Stomach of 3 March 1965 Lagodon rhom boides

Pensacola Bay Thick mud 10 February 1964

CLASS HIRUDINEA Piscicolidae Cystobranchus sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Ectoparasitic 29 February 1956 on toadfish 4 April 1956 in oyster tray PHYLUM ARTHROPODA CLASS CRUSTACEA SUBCLASS COPEPODA ORDER CALINOIDA Lernaeidae Lernaeenicus radiatus Santa Rosa Sd. Parasitic 28 October 1964 LeSeuer on Brevoortia patronus

ORDER ARGULOIDA Argulidae Argulus floridensis Santa Rosa Sd. Algal culture 8 March 1965 Meehan (Sabine Is.) tank

SUBCLASS CIRRlPEDIA ORDER THORACICA Balanidae Balanus amphitn'te niveus Santa Rosa Sd. On Callinectes 10 February 1950 Darwin sapidus 10 July 1950 NUMBER 31 92

APPENDIX I1 (Continued)

Species Location Habitat Date

B. improvisus Darwin Santa Rosa Sd. Piling 11 February 1942 Chelonibia testudinaria Santa Rosa Sd. Epizoic on Caretta 19 April 1966 (LinnB) c. caretta Xeno balanus glo bicipitis Santa Rosa Sd. Epizoic on Tursiops 3 April 1967 Steenstrup truncatus Lepadidae Octolasmis lowei (Darwin) Santa Rosa Sd. Gills of 7 April 1966 Callinectes sapidus

ORDER ACROTHORACICA Alcippidae Kochlorine floridana Santa Rosa Sd. In old oyster 24 January 1966 Wells & Thomlinson shell

ORDER RHIZOCEPHALA Sacculinidae Loxothylacus sp. Santa Rosa Sd. Parasitic in 24 July 1964 (English Navy Callinectes Cove) sapidus 4 August 19644

SUBCLASS MALACOSTRACA ORDER MYSIDACEA Mysidae Taphromysis bowmani Santa Rosa Sd. Pelagic 14 January 1964 Blicescu

ORDER ISOPODA Ligydidae Ligyda exotica (Roux) Santa Rosa Sd. Piling 22 March 1942 Sabine Is. 9 June 1960

ORDER DECAPODA Section Penaeidea Penaeidae Trachypenaeus similis Santa Rosa Sd. Benthic: sand, 26 November 1964 (Smith) sandy mud Section Caridea Palaemonidae Macrobrachium acanthurus Escambia Bay 7 October 1957 (Wiegrnann) M. ohione (Smith) Upper Escambia Bay 6 May 1964 23 April 1965 Section Anomura Callianassidae Callianassa jamaicense East Bay 24 August 1960 louisianensis Schrnitt Bayou Grande Mudbank 28, 29 July 1963 Santa Rosa Sd. Mudflat 15 July 1964 93 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I1 (Continued)

Species Location Habitat Date

Paguridae Petrochirus diogenes Lower Pensacola Bay Muddy sand 20 March 1964 (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Muddy sand 19-23 April 1965 Porcellanidae Porcellana sayana Leach Lower Pensacola Bay 20 March 1964 Polyonyx gibbesi Haig Santa Rosa Sd. Tube of 5 September 1963 Chaetopterus variopedatus

Petrolisthes armatus (Roux) Santa Rosa Sd, Oyster tray 21 September 1953

Section Brachyura Dromiidae Dromidia antillensis Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud 4, 20 February 1964 Stimpson 20 March 1964 Leucosiidae Persephona mediterranea Santa Rosa Sd, 8 June 1951 (Herbst) 9 December 1965 Pensacola Bay 18 September 1964 (Butcherpen Cove) Calappidae Calappa angusta Santa Rosa Sd. Sand & grass 25 November 1964 A. Milne Edwards

Lower Pensacola Bay Benthic 18-22 April 1966

C. flammea (Herbst) Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud 9 April 1962

C. sulcata Rathbun Santa Rosa Sd. Benthic 2 June 1966

Portunidae Portunus ordwayi Stimpson Lower Pensacola Bay 4 February 1964

Xanthidae Eurypanopeus sp. East Bay 12 July 1951

Pilumnus sayi Rathbun Lower Pensacola Bay Sandy mud 20 February 1964 20 March 1964

Pilumnus dasypodus Kingsley Lower Pensacola Bay 4 February 1964 20 March 1964 15 July 1964

Santa Rosa Sd. Grass bed 10 February 1964 (English Navy Cove)

Ocypodidae Uca pugilator (Bosc) Santa Rosa Sd. Sand beach 1 May 1952 NUMBER 31 94

APPENDIX I1 (Continued) Species Location Habitat Date

Grapsidae Sesarrna reticulatum Say Santa Rosa Sd. Rock shore 8 June 1951

Boathouse slip 14 May 1964

S. cinereum Say Santa Rosa Sd. Rock shore 25 June 1951 Boathouse slip 20 July 1959 Pinnotheridae Pinnaxodes floridensis Lower Pensacola Bay Commensal in 18-24 April 1965 Wells & Wells Theelothuria 22 April 1966 princeps Gecarcinidae Cardisoma guanhumi Santa Rosa Is. Dry land of Sabine 17 October 1950 (Latreille) Is. Causeway

Sabine Is. Dry land 9 September 1958 September 1964 4 November 1965 11 July 1967 Majidae Podochela sidneyi Rathbun Lower Pensacola Bay 24 April 1964

Stenorhynchus seticornis Lower Pensacola Bay 20 March 1964 (Herbst)

Pelia mutica (Gibbes) Santa Rosa Sd. Oyster tray 12 January 1965

Libinia emarginata Leach Santa Rosa Sd. June 1950 27-30 April 1964 CLASS ARACHNOIDEA SUBCLASS MEROSTOMATA ORDER XIPHOSURA Limulidae Limulus polyphemus (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. 25 August 1959

Little Sabine Bay Sand June 1954 Lower Escambia Bay Sand beach 2 June 1964 intertidal zone 95 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX I11

ANIMALS COLLECTED ONLY IN INTERMEDIATE, LOW OR MORE THAN ONE SALINITY AREA DURING THE 1961-63 STUDY. ALL OTHER SPECIES COLLECTED DURING THIS PERIOD WERE CONFINED TO THE HIGH SALINITY AREA.

Occurs throughout the estuary; not usually caught in trawl.

HIGH AND INTERMEDIATE SALINITY AREAS Cnidaria Aurelia aurita Edwardsia sp. Mollusca Cyclostremiscus pentagonus Polycera hummi Polinices duplicatus Brachidontes recurvus Anachis iontha Corbula swiftiana Acteon punctostriatus Bankia gouldi Odostomia impressa Lolliguncula brevis Annelida Nereis falsa Amphicteis gunneri floridus Onuphis magna Arthropoda Sphaeroma quadridentata Callinectes danae Penaeus artecus C. ornatus Chordata Bostrichobranchus pilularis Gobionellus hastatus Branchiostoma caribaeum Prionotus martis Caranx bartholomaei Ancylopsetta quadrocellata Selene vomer Citharichthys spilopterus Orthopristis chrysopterus Paralichthys albigutta Lagodon rhomboides Sphoeroides spengleri INTERMEDIATE SALINITY AREA Mollusca Haminoea sp. Odostomia bisuturalis Annelida Drilonereis magna Arthropoda Taphromysis bowmani Clibanarius cubensis Chordata Opisthonema oglinum INTERMEDIATE AND LOW SALINITY AREAS Mollusca Neritina reclivata Texadina sphinctostoma Chordata Anchoa mitchelli Prionotus tribulus crassiceps LOW SALINITY AREA Cnidaria Pelagia noctiluca NUMBER 31

APPENDIX 111 (Continued)

Nemertea Oerstedia dorsalis Tubulanus pellucidus ?Paranemertes biocellata Mollusca Polymesoda caroliniana Annelida Eteone lactea Arthropoda Mysidopsis almyra Chordata Mugil cephalus' HIGH AND LOW SALINITY AREAS Nemertinea Cerebratulus lacteus Mollusca Smargdia viridis Brachidontes exustus Crepidula fornicata Anomia simplex Amygdalum papyria Parastarte triquetra Annelida Haploscoloplos fragilis Axiothella mucosa ?Capitella capitata Arthropoda Balanus eburneus Haustorius sp. Chordata Alosa chrysochloris Peprilus paru Harengula pensacolae Menidia beryllt'na Gobionellus boleosoma Opsanus beta ALL SALINITY AREAS Mollusca Bittium uarium Nuculana concentrica Epitonium rupicolum Anomalocardia auberiana Thais haernastoma Ensis minor Mitrella lunata Mulinia lateralis Nassariu's acutus Rangia cuneata Nassarius vibex Tellina alternata Haminoea elegans Tagelus divisus Acteocina canaliculata T. plebeius Bulla striata Annelida Eteone heteropoda Haploscoloplos foliosus Ceratonereis irritabilis Polydora websteri C. tridentata Pectinaria gouldii Laeonereis culueri Hypsicomus elegans Neanthes succinea Hydroides dianthus 97 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBIJCATIONS

APPENDIX I11 (Continued)

Arthropoda Bowrnaniella dissimilis Portunus sayi Penaeus setiferus P. spinimanus Callinectes sapidus

Chordata Lepisosteus osseus Cynoscion nothus Breuoortia patronus Leiostomus xanthurus Anchoa heasetus Micropogon undulatus Synodus fietens Gobionellus stigmaticus Bagre marinus Gobiosoma bosci Galeichthys felis G. robustum Myrophis punctatus Prionotus scitulus latifrons Urophycis floridanus Poronotus triacanthus Chloroscombrus chrysurus Trinectes maculatus Bairdiella chrvsura Sphoeroides testudineus Cynoscion arenarius

APPENDIX IV

CHORDATES COLLECTED OR OBSERVED IN THE PENSACOLA ESTUARY, 1942 THROUGH 1967. X = RARE, XX = UNCOMMON, XXX = COMMON, XXXX = ABUNDANT; J = JUVENILE, A = ADULT; ONLY SPECIMENS WITH COLLECTION DATA BETWEEN SUMMER 1961 AND SUMMER 1963 WERE COLLECTED DURING MY INVESTIGATION.

' Sight record only. ' Associated with jellyfish. Associated with Cyanea sp. "Chiefly sight records. Wccur more frequently than data indicate.

Year Relative Collected Species Loca Lion Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Subphylum Urochordata CLASS ASCIDIACEA ORIIER KRIKOBRANCH IA Synoicidae ?Amaroucium constellatum Pensacola Bay W, Sp XX Verrill Santa Rosa Sd. Su XX

Polycitoridae ?Polycitor sp. Pensacola Bay Sp X NUMBER 31

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Styelidae Styela partita Santa Rosa Sd. Sp XX (Stimpson) W XX Pensacola Bay W XX S. plicata (LeSueur) Pensacola Bay Su XX w,sp XX Santa Rosa Sd. Su XX W XX Molgulidae Molgula habanensis Santa Rosa Sd. W X (Van Name) M. lutulenta (Traustedt) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X M. manhattensis DeKay Santa Rosa Sd. Sp XX Little Sabine SP, F XX Bay W XX M. occidentalis Traustedt Santa Rosa Sd. Su X Bostrichobranchus Santa Rosa Sd. W X pilularis (Verrill) Little Sabine W X Bay Lower Escambia W X Bay Subphylum Cephalochordata CLASS LEPTOCARDII ORDER AMPHIOXI Branchiostornidae Branchiostoma caribaeum Pensacola Bay F 1962 XXX Sundevall Santa Rosa Sd, through Little Sabine 1963 Bay Lower Escambia F Bay Subphylum Vertebrata CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES ORDER SQUAIAIFORMES Carcharhinidae Carcharhinus leucas Santa Rosa Sd. F X (Miiller & Henle) Bull shark Scoliodon terraenovae Santa Rosa Sd. Su (Richardson) Big Lagoon Su Atlantic sharpnose shark Y1,OKII)A MARINE RESEARCII PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species 1,ocation Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Aprionodon isodon Pensacola Bay Sp X A 1964 (Miiller & Henle) Finetooth shark

Sphyrnidae Sphyrna tiburo (Linne) Santa Rosa Sd. F X A 1963 Bonnethead shark SP X A 1965

ORDER RAJIFORMES Rajidae Raja eglanteria Bosc Pensacola Bay Sp, F X A 1962 Clearnose skate

Dasyatidae Uasyatis americana Little Sabine Su Hildebrand & Bay Schroeder Santa Rosa Sd. Su Southern Stingray

Myliobatidae Rhinoptera bonasus Pensacola Bay F X (Mitchill) Cownose ray

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES OHIIER SEMIONOTIFORMES Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus esseus Santa Rosa Sd. Su X ' A 1956' (LinnB) Longnose gar lower Escambia Su X5 A 1962 Bay upper Escambia Sp X" A 1963 Bay L, platyrhyncus DeKay Santa Rosa Sd. Su X ' A 1964 Florida gar

Elopidae Elops saurus Linni! Pensacola Bay Su XXX A Annually Lady fish (mouth) (sport fishery) Santa Rosa Sd. Su X A 1963

Megalr~psatlanticu,~ Hayou Chico Su X "small'' 1954 Valenciennes sighted by Tarpon others

Albulidae Albula vulpes (I,inn&) Santa Rosa Sd. Su Honefish APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed ,~ -- . . . , - .. --

Clupeidae Alosa chrysochloris Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X J 1962 (Rafinesque) upper Escambia F X J 1962 Skipjack herring Bay

Brevoortia patrunus Santa Rosa Sd. SP Goode Little Sabine Sp, Su Largescale menhaden Bay lower Escambia X Bay X X upper Escambia XXXX Hay XX XXX Etrumeus teres (DeKay) Pensacola Bay Round herring Harengula pensacolae Little Sabine Su X ' J 1962 Goode & Bean Bay Scaled sardine upper Escambia W X ' J 1963 Bay Opisthonema oglinum lower Escambia F X ' J 1962 (LeSueur) Bay Atlantic thread herring Engraulidae Anchoa hepsetus (LinnQ) Pensacola Bay Su XX Striped anchovy W,SP XX Santa Rosa Sd. Su, F XX Little Sabine W XX Bay lower Escambia Su, F XX Bay upper Escambia Su XX Bay F X A. mitchilli (Valenciennes) upper & lower Su XXXX Bay anchovy Escambia Bay W, Sp XXXX Synodontidae Synodus foetens (Linnh) Pensacola Bay Su XXXX Inshore lizardfish F XXX Santa Rosa Sd. Su XXXX F XXX Sp X Little Sabine Su XXXX Bay upper & lower F XX Escambia Bay 10 1 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Trachinocephalus myops Pensacola Bay Su X (Forster) Snakefish

Ariidae Bagre marinus (Mitchill) Pensacola Bay XXX Gafftopsail catfish Santa Rosa Sd. XXX upper & lower XXX Escambia Bay

Galeichthys felis (LinnB) Pensacola Bay F Sea catfish Santa Rosa Sd. Su Su, F SP Little Sabine Su Bay lower Escambia Bay upper Escambia Bay Ictaluridae Ictalurus catus (Linn6) upper Escambia W X White catfish Bay

ORDER ANGUILLIFORMES Anguillidae A nguilla rostrata Santa Rosa Sd. Su X5 (LeSueur) American eel

Muraenidae Gymnothorax nigro- Santa Rosa Sd. Su marginatus Pensacola Bay Su (Girard) Blackedge moray

Congridae Ariosoma impressa Santa Rosa Sd. Sp (Poey) Bandtooth conger

Ophichthidae Myrophis punctatus Santa Rosa Sd. F Lutken SP Speckled worm eel Little Sabine Su Bay F SP NUMBER 31

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Myrophis punctatus lower Escambia Su XXX (Continued) Bay F XXX upper Escambia Su XX Bay F XX SP XX ?Ophichthus guttifer Santa Rosa Sd. F X Bean & Dresel Florida snake eel

Ophichthus gomesi Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X (Castlenau) Shrimp eel

ORDER BELONIFORMES Belonidae Strongylura marina Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X J 1962 (Walbaum) sp, Su1 XXX A Annually' Atlantic needlefish F Herniramphidae Hyporhamphus Santa Rosa Sd. W X J 1952 unifasciatus sp, Su, XXX A Annually' (Ranzani) F Halfbeak

Exocoetidae Hirundichthys rondeleti Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X (Valenciennes) SP X Blackwing flyingfish

Cypselurus heterurus Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X (Rafinesque) Atlantic flyingfish

ORDER CYPRINOUONTIFORMES Cyprinodontidae Adinia xenica (Jordan Santa Rosa Is. Sp XXX & Gilbert) marsh drainage Diamond killifish ditches

Cyprinodon variegatus Santa Rosa Is. Su XXXX Lacepkde marsh drainage Sheepshead minnow ditches

Santa Rosa Sd. Su X

Fundulus confluentus Santa Rosa Sd. Su XX Goode & Bean marsh drainage Marsh killifish ditches F1,OHIDA MARINE: RESEARCH PUH1,ICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

F. grandis grandis Santa Rosa Sd. Su Baird & Girard "Dried up marsh F Gulf killifish pond" [Santa Rosa Is.?] Santa Rosa Is. Sp marsh drainage ditches F. similis Santa Rosa Sd. Su X 1949 (Baird & Girard) SP X 1964 Longnose killifish Santa Rosa Is. Sp XXX 1963 onward marsh drainage ditches Lucania parva Santa Rosa Is. Sp (Baird & Girard) marsh drainage Rainwater killifish ditches Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis Big Lagoon Su (Baird & Girard) Santa Rosa Is. Su XXXX Mosquitofish marsh drainage ditches Mollienesia latipinnu Santa Rosa Is. W, Sp XXXX LeSueur marsh drainage Sailfin molly ditches

ORDEH. GADIFORMES Gadidae Urophycis floridanus Pensacola Bay Sp XXXX (Bean & Dresel) W XXX Southern hake Santa Rosa Sd. Sp XX W XXX lower Escambia W XXXX Bay upper Escambia W X Bay U.regius (Walbaum) Pensacola Bay Sp XXXX Spotted hake Little Sabine Bay Sp X

ORDER GASTEROSTE IFORMES Fis tulariidae Fistularia tabacariu Santa Rosa Sd. Su X Linnk Cornetfish Syngnathidae Hippocampus erectus Santa Rosa Sd. Sp Perry Spotted seahorse W NUMBER 31 104

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

H. zosterae Little Sabine Bay Su, F Jordan & Gilbert Santa Rosa Sd. Sp Dwarf seahorse

Syngnathus floridae Santa Rosa Sd. Sp (Jordan & Gilbert) Dusky pipefish Big Lagoon Su Little Sabine Bay Sp Su W

S. scovelli Santa Rosa Sd. Su (Evermann & Kendall) Gulf pipefish Little Sabine Bay Sp, Su Micrognathus crinigerus Santa Rosa Sd. W (Bean & Dresel) Fringed pipefish

ORDER PERCIFORMES Serranidae Centropristis ocyurus Pensacola Bay F X (Jordan & Evermann) W, Sp XX Bank sea bass

C. philadelphica Pensacola Bay Sp, Su, F XX (Linnh) Santa Rosa Sd. Su XX Rock sea bass

C. striata melana Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X5 Ginsburg Southern sea bass

Diplectrum formosum Pensacola Bay Su XXX (Linn6) SP, F XXX Sand perch W X Santa Rosa Sd. Su XXX F XXX W XXX Epinephelus nigritus Santa Rosa Sd. Su X (Holbrook) Warsaw grouper

Mycteroperca Santa Rosa Sd. Su interstitialis (Poey) F Yellowmouth grouper

M. microlepis Santa Rosa Sd. F, W XX (Goode & Bean) Gag FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

M. phenax Santa Rosa Sd. F Jordan & Swain Scamp Rypticus bistrispinus Santa Rosa Sd. Su X A 1955 (Mitchill) SP X A 1964 Freckled soapfish Serranellus subligariw Pensacola Bay W X J 1964 (Cope) Santa Rosa Sd. Su X J 1951 Belted sandfish Serraniculus pumilio Pensacola Bay W X A 1962 Ginsburg Pigmy sea bass Lobotidae Lobotes surinamensis Santa Rosa Sd. Su (Bloch) Tripletail Lutjanidae Lutjanus campechanus Pensacola Bay Su (Poey Santa Rosa Sd. Su Red Snapper L. griseus (LinnB) Little Sabine F Gray snapper Bay L. synagris (LinnB) Pensacola Bay Su Lane snapper Santa Rosa Sd. Su F Priacanthidae Priacanthus arenatus Pensacola Bay Cuvier Santa Rosa Sd. Bigeye Pomatomidae Pomatomus saltatrix Santa Rosa Sd. (LinnB) Bluefish Rachycentridae Rachycentron canadum Santa Rosa Sd. (LinnB) Cobia Little Sabine Bay Carangidae Caranx bartholomaei Santa Rosa Sd. Cuvier lower Escambia Yellow jack Bay NUMBER 31 106

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

C. crysos (Mitchill) Pensacola Bay Blue runner Santa Rosa Sd.

C. hippos (LinnB) Pensacola Bay Crevalle jack Chloroscornbrus Santa Rosa Sd. chrysurus (LinnB) upper & lower Bumper Escambia Bay Decapterus punctatus lower Pensacola XXX ( Agassiz) Bay Round scad Santa Rosa Sd. XXX Oligoplites saurus Santa Rosa Sd. (Bloch & Schneider) marsh drainage Leather jacket ditch Selene vomer (LinnB) lower Escambia Lookdown Bay Pensacola Bay Most years Santa Rosa Sd. Most years Trachinotus carolinus middle Escambia (LinnB) Bay Pompano Trachurus lathami Pensacola Bay Nichols Rough scad Vorner setapinnis Santa Rosa Sd. (Mitchill) Atlantic moonfish Gerridae Eucinostomus gula Santa Rosa Sd. (Quoy & Gaimard) Silver jenny Little Sabine Bay E. lefroyi (Goode) Little Sabine Mottled mojarra Bay Pomadasyidae Haemulon sciurus (Shaw) Santa Rosa Sd. Bluestriped grunt Orthopristis Pensacola Bay XXX chrysopterus (LinnB) XXX Pigfish Santa Rosa Sd. XXX X FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Orthopristis chrysopterus Little Sabine XXX (Continued) Bay X lower E scambia X Bay Sciaenidae Bairdiella chrysura Santa Rosa Sd. (Lacgp'ede) Silver perch Little Sabine XXX Bay XX lower Escarnbia Bay upper E scambia Bay Cynoscion arenan'us Pensacola Bay Ginsburg Sand seatrout Santa Rosa Sd. Little Sabine Bay lower Escambia XX Bay upper Escambia XXX Bay C. nebulosus (Cuvier) Little Sabine XX Spotted seatrout Bay XX (sportfishery for adults)

C. no thus (Holbrook) Pensacola Bay Silver seatrout lower Escambia Bay upper Escambia XXX Bay X Equetus umbrosus Santa Rosa Sd. Jordan & Eigenmann Cubbyu

Larimus fasciatus Santa Rosa Sd. F Holbrook Banded drum

Leiostomus xanthurus Pensacola Bay Sp XXX Lac&de Santa Rosa Sd. Su XXX Spot W XX SP XXX NUMBER 31 108

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Leiostomus xanthurus lower Escambia Su XXXX (Continued) Bay F XXX W XX SP XXXX upper Escambia Su XXXX Bay F XX W XXX SP XXXX Menticimhus focaliger Santa Rosa Sd. F Ginsburg Minkfish

M. littoralis (Holbrook) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp Gulf kingfish

Micropogon undulatus Pensacola Bay XXX (LinnB) XX Atlantic croaker X Santa Rosa Sd. XXX XX XX Little Sabine X Bay X XXX lower Escambia XXX Bay XX XXX upper Escambia Bay X XXXX

Pogonias cromis (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Su Black drum Sciaenops ocellata Tidal creek, SP, SU (LinnB) upper Pensa- F, W XXX Red drum cola Bay; annual Santa Rosa Is. sportfishery tidal ditch Pensacola Bay & Santa Rosa Sd. Sparidae Archosargus probato- Little Sabine Bay Su, F X J 1962 cephalus (Walbaum) Pensacola Bay XXX A Annually Sheepshead (bridges & wharves) 109 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Archosargus probato- Santa Rosa Sd. Su X J 1964 cephalus (Continued) XXX A Annually (Bridges & wharves)

Diplodus holbrooki Santa Rosa Sd. W (Bean) Spottail pinfish

Lagodon rhom boides Pensacola Bay Su (LinnB) SP Pinfish Santa Rosa Sd. Su F XXX Little Sabine Su XXXX Bay F XXX W XXX SP XXXX lower Escambia F X Bay Stenotomus caprinus Pensacola Bay Sp XXX Bean Su XX Longspine porgy F XX W X Kyphosidae Kyphosus sectatn'x Santa Rosa Sd. Sp ( LinnB) F Bermuda chub Ephippidae Chaetodipterus faber Santa Rosa Sd, F (Broussonet) SP Atlantic spadefish Chaetodontidae Chaetodon ocellatus Santa Rosa Sd. Su Bloch Su, F Spotfin butterflyfish Pomacentridae A budefduf saxatilis Santa Rosa Sd. F (Linnk) Sergeant major Eupomacentrus leuco- Santa Rosa Sd. F stictus (Miiller & Troschel) Beaugregory NUMBER 31

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Labridae Halichoeres bivittatus Santa Rosa Sd. (Bloch) Slippery dick

H. rudiatus (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Puddingwife Lachnolaimus maximus Santa Rosa Sd. (Walbaum) Hogfish Hemipteronotus novacula Santa Rosa Sd. (LinnB) Pearly razorfish Scaridae Sparisoma radians Santa Rosa Sd. (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Bucktooth parrotfish Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus Santa Rosa Sd. Linnh Atlantic cutlassfish Scombridae Scom ber colias Gmelin Pensacola Bay Chub mackerel Santa Rosa Sd. Scom beromorus maculatus Pensacola Bay su, (Mitchill) early F Spanish mackerel Santa Rosa Sd. SP Su Eleotridae Dormitator maculatus upper Escambia (Bloch) Bay Fat sleeper Eleotris pisonis Santa Rosa Sd. (Gmelin) Spinycheek sleeper Gobiidae Bathygobius soporator Santa Rosa Sd. A 1949 (Valenciennes) XX J 1962 Frillfin goby XXX A 1962, 1963 X A 1963 Little Sabine X A 1962 Bay X A 1962 FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Evorthodus lyricus Pensacola Bay Su (Girard) Lyre goby Gobionellus boleosoma Santa Rosa Sd. F (Jordan & Gilbert) SP Darter goby Little Sabine Su Bay W SP upper Escambia W Bay SP G. hastatus Girard Santa Rosa Sd. Sp Sharptail goby Su F lower Escambia Sp Bay G. stigmaticus (Poey) Pensacola Bay X Marked goby Santa Rosa Sd. X X XX Little Sabine XXX Bay X XXX lower E scambia X Bay upper Escambia Bay

G. stigmaturus Little Sabine W (Goode & Bean) Bay Spottail goby

Gobiosoma bosci Santa Rosa Sd. Su (Lac6pgde) Su Naked goby F SP Little Sabine SP Bay Su lower Escambia F Bay upper Escarnbia Sp Bay Su F

G. longipala Ginsburg Santa Rosa Sd. F Twoscale goby NUMBER 31

APPENDIX IV (Continued) -- Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

G, robustum Ginsburg Santa Rosa Sd. X Code goby Little Sabine X Bay X X X lower Escambia X Bay upper Escambia X Bay X X Microgo bius cani Santa Rosa Sd. X Fowler Seminole goby M. gulosus (Girard) Santa Rosa Sd. Clown goby Scorpaenidae Scorpaena brasiliensis (No data) Cuvier Barbfish S plumieri Bloch Santa Rosa Sd. X" Spotted scorpionfish X" Triglidae Prionotus carolinus Pensacola Bay X (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Northern searobin P. martis Ginsburg Pensacola Bay X Barred searobin Santa Rosa Sd. X P. scitulus latifrons Pensacola Bay XXX Ginsburg XXX Leopard searobin XX X Santa Rosa Sd. X XX X upper & lower X Escambia Bay X P. tribulus crassiceps upper & lower X Ginsburg Escambia Bay Bighead searobin Opisthognathidae Opisthognathus Pensacola Bay macrognathus Poey Spotfin jawfish FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Uranoscopidae Astroscopus y-graecum Santa Rosa Sd. (Cuvier) Southern stargazer

Dactyloscopidae Dactyloscopus Little Sabine crossotus Starks Bay Bigeye stargazer

D. tridigitatus Gill Santa Rosa Sd. Sand stargazer

Blenniidae Blennius cristatus Linn6 Little Sabine Molly miller Bay Chasmodes saburrae Santa Rosa Sd. Jordan & Gilbert Little Sabine Florida blenny Bay Hypleurochilus Pensacola Bay geminatus (Wood) Santa Rosa Sd. Crested blenny Little Sabine Bay Hypsoblennius ionthas Little Sabine (Jordan & Gilbert) Bay Freckled blenny

Brotulidae Brotula barbata Pensacola Bay (Bloch & Schneider) Bearded brotula

Ophidiidae Ophidion holbrooki Santa Rosa Sd. (Putnam) Bank cusk-eel

0. welshi Santa Rosa Sd. (Nichols & Breder) Crested cusk-eel

Stromateidae Peprilus alepidotus Santa Rosa Sd. (LinnB) Southern harvest fish I

NUMBER 31

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

P. paru (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Northern harvest fish upper Escambia Bay Poronotus triacanthus Pensacola Bay (Peck) Butterfish Santa Rosa Sd.

lower Escambia Bay upper E scambia Bay Sphyraenidae Sphyraena borealis Santa Rosa Sd. Sp DeKay Su Northern sennet SP S. guachancho Cuvier Santa Rosa Sd. Su Guaguanche Mugilidae Mugil cephalus (LinnB) upper E scambia W X Striped mullet Bay (Local commercial fishery) Santa Rosa Is. F marsh pond M. curema Valenciennes Little Sabine Su XS White mullet Bay Atherinidae Menidia beryllina (Cope) Santa Rosa Sd. Su Tidewater silverside W lower Escambia Sp Bay Polynemidae Polydactylus octonemus Santa Rosa Sd. Sp XX (Girard) Su X Atlantic threadfin Little Sabine Su XX Bay

ORDER PLEURONECTIFOKMES Bothidae Ancylopsetta Pensacola Bay Sp quadrocellata Gill Su Ocellated flounder Santa Rosa Sd. Su FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Ancylopsetta lower Escambia quadrocellata Bay (Continued)

Cithan'chthys macrops Pensacola Bay Dresel Spotted whiff Santa Rosa Sd. Little Sabine Bay C. spilopterus Pensacola Bay Giinther Santa Rosa Sd. Bay whiff lower Escambia Bay Etropus crossotus Pensacola Bay Jordan & Gilbert Fringed flounder Santa Rosa Sd. Big Lagoon

E. microstomus (Gill) Pensacola Bay XXX Smallmouth flounder Santa Elosa Sd. XXX E. rimosus Santa Rosa Sd. Goode & Bean Gray flounder Paralichthys albigutta Pensacola Bay Jordan & Gilbert Santa Rosa Sd. Gulf flounder Little Sabine Bay lower Escambia Bay P. lethostigma Santa Rosa Sd. Jordan & Gilbert Little Sabine Southern flounder Bay P,squamilentus Pensacola Bay Jordan & Gilbert Santa Rosa Sd. Broad flounder

Syacium gunten' Pensacola Bay Ginsburg Little Sabine Shoal flounder Bay NUMBER 31

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Soleidae Achirus lineatus Santa Rosa Sd. F X" (LinnB) SP xs Lined sole Little Sabine Su X5 Bay Tn'nectes maculatus Pensacola Bay Su XX (Bloch & Schneider) Santa Rosa Sd. Su XX Hog choker Little Sabine Su X Bay SP X lower Escambia Sp X Bay upper Escambia Sp X Bay F X Gymnachirus melas Santa Rosa Sd. W X Nichols Naked sole Cynoglossidae Symphurus p1agz"usa Pensacola Bay Su XXX (LinnB) Santa Rosa Sd. Su X Blackcheek tonguefish F XX Little Sabine Su X Bay

ORDER ECHENEIFORMES Echeneidae Echeneis naucrates Santa Rosa Sd. F X (LinnB) Sharksucker

ORDER GOBIESOCIFORMES Gobiesocidae Gobiesox strumosus Santa Rosa Sd, Sp X" Cope Su xs Skilletfish W X5

ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES Balistidae Alutera monoceros Santa Rosa Sd, Su X (LinnB) Unicorn filefish A. schoepfi (Walbaum) Pensacola Bay F X5 Orange filefish Santa Rosa Sd. Su X5 F X5 Stephanolepis hispidus Pensacola Bay Su XXX (Linnb) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X Planehead filefish Su X Little Sabine Bay F X FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

Cantherhines pullus Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X J 1950 (Ranzani) Orangespotted filefish Monacanthus ciliatus Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X J 1950, 1963 (Mitchill) Fringed filefish Canthidermis sufflamen Santa Rosa Sd. F (Mitchill) Ocean triggerfish Balistes vetula Santa Rosa Sd. F (Linnh) Queen triggerfish Ostraciidae Lactophrys quadri- Pensacola Bay F cornis (Linnb) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp Cowfish Su F W Little Sabine SP Bay F Tetraodontidae Lagocephalus laevigatus Santa Rosa Sd. Su X (LinnB) Smooth puffer Sphoeroides testudineus Pensacola Bay X (LinnB) XXX Checkered puffer X Santa Rosa Sd. X X upper & lower X Escambia Bay S. spenglen' (Bloch) Pensacola Bay F Bandtail puffer Little Sabine Su, F Bay lower Escambia Bay S. nephelus (Goode Santa Rosa Sd. & Bean) Little Sabine Southern puffer Bay Diodontidae Chilornycterus schoepfi Pensacola Bay W XX (Walbaum) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X Striped burrfish Little Sabine Bay Su X NUMBER 31 118

APPENDIX IV (Continued)

Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

ORDER BATRACHOIDIFORMES Batrachoididae Opsanus beta Santa Rosa Sd. Su X J (Goode & Bean) F X Embryonated Gulf toadfish eggs Little Sabine SP XX J. A Bay Su X J, A F X J, A upper Escambia Su X J Bay Porichthys porosissimus Pensacola Bay F X (Cuvier) Su XXX Atlantic midshipman Santa Rosa Sd. Sp XXX Su X

ORDER LOPHIIFORMES Antennariidae Anternnarius radiosus Pensacola Bay Sp X Garman Su xs Singlespot frogfish Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X A, ocellatus Pensacola Bay Sp X (Bloch & Schneider) Ocellated frogfish

A. scaber (Cuvier) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X Splitlure frogfish

Histrio histrio Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X (LinnB) Su X Sargassumfish F X Ogcocephalidae Ogcocephalus nasutus Pensacola Bay Su X" (Valenciennes) Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X Shortnose batfish 0.vespertilio (LinnB) Pensacola Bay Sp X Longnose batfish Su X CLASS REPTILIA ORDER TESTUDINATA Chaelonidae Caretta caretta Santa Rosa Sd. Sp X caretta (Linnb) Atlantic loggerhead turtle FLORIDA MARINE RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS

APPENDIX IV (Continued) Year Relative Collected Species Location Season Abundance Maturity Or Observed

CLASS MAMMALIA ORDER RODENTIA Capromyidae Myocastor coypus Santa Rosa Sd. 1950's (Molina) and early Nutria 1960's4

ORDER CETACEA Suborder Odontoceti Delphinidae Tursiops truncatus Estuary-wide All XXX (Montagu) seasons Atlantic bottlenose dolphin