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Universidad De El Salvador Facultad De Quimica Y Farmacia

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Universidad De El Salvador Facultad De Quimica Y Farmacia UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR FACULTAD DE QUIMICA Y FARMACIA DETERMINACION DE METALES PESADOS (plomo y arsénico) Y OLIGOELEMENTOS (hierro, cobre y zinc) EN HOJAS DE Crotalaria longirostrata (CHIPILIN) POR EL METODO DE ABSORCION ATOMICA TRABAJO DE GRADUACION PRESENTADO POR: KRISCIA BEATRIZ ANAYA RODRIGUEZ JONATAN BALMORE SOLANO RODRIGUEZ PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE LICENCIADO(A) EN QUIMICA Y FARMACIA SEPTIEMBRE, 2016 SAN SALVADOR, EL SALVADOR, CENTRO AMERICA UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR RECTOR INTERINO LIC. JOSE LUIS ARGUETA ANTILLON SECRETARIA GENERAL DRA. ANA LETICIA ZAVALETA DE AMAYA FACULTAD DE QUIMICA Y FARMACIA DECANO LIC. SALVADOR CASTILLO AREVALO SECRETARIO MAE. ROBERTO EDUARDO GARCIA ERAZO DIRECCION DE PROCESOS DE GRADUACION DIRECTORA GENERAL MSc. Cecilia Haydee Gallardo de Velásquez TRIBUNAL EVALUADOR COORDINADORA DEL AREA DE QUIMICA AGRICOLA MAE. María Elisa Vivar de Figueroa MSc. Ena Edith Herrera Salazar DOCENTES ASESORES Dr. Marvin José Núñez Rivas Lic. M. Sc. Ada Yanira Arias de Linares Ing. M. Sc. Mario Antonio Orellana Núñez AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecemos en primer lugar a Dios permitirnos concluir esta etapa de nuestras vidas, por acompañarnos, cuidarnos y guiarnos en todo momento. A nuestros padres, hermanos/as, familia y amigos quienes nos animaron, apoyaron e impulsaron para alcanzar esta meta. A nuestros docentes asesores Dr. Marvin José Núñez Rivas, Lic. M. Sc. Ada Yanira Arias de Linares, Ing. M. Sc. Mario Antonio Orellana Núñez quienes consideramos componentes indispensables para el desarrollo de este proyecto; por guiarnos en este trabajo de investigación, brindarnos su tiempo, dedicación, interés y conocimientos para que lográramos culminarlo. Al equipo del Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Naturales de la Facultad de Química y Farmacia Dr. Marvin José Núñez Rivas, MSc. Morena Lizette Martínez de Díaz, MAe. Ana Miriam Santamaría de Campos, Licda. Rina Antonieta Toledo Mendoza y Lic. Juan Pablo Sánchez Pérez quienes han demostrado ser increíbles personas y docentes, gracias infinitas por su valiosa ayuda y apoyo cada vez que lo necesitamos, por compartir con nosotros sus conocimientos, experiencias, sabiduría y por depositar su confianza en nosotros. Agradecemos el apoyo y conocimiento que nos brindaron en el Departamento de Química Agrícola de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas en especial al equipo de trabajo de Lic. Fredi Carranza, Licda. Lorena de Torres, Ing. Flor de María López, Ing. Juan Milton Flores y Lic. Norbis Solano. Directora General de Procesos de Graduación M. Sc. Cecilia Gallardo de Velázquez y a las Coordinadoras de área MAe. María Elisa Vivar de Figueroa y MSc. Ena Edith Herrera Salazar, por el tiempo y esfuerzo que dedicaron a examinar, evaluar y corregir nuestro trabajo de graduación. A todos los docentes de la Facultad de Química y Farmacia porque han sido parte de nuestra formación académica, así como a los laboratoristas y al personal administrativo quienes atentamente nos orientaron cuando lo requerimos. Al Director de la Escuela de Matemáticas Dr. Nerys Funes por el tiempo que nos brindó y su valiosa ayuda. Al Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal “Enrique Álvarez Córdova” y su personal por su colaboración durante el desarrollo de la parte experimental del presente trabajo de graduación. Kriscia Anaya Rodríguez Jonatan Solano Rodríguez DEDICATORIA A Dios por ser mi guía en todo momento, porque sus planes son perfectos y por su gracia estoy culminando esta etapa de mi vida. A mis padres Ernesto Anaya y Lorena Rodríguez porque han sido mi motor y me han impulsado a alcanzar mis metas. A mi hermana mayor, porque me ha apoyado y me ha brindado su mano cada vez que lo he necesitado y a mis princesitas quienes a pesar de la distancia me motivan a seguir adelante. A mi abuelita quien ha sido como una segunda madre dándome su amor, palabras de aliento, consejos y sus cuidados. A toda mi familia por su comprensión, amor, apoyo y por estar pendientes; pues son una pieza fundamental en mi vida. A mi amiga de toda la vida, quien ha sido un gran apoyo en todo momento, por su compañía, respaldo y por darme ánimos durante este tiempo. A mi compañero de tesis, quién confió en mí para desarrollar este trabajo de investigación. ‟Todo tiene su tiempo, y todo lo que se quiere debajo del cielo tiene su hora‟ Eclesiastés 3:1 Kriscia Anaya Rodríguez DEDICATORIA Agradezco primeramente a Dios porque todo lo que soy, lo que he alcanzado y lo que tengo se lo debo a Él. A mi mamá por los sacrificios hechos para sacarme adelante y hacer de mí la persona que soy hoy en día, por el apoyo y amor incondicional, muchísimas gracias. A mi familia por el apoyo y la ayuda incondicional que siempre me han brindado, por creer en mí en todo momento. A todos los que creyeron en mí, y que siempre me ofrecieron su apoyo y confianza, ahora les dedico el fruto de tantos años de estudio y esfuerzo. A mis amigos(as) que siempre estuvieron conmigo y apoyaron en la realización de mi trabajo de graduación Jonatan Solano Rodríguez INDICE Pág. Resumen Capítulo I 1.0 Introducción ................................................................................................... .xxv Capítulo II 2.0 Objetivos .............................................................................................................. Capítulo III 3.0 Marco teórico .................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Género Crotalaria ............................................................................................. 30 3.1.1 Generalidades del género Crotalaria ........................................................ 30 3.2 Especie Crotalaria longirostrata Hook & Arn. .................................................... 31 3.2.1 Información taxonómica ........................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Nombres comunes de Crotalaria longirostrata .......................................... 32 3.2.3 Descripción botánica ................................................................................ 32 3.2.4 Distribución geográfica de C. longirostrata ............................................... 33 3.2.5 Composición química de la parte comestible de C. longirostrata según tablas del Instituto de Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá ..... 34 3.2.6 Particularidades del cultivo de C. longirostrata ......................................... 35 3.2.7 Usos principales de C. longirostrata ....................................................... 340 3.2.8 Condiciones edáfica climáticas de C. longirostrata ................................... 40 3.2.9 Fenología de C. longirostrata .................................................................... 41 3.3 Buenas prácticas Agrícolas (BPA) .................................................................... 41 3.3.1 Generalidades de las BPA ....................................................................... 41 3.3.2 Objetivo de las BPA ................................................................................. 41 3.3.3 Tipos de riesgos potenciales de contaminación de cultivos. ..................... 42 3.3.4 Aspectos a considerar en el cultivo según las BPA……………………… 42 3.3.5 Manejo de agroquímicos en cultivos ...................................................... 45 3.3.6 Utilización de plaguicidas en el área agrícola. ......................................... 46 3.3.7 Utilización de fertilizantes en el área agrícola. ......................................... 47 3.3.8 Residuos de plaguicidas y fertilizantes en alimentos ............................ ..49 3.4 Metales pesados ............................................................................................... 50 3.4.1 Generalidades de metales pesados. ....................................................... .50 3.4.2 Contenido natural de metales pesados en el suelo. ................................. 51 3.4.3 Contenido de metales pesados en suelos agrícolas ................................. 52 3.4.4 Contenido natural de metales pesados en agua ....................................... 53 3.4.5 Transporte de metales pesados en vegetales. ......................................... 55 3.4.6 Efectos tóxicos de los metales pesados en plantas .................................. 56 3.5 Plomo ............................................................................................................... 58 3.5.1 Generalidades del plomo .......................................................................... 58 3.5.2 Fuentes naturales de plomo ..................................................................... 58 3.5.3 Concentración natural de plomo en suelo........................................... 25559 3.5.4 Concentración natural de plomo en agua ................................................. 59 3.5.5 Efecto del plomo en plantas ..................................................................... 60 3.5.6 Toxicidad del plomo en el ser humano ..................................................... 60 3.6 Arsénico ............................................................................................................ 63 3.6.1 Generalidades del arsénico. ..................................................................... 63 3.6.2 Fuentes naturales de arsénico ................................................................. 63 3.6.3 Concentración natural de arsénico en suelo……..………………………… 64 3.6.4 Concentración natural de arsénico en agua ............................................. 64 3.6.5 Efecto del arsénico en plantas .................................................................
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