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Doctoral Thesis 2019 Tourism and Water Resources DOCTORAL THESIS 2019 TOURISM AND WATER RESOURCES: INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND CONSEQUENCES. THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN. Makhabbat Ramazanova DOCTORAL THESIS 2019 Doctoral Programme of Tourism TOURISM AND WATER RESOURCES: INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND CONSEQUENCES. THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN. Makhabbat Ramazanova Thesis Supervisor: Bartolomé Deyá Tortella Thesis Co-supervisor: Anuarbek Kakabayev Doctor by the Universitat de les Illes Balears 2 RESUME IN ENGLISH Water is one of the most critical and scarce resources for the tourism activity. Water resources (i.e., fresh water, beaches, coastal resources, lakes, rivers, etc.) are one of the key attractions for tourists and, at the same time, tourism activity is one of the most important water consumers and determinants of degradation of water resources. Thus, it is crucial to examine and understand the interrelationships existing between tourism and water, as well as its consequences. Basing on this approach, the present thesis is designed in order to accomplish three main objectives. In particular, first, to examine the possible impacts of tourism activity on water resources (lakes water environment); second, to understand the main drivers that can explain the behaviour of water consumption within the tourism lodging sector; and finally, to analyse the importance of water as a part of a lake destination image, as well as the behavioural intentions of visitors in a lake destination. All these objectives are focus in our study area, the Shchuchinsk-Burabay resort area, located in Akmola region of the Northern Kazakhstan. The results obtained in our research indicate that the lakes of the region are facing environmental issues in terms of surface area decline and water quality deterioration. One of the possible determinants of this phenomenon can be the significant growth observed in the tourism lodging facilities in the study area. In this sense, our findings reveal that the lodging sector is responsible for a considerable part of water consumption within tourism industry in the area. We analysed which are the factors that determine the levels of water consumption at the lodging facilities, including both their physical and management characteristics. The results conclude that the size of the facilities and the pools constitute significant variables. The number of meals served, is also a significant variable to explain water consumption. Finally, the study concludes that sanatoriums are those types of accommodation with higher levels of water consumption (probably due to the nature of health and wellbeing services included in these facilities), while guesthouses are those with lower levels. Therefore, it is advisable to target them in efficient water use practices, which in turn will result to reduce sewage and protect lake water from 3 pollution. Our study also reveals that the introduction of water saving measures, however their reduced implantation, constitutes an effective tool to reduce the levels of water consumption. With regard to the visitors’ perceptions on the lakes and the lake destination, our study finds a significant impact of water quality on satisfaction with lakes. However, it is interesting to note, that water quality was the only dimension that did not have a significant impact on satisfaction with the entire lake destination, despite its high influence on satisfaction with the lake. This last finding corroborates, in some way, with previous specific studies where polluted lakes did not prevent people from visiting lake destinations (Ryan et al., 2010). Nevertheless, in the case of our study area, it is certainly of value to improve water quality of the lakes, as the motivations of the visitors related to relaxing and health improvement as well as socialising and being active have a significant impact on this dimension of the lake image and the lake destination image. Thus, the success and sustainability of tourism activity requires ensuring a good water quality level of the lakes. Thus, due to the relevance of water quality, along with the lake environment and facilities and services across the destination, these three components should receive greater focus in the promotion of lake destinations. The research area of water and tourism nexus is relatively new and with an important gap in the literature. Thus, more contributions are needed in order to a better understand of the interrelationships between tourism and water, as well as its consequences. Nevertheless, this thesis provides insights into the importance of water resources for the tourism activity, the tourism water consumption, the tourism impacts on water resources, and the attractiveness of water resources attributes for tourism activity. Based on the research findings, theoretical and practical implications were drawn for policymakers, local authorities, lake destination and accommodation business managers. 4 RESUME EN CASTELLANO El agua es uno de los recursos más críticos y escasos para la actividad turística. Los recursos hídricos (agua fresca, playas, recursos costeros, lagos, ríos, etc.) son uno de los atractivos clave para los turistas y al mismo tiempo la actividad turística es una de las que más agua consume, siendo determinante en la degradación de los recursos hídricos. Por lo tanto, es crucial examinar y comprender las interrelaciones existentes entre el turismo y el agua, así como sus consecuencias. Basándose en este enfoque, la presente tesis está diseñada para cumplir tres objetivos principales. En concreto, el primero es examinar los posibles impactos de la actividad turística en los recursos hídricos (en el medio ambiente lacustre); en segundo lugar, comprender los principales factores que pueden explicar el comportamiento del consumo de agua dentro del sector de alojamiento turístico; y, finalmente, analizar la importancia del agua como parte de la imagen del destino del lago y definir las intenciones de comportamiento de los visitantes. Todos estos objetivos se centran en nuestra área de estudio, la zona turística de Shchuchinsk-Burabay, ubicada en la región de Akmola, en el norte de Kazajstán. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación indican que los lagos de la región afrontan problemas ambientales en términos de disminución de la superficie y deterioro de la calidad del agua. Uno de los posibles determinantes de este fenómeno puede ser el crecimiento significativo observado en las instalaciones de alojamiento turístico del área de estudio. En este sentido, nuestros resultados revelan que el sector de alojamiento es responsable de una parte considerable del consumo de agua dentro de la industria turística de la zona. Analizamos cuáles son los factores que determinan los niveles de consumo de agua en las instalaciones de alojamiento, incluidas las características físicas y de gestión de dichas instalaciones. Los resultados concluyen que el tamaño de los establecimientos y las piscinas constituyen variables significativas para explicar el consumo de agua, así como también lo es el número de comidas servidas. Finalmente, el estudio también concluye que los sanatorios son aquellos tipos de alojamiento con mayores niveles de consumo de agua (probablemente debido a la naturaleza de los servicios de salud y bienestar incluidos en estos establecimientos) mientras que las casas de huéspedes son aquellas que 5 tienen niveles más bajos. Por lo tanto, es recomendable orientarlos en prácticas de uso eficiente del agua, lo que a su vez dará como resultado una reducción de las aguas residuales y la protección del agua del lago de la contaminación. Finalmente, nuestro estudio también revela que la introducción de medidas de ahorro de agua a pesar de su implantación reducida constituye una herramienta eficaz para reducir los niveles de consumo de la misma. Con respecto a las percepciones de los visitantes sobre los lagos y el destino de estos, nuestro estudio encuentra un impacto significativo en la relación entre la calidad del agua y la satisfacción con los referidos lagos. Sin embargo, es interesante observar que la calidad del agua fue la única dimensión que no tuvo un impacto significativo en la satisfacción con todo el destino lacustre, a pesar de la alta influencia de la calidad del agua en la satisfacción con el lago mismo. Este último hallazgo es de alguna manera corroborado por estudios específicos previos en los que los lagos contaminados no impidieron que las personas visitaran los destinos donde aquellos se encontraban (Ryan et al., 2010). Sin embargo, en el caso de nuestro área de estudio, resulta ciertamente valiosa la mejora de la calidad del agua, ya que las motivaciones de los visitantes relacionadas con la relajación y el bienestar así como la socialización y la actividad tienen un impacto significativo tanto sobre la imagen del lago como sobre la imagen del propio destino del lago. Por lo tanto, el éxito y la sostenibilidad de la actividad turística requiere asegurar un buen nivel de calidad del agua en los lagos. Por lo tanto, la relevancia de la calidad del agua junto con el entorno del lago y las instalaciones y servicios de todo el destino en sí deben recibir una mayor atención en la promoción de los destinos lacustres. El área de investigación del agua y su relación con el turismo es relativamente nuevo, abriéndose de este modo un campo importante en la bibliografía. Así, se necesitan más contribuciones para comprender mejor las interrelaciones entre el turismo y el agua, así como sus consecuencias. Sin embargo, esta tesis proporciona información sobre la importancia de los recursos
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