Journal of the American Viola Society Volume19 Online, Summer 2003
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Journal of the American Viola Society A publication of the American Viola Society Volume 19 Summer 2003 Online Issue Contents Feature Articles p. 1 The Unfinished Vieuxtemps Sonata and Its Completion by Marshall Fine p. 10 View From the Middle by Barry Green p. 17 Michael Balling: Pioneer German Solo Violist by Donald Maurice p. 28 Paul Hindemith’s Der Schwanendreher by Libor Ondras p. 35 Viola and Piano scores for Marshall Fine’s Completion to Vieuxtemps’ Sonata The Unfinished Vieuxtemps Sonata and Its Completion by Marshall Fine five years (1846-1851), he interrupted his touring to serve as an artist and teacher in St. I first learned of the posthumous Allegro et Petersburg, in the service of Czar Nicholas I. Scherzo -- the title by which the unfinished In 1871, after his third American tour, he final viola sonata of Henri Vieuxtemps was appointed to a professorship at the (1820-1881) is known today--as a result of a Brussels Conservatoire, but did not long 1991 performance by my father at the New enjoy its fruits; a paralytic stroke in 1873 England Conservatory. Ever since, this work ended his performing career. Though he has exercised my imagination as a recovered enough to continue composing remarkable torso of considerable size and and teaching, he had to resign in 1879. He sophistication. Apparently left perforce in its retired to his son-in-law's sanatorium in incomplete state through the ill-health of Mustapha, Algeria, near Algiers, where he Vieuxtemps, the work demands a died on June 6, 1881, of another paralytic 1 completion. Thus, it is the purpose of this stroke , not by man-slaughter as Kerr 2 article to analyze the work and its composer erroneously maintains. and, on the basis of this analysis, justify the method by which I completed the work in 2001, as an homage to Vieuxtemps. Posthumous publication of his works took place in the year following his death, by the 3 Vieuxtemps Life and Career Paris publisher Brandus et Cie. At the same time, the first biography of Vieuxtemps, Vieuxtemps' life and career as violinist are Maurice Kufferath's Vieuxtemps, sa vie et well known. He was a prodigy, born into a son oeuvre (which also contains the musical family--his two younger brothers, composer's autobiography), was published. Lucien (1828-1901) and Ernest (1832-1896) The sheer immediacy of these publications were a pianist and a cellist respectively-- shows graphically the great regard and love and he studied violin from age four on with which was universally borne for him. his father and with Charles de Beriot at the Radoux's biography, the other primary Paris Conservatoire. He also studied source, followed in 1891. composition in 1833-34 with Simon Sechter (who taught Schubert at the end of his life, Vieuxtemps' Viola Works and later Bruckner) and in 1835-36 with Anton Reicha. As violist, Vieuxtemps is less well-known. Indeed, until recently his reputation as a He spent most of his life touring, including violist has been profoundly and unjustly three tours to America, and for his use eclipsed, to the extent that while his tours, therein wrote seven violin concertos--of notably to America, have been examined in 4 which the Fourth (1850)and Fifth (1861) are depth, no such treatment has existed for his the best known--and other showpieces. For career as violist. In fact, the Kufferath VOLUME 19 SUMMER 2003 ONLINE ISSUE 1 biography has had neither later editions, nor as the Concerto no. 5), the unaccompanied English translation; moreover, the Capriccio (no. 7 of op 55) and the Allegro et biographical portion apparently refers to his Scherzo. viola playing only once.5 The situation is not helped in any degree by the autobiography In addition, the Duo Brilliant op. 39 for (as reproduced by Wolf), which is brutally violin and cello has an alternate viola part in brief and uncharacteristically silent about his place of the cello. Those without opus viola playing and writing. This could numbers are the arrangements of Felicien possibly be due to presentation in edited David's La Nuit and the Mozart Clarinet form, or more likely the unavailability of Quintet for viola and piano, and the Etude in documents from private sources.6 Correction C minor, originally for viola and piano--all will require much further research. undatable,11 and all unaccountably missing from the Schwartz catalog. Ulrich Druener, This is especially shameful because the viola in his collection Das Studium der Viola, works, climaxing with the Allegro et prints the Etude as an unaccompanied work; Scherzo, show a growing equality of part- his footnote justifies this abbreviation as writing, a considerable integration of styles follows: "The original piano accompaniment (notably Beethoven and Schubert) with his consists of only a harmonic skeleton and is own virtuoso approach, and no trace here eliminated as unnecessary."12 whatever of the excess of sentiment for which his violin works have sometimes been Erroneous information further compounds criticized.7 It is as though in those few the problem. Kerr cites the inclusion of the works the viola, rather than the violin, is Romance op. 40 #1, a violin work, in the seen as the true measure of Vieuxtemps' Zeyringer catalog.13 The official catalog musicianship. And it is entirely possible that mentions no viola version. Therefore it this integration of style might have been seems reasonable to exclude the Romance mistaken--even by Radoux--for a loss of from consideration here. spontaneity due to advancing age and ill- health.8 Except for the first two items, Vieuxtemps' viola oeuvre is posthumous (anything past The catalogs themselves--those by op. 46, the Cello Concerto no. 1 written for Kufferath, Radoux and Boris Schwartz--add his colleague Servais, is a posthumous further confusion to any knowledge of work). In any event, the unfinished sonata is Vieuxtemps as violist. That by Radoux difficult if not impossible to date; it could appears to be in the best chronological well have been written largely after order; it is originally attributed to the Vieuxtemps's stroke, or it could have been composer's son Maximilien.9 Kufferath's written in the early 1870's and interrupted catalog, in addition, provides publication thereby. The composer's memoirs information.10 By all the evidence, (themselves reliably datable to 1878) Schwartz's catalog is merely based on the provide only the most teasing suggestion, in two others. There are eight known works for the most general terms: "I go on working viola, all late or mature. Four have opus and am putting the last touches to many numbers: the Elegy op. 30, (published 1854, things which may or may not see the roughly contemporary with the forward- light."14 going Concerto no. 4 op. 31), the Sonata op. 36 (published 1863, at about the same time VOLUME 19 SUMMER 2003 ONLINE ISSUE 2 Whether or not these items include the gradually shed the operatic idiom that Allegro et Scherzo is still uncertain. There is seemed to dominate the violin concerto of also an inconsistency as to which work in his day, for a purely symphonic style. In all the catalog is Vieuxtemps' last; Schwartz these works, it must be admitted, the viola's insists that the Capriccio is last (assigning it range is consistent--three octaves, no more the opus number 61),15 whereas the Radoux except for the use of an additional D-flat in catalog lists as the last opus a the Elegy--and even a little conservative, Divertissement for' solo violin,16 and considering Vieuxtemps' comprehensive Kufferath's groups several religious pieces violin technique, equal fluency on viola and under the final number.17 Despite these presumable acquaintance with the cutting inconsistencies, the earlier catalogs are more edge of viola virtuosity as represented by credible. It would appear that the Allegro et Casimir-Ney. But perhaps this paradox Scherzo is his last work for viola. might be explained by his ownership of a Gasparo da Salo viola,19 historically a large Challenges of the Unfinished Viola Sonata instrument unwieldy beyond the second C. Examination of the two existing movements The operatic style is fully evident in-the (there apparently having been no sketches Elegy, not only in the three-part song form for any others as yet uncovered)18 reveals but also in the cadenza leading to the B the Herculean problems that must be section and it’s otherwise inexplicable, un- surmounted. In the first place, this is no elegiac, virtuosic coda. The piano largely mere sonata for viola with piano accompanies, but does originally evolve the accompaniment, nor even for two equal sextuplets with which the viola dominates partners as is the Sonata op. 36. The full the coda: even so an inequality of parts. title, Allegro et Scherzo pour piano et alto concertants, indicates a work for two equal The Sonata op. 36 (also known as a cello and considerable virtuoso performers, who sonata)20 begins to abandon this idiom for take their turns at music of transcendent the more conventional Romantic forms of difficulty even in the accompaniments. The sonata, ABA form, and rondo, and pianist must use the entire keyboard and a accordingly the viola and piano parts are complete range of pedal shadings; the violist now equal; but the sonata-form of the first operates with a range of three octaves, up to movement is lavish and sprawling. The the second C above middle C, and has fierce opening motive, Maestoso, for the C string, problems in bow control, arpeggiation and is actually the first of two introductions--the multiple stopping, as well as several second being a tempest of triplets in the passages playable on the C string alone.