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CYATHEACEAE 1. SPHAEROPTERIS Bernhardi in Schrader, J. Bot. 1800

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CYATHEACEAE 1. SPHAEROPTERIS Bernhardi in Schrader, J. Bot. 1800 This PDF version does not have an ISBN or ISSN and is not therefore effectively published (Melbourne Code, Art. 29.1). The printed version, however, was effectively published on 6 June 2013. Zhang, X. C. & H. Nishida. 2013. Cyatheaceae. Pp. 134–138 in Z. Y. Wu, P. H. Raven & D. Y. Hong, eds., Flora of China, Vol. 2–3 (Pteridophytes). Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. CYATHEACEAE 桫椤科 suo luo ke Zhang Xianchun (张宪春)1; Harufumi Nishida2 Plants terrestrial, large to very large, less often medium-sized, with short to usually long, erect, slender to robust, apically scaly stem. Stems with dictyosteles, apices (and usually stipe bases) covered with large scales, sometimes also with small scales or hairs. Fronds usually large (up to 5 m); stipe with obvious, usually discontinuous pneumathodes in two lines; lamina 1–3-pinnate (rarely simple); veins simple to forked, free, rarely anastomosing. Sori superficial (abaxial) or terminal on veins and marginal or submar- ginal, orbicular, exindusiate, or indusia saucerlike, cuplike, or globose and completely surrounding sporangia, or bivalvate; sporangia maturing gradually, with oblique annuli; receptacles raised; paraphyses usually present; spores tetrahedral, trilete, variously orna- mented; gametophytes green, cordate. x = 69. About five genera and more than 600 species: pantropical; two genera and 14 species (one endemic) in China. Zhang Xianchun. 2004. Cyatheaceae. In: Zhang Xianchun, ed., Fl. Reipubl. Popularis Sin. 6(3): 249–274. 1a. Stipe stramineous or purple, not black; cells of scale all essentially similar and edge often toothed or even ciliate ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1. Sphaeropteris 1b. Stipe dark or black; cells of scale narrow near center, surrounded by a broad margin of differently shaped cells, edge toothed or ciliate, with a prominent dark terminal seta or spine .............................................................................. 2. Alsophila 1. SPHAEROPTERIS Bernhardi in Schrader, J. Bot. 1800(2): 122. 1801. 白桫椤属 bai suo luo shu Tree ferns, large, usually with a single tall stem, with dense fibrous mass of roots at base of trunk. Fronds 1–5 m or more, most 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, not persistent and leaving distinct rounded scars on trunk, young uncurling fronds and stipe bases covered with scales; stipe stramineous or purple, smooth or with warts or spiny; scales on stipe pale or brown; cells uniform, similar in orientation, shape, size, thickness, and color, margin with teeth, setae, or cilia, apical cell dark or unpigmented. Sori orbicular, distant from mar- gins, with or without indusia; spore surface fine, coarsely spiny, or perforate. x = 69. About 120 species: S temperate and almost pantropical, but absent from Africa and Madagascar, maximum diversity in Malesia, north to Indochina, S China, Japan (Ryukyu Islands), and E Himalaya, south to New Zealand, Tasmania, and E Australia, ca. five species in the New World, including Central and South America and islands of the Caribbean; two species in China. Plants of rain forests and tropical montane forests (variable in forest layer: in canopy, medium-canopy, or understory), ravines, forest margins, clearings, swampy areas, and disturbed areas, species of Sphaeropteris are all large plants and require space to grow, in general, in less-shaded condi- tions than those of Alsophila. 1a. Rachis and costae glabrous; abaxial side of midveins glabrous or slightly hairy .................................................... 1. S. brunoniana 1b. Rachis and costae finely warty at base; abaxial side of midveins with flat ovate scales and long gray hairs ................ 2. S. lepifera 1. Sphaeropteris brunoniana (Wallich ex Hooker) R. M. at base, apex caudate, pinnatifid to pinnatisect; pinnule seg- Tryon, Contr. Gray Herb. 200: 21. 1970. ments 16–25 pairs, falcate, 10–16 × 3–5 mm, wider at base, entire or minutely crenate, rarely with small segments; veins 2- 白桫椤 bai suo luo or 3-forked; abaxial side of pinnules glabrous, adaxial side gla- Alsophila brunoniana Wallich ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 1: 52. brous or with sparse hairs; lamina glaucous abaxially; adaxial 1844; A. contaminans Wallich ex Hooker var. brunoniana side of pinna rachis with pale antrorse hairs, a few pale hairs (Wallich ex Hooker) Scott; A. contaminans var. inermis Kurz; and scales along costules abaxially. Sori close to midveins of A. sollyana Griffith; Cyathea brunoniana (Wallich ex Hooker) fertile pinnule segments, often throughout lower lamina; C. B. Clarke & Baker; C. hainanensis Ching; Sphaeropteris paraphyses pale to brown, filamentous, longer than sporangia or hainanensis (Ching) R. M. Tryon. equal in length; indusia absent. Trunk erect, up to 10–20 m tall, up to 20 cm in diam. Stipe Evergreen forests in valleys; 500–1200 m. Hainan, Xizang, Yun- and rachis yellowish to purplish, smooth, or finely warty at nan [Bangladesh, India (N Himalaya), Myanmar, Nepal, Vietnam]. base; scales pale brown or brown, thin, with setiferous edges; A very similar species, Sphaeropteris glauca (Blume) R. M. lamina 2-pinnate-pinnatifid, 2–3 × to 1.6 m; pinnae 20–30 Tryon (syn. Cyathea contaminans Wallich ex Hooker), is mysteriously pairs, ascending, lanceolate; largest pinnae up to 90 × 25 cm; absent from China and is widely distributed from N India, Thailand, and pinnules narrowly lanceolate, 9–14 × 2–3 cm, slightly narrowed Laos to New Guinea and the Philippines. The obvious difference is 1 State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, People’s Republic of China. 2 Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan. 134 CYATHEACEAE 135 the stipe, rachis, and rachillae of S. glauca are prominently spiny (vs. up to 16 cm or more, swollen at base, up to 7 cm in diam., smooth or only finely warty at the stipe base in S. brunoniana). smooth or with warts and scattered scales, densely scaly, with 2. Sphaeropteris lepifera (J. Smith ex Hooker) R. M. Tryon, abscission marks on trunks; lamina 2-pinnate to almost 3- Contr. Gray Herb. 200: 21. 1970. pinnate, oblong-obovate, 2–4(–5?) m; larger pinnae up to 80 cm, basal ones smaller; larger pinnules 10–15 × 1.5–2.3 cm, 笔筒树 bi tong shu caudate at apex; scales on abaxial side of axes dense, whitish, Alsophila lepifera J. Smith ex Hooker, Sp. Fil. 1: 54. 1844; ovate to oblong-ovate, mixed with spreading hairs; ultimate Cyathea lepifera (J. Smith ex Hooker) Copeland. segments thick, entire or nearly so, glaucous on abaxial surface. Sori subcostal on pinnules, without indusia; paraphyses pale, Trunk erect, often more than 6 m tall, up to 20 cm in diam. longer than sporangia, sometimes narrow and scalelike. near base, with distinct leaf scars on surface; scales on trunks and at stipe base pale brown to nearly white, thin, up to 4 cm, On slopes in valleys, mountain forests, forest margins, sunny 2–4 mm wide at base, fimbriate at margin, without distinct grasslands, often on wet soils; below 1500 m. Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan, prickles but granular from deciduous scales. Fronds pale green Yunnan; introduced into botanical gardens in S China [Japan (Ryukyu to green, large, up to 2.5 cm; stipe purple at base, green above, Islands), New Guinea, Philippines]. 2. ALSOPHILA R. Brown, Prodr. 158. 1810. 桫椤属 suo luo shu Gymnosphaera Blume. Plants treelike; trunk erect, rarely branching, or creeping, shrublike, apices covered with scales. Fronds large; stipe stramineous, dark brown, or black, smooth, spiny, or warty; scales brown or dark brown, margin differentiated; lamina 1–3-pinnate; veins simple or forked. Sori orbicular, dorsal on veinlets; indusia various in form or absent, paraphyses present. x = 69. About 230 species: pantropical, extending into the S temperate zone as far as the subantarctic Auckland Islands; plants of cold or wet montane forests, on slopes or in ravines, and low canopy, middle understory, or ground cover; 20 species in Asia; 12 species (one endemic) in China. Most species have an indusium, but this structure may be lost as the frond matures; in some species, the indusium is absent. The Chinese species in Alsophila subg. Alsophila all have an indusium; the species of A. subg. Gymnosphaera (Blume) Q. Xia are all without an indusium. 1a. Stipes stramineous, pale green, or brown, spiny or warty; fertile and sterile pinnules almost same size; lateral veinlets forked, bearing sori at forks; indusia developed, sometimes very small, scalelike, covered by sorus when mature; 16 spores per sporangium (A. subg. Alsophila). 2a. Abaxial side of midvein of pinnules and segments with pale acicular hairs ........................................................ 1. A. costularis 2b. Abaxial side of midvein of pinnules and segments glabrous. 3a. Indusia enveloping sori. 4a. Stipes spiny; indusia open toward midveins ............................................................................................ 2. A. spinulosa 4b. Stipes not spiny; indusia not open toward midveins ...................................................................................... 3. A. loheri 3b. Indusia almost covered by sori at base. 5a. Indusia flat, margin toothed ....................................................................................................................... 4. A. latebrosa 5b. Indusia scalelike ...........................................................................................................................................
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