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Evaluate, Not Naturalized, Subtropical Tree Fern, Wind-Dispersed

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Evaluate, Not Naturalized, Subtropical Tree Fern, Wind-Dispersed Family: Cyatheaceae Taxon: Cyathea australis Synonym: Alsophila australis R. Br. (basionym) Common Name: rough tree fern Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 12/17/2012 Cyathea australis (Cyatheaceae) Page 1 of 8 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 5 Print Date: 12/17/2012 Cyathea australis (Cyatheaceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 1999. Keith, D.A./Miles, J./Mackenzie, B.D.E.. [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] Vascular Flora of the South East Forests region, Eden, New South Wales. Cunninghamia. 6(1): 219-281. 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native: Program. Germplasm Resources Information AUSTRALASIA; Australia: Australia - New South Wales [e.], Queensland [s.e.], Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- Tasmania, Victoria [s.]" bin/npgs/html/index.pl 202 2012. USDA ARS National Genetic Resources [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi- bin/npgs/html/index.pl 203 2003. Australian National Botanic Gardens. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "The horticultural Growing Native Plants - Cyathea australis, appeal of C. australis is not only due to its beautiful looks but also because it is Cyathea cooperi. an extremely hardy species, even capable of tolerating direct sun when the roots http://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns- are wet. It is also a robust tub plant and is unusual in that it is tolerant of salty 2003/cyathea-spp.html [Accessed 13 Dec 2012] winds. C. australis is thus a popular, cold-hardy tree fern, adaptable to a variety of climates and soils." 203 2011. Forest Ferns. Cyathea australis. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Cyathea australis http://www.forestferns.co.uk/tree- grows at elevations as high as 4,200ft in Southeast Australia, and for this reason ferns/cyathea/cyathea-australis [Accessed 13 it is considered to be slightly more cold-hardy than Dicksonia antarctica. If it’s Dec 2012] location in Australia is anything to go by the plant could be cold hardy down to - 12°C (10°F), however it would be advisable to protect this plant the same way as Dicksonia antarctica until the plant is well established." 203 2012. Learn 2 Grow. Cyathea australis. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "The rough tree fern is http://www.learn2grow.com/plants/cyathea- well-known and utilized in Australia because of its beauty and better cold australis/ [Accessed 13 Dec 2012] hardiness, adaptability to a wider range of soil types, and tolerance of salt spray and drier conditions. This helps differentiate it from the more globally-recognized and used Cooper's tree fern." 204 1992. Medeiros, A.C./Loope, L.L./Flynn, [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] T./Anderson, S.J./Cuddihy, L.W./Wilson, K.A.. "Cyathea australis is a subtropical to warm temperate species growing in Notes on the status of an invasive Australian tree subtropical rain forest and tall Eucalyptus forests (A. Irvine, pers. comm.); it is fern (Cyathea cooperi) in Hawaiian rain forests. much slower growing than C. cooperi." American Fern Journal. 82: 27-33. 205 1992. Medeiros, A.C./Loope, L.L./Flynn, [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural T./Anderson, S.J./Cuddihy, L.W./Wilson, K.A.. range? Hawaii] "...the similar Cyathea australis is also present in Hawai'i but is Notes on the status of an invasive Australian tree limited to botanical gardens and a few private collections (Wilson, 1991)." fern (Cyathea cooperi) in Hawaiian rain forests. American Fern Journal. 82: 27-33. 205 2002. Schmidt, E./Lötter, M./McCleland, W.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger range? South Africa] "Ornamentally very popular, with the Australian Tree Fern National Park. Jacana Media, Johannesburg, (Cyathea australis) and the Tasmanian Tree Fern (Dicksonia antarctica) widely South Africa cultivated in South Africa." 205 2005. Imada, C.T./Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Annotated Checklist of Cultivated Plants of range? Hawaiian Islands] "Locations: Foster Botanical Garden; Harold L. Lyon Hawai‘i. The Bishop Museum, Arboretum; Ho‘omaluhia Botanical Garden; Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/botany/cultiv (now National Tropical Botanical Garden); Wahiawa Botanical Garden" atedplants/ 205 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Rough Tree [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Fern - Cyathea australis. range? Yes] "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Hayward, http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/58539/ California Miami, Florida Naples, Florida" [Accessed 13 Dec 2012] 301 2008. Foxcroft, L.C./Richardson, D.M./Wilson, [Naturalized beyond native range? No] "Table 2 Ornamental alien plant species J.R.U.. Ornamental Plants as Invasive Aliens: recorded per camp in the Kruger National Park, indicating the number of camps Problems and Solutions in Kruger National Park, in which each species has been recorded, as well as mode of introduction" … South Africa. Environmental Management. 41: [Cyathea australis - Evidence of naturalization? = No] 32–51. Print Date: 12/17/2012 Cyathea australis (Cyatheaceae) Page 3 of 8 301 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 302 1992. Garrett, M.. Pteridophytes of Northeastern [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Not considered a weed, but disturbance Tasmania. Tasforests. 4: 57-68. adapted] "It successfully re-establishes in roadside drains and other moist, disturbed sites." 302 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No evidence] Weeds.
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