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A Journal of the California Native Plant Society $5.00 (Free to Members) Vol. 30, No. 1 January 2002 FREMONTIA A JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY IN THIS ISSUE: Deconstructing Sudden Oak Death by Steven Swain / 3 • Some Preliminary Observations on the California Black Walnut ( Juglans californica) by E.N. Anderson / 12 • An Appreciation of Jack Major, 1917–2001 by M.G. Barbour, P.A. Castelfranco, R.W. Pearcy, and M. Rejmanek / 20 Index to Fremontia: Volumes 28 and 29, January 2000–October 2001 Compiled by Vivian Parker / 24 VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 1 Notes and Comments / 32 • Books Received / 33 • Book Reviews / 33 CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY FREMONTIA www.cnps.org MEMBERSHIP VOL. 30, NO. 1, JANUARY 2002 Dues include subscriptions to Fremontiaand the Bulletin. Distributed Nov. 2002 Life . $1,000 Supporting . $75 Copyright © 2002 Benefactor . $500 Family, Group, International . $45 California Native Plant Society Patron . $250 Individual or Library . $35 Plant Lover . $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income $20 Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor Eric Engles, Copy Editor ADDRESSES CHAPTER COUNCIL Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer Memberships; Address Changes; Of- Alta Peak (Tulare) . Joan Stewart CALIFORNIA NATIVE ficers; General Society Inquiries; Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono) . FremontiaAdvertising: CNPS, 1722 J PLANT SOCIETY Stephen Ingram Street, Suite 17, Sacramento, CA Channel Islands . Lynne Kada 95814. Tel: (916) 447-CNPS (2677); Dorothy King Young (Gualala) . Dedicated to the Preservation of Fax: (916) 447-2727 Lori Hubbart Executive Director: Pamela C. Muick, the California Native Flora East Bay . Tony Morosco PhD, [email protected] El Dorado . Amy Hoffman The California Native Plant Society Fremontia: L.A. Vorobik, PhD, Edi- Kern County . Laura Stockton (CNPS) is an organization of laymen tor, c/o University and Jepson Her- and professionals united by an interest baria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. Los Angeles/Santa Monica Mountains in the native plants of California, open #2465, UC, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465. Halli Mason to all. Its principal aims are to pre- (510) 642-2465, vo ro bik@ro c kisland.c o m Marin County . Bob Soost serve the native flora and to add to the Bulletin: Steve Tyron, Editor, Bulletin Milo Baker (Sonoma County) . knowledge of members and the public [email protected] or US Mail to Lynn Houser at large by monitoring rare and en- CNPS Office (listed above) Mojave Desert . Tim Thomas dangered plants throughout the state; Rare Plant Botanist: David Tibor, Monterey Bay . Rosemary Donlon by acting to save endangered areas 1722 J St., Suite 17, Sacramento, CA Mount Lassen . Jim Bishop through publicity, persuasion, and on 95814. (916) 324-3816, dtibor@cnps. Napa Valley . Marcie Danner occasion, legal action; by providing org North Coast . Larry Levine expert testimony to government Vegetation Ecologist: Julie Evens, Orange County . Daniel Songster bodies; and by supporting financially CNPS, 1722 J Street, Suite 17, Sacra- Redbud (Grass Valley/Auburn) . and otherwise the establishment of mento, CA 95814. (916) 327-0714, Richard Hanes native plant preserves. Much of this [email protected] Riverside/San Bernardino counties . work is done by volunteers through Earth Share Liaison: Halli Mason, CNPS Chapters throughout the state. 4728 Rosita Place, Tarzana, CA 91356. Katie Barrows The Society’s educational work in- (818) 345-6749 Sacramento Valley . Jennifer Hogan cludes: publication of a quarterly jour- Legal Advisor: Sandy McCoy. (510) San Diego . Sara Steinhoffer nal, Fremontia, and a quarterly Bulletin 644-2900 x107; wbmccoy@earthlink. net San Gabriel Mountains . Lyn McAfee which gives news and announcements San Luis Obispo . Dirk Walters of Society events and conservation BOARD OF DIRECTORS Sanhedrin (Ukiah) . Chuck Williams issues. Chapters hold meetings, field Officers: Santa Clara Valley . Mary Simpson trips, and plant and poster sales. Non- President . Sue Britting Santa Cruz County . Janell Hillman members are welcome to attend. Vice President . Sandy McCoy Sequoia (Fresno) . Jeanne Larson Money is provided through member Secretary . Lori Hubbart Shasta . Dave DuBose dues and funds raised by chapter plant Treasurer . Steve Hartman Sierra Foothills (Tuolumne, Cala- and poster sales. Additional donations, Chapter Council Chair . veras, Mariposa) . Patrick Stone bequests, and memorial gifts from Lynne Kada South Coast (Palos Verdes) . friends of the Society can assist greatly Chapter Council Vice-Chair . in carrying forward the work of the Lori Hubbart Ellen Brubaker Society. Dues and donations are tax- Directors: Tahoe . Michael Hogan deductible. Carol Baird, Charli Danielsen, Greg Willis L. Jepson (Solano) . Jirak, Lynne Kada, Betsey Landis, Mary Shaw Fremontia logo( by L.A. Vorobik) reprinted David L. Magney, Patt McDaniel, Yerba Buena (San Francisco) . from The Jepson Manual, J. Hic kman, Carol Witham Randy Zebell Ed., 1993, with permissio n fro m the Jepso n Herbarium, UC. © Regents of the Uni- MATERIALS FOR PUBLICATION versity o f Califo rnia. Members and others are invited to submit material for publication in Fremontia. Instructions for contributors can be found on the CNPS website, www.cnps.o rg, THE COVER: Coast live oak ( Quer- or can be requested from FremontiaEditor, Linda Ann Vorobik, vo ro b ik@ro c k cus agrifolia), a species affected by island.co m, or c/o University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. sudden oak death (see article on page #2465, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465. 3). Photograph by B. Hansen-Winter. Prepress by ScanArt / Printed by Craftsman Trade Press 2 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DECONSTRUCTING SUDDEN OAK DEATH by Steven Swain udden oak death (SOD) is a Sdisease that has killed tens of thousands of trees across the coastal regions of central Califor- nia. That said, the name “sudden oak death” is somewhat a misno- mer; the disease doesn’t just attack oaks, and at this point has not al- ways killed infected oaks. Gener- ally, infected oaks do die, but it does not always happen suddenly. So then what is “sudden oak death”? The term has come to be used synonymously with infection of a plant or a community of plants by Phyto phtho ra ramo rum. This article is intended to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge of this pathogen, its distribution and ef- fects, and what is being done to manage the disease and its impacts. The disease was first discovered in Marin County, California in 1994 (Svihra 1999), and within a few years was reported from neigh- boring counties on California’s cen- tral coast. The causal agent was still unknown at the time, so the disease was named after the most obvious symptoms—tan oaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and other oaks (Quercus spp.) dying in a some- what sudden fashion. THE PATHOGEN The name Phytophthora literally means “plant destroyer.” Most spe- cies within the genus are aggressive plant pathogens that infect and of- ten kill their hosts; these microbes can also survive on infected plant parts and in the soil. The life cycle of P. ramo rum is relatively typical of foliage-infecting Phytophthora spe- cies, perhaps with the exception that it is also capable of infecting trunk Tan oak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus) is hard-hit by SOD. It is pictured here from Muir tissues. Woods in Marin County with coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens) which has also Phytophthora species as a whole been discovered to be a host of the Phytophthora pathogen. Photograph by L. Vorobik. VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 3 are microbes that typically thrive The wide variety of spore types under moist conditions. Worldwide, found in Phytophthora species allow they represent root and leaf patho- these organisms several different gens, but most temperate species methods of dispersal across the land- on oaks are root pathogens. Like scape: they can be transported by all other species in the genus, P. water, the movement of soil on tires, ramo rum produces several different animal feet, or shoes, and possibly reproductive structures, including even wind. Once in place, certain chlamydospores, zoospores, and spore types can subsist for long pe- sporangia. Each of these is some- riods of time waiting for conditions what specialized to a specific mode to be optimal for infecting a new of dispersal. The chlamydospores host. Morphological similarities be- produced by P. ramo rum are sur- tween the sporangia produced by P. vival structures; they act in a man- ramo rumand those produced by the ner somewhat analogous to that of few known aerially dispersed seeds, able to handle comparatively Phytophthora species suggest that Sporangia (larger oblong structures) as long periods of time in harsh envi- P. ramo rum may be among those viewed under a microscope. Photograph ronmental conditions. Zoospores of Phytophthora species that can be courtesy of M. Garbelotto. P. ramo rum swim through water ac- aerially dispersed (Rizzo, pers. tively seeking hosts. These compara- comm.). This hypothesis is sup- dispersal can occur in the absence tively tiny spores are relatively short- ported by a distribution pattern of rain—only two of the sixty-odd lived when exposed to dry air, but across the landscape that suggests Phytophthoraspecies are known to can survive up to 30 days in water wind as a dispersal mechanism. do that. (Davidson et al. 2002). Sporangia While it is almost certain that the Phyto phto ra ramo rumhas a broad are larger structures that produce organism can be dispersed in wind- host range: at least seventeen dif- and release zoospores, or may infect driven
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