A Journal of the California Native Plant Society

$5.00 (Free to Members) Vol. 30, No. 1 January 2002 FREMONTIA

A JOURNAL OF THE CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY

IN THIS ISSUE:

Deconstructing Sudden Oak Death by Steven Swain / 3 • Some Preliminary Observations on the California Black Walnut ( Juglans californica) by E.N. Anderson / 12 • An Appreciation of Jack Major, 1917–2001 by M.G. Barbour, P.A. Castelfranco, R.W. Pearcy, and M. Rejmanek / 20 Index to Fremontia: Volumes 28 and 29, January 2000–October 2001 Compiled by Vivian Parker / 24 VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 1 Notes and Comments / 32 • Books Received / 33 • Book Reviews / 33 CALIFORNIA NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY FREMONTIA www.cnps.org MEMBERSHIP VOL. 30, NO. 1, JANUARY 2002 Dues include subscriptions to Fremontiaand the Bulletin. Distributed Nov. 2002 Life ...... $1,000 Supporting ...... $75 Copyright © 2002 Benefactor ...... $500 Family, Group, International . . . $45 California Native Plant Society Patron ...... $250 Individual or Library ...... $35 Plant Lover ...... $100 Student/Retired/Limited Income $20 Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor Eric Engles, Copy Editor ADDRESSES CHAPTER COUNCIL Beth Hansen-Winter, Designer Memberships; Address Changes; Of- Alta Peak (Tulare) . . . . Joan Stewart CALIFORNIA NATIVE ficers; General Society Inquiries; Bristlecone (Inyo-Mono) ...... FremontiaAdvertising: CNPS, 1722 J PLANT SOCIETY Stephen Ingram Street, Suite 17, Sacramento, CA Channel Islands ...... Lynne Kada 95814. Tel: (916) 447-CNPS (2677); Dorothy King Young (Gualala) . . . . Dedicated to the Preservation of Fax: (916) 447-2727 Lori Hubbart Executive Director: Pamela C. Muick, the California Native Flora East Bay ...... Tony Morosco PhD, [email protected] El Dorado ...... 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Instructions for contributors can be found on the CNPS website, www.cnps.o rg, THE COVER: Coast live oak ( Quer- or can be requested from FremontiaEditor, Linda Ann Vorobik, vo ro b ik@ro c k cus agrifolia), a species affected by island.co m, or c/o University and Jepson Herbaria, 1001 Valley Life Sciences Bldg. sudden oak death (see article on page #2465, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2465. 3). Photograph by B. Hansen-Winter. Prepress by ScanArt / Printed by Craftsman Trade Press

2 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 DECONSTRUCTING SUDDEN OAK DEATH by Steven Swain

udden oak death (SOD) is a Sdisease that has killed tens of thousands of trees across the coastal regions of central Califor- nia. That said, the name “sudden oak death” is somewhat a misno- mer; the disease doesn’t just attack oaks, and at this point has not always killed infected oaks. Gener- ally, infected oaks do die, but it does not always happen suddenly. So then what is “sudden oak death”? The term has come to be used synonymously with infection of a plant or a community of plants by Phyto phtho ra ramo rum. This article is intended to briefly summarize the current state of knowledge of this pathogen, its distribution and effects, and what is being done to manage the disease and its impacts. The disease was first discovered in Marin County, California in 1994 (Svihra 1999), and within a few years was reported from neigh- boring counties on California’s central coast. The causal agent was still unknown at the time, so the disease was named after the most obvious symptoms—tan oaks (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and other oaks (Quercus spp.) dying in a somewhat sudden fashion.

THE PATHOGEN

The name Phytophthora literally means “plant destroyer.” Most species within the genus are aggressive plant pathogens that infect and often kill their hosts; these microbes can also survive on infected plant parts and in the soil. The life cycle of P. ramo rum is relatively typical of foliage-infecting Phytophthora species, perhaps with the exception that it is also capable of infecting trunk Tan oak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus) is hard-hit by SOD. It is pictured here from Muir tissues. Woods in Marin County with coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens) which has also Phytophthora species as a whole been discovered to be a host of the Phytophthora pathogen. Photograph by L. Vorobik.

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 3 are microbes that typically thrive The wide variety of spore types under moist conditions. Worldwide, found in Phytophthora species allow they represent root and leaf patho- these organisms several different gens, but most temperate species methods of dispersal across the land- on oaks are root pathogens. Like scape: they can be transported by all other species in the genus, P. water, the movement of soil on tires, ramo rum produces several different animal feet, or shoes, and possibly reproductive structures, including even wind. Once in place, certain chlamydospores, zoospores, and spore types can subsist for long pe- sporangia. Each of these is some- riods of time waiting for conditions what specialized to a specific mode to be optimal for infecting a new of dispersal. The chlamydospores host. Morphological similarities be- produced by P. ramo rum are sur- tween the sporangia produced by P. vival structures; they act in a man- ramo rumand those produced by the ner somewhat analogous to that of few known aerially dispersed seeds, able to handle comparatively Phytophthora species suggest that Sporangia (larger oblong structures) as long periods of time in harsh envi- P. ramo rum may be among those viewed under a microscope. Photograph ronmental conditions. Zoospores of Phytophthora species that can be courtesy of M. Garbelotto. P. ramo rum swim through water ac- aerially dispersed (Rizzo, pers. tively seeking hosts. These compara- comm.). This hypothesis is sup- dispersal can occur in the absence tively tiny spores are relatively short- ported by a distribution pattern of rain—only two of the sixty-odd lived when exposed to dry air, but across the landscape that suggests Phytophthoraspecies are known to can survive up to 30 days in water wind as a dispersal mechanism. do that. (Davidson et al. 2002). Sporangia While it is almost certain that the Phyto phto ra ramo rumhas a broad are larger structures that produce organism can be dispersed in wind- host range: at least seventeen dif- and release zoospores, or may infect driven rain (Rizzo, pers. comm.), ferent hosts species in several plant tissues directly themselves. there is yet no evidence that aerial different families are susceptible to

TABLE 1. KNOWN CALIFORNIA NATIVE HOST SPECIES FOR PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM AS OF 15 MAY, 2002 Latin Name Common Name Foliar Host Trunk Canker Branch Canker Acer macro phyllum Big-leaf maple x Aesculus califo rnica California buckeye x Arb utus menziesii Madrone x x Arctostaphylos manzanita Manzanita x x Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon x x Lithocarpus densiflorus Tan oak x x x Lonicera hispidula California honeysuckle x Pseudotsuga menziesii2 Douglas Fir x x Quercus(subgenus Lobatae) “Black” or “red” oaks agrifo lia Coast live oak x kello ggii California black oak x parvula var. shrevei Shreve’s oak x Rhamnus californica California coffeeberry x Rhododendronspp. 1 Rhododendron varieties x macro phyllum California Rose-bay x Sequo ia sempervirens2 Coast redwood x Umbellularia califo rnica California laurel x Vaccinium ovatum California huckleberry x x Viburnumspp. 1 Arrow-wood x x 1Species in these genera are sold in the horticultural trade, and some represent a significant risk of contagion. They are often not native to California. 2The understanding of Phytophthora’s role in the pathology of these newly added species is still tentative.

4 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 infection (Davidson et al. 2002; SYMPTOMS Rizzo et al. 2002a; Rizzo et al. 2002b). The symptoms can vary so Although the best known form much depending upon the infected of the disease involves the forma- host species that for all purposes P. tion of trunk cankers leading to ramo rum causes two distinct dis- the disease commonly termed “sud- eases, one usually lethal and the den oak death,” the more common other not. form of the disease results in ne- Infection is frequently lethal to crotic leaf spots on the foliar host. species that develop trunk cankers, It appears that P. ramorum can be which include tan oak (Lithocarpus quite contagious, especially among densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus certain foliar hosts such as Rho- agrifo lia), California black oak dodendronspecies, tan oak, and (Quercus kelloggii), and Shreve’s oak California laurel (Umbellularia cali- (Quercus parvula var. shrevii). All of fo rnic a). Spots caused by Phytophthora ramorum the Quercusspecies mentioned above On true oaks P. ramo rum has on a California laurel leaf. Photograph are in the Subgenus Lobatae,and it only been found to cause trunk can- courtesy of M. Garbelotto. appears that all of the members of kers, not foliar infections. Trunk this subgenus may be susceptible to tissue infection results in the death more images of typical symptoms infection by P. ramo rum to one de- of patchy areas of the cambium, on various hosts, please visit www. gree or another. (Other subgenera which frequently coalesce into large suddenoakdeath.org. of Quercus,such as the white oaks areas of dead tissue. To the pass- Secondary infections or attacks [Subgenus Quercus], are not known erby, the symptoms of this process by other organisms may accelerate to be susceptible [Rizzo et al. appear as sticky, viscous, burgundy- the decline of infected oak and tan 2002a]). The infection of tan oak is or molasses-colored droplets on clear oak trees. Typical among these noteworthy in that P. ramorum is bark that are usually not associated other organisms are oak bark beetles able to cause trunk, branch, and leaf with a wound. Canker symptoms on (Pseudo pityo phthorus pubipennis)and infections, often simultaneously. It tan oaks are similar but are typically ambrosia beetles (Mo narthrumspp.). is the first species in California runnier and are preceded by a gen- These beetles leave pin-sized holes known to be symptomatic of this eral browning of the entire canopy. in the bark, surrounded by a fine disease (Svihra 1999), and appears Among the foliar hosts, symp- sawdust-like material commonly to be among the most susceptible toms of infection are variable with termed “frass.” Anecdotal evidence species discovered. On tan oaks, the plant species. The most common suggests that attacks by beetles are term “sudden oak death” is descrip- symptom is leaf spots, which are typically what causes oak trees to tive of the infection process, even not always obvious to the casual die “suddenly,” rather than the com- though it isn’t a true oak. observer. They are easily confused paratively slow-moving infections Most of the remaining (approx– with many other maladies that of P. ramo rum. imately twelve) host species (see the host plants may contract. Phy- Dead and dying trunk tissues Table 1) are susceptible to non- to phtho ra ramo rumproduces few are colonized by decay fungi. Com- lethal infection. They develop leaf visible signs of its presence, as all mon among this group of organ- infections, and commonly also de- of its structures are microscopic isms is Hypoxylon thoursianum,which velop cankers in their branches (Garbelotto et al. 2002). To view produces fruiting bodies that re- (hence the specific name ramo rum, semble small, rounded chunks of meaning “to branch”). These “fo- Bleeding from the bark of coast live oak. charcoal that grow on the bark of liar hosts” generally do not develop Photograph courtesy of M. Garbelotto. infected trees. The presence of large cankers in their trunk tissues. Hypoxylon,beetles, or both, does not New hosts for P. ramo rum are in any way indicate that the tree is being discovered every year, and infected with P. ramo rum—these therefore the list of host species in organisms are part of the general Table 1 is expected to grow. The disease process with which oaks and potential size of the completed host tan oaks have evolved. The oaks list may number into the hundreds colonized by these organisms may of species; as an example, the host have been initially stressed for any list for P. cinnamomiis in the vicin- of a multitude of reasons, as they ity of 2,000 species. have been for centuries.

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 5 DISTRIBUTION under these conditions are all un- ceptible western oaks are (Rizzo et known at this time. al. 2002b). Although P. ramo rumwas In addition to the quarantine of Hot, dry summers and cool, first discovered in northern Europe, infected materials, clear delineation moist spring weather typify many no European oaks are known to have of the disease is also critical to any climates beyond California’s cen- become infected by the disease. proposed containment approach. As tral valley. If P. ramo rum is not con- Until recently, monitoring the of May 9, 2002, the North Ameri- strained to the west coast environ- distribution of the disease has been can distribution of P. ramo rum ment, this begs the question of how based upon reports of suspected in- extended over more than 300 km of infectious it might be on host spe- festations coming in from the pub- the central California coastline, and cies found elsewhere on the conti- lic. For the most part, the public in one small isolated area of Curry nent, or indeed the world. Many of seems to have keyed in on oak death County, Oregon, just north of the oaks of eastern North America, as the defining characteristic that California. for example red oak (Quercus rubra) they are reporting, and this may be Phyto phtho ra ramo rum requires and pin oak (Quercus palustris), are a direct result of the disease’s com- water to reproduce, and prefers tem- in the same subgenus (Lo b atae )as mon name. It may also be that many peratures in the vicinity of 20º C. susceptible western oaks. The two people simply aren’t concerned Moist, comparatively cool climatic eastern oaks tested were at least as about leaf spots on their laurel trees, zones are frequently found in the susceptible to P. ramo rum as sus- or on other foliar hosts. Whatever coastal regions, and it is perhaps because of this that most of the Confirmed distribution of sudden oak death as of May 9, 2002. Map courtesy of Karin confirmed distribution of P. Tuxen, CAMFER, UC Berkeley. ramo rum occurs within 30 km of the coastline. In the San Francisco, California area it has been found farther inland, but at the time of this writing has only been confirmed at locations with cool, marine- influenced weather. The current extent of the distribution of P. ramo rum does not mean that the organism is necessarily limited to coastal climates. Dr. Matteo Garbelotto’s heat treatment experi- ments clearly show that in certain host materials, such as California laurel leaves, P. ramo rum is capable of surviving temperatures of 35º C for extended periods of time (Garbelotto, unpublished data). This suggests that although the pathogen may not be able to reproduce under the comparatively hot, dry summers of California’s inte- rior valley, it may be able to survive them. It is plausible that P. ramo rum could be introduced to drier, warmer regions during the comparatively cool, moist weather frequently associated with springtime, and then reproduce whenever favorable conditions recur. Exactly how fast the disease would spread, how the symptoms would mani- fest themselves, and which hosts it would be capable of infecting

6 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 instead of dying oaks. California lau- (human-caused) and natural means. rel trees seem to show symptoms Spore production appears to be quite a bit earlier than the canker- greatest on foliar hosts, in some cases forming trees such as coast live oak approaching 70,000 spores per and tan oak. The results of Sonoma square centimeter of infected leaf County’s disease monitoring efforts tissue (Rizzo, pers. comm.). Spore support this. We have found in- production on woody materials is fected California laurel trees miles much lower when it occurs at all. from any confirmed dead oak or This suggests that in terms of Microscopic view of leaf surface crowded tan oak tree in the Mark West anthropogenic spread, the trans- with sporangia. Photograph courtesy of Springs area of Sonoma County. portation of foliage is of greater M. Garbelotto. Focusing on foliar symptoms in lau- comparative risk than the transpor- rel trees has two advantages: the tation of wood or wood products, the reason, it now seems to take at tree is relatively widespread and it although there may still be signifi- least a few months for tan oak trees is evergreen, which allows symp- cant risk in the movement of in- to show symptoms, and it may take tom identification and sampling fected woody material. Foliage is years for coast live oak to show throughout the year. clearly a good platform for natural symptoms. The result is that we A better understanding of the dispersal because of its position have been monitoring a phenom- epidemiology of the disease on its above ground and exposure to wind enon that is perhaps up to several foliar hosts will facilitate disease and rain. years behind the arrival of the dis- monitoring and delineation. There For this reason, the develop- ease at a particular site, and there- is still much more that needs to be ment of phytosanitary disposal fore the actual extent of this disease known about this subject. methods for host material from may be significantly wider than what infected regions appears to be crit- is represented in the distribution ical in containing the disease. map. A number of researchers have RISK OF SPREAD Composting diseased host mate- suggested that perhaps a better way rial appears to be a promising to find the current extent of the Phyto phtho ra ramo rum seems to method of sanitizing it (see Table disease would be to begin monitor- be well suited to dispersal among 3 on page 8). During the composting California laurel leaf symptoms its hosts by both anthropogenic ing trials, after one week at 55º C,

TABLE 2. VIABLE PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM COLONIES (POSITIVE ISOLATIONS) BEFORE AND AFTER HEAT TREATMENT

ata here represent the results of one set of heat treatment trial results. This trial involved placing the D infected samples in an oven for two weeks, testing them each week. Note that averages are calculated by considering each unit as a replicate. The heat exposure resulted in no viable Phytophthoraramo rum colonies from any of the wood chips or the saplings cankers, whether the material was exposed for one or two weeks. In the case of California laurel leaves, a one-week exposure only reduced Phytophthora viability, but did not completely eliminate it. A two-week exposure eliminated viable inoculum from the leaves as well.

Plant material Total Positive Positive Positive isolations isolations before isolations at isolations at attempted treatment one week two weeks (average %) (average %) (average %)

Coast live oak wood chips 80 92.5% 0% 0%

California laurel leaves 50 100% 17% 0%

Cankers 48 na 0% 0%

Based o n unpublished data fro m Matteo Garbelo tto , 2001.

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 7 TABLE 3. VIABLE PHYTOPHTHORA RAMORUM COLONIES (POSITIVE ISOLATIONS) BEFORE AND AFTER COMPOSTING

ata here represent the results of one set of composting trial results. This trial involved placing the Dinfected samples in a compost pile for two weeks, testing them at the end of the trial. Note that averages are calculated by considering each unit as a replicate. The composting process resulted in no viable Phytoph- thoraramorum colonies from any treated material.

Plant material Total Total positive Positive Positive isolations isolations before isolations before isolations at attempted treatment treatment two weeks (average %) (average %)

Coast live oak wood chips 32 31 97% 0%

California laurel leaves 25 15 60% 0%

Cankers 16 5 31% 0%

Based o n unpublished data fro m Matteo Garbelo tto , 2001.

P. ramo rum could not be isolated IS P. RAMORUM AN pathogen Crypho nec tria parasitic. a) from most substrates, and after two INTRODUCED This is not to say that the situation weeks P. ramo rum could not be PATHOGEN? here is so dire, but rather to illus- isolated from even the California trate the potential for the most laurel leaves (Garbelotto, unpub- Based on preliminary evidence, severely affected species, such as tan lished data). Dr. Garbelotto is still Phyto phtho ra ramo rum has what oak. Tan oak has indeed suffered conducting further tests aimed at amounts to a largely clonal popula- substantial losses in the past seven determining how much time and tion structure (Garbelotto et al. years, with some stands suffering temperature required to eliminate 2001b). This organism seems well one hundred percent mortality. P. ramo rum may vary with the sea- suited to asexual propagation, and The lack of genetic variability son and substrate material. The apparently sexual reproduction of within the P. ramo rum population final results will probably not be P. ramo rum is not occurring within of the western United States sug- known for some time. the state. This population structure gests that there is very little ge- Firewood and other coarse plant has a number of significant impli- netic recombination occurring materials also pose a risk of spread, cations. within the population, and thus but the exact extent of this risk is Preliminary data on the limited adaptation rates should be quite still unknown. In infected regions, genetic variability of California’s low. This is good news for plants firewood from host species should P. ramo rum population is not in that show only some resistance to remain on site. Other firewood agreement with the hypothesis that the disease, such as our native oaks, movement may be restricted or pro- it is a native species. If P. ramo rum as it implies that it will be much hibited, depending upon several is introduced, then the native plants more difficult for P. ramo rum to factors including the origin and in the central coast region are un- overcome the defenses of the oak destination of the material. Several likely to have evolved any innate population as a whole over time. other commodities are regulated in ability to defend themselves against Of course, this could all change infected counties, including soil and it. The inability of host plants to overnight with the introduction of nursery stock. Quarantine regula- defend themselves adequately a new, sexually compatible strain tions are almost certainly going to against introduced diseases has of the disease. Preventing the in- change with time. To obtain the lat- caused such dramatic events such troduction of any new strains is est information on regulated articles as Dutch elm disease (caused by likely to prove difficult, as the and restrictions, call your local the pathogen Ophiostoma ulmi), and origins of the pathogen are only County Agricultural Commissioner. chestnut blight (caused by the hypothesized.

8 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 TREATMENT

Testing to develop treatment for individual oaks is still underway. A number of chemical control options appear to hold promise, but results are likely to still be several months, if not years, away. This is in part due to the very slow nature of oak mortality itself. In the absence of attack by bark beetles, trees can take years to die. The long time scale required for this process in turn requires equally long experimental times to obtain treatment results from the field. Host mortality rates also appear to vary by species. For instance, mortality rates on tan oaks appear to be quite high, whereas they are somewhat lower for black and coast live oaks. They also seem to vary with climate, with higher rates in areas typified by comparatively cool and moist conditions. If an effective treatment is found, it may be able to save individual trees of value, but it is unlikely that it will be able to be ap- plied to the landscape as a whole. This is primarily because biological controls for forest dwelling Phytoph- tho ra species are unknown, and the wholesale spraying of entire regions with chemicals is likely to cause as many environmental problems as it cures. The state of Oregon has taken a comparatively aggressive approach to the recent introduction of P. ramo rum. They are attempting to eradicate the disease by cutting and burning all host plants within 50 to 100 feet of symptomatic foliage (Goheen, pers. comm.). This approach is possible due to a combi- nation of factors; one of these factors is the comparatively large distance between the area of infection in Oregon and the next closest Foliage of living coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia) tree from Sonoma County. Photograph confirmed site—a distance of over by J. Vale; its use courtesy of the Jepson Herbarium, UC. 250 kilometers. The lack of a nearby source of infection suggests that if immediate future. This is conjec- other factor making an eradica- the disease is eradicated the region ture, since the method of the origi- tion attempt possible is the limited is unlikely to be re-infected in the nal introduction is not known. The size of the infection area. A total of

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 9 rial. As of the time of this writing, these regulations are currently being revised to make them consis- tent and compatible with one another. By the time this article is printed, they should have been rec- onciled. As new host species or new infection routes are discovered, these regulations will have to be amended.

FORESTS IN FLUX

California forests have been subject to many perturbations and dis- turbances throughout their history. Many present-day woodlands may have been grassland at one time, and where there are now redwoods or pines, oaks may have once stood. Fire burned through many of these forests and woodlands every few years, and helped to shape the forests themselves. In the absence of fire, grasslands often succeeded to woodlands, and oak woodlands and forests often succeeded to other forest types. Disease seems to be part of these processes, although exactly how native diseases may have caused landscape-level changes in the forests is not fully understood. The effects of exotic pathogens are likely to be even less predictable. Ultimately, P. ramo rumis likely to result in changes to California’s central coast forests. What these changes will be is difficult to esti- mate until we know more about the pathogen and its impacts. At this Coast live oak ( Quercus agrifolia) occurs in a variety of habitats throughout coastal point, it seems these changes are California. It is shown here in a stand of chamise ( Adenostoma fasciculata). Photograph unlikely to radically alter the land- by J. Hickman; its use courtesy of the Jepson Herbarium, UC. scape of the central coast over the long term, although they may be approximately 40 acres scattered known, but it is clear that the dis- significant at a more local scale. over several sites in Curry County ease is relatively widespread on the Based on preliminary evidence, P. are known to be infected. This central coast. Currently, the best ramo rum appears to have effects on makes cutting and burning these approach in California seems to be the regeneration of some species, areas in Oregon a realistic proposi- to prevent the further spread of the such as madrone (Arbutus menziesii). tion. Results from this approach are disease. Perhaps the greatest long-term forthcoming. Infected regions of California threat posed by this disease is the Eradication is not a realistic are currently under both state and potential elimination of tan oak as a proposition in California. The cur- federal quarantines designed to limit significant component of west coast rent disease extent is still not fully the movement of infectious mate- forests.

10 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 CONCLUSIONS on Phyto phtho ra ramo rum. For easy Garbelotto, M., P. Svihra, and D. access to general background infor- Rizzo. 2001a. Sudden oak death Although the common name mation, current host species lists, syndrome fells three oak species. “sudden oak death” does not really and images of symptoms, please visit Califo rnia Agric ulture (Jan/Feb describe the ecology of the disease www.suddenoakdeath.org.The local 2001): 9–19. Garbelotto, M., D. Rizzo, and J. accurately, it does capture the es- University of California Coopera- Davidson. 2001b. Studies in the sence of what we currently under- tive Extension office should be genetics of Phyto phtho rasp. nov. as- stand to be its major impact. able to help you with further ques- sociated with sudden oak death. There is quite a bit that still tions regarding sudden oak death, Fifth Symposium on Oak Wood- remains to be discovered about this as should the local Agricultural lands. USDA-Forest Service, San pathogen. It remains to be seen Commissioner’s office. The Agri- Diego, CA. whether a quarantine or eradica- cultural Commissioner’s office Garbelotto, M., D. Rizzo, J. Davidson, tion efforts based on our current should also have information on the and S. Frankel. 2002. How to rec- level of knowledge will be effective. latest developments on quarantine ognize symptoms of diseases caused At this point, the host species list is regulations. by Phyto phtho ra ramo rum,causal not complete, and the methods of agent of sudden oak death. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest dispersal are not completely under- REFERENCES Region. stood. Until such basics are known, Goheen, E.M., Plant Pathologist, it will be difficult indeed to make USDA Forest Service, Forest any kind of accurate predictions Davidson, J.M., D.M. Rizzo, M. Health Protection, Southwest Or- about what effects the disease may Garbelotto, S. Tjosvold, and G.W. egon Forest Insect and Disease Ser- have. Similarly, views on appropri- Slaughter. 2002. Phytophthora vice Center. ate kinds of treatment, regulations ramo rum and sudden oak death in McPherson, B.A., D.L. Wood, A.J. to prevent spread of the disease, California: II. Transmission and sur- Storer, P. Svihra, D.M. Rizzo, N.M. vival. Fifth Symposium on Oak and enforcement of such regula- Kelly, and R.B. Standiford. 2000. Woodlands. USDA-Forest Service, tions may change over time. Oak mortality syndrome: Sudden San Diego, CA. death of oaks and tan oaks. Tree No tes There are a number of resources 26:1–6. available for further information Rizzo, D., M. Garbelotto, J.M. Davidson, G.W. Slaughter, and S.T. Drawing by M.H. Swift of tan oak ( Litho- Koike. 2002a. Phyto phtho ra ramo rum carpus densiflorus), from Jepson’s 1910 as the cause of extensive mortality Silva of California. of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Dis- ease 86(3):205–213. Rizzo, D.M., M.Garbelotto, J.M. Davidson, G.W. Slaughter, and S.T. Koike, 2002b. Phyto phtho ra ramo rum and sudden oak death in Califor- nia: I. Host relationships. Fifth Oak Woodland Symposium: Oaks in California’s Changing Landscape. USDA-Forest Service, San Diego, CA. Storer, A.J., K.E. Keirnan, N.K. Palkovsky, B.W. Hagen, G.W. Slaughter, N.M. Kelly, and P. Svihra. 2002. Diagnosis and Monitoring of Sudden Oak Death. Pest Alert #6. UC Cooperative Extension and the Cali- fornia Oak Mortality Task Force. Svihra, P. 1999. Tan oak and coast live oak under attack. Oaks ’n’ fo lks 14(2):1.

Steven Swain, 151 Hilgard Hall, UC, Berkeley, CA 94720. svswain@nature. berkeley.edu

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 11 SOME PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE CALIFORNIA BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS CALIFORNICA) by E.N. Anderson

he California black walnut areas, and is abundant within its too steep and unstable on which to T(Jug lan s c alif o rn ic) a is a large small range. However, because only build. However, current “level-the- shrub or small tree, smaller small and marginal scraps of its habi- mountains” construction has wiped in every way (trunk, leaf, fruit) than tat are protected, it is of some con- it out from even these habitats in northern California’s Hinds walnut cern to conservationists. So far, its many areas, especially the Puente (J. hindsii), and restricted to a nar- fondness for steep slopes has pro- Hills, and its future is uncertain. row band within the southern Cali- tected it, and much of its popula- Walnut trees provide both food fornia foothills. It occurs primarily tion survives in the Los Angeles and habitat for wildlife. Rodents and on private land in or near urban conurbation on islands of habitat other animals eat the kernel, and, in earlier times, Native American Illustration of the only taxon of Juglans treated in Jepson’s 1910 Silva of California, peoples utilized it. (The kernel is “J. californica.” Habit drawing by M.H. Swift; detail drawings by A.J. Heindl and E. excellent eating, but too small and Roorback. shellbound for modern exploitation, except by ethnobotanists even more

NOMENCLATURE

he two native black wal- Tnuts in California have been named in two different ways. According to The Jepson Manual, there is only one native Ju g lan s species in Cali- fornia, Ju g lan s c alif o rn ic, a with two varieties, J. c . var. californica and J. c . var. hindsii. In contrast, the sixth edition of the CNPS Inventory of Rare Plants of California (among other authorities) treats these two taxa as distinct species: Juglans califo rnica and Ju g lan s hindsii. This article follows the latter treatment. Various common names are used to refer to these two taxa. Here I use California black walnut (for J. c alif o r- nica) and Hinds walnut (for J. hindsii), but at least one other name pair is also in use: southern California black walnut and northern California black walnut.

12 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 dedicated than I.) The tree also pro- National Forest are slated to fol- vides shade, erosion control, and low. For this and other reasons, I other benefits. It has been used as a have begun a more systematic in- firewood source and an understock quiry into the life and times of the for commercial walnut production. California black walnut. I have always had an interest in Very little is known about the this tree, but my interest increased plant. Except for work by Jon Keeley after I moved to Walnut Avenue in (1990), C.A. Leskinin (1972), and San Bernardino. I am not sure students and associates at Califor- whether the street was named after nia State Polytechnic University the wild walnuts, but they abound (see Tenbrink et al. 1999), there is here, with one huge stand begin- virtually no sustained work re- ning across the street from my house ported. A brief article by Quinn and extending up Bailey Canyon (1989) reviews conservation prob- (on whose bank I live). I am un- lems. Thus, almost any new infor- comfortably aware that my house mation would seem to be valuable. California black walnut ( Juglans califor- and my neighbors’ houses exist at nica) as a good-sized tree, Devil Canyon, San Bernardino County (top). • A thick the expense of the downstream end FORM California black walnut trunk (bottom); of this stand. Walnut trees are still note pen for scale. Photographs by R. being replaced by houses in the area. Frye. A nearby stand of huge, ancient, The California black walnut is multi-trunked walnuts was de- now almost always seen as a large, The “record So uthern California stroyed in February 2001 to make multi-trunked shrub, ranging from black walnut” (Byrne 2000, empha- way for new houses. Most of the 10 to 20 feet in height. However, it sis added), growing in Chico, is 116 stands outside the San Bernardino can be a modestly imposing tree. feet high and 241 inches in circum-

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 13 ference. This is a planted tree, far out of its natural range, and it may WALNUT IDENTIFICATION be a misidentification. Among naturally occurring trees, there are some istinguishing the California black walnut from other nut trees single-trunked specimens in the Dcan be a challenge. Eastern black walnut (J. nigra) and pecan Bailey Canyon–Devil Canyon area (Carya illino iensis) have been planted widely in southern California, more than 40 feet tall. Two grow- often at homesteads now long abandoned. Sometimes the eastern ing near each other are worthy of black walnuts were planted among native walnuts; presumably the note: one is 42 feet tall, with a spread settlers thought the wild walnuts were a good indicator of places where of 40 feet, and a circumference (at 4 eastern walnuts would also flourish. On Los Sauces Creek along State feet above ground) of 98 inches. Highway 150 in southwestern Ventura County, there is an area where The other is about the same height pecans have escaped from homestead plantings and enthusiastically (but not easy to measure), with a colonized the riparian strip along the creek, within a California black spread of 51 feet. It branches a foot walnut woodland. The pecans grow in permanently wet soil, the off the ground; the trunk below that walnuts in drier sites, but they are in close proximity, with branches is 102 inches around, and the big- sometimes touching. gest branch is 76 inches around at 4 Eastern black walnut, Hinds walnut, and California black walnut feet. Keeley (1990) reports even were all used in pioneer days as understocks for Persian (“English”) larger trees in the old days, known walnut (J. re g ia), and these understocks sometimes grow into trees now only from somewhat question- when the grove is abandoned and the scionwood dies. One can tell able descriptions. such stands from natural stands by the regular spacing of the trees in orchard plantings and the presence of other planted species. Truly RANGE strange are some large walnuts one sometimes finds in natural groves: they have larger leaves and paler bark than the native, but they appear to be naturally occurring. They do not fruit. I suspect they are hybrids The California black walnut has between the native and the eastern black walnut. There are at least a rather remarkable range. Its east- three such trees in Bailey Canyon. ern limit is set very sharply by Waterman Canyon in the San Ber- nardino Mountains. It abounds in this canyon, but does not occur at The tree is vulnerable to fire when Waterman Canyon stand as an iso- all farther east. (Possible causes in- young, but quickly becomes resis- lated “x,” when in fact it is merely clude drought and too frequent fire. tant.) In the west, it extends almost the eastern end of a long and al- to Point Conception in Santa Bar- most continuous belt of walnuts Nuts and leaves of California black wal- bara County. Its northern limit is along the San Bernardino and San nut. Photograph by R. Frye. set, roughly, at the middle eleva- Gabriel front, reaching from the tions of the Transverse Ranges. It outwash fans of the canyons up to is reported to extend just north of 3,500 feet. Similarly, they show scat- the Santa Ynez River in Santa Bar- tered “x” marks in the Santa Ynez bara County, and to about as far Mountains where the walnut is com- north in Ventura County (Griffin mon as a north-slope tree. and Critchfield 1972). The south- In terms of altitude, the tree ern limit is somewhat unclear. Grif- extends from near sea level in the fin and Critchfield (1972) show an Santa Monica Mountains to 3,500 isolated stand in San Diego County feet in the San Bernardino canyons, in the moist mesa country just but is rarely found above that eleva- southeast of the point where River- tion. Presumably, the much colder side, Orange, and San Diego coun- and snowier winters above 3,500 ties meet. Why it should stop there, feet kill the seedlings. with so much excellent habitat to Within these limits, the wal- the south, is a mystery. nut abounds on the southernmost Within these limits, Griffin and slopes of the Transverse Ranges, Critchfield seriously underreport and throughout the Santa Ynez, the range of the tree. For instance, Santa Monica, and northern Santa they show what I assume is the Ana mountains, and in the hills

14 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 between. It is especially common, ASSOCIATES Canyon, for example, they occur in and often dominant, in the Puente literally every habitat, from alluvial Hills, the hills of urban Los Ange- Attempts to restrict the walnut outwash to rock cliffs. Bailey Can- les, the Santa Monica Mountains, to one or another “plant commu- yon is a most diverse place, and so and the mountains of southern nity” serve only to show how inad- one can find walnuts as a compo- Ventura County. Here it often equate the old plant community nent of grassland, coastal sage scrub, forms solid stands, with less dense concept is for California’s dynamic several types of chaparral, riparian savanna-like stands occurring on vegetation (see the sidebar below). woodland, oak woodland, and south and west faces. Pure, closed- Within their small range walnuts mixed canyon woodland. Similarly, canopy stands dominate many are everywhere—subject to their in Topanga Canyon in the Santa north-facing slopes. own idiosyncratic limits. In Bailey Monica Mountains, the walnut occurs in riparian woodland, chaparral, open cliffs, sage scrub, and grassland, from the bottom of the WALNUT AS A COMPONENT OF VARIOUS canyon to the top of the hills around PLANT COMMUNITIES it. The same could be said of many other canyons throughout the tree’s he California black walnut does not seem to restrict itself to a range. Walnut grows on granite, Tfew distinct plant communities, but occurs across a wide carbonate, sandstone, shale, and al- range of habitats. luvial terrain, with its usual riotous indifference to circumstances. • Forests and woodlands. In parts of its range, California black Tenbrink et al. (1999) note that walnut grows with various other tree species in forest and wood- the walnut’s associates in pure- land communities. A unique forest formation grows on the north- stand woodlands of the Los Ange- east side of the Santa Susana Mountains and locally in the San les urban area are all non-native Bernardino’s westernmost canyons: a true forest of bigcone Dou- weeds, except for a rare milkweed. glas-fir (Pseudo tsuga mac ro carpa), oaks, and walnut. A magnificent This is not always true elsewhere, oak–walnut forest, dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), however. Los Angeles presents a covers more than 5 square miles on the north face of Sulphur special case because of the intense Mountain in Ventura County. Common associates include blue disturbance caused by a century of elderberry (Sambucus mexicana) and various riparian trees along extreme overgrazing followed by a waterways. Similar oak–walnut forests exist from the Santa Ynez century of urbanization. In other Mountains to the Puente Hills, but in fragmented forms, with locations, the tree is often found in walnuts sometimes being confined to relatively dry sites or to savannas that have been taken over sandy canyon areas. Mullahy (1992) has found walnut growing by non-natives, but it also occurs together with flowering ash (Fraxinus dipetala) or California laurel with many native associates. In (Umbellularia califo rnica) in woodland areas. Bailey Canyon, for instance, more • Sage scrub. In scrub habitats dominated by Salvia species, Cali- than 140 native plant species grow fornia coast sagebrush (Artemisia c alifo rnic), a and other typical closely associated with walnuts. plants, walnut dominates moist sites. This is a common associa- These range from various codomi- tion on the lower Santa Susana and Santa Monica mountains, and nants in woodland, including oaks, occurs locally eastward to Waterman Canyon. California sycamore (Platanus rac e- mosa), Ceanothus,and Adeno sto ma, • Chaparral. In chaparral habitats, walnut often grows at the outer to understory species such as Erio- edges of the wet zones created by springs, especially seep springs. go num fasciculatum, Rhusspp. , vari- It also grows in dry washes. ous annuals on dry sites, and plants • Riparian woodland. In riparian communities, walnut trees grow such as So lidago califo rnica in moist everywhere except in the permanently-wet corridor. They occur areas. There are also some small in dry washes, seasonally running washes, riparian outwash fans, but solid forests of wild walnut, and in the margins of gallery forests along permanent streams. made up of trees up to 25 feet tall, California black walnut is often the dominant species in the latter growing with the rather unusual two habitats. Its associates can range from dry wash species such as associate velvet ash (Fraxinus Whipple yucca (Yucca whipplei) to willows and other water-loving velutina). Here and elsewhere in the plants. San Bernardino range, the walnut often forms a natural fence around

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 15 the huge mats of Arizona grape (Vitis girdiana) that cover seep springs. Often the walnut grows with introduced grasses, probably because both take over highly unstable sites. But it more often grows with sage scrub or riparian species. It is rarer in chaparral, but not uncom- mon even there. In riparian areas it grows in drier soils near such plants as Pacific willow (Salix lasiolepis) and Arizona grape (Vitis girdiana).

HABITAT RESTRICTIONS

Overall, the range limits of the California black walnut are set by drought, cold, and probably fire. As noted, walnuts do not reach high altitudes. They do not occur on flat ground except for riparian outwash, and prefer (but are by no means confined to) north- and east-facing slopes. They do not occur in very dry sites, or even in moist areas that are frequently exposed to intense heat and drought. The limit in the San Bernardino range front (Wa- terman Canyon) is the limit of relatively cool, moist air and fairly heavy rainfall in the foothill zone. East- ward the slopes are hotter and drier, without much woodland of any kind. Walnuts do not occur in areas California black walnut as small tree, Sulphur Mountain, Ventura County. Photograph subject to intense and frequent fires by E.N. Anderson. since a healthy tree needs several years before it is large enough to ken off like matchsticks by foehn competed by willows and the like, withstand wildfire. The exact num- winds, and deep-rooted bushes are probably because they are unable ber of years depends on the season sometimes literally blown right out to deal with permanently wet con- and intensity of the fires in a given of the ground. The walnuts rarely ditions. I would suppose (and so do area. Once a tree has developed a show damage, though I have seen a botanists I have asked about this) large root system it is considered few branches broken. Huge old wal- that fungus affects them. However, fireproof since it can resprout from nut shrubs on the open alluvial flats, walnuts in my well-watered yard the stem/root base. with multiple trunks each a foot and in frequently watered but well- Walnuts are notably tough in thick, seem impervious to the wind. drained parks near my house are the face of wind. On the alluvial No other tall plant grows in these flourishing, even when surrounded fans of the San Bernardinos, foehn environments, and planted trees are by grass lawns that are kept con- (Santa Ana) winds are frequent and destroyed quickly. stantly damp. Conversely, walnuts intense, sometimes gusting well However, walnuts are found occur in dry sites only if there is over 100 mph. No other tree seems only in moist (not wet) to subarid some subsoil seepage and good to withstand this. Two-foot-thick (not arid) sites. They move down water retention. olive and eucalyptus trees are bro- into riparian settings, but are out- Walnuts prefer very loose soil.

16 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 Such soil allows rapid and deep bare site and take all the water. On heavy rains, a large number of wal- water percolation, stays moist long the other hand, walnuts do far bet- nuts germinated in Bailey Canyon. into summer, allows seedlings to ter under such circumstances than I have found more than 30. Virtu- put down deep roots rapidly, and other native trees, establishing ally all were in shade. Most were in increases the chances that the seeds themselves even in the thick cover two areas: on a recently bermed-up will get the deep burial they need of weedy grasses. road cut on a moist north slope, when there is disturbance from I have been monitoring six seed- and under a grove of walnuts at the flooding, landslides, rodent action, lings that became established in canyon mouth. In both cases they and the like. This means that walnuts are primarily found on unstable slopes with much dry creep; in soft, crumbling sedimentary rock (typified by the Puente Hills and the hills of Los Angeles, as at the South- west Museum); and in sandy and gravelly riparian outwash. However, I have seen trees in almost every other imaginable place, from adobe clay to bare rock cliff.

REPRODUCTION

The most difficult time of almost any organism’s life is the be- ginning. The vast majority of nuts borne by a California black walnut never germinate. They are eaten by squirrels and other animals, or they break down and decay. My observations of wild and planted nuts suggest that they germinate only if they become buried California black walnut bush within coastal sage scrub, Grimes Canyon, Ventura County. rather deeply (more than an inch) Photograph by E.N. Anderson. and then are kept damp. They cannot take serious competition. In Bailey Canyon during the El Niño are competing actively with other the modern world, rip gut brome year of 1997–1998. Of these, four plants; in the second case, they are (Bromus diandrus) and other intro- plants became established in small coming up through heavy Bro mus duced pests rapidly invade every rockslides and two on roadbanks diandrus cover. recently bermed up by the Forest Meanwhile, I planted several Late spring foliage, Bailey Canyon, San Service along the edge of the Bailey wild walnuts in the fall of 1998, and Bernardino County. Photograph by E.N. Canyon forest road. All were in several more in 1999 and 2000 on Anderson. moist, but not wet, places. One is in my steep bank along Bailey Canyon the shade, the others in sun. The Creek. I watered them along with four most successful plants are in several young domestic fruit trees, full sun on a south-facing slope, but deep soaking them every week in they are near reliable seep springs. dry weather, and every three days The six range in size from one feeble in very dry weather. Several of the seedling in a very dry spot (ten seeds sprouted. Some in drier parts inches tall as of June 2001) to one of the slope briefly flourished and six feet high. The latter is growing then died, apparently due to go- very close to two of the others (both pher predation. Others, however, about three feet tall), in the same are well-grown. One planted in rockslide but in a moister spot. 1998—now ten feet tall and four In 2001, following late and very inches thick—is in a particularly

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 17 moist spot with good soil and shel- CONSERVATION nately, this patch is somewhat dis- ter from the persistent wind. An- turbed, and is vulnerable to destruc- other, planted in 1999, is already I think it is imperative to form tion by expanding park facilities.) eight feet tall. All have grown into an overall plan for preserving Throughout its range, the wal- single-trunk trees. By comparison, samples of different California black nut is endangered by the same fac- nearby canyon oak (Quercus walnut populations and their habi- tor that is rapidly wiping out all chrysolepis) and brush cherry (Prunus tats. The following are particularly native vegetation in the region: in- sp.) seeds planted at the same time important. vasion by weedy aliens that, under have produced very few seedlings, First priority. The solid stands current conditions of fire and pol- and are now only three to five inches on recent sedimentary rock in the lution, outcompete all natives. high. Evidently the walnut is mag- Puente Hills and the hills of down- nificently competitive when it gets town Los Angeles (especially at and any chance at all, but it requires near the Southwest Museum). HORTICULTURAL special circumstances. It seems the These are desperately endangered, VALUE trees naturally establish themselves as well as being the most central, largely in places cleared and “pre- characteristic, and pure stands of I cannot understand why the pared” by floods and rockslides, with the walnut. walnut is not popular as an orna- a significant minority establishing Second priority. The unique mental or used more widely for via rodent agency—either through and magnificent forest of Sulphur erosion control. It is the ideal na- deliberate storage or as a result of Mountain. Small pockets of similar tive. It starts easily from readily the nut falling into a rodent hole. habitat exist on other nearby ranges, available, easy-to-plant propagules. It is worth noting that all young notably the Santa Susanas, but the Anyone can gather walnuts from walnuts begin life with a definite Sulphur Mountain stand is the only places where there is no longer any trunk and try to grow as a tree. One large and unbroken forest of its type hope of natural germination and must assume that the usual large- in the world. grow all the trees they want with- shrub form of the plant is due to Third priority. Various smaller out cost. The walnut grows quickly resprouting after fires or floods. pockets of unusual interest, espe- and adapts to all but the most ex- Under these circumstances, a large cially those at the extreme ends of treme local conditions. It provides (occasionally enormous) lignotuber the plant’s distribution, also deserve shade during the hot summer is formed. attention. These include popula- months, but is leafless in the win- Walnut roots rapidly go deep tions in southwest Santa Barbara ter when the sun’s warmth is most into the soil and into rock cracks. County, the southern Santa Anas, needed. It is a versatile plant, and Individuals weathering out of the the San Bernardinos (mostly pre- can be trained as a shrub or tree. In wall in Bailey Canyon display thick, served in the San Bernardino Na- addition, it provides wildlife with tough roots tens of feet long. tional Forest and related conserva- food and shelter. The walnuts also tion lands), and small groves in coped considerable better than the Hope for the future: Reforestation with chaparral and sage scrub on the oaks in the unprecedented drought California black walnut by California Santa Monica and Santa Susana of 2002. One reason is that the wal- Dept. of Water and Power along channel- mountains. One area of particular nuts can shed their leaves if condi- ized sector of Bailey Canyon. Photograph by R. Frye. note is the outwash of Cable Can- tions are harsh. yon, along the 215 freeway between Last and not least, the walnut Verdemont and Devore in San Ber- has one of the most beautiful forms nardino County. Here, about 200 and foliage of all native broadleaved acres—for sale, zoned for industry— trees. At a time when natives are is essentially untouched and virgin increasing in popularity, the walnut alluvial wash scrub, dominated by should be planted more widely, as it walnut and arborescent birchleaf is easier to grow and grows more mountain mahogany (Cerc o c arpus quickly than most others. In fact, it betuloides), with an understory of should be made a plant of choice Ceanothus spp., Whipple yucca, and for restoration projects throughout various sage scrub plants. This plot the Los Angeles basin, if only to could easily be added to the nearby replace the thousands of acres of Glen Helen County Park, which walnuts that have been lost to ur- does—mercifully—preserve a small banization and alien plants. patch of similar habitat. (Unfortu- One wishes that CalTrans and

18 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 An all-too-common story: The last wild walnut of Walnut Avenue (San Bernardino, 2001). Soon it too fell to the bulldozers in the background. Photograph by R. Frye. other governmental agencies would dreds of young California black southern California. Madro ño 37: plant only natives instead of intro- walnuts along the channel. They 237–248. duced species. While many natives have received excellent care and Leskinin, C.A. 1972. Juglans califor- are difficult to grow or grow very are flourishing. Hopefully in the nica : lo cal patterns in Southern Cali- slowly, and some are undesirable not-too-distant future they will be fornia.Master’s Thesis, UC. Los An- geles. 58pp. for other reasons, there are many— numbered among the many new Mullahy, D.P. 1992. Distribution and including not only both native spe- groves of California black walnut environmental relations of Cali- cies of walnut but also California that have been restored or re- fornia black walnut (Ju g l an s c al if o r- sycamore, toyon (Heteromeles arbu- planted in California. I, for one, nica) in the eastern Santa Susana tifo lia), California laurel (Umbellu- would love to be present on the Mountains, Los Angeles County. laria califo rnica), many evergreens, day when Juglans califo rnic ais re- Crossosoma 18:1–18. many Ceanothus forms, and others— moved from our state’s list of sen- Quinn, R.D. 1989. The status of wal- that are competitive in every way sitive plant species. nut forests and woodlands (Ju g l an s californica) in southern California. with introduced species. These In: A.A. Schoenherr (ed.), Endan- should be planted more, especially gered Plant Communities of Southern if the species is threatened or vul- REFERENCES California. Southern California nerable as is the walnut. Botanists Special Publication No. 3, It is good to be able to end on Byrne, K. 2000. The National Regis- pp. 420–54. an upbeat note. At the end of my ter of Big Trees 2000–2001. Ameri- Tenbrink, V.L., R.D. Quinn, and G.C. street (Walnut Avenue) is a large can Forests 106(1)22–55. Carlton. 1999. Understory vegetation of a southern California black reservoir, part of the California Griffin, J., and W. Critchfield. 1972. The Distribution of Forest Trees in walnut (Ju g l an s c al i f o rn i c) a wood- Water Project. Construction of the California.Pacific Southwest Forest land. Crossosoma 25:1–8. reservoir involved channelizing and Range Experiment Station, US Bailey Creek in cement, and in the Forest Service. Gene (E.N.) Anderso n, Department o f An- process many walnuts were elimi- Keeley, J. 1990. Demographic struc- thro po lo gy and Center fo r Co nservatio n nated. In winter 1999–2000, the ture of California black walnut Bio lo gy, UC, Riverside, CA 92521-0418. authorities saw fit to plant hun- (Jug lan s c alif o rn i c) a woodlands in [email protected]

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 19 Professor Emeritus Major sampling alpine vegetation on Kilyaktalik Peaks, Alaska, with Bruce Dale on July 18, 1984, three years after his retirement from the University of California, Davis. Jack was 67 at the time. Photograph by M. Major. AN APPRECIATION OF JACK MAJOR, 1917–2001 by M.G. Barbour, P.A. Castelfranco, R.W. Pearcy, and M. Rejmanek

And on his grave some kindly person had a profound impact on the di- Department, where he taught from wrote, rection of plant ecology in the 1955 until retirement in 1981. His Never did he jump o n a bandwago . . . n United States during the second spiritual home, however, was in the He preferred to walk. half of the 20th century. Besides mountains: the Uinta Mountains —“Epitaph” by his immediate family—brother of Utah, the Sierra Nevada of Cali- Paul Castelfranco (1991) Ted, wife Mary, and sons Paul, fornia, the Grand Tetons of Wyo- John, and James—he left behind ming, the Brooks Range and the ack Major, Professor Emeritus many students and colleagues who Juneau Ice Fields of Alaska, and the Jof Plant Ecology at the Univer- fondly remember his great aca- Himalayas of Nepal. These were sity of California, Davis (UCD), demic gifts to them. the environments that he most of- died February 13, 2001 in Davis Jack’s academic home for most ten shared with graduate students at the age of 83. Professor Major of his career was the UCD Botany and those undergraduates fortunate

20 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 enough to take his plant ecology topics, including those who wrote in Burke 1979; Benedict 1981). Jack’s classes. other languages. As a result, he was gentle leadership in pulling reluc- He truly was the ideal scientist far ahead of his time. For example, tant American ecologists across a described by Poincare (1958): one inspired by his major professor’s then-narrow bridge of communi- who “does not study Nature be- book, The Factors of Soil Formation cation with the rest of the world cause it is useful to do so. He stud- (Jenny 1941), Major wrote a paper was without doubt of seminal help ies it because he takes pleasure in it that proposed to use differential to Robert Whittaker when, in the . . . [and] because it is beautiful.” equations to describe vegetation– 1970s, his travels and publications Jack was born on March 15, environment relationships for any widened that bridge. Only now— 1917 in Salt Lake City, Utah, and given plant community (Major 20 to 30 years after his students completed high school there in 1951). Not for another quarter of a have finished their graduate de- 1935. He went on to Utah State century, however, did any ecologist grees—are phytosociological papers Agricultural College (now Utah actually begin to use differential becoming accepted and publishable State University) and received a BS equations in the description and in the US. A retrospective appre- in Range Management in 1942. For modeling of plant communities. ciation of the value of his work, the next several years he served in One measure of Professor (and that of his students) to conser- the Army’s 10th Mountain Divi- Major’s vision and impact is the fact vation and park management was sion, the justifiably famous unit of that several of his earliest papers are written by David Parsons on the 1,000 skiers and alpinists who still cited today, in some cases more occasion of Jack’s retirement (Par- trained hard in the mountain west often now than originally. Accord- sons 1982; Anonymous 1982). before participating in the Italian ing to the ISI Web of Science, “A Throughout his career, Dr. campaign of World War II. (After functional, factorial approach to Major was as well known for his the war, a number of men from that plant ecology” (Major 1951) has reviews of ecological books written division went on to become conser- been cited 91 times in the past 25 in other languages as for his own vationists, ecologists, and leaders in years. His superb synthesis of the promotion of recreational ski- California’s flora, geology, and ecol- Recently tenured Associate Professor ing.) Between 1946 and 1953, Jack ogy in “Endemism and speciation Major behind a typewriter in his office in attended graduate school at the Uni- in the California flora” (Stebbins the Botany Department in on the UC Davis campus, February 18, 1963. Jack versity of California, Berkeley, ob- and Major 1965) has been cited 102 was 45 years old at the time. Photograph taining a PhD in Soil Science under times in the same period, and a third by R. Gankin. the direction of Professor Hans paper, “Buried viable seeds in Cali- Jenny. During this time he also met fornia bunchgrass sites and their and married Mary Cecil, thanks to bearing on the definition of flora” an introduction from brother Ted, (Major and Pyott 1966), has been who had met Mary by chance on a cited 138 times—at the rate of seven rock climbing expedition in the times per year for the most recent Grand Tetons. She, too, had a love five years. His work on primary suc- for the mountains. cession following glacial retreat Jack was hired as a member of a (Crocker and Major 1955) is a clas- young weed science group in the sic, cited nearly 300 times in the last Botany Department at UCD. His 25 years and still described in many strong interest in the ecology of textbooks nearly a half-century later undisturbed mountain vegetation, (e.g., Barbour et al. 1999; Begon et however, conflicted with the weed al. 1996; Krebs 2001). group’s focus on plants in agro- Jack was one of very few Ameri- nomic, low-elevation settings. This cans to practice the phytosocio- habitat bias gradually distanced him logical protocols widely used in from weed science, and a 1964 Europe (and throughout the non- Fulbright Fellowship to Innsbruck, English-speaking world) for sam- Austria, was to cement a lifetime’s pling and classifying vegetation. focus on vegetation science. Consequently, relevé-style sampling He had a driving curiosity that and syntaxonomy were employed made him an extensive reader of, by most of his students in their the- and correspondent with, scientists ses and dissertations (e.g., Neilson who specialized in a wide range of 1961; Pemble 1970; Taylor 1976;

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 21 bers. According to then-President JACK MAJOR STUDENT GRANT FUND Richard Miller (1975), “Major’s reviews have consistently pointed out t the request of Mrs. Mary Major, the Davis Botanical Society has gaps in our own knowledge of Astarted a student grant fund in memory of Jack. The Society will American ecosystems and have in- use the fund to award grants of up to $500 a year to UC Davis students dicated directions for fruitful new for field research in botany (including plant development, ecology, research . . . [We] would be immea- systematics, or geography), to support student field work in California surably poorer without his dedicated and elsewhere. The Society is trying to obtain enough contributions efforts.” to endow the grant fund ($10,000), so that awards can be made in Jack was a gentleman scholar: Jack’s name in perpetuity. If you would like to donate, please send learned but soft-spoken and mod- contributions to: Treasurer, the Davis Botanical Society, Plant Biol- est to the point of self-effacement. ogy, One Shields Avenue, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616 (make checks If presented, in conversation, with out to UC Regents). an opinion contrary to his own, he was sincerely quizzical and would quite innocently ask why one research. In 1975 the Ecological So- cifically for his prodigious review- thought that way, rather than offer- ciety of America gave him the first ing activity, judged to be an out- ing a defensive or challenging Distinguished Service Citation spe- standing service to Society mem- counter-statement. In this manner,

Jack and his wife Mary (nee Cecil) in one of their favorite places, the subalpine zone of the Grand Teton Mountains, August, 1992, when Jack was 75 years old. Photograph by T. Major.

22 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 Jack made those around him feel vised in 1988 and published by the pine, pp 601-675 in: M.G. Barbour equally learned. Even when he dis- California Native Plant Society, and J. Major (eds.), Terrestrial veg- agreed with them, his own contrary Sacramento, CA.] etatio n o f Califo rnia. Wiley, New opinions were delivered so delicately Barbour, M.G., J.H. Burk, W.D. Pitts, York, NY. [Revised in 1988 and pub- and non-confrontationally (usually F.S. Gilliam, and M.W. Schwartz. lished by the California Native Plant 1999. Terrestrial Plant Ec o lo, gy 3rd Society, Sacramento, CA.] ending with his traditional phrase, ed. Addison Wesley Longman, Miller, R.S. 1975. Distinguished ser- “Is this alright?”) that the recipi- Menlo Park, CA. vice citation for Jack Major. Bulletin ents might not realize their logic Barry, W.J. 1971. The ecology Populusof of the Ecological Society of America had been shredded until reflecting tremuloides, a mo no graphic appro ac. h 56(4):24. on it some days later. PhD dissertation, University of Myatt, R.G. 1968. The ecology of His forte in teaching was work- California, Davis. Eriogonum apricum Howell. MS ing with small groups, because his Begon, M., J.L. Harper, and C.R. thesis, University of California, low-key manner was not well suited Townsend. 1996. Ecology, 3rd ed. Davis. to large lecture sections or busloads Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Neilson, J.A. 1961. Plant asso ciatio ns o n of fieldtrip students. His method of Benedict, N.B. 1981. The vegetatio n glac iated granite at Sterling Lake, teaching was Socratic, inviting ques- and ecology of subalpine meadows of the Nevada County, California. MS the- Sierra Nevada, Califo rnia. PhD dis- sis, University of California, Davis. tions and asking questions back, usu- sertation, University of California, Parsons, D.J. 1982. The role of plant ally including his stock phrase, “Is Davis. ecological research in Sierran park this alright?” because he didn’t want Burgess, R.L. 1996. American ecolo- management: a tribute to Jack Ma- to lose anyone. His classes and his gists: a biographical bibliography. jor. Madro ño 29:220–226. research interests were reflected in Huntia 10:5–116. Pemble, R.H. 1970. Alpine vegetatio n theses, dissertations, and publica- Burke, M.T. 1979. T he flo ra and veg- in the Sierra Nevada of California as tions on a wide variety of topics: etation of the Rae Lakes Basin, south- litho sequences and in relatio n to lo cal alpine plant communities (Major ern Sierra Nevada: an ecological over- site factors. PhD dissertation, Uni- and Taylor 1977, 1988), biogeog- view. MS thesis, University of Cali- versity of California, Davis. raphy (Taylor 1977), California veg- fornia, Davis. Poincare, A. 1958. The value of science. etation (Barbour and Major 1977, Castelfranco, P.A. 1991. Pebbles and Dover, New York, NY. Flints. Rock Crystal Press, Davis, Stebbins, G.L. and J. Major. 1965. 1988), gradient analysis (Waring CA. Endemism and speciation in the and Major 1964), plant ecophysiol- Crocker, R.L. and J. Major. 1955. Soil California flora. Ecological Mono- ogy (Macdonald 1981; Barry 1971), development in relation to vegeta- graphs 35:1–35. plant–soil relations (Myatt 1968), tion and surface age at Glacier Bay, Taylor, D.W. 1976. Ecology of the tim- systematics (e.g., Gankin 1957), and Alaska. J. E c o l. 43:427–448. berline vegetatio n at Carso n Pass, Al- vegetation change (Vankat 1970; Gankin, R. 1957. The variatio n pattern pine County, California.PhD disser- Vankat and Major 1978). He was and ecological restrictionsArctosta- of tation, University of California, mentor to more than a dozen gradu- phylos myrtifolia Parry (Eric ac eae). Davis. ate students of his own and to many MA thesis, University of California, Taylor, D.W. 1977. Floristic relation- more via correspondence or by way Davis. ships along the Cascade–Sierran of serving as a member on their Jenny, H. 1941. The Factors of Soil For- Axis. American Midland Naturalist mation. McGraw-Hill, New York, 97:333–349. thesis or dissertation committees. NY. Vankat, J.L. 1970. Vegetatio n change in Other obituaries of Professor Krebs, C.J. 2001. Ecology, 5th ed. Ben- Sequoia National Park, California. Major have appeared in Madro ño jamin Cummings, Menlo Park, PhD dissertation, University of 48:215-218, Bulletin of the Ecological California. California, Davis. Society of America 82:174-176, and Macdonald, R. 1981. Water relatio ns o f Vankat, J.L. and J. Major. 1978. Veg- the University of California’s 2003 wo o dy plants in riparian, c haparral, etation changes in Sequoia National In Memo rium volume. and foothill woodland vegetation types Park, California. Journal of Biogeog- of the Inner Coast Ranges, California. raphy 5:377–402. PhD dissertation (incomplete), Uni- Waring, D. and J. Major. 1964. Some REFERENCES versity of California, Davis. vegetation of the California coastal Major, J. 1951. A functional, factorial redwood region in relation to gra- approach to plant ecology. Ecology dients of moisture, nutrients, light, Anonymous. 1982. Symposium papers 32:392–412. and temperature. Ecological Mono- in honor of Jack Major, and a dedi- Major, J. and W.T. Pyott. 1966. Buried graphs 34:167–215. cation. Madro ño 29:145–219. viable seeds in California bunchgrass Barbour, M.G. and J. Major (eds.). sites and their bearing on the defini- Michael Barbo ur, Enviro nmental Ho rti- 1977. Terrestrial Vegetatio n o f Cali- tion of flora. Vegetatio 13:253–82. culture Department, UC, Davis, CA fo rnia. Wiley, New York, NY. [Re- Major, J. and D.W. Taylor. 1977. Al- 95616. [email protected]

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 23 INDEX TO FREMONTIA: VOLUMES 28 AND 29 JANUARY 2000–OCTOBER 2001 Compiled by Vivian Parker

uring the period covered by this index, several combined issues of Fremo ntia were published. The January D2000 issue [listed here as 28(1)], encompasses Vol. 27, No. 4 and Vol. 28, No. 1; the April–October 2000 issue includes Vol. 28, Nos. 2, 3, and 4; and the July–October 2001 issue comprises Vol. 29, Nos. 3 and 4.

A magdelenae var. peirsonii. 29(3– 14, 15–18; Jan 2000. 4):9–10; Jul–Oct 2001. Abronia pogonantha. 28(1):40; Jan Bittman, Roxanne. The California 2000. Atriplex persistens. 28(1):10–18; Jan Natural Diversity Database: a 2000. natural heritage program for Adaptive management plan. 29(3– rare species and vegetation. 4):25; Jul–Oct 2001. Austin, Mary. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr– Oct 2000. 29(3–4):57–62; Jul–Oct 2001. Alkali vernal pools at Sacramento Book reviews. National Wildlife Refuge. Jo- seph G. Silveira. 28(1):10–18; B Duhaut-Cilly, Auguste, edited Jan 2000. and translated by August Baird, Carol J. Connections— Frugé and Neal Harlow. A Allium munzii. 29(3–4):27; Jul–Oct school gardens and native plants. Vo yage to Califo rnia, the Sand- 2001. 29(1):12–15; Jan 2001. wich Islands, and Around the Apiaceae. 29(2):16–22; Apr 2001. Barberry, Nevin’s. 29(1):19; Jan Wo rld in the Years 1826– Arctostaphylos densiflora. 29(1):19; Jan 2001. 1829. Reviewed by Harlan 2001. Barbour, Michael. Kessel. 28(1):74; Jan 2000. Arena Plains. 28(1):38–47; Jan 2000. Book review of Illustrated Field Hill, Julia Butterfly. The Legacy Astragalus. Guide to Selected Rare Plants of Luna: The Story of a Tree, a Wo man, and the agnic idus. 29(3–4):45; Jul–Oct o f No rthern Califo rnia. 29(2): 36–37; Apr 2001. Struggle to Save the Red- 2001. woods. Reviewed by Joyce brauntonii. 29(3–4):8; Jul–Oct Book reviews of Fo rested Co m- Hawley. 28(2–4):32; Apr– 2001. munities of the Upper Mon- Oct 2000. tane in the Central and So uthern Sierra Nevada and A Lowry, Judith Larner. Garden- Baccharis ( Baccharis douglasii). Illustra- ing with a Wild Heart. Re- tions by Margaret Warriner Buck, from Guide to Forested Communi- The Wild Flowers of California by Mary ties of the Upper Montane in viewed by Nory Nisbet. Elizabeth Parsons. the Central and So uthern Si- 29(1):37–38; Jan 2001. erra Nevada. 29(2):37–38; Malcolm, Bill and Nancy. Mosses Apr 2001. and Other Bryophytes: An Il- Bartel, Jim A. Growing listed plants lustrated Glossary. Reviewed under federal law. 29(1):24–25; by James R. Shevock. 29(2): Jan 2001. 38–39; Apr 2001. Bear grass. 28(2–4):27; Apr–Oct Nakamura, Gary and Julie 2000. Kierstead Nelson. Illustrated Field Guide to Selected Rare Beidleman, Richard G. Rowboat Plants o f No rthern Califo r- botanizing with Willis Jepson nia. Reviewed by Michael on the Colorado River, 1912. Barbour. 29(2):36–37; Apr 28(2–4):3–12; Apr–Oct 2000. 2001. Berberis nevinii. 29(1):19; Jan 2001. Noss, Reed F., ed. The Redwood Bird’s-beak, palmate-bracted. 28(1): Fo rest. Reviewed by Steve

24 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 Singer. 28(1):73–74; Jan pungens var. hartwegiana. 29(3– 2000. 4):55; Jul–Oct 2001. Potter, Donald A. Fo rested Co m- valida. 29(2):23–25; Apr 2001. munities of the Upper Mon- Clinto nia uniflo ra. 29(3–4):50; Jul– tane in the Central and So uth- Oct 2001. ern Sierra Nevada and A CNDDB. See California Natural Guide to Forested Communi- Diversity Database. ties of the Upper Montane in the Central and So uthern Si- Colorado River, botanizing on the. erra Nevada. Reviewed by 28(2–4):3–12; Apr–Oct 2000. Michael Barbour. 29(2):37– Connections—school gardens and 38; Apr 2001. native plants. Carol J. Baird. Wasowski, Sally and Andy. Na- 29(1):12–15; Jan 2001. tive Landscaping from El Paso Conservation planning, regional. to L.A. and The Landscape the future of. 29(3–4):19–26; Revolution. Reviewed by Jul–Oct 2001. Nory Nisbet. 29(1):38–39; Understanding. 29(3–4):13–18; Jan 2001. Columbine ( Aquilegia truncata). Jul–Oct 2001. Bornstein, Carol. Thoughts on gar- Fire Protection (CDF). 29(3– Constance, Lincoln. 29(2):13–22; dening with native plants. 29(1): Apr 2001. 9–11; Jan 2001. 4):47,48,49; Jul–Oct 2001. California Environmental Quality Coppoletta, Michelle and Barbara Botanical illustration. 28(2–4):21– Moritsch. Taking steps toward 24; Apr–Oct 2000. Act. 29(3–4):10,24,26,46–48, 68; Jul–Oct 2001. long-term preservation of the Botanical survey guidelines of the Sonoma spineflower. 29(2):23– California Native Plant Society. How to comment. 29(3–4):27– 25; Apr 2001. 37; Jul–Oct 2001. 29(3–4):64–65; Jul–Oct 2001. Co rdylanthus palmatus. 28(1):14, 15– Brandegee, Kate. 28(2–4):19–20; California Natural Diversity Data- 18; Jan 2000. Apr–Oct 2000. base (CNDDB). 29(3–4):41,48, 53,57–62; Jul–Oct 2001. Cosumnes River. Burns Creek Dam. 28(1):28–30; Jan California Natural Diversity Data- Preserve. 28(1):21–25, 33–37; 2000. base, The: A natural heritage Jan 2000. Burns, prescribed. program for rare species and Jepson Prairie Preserve. 28(1): vegetation. Roxanne Bitmann. Sunshine ( Baeria gracilis). 52–55; Jan 2000. 29(3–4):57–62; Jul–Oct 2001. Vernal pools. 28(1):16,22,50, California’s vernal pools: accom- 52–55; Jan 2000. plishments and conservation Weed control. 28(1):22,50,52– strategies. Tim Vendlinski. 55; Jan 2000. 28(1):19–27; Jan 2000. Bush anemone. 29(1):19–20; Jan Calochortus 2001. albus. 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. Butterflies. 29(1):23; Jan 2001. amabilis. 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. Caltrans. 29(2):10–11; Apr 2001. C Carpenteria c alifo rnic. a29(1):19–20; Jan 2001. Calflora: California’s plants online. George Hartwell. 29(2):7–12; Castilleja campestris ssp. succulenta. Apr 2001. 28(1):28; Jan 2000. California Department of Fish and Ceano thus ro deric kii. 29(3–4):37; Jul– Game (CDFG). 29(3–4):10– Oct 2001. 12,19–26,48–49,57–62; Jul–Oct CEQA. See California Environ- 2001. mental Quality Act. California Division of Forestry and Chorizanthe

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 25 Environmental Impact Report Flying M Ranch: soils, plants, and (EIR), how to comment on. vernal pools in eastern Merced 29(3–4):27–37; Jul–Oct 2001. County, The. Robert F. Hol- Equal Protection for Plants Cam- land. 28(1):28–32; Jan 2000. paign. 29(3–4):9; Jul–Oct 2001. Flying M Ranch HCP. 29(3–4):19; Ertter, Barbara. Memories of Lin- Jul–Oct 2001. coln. 29(2):13–22; Apr 2001. Fritillaria pluriflo ra. 28(1):49; Jan Evens, Julie M. Vegetation in wa- 2000, 29(3–4):61; Jul–Oct 2001. tercourses of the eastern Mojave Fross, David. Finding home. 29(1): Desert. 29(2):26–33; Apr 2001. 3–8; Jan 2001. Exotic invasive species (aliens, non- Frugé, Susan. In Memorium. 28(2– native, noxious weeds, etc.). 4):31–32; Apr–Oct 2000. Arena Plains. 28(1):45; Jan 2000. Future of regional conservation California trillium ( Trillium sessile var. Burning. 28(1):16, 22,37,50,52– planning, The. Carol W. californicum). 55; Jan 2000. Witham. 29(3–4):19–26; Jul– Grazing. 28(1):22,45,49–51,54; Oct 2001. Watershed Project. 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000. Jan 2000. Growing natives to control. G D 29(1):17; Jan 2001. Gardening with natives. See horti- Eastern Mojave desert water- culture, native plant. Dedeckera eurekensis(July gold). courses. 29(2):34; Apr 2001. Genetics. 28(2–4):28; Apr–Oct 2000. Native butterflies use of. 29(1): and growing native plants. DeDecker, Mary (1909–2000). 23; Jan 2001. 29(1):16–23; Jan 2001. Stephen Ingram, Anne Halford, Websites for information on. Gilchrist, Betty, Stephen Ingram, and Betty Gilchrist. 28(2–4):27– 29(1):27; Jan 2001. and Anne Halford. Mary 30; Apr–Oct 2000. Extinct plants rediscovered. 29(3– DeDecker (1909–2000). 28(2– Dennis, Ann. 29(2):9–12; Apr 2001. 4):56; Jul–Oct 2001. 4):27–30; Apr–Oct 2000. Discovering the endemic plants of Gilia yorkii. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. Kings River Canyon. Dana F York. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. Silk-tassel tree ( Garrya elliptica). Faber, Phyllis M.: A tribute. Edited Duneland, relict at Arena Plains. by Diane Renshaw. 28(1):59–63; 28(1):38–47; Jan 2000. Jan 2000. E Faber, Phyllis M. G. Ledyard Stebbins, Jr. 1906– El Segundo blue butterfly. 29(1):23; 2000. 28(1):69–70. Jan 2001. Heroes of the Great Valley of Endangered Species Act. California. 28(1):56–58; Jan California. 29(3–4):5,10–11,15– 2000. 16,22,25–26,48; Jul–Oct Robert Ornduff (1932–2000): 2001. Treasure of the botanical Federal. 29(1):6–8,13–16,21– world. 28(2–4):25–27; Apr– 22,24–26; Jan 2001. Oct 2000. Endemic plants. Fairy shrimp. See shrimp, fairy. Central Valley. 28(1):44–45; Jan Finding home. David Fross. 29(1): 2000. 3–8; Jan 2001. King’s River Canyon. 29(2):3– Fire. 6; Apr 2001. Role in forest composition. 29(3– Point Reyes. 29(2):23–25; Apr 4):42–43; Jul–Oct 2001. 2001. Also see burns, prescribed.

26 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 Globe-lily, white. 29(1):31; Jan 28(2–4):13–17; Apr–Oct 2001. 2000. Glossary of terminology and acro- Rascals in California botany. nyms related to rare plant pro- 28(2–4):18–20; Apr–Oct tection. 29(3–4):69–71; Jul–Oct 2000. 2001. Rewilding San Luis Island. Golden-aster, Monarch. 29(2):3–6; 28(1):3–9; Jan 2000. Apr 2001. Vernal pool conservation. 28(1): Golden lantern. 29(1):30; Jan 2001. 19–27; Jan 2000. Grasses. Holland, Robert F. 28(1):58; Jan 2000. Colusa grass. 28(1):11,15,18,26, 30,31,40; Jan 2000, 29(3– Survey of Great Valley vernal 4):23,52; Jul–Oct 2001. pool distribution. 28(1):21, 35; Jan 2000. Sonoma. 29(3-4):21; Jul-Oct 2001. The Flying M Ranch: Soils, plants, and vernal pools in Grasslands Ecological Area. 28(1): eastern Merced County. 3–9,38–47; Jan 2000. 28(1):28–32; Jan 2000. Grazing. Horticulture, native plant. 29(1): and Jepson Prairie Preserve. 3–33; Jan 2001. Alfalfa ( Medicago sativa). 28(1):54–55; Jan 2000. Bibliography. 29(1):26–29; Jan and vernal pool ecosystems. H 2001. 28(1):22,32,45; Jan 2000. Calochortus albus, C. amab ilis. and Vina Plains Preserve. 28(1): Habitat Conservation Plans. 29(3– 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. 4):8,13–14,16–19,21,22,24, 49–51; Jan 2000. Federally listed plants. 29(1):24– 26,68; Jul–Oct 2001. Great Valley. 25; Jan 2001. Halford, Anne, Stephen Ingram, Genetic considerations. 29(1): Grassland State Park. 28(1):7; and Betty Gilchrist. Mary 16–23; Jan 2001. Jan 2000. DeDecker (1909–2000). 28(2– Heroes of the. 28(1):56–58; Jan 4):27–30; Apr–Oct 2000. Redwood and sequoia. 29(1):32– 33; Jan 2001. 2000. Hartwell, George. Calflora: Cali- Land trusts. 28(1):26; Jan 2000. fornia’s plants online. 29(2):7– Resources. 29(1):26–27; Jan 2001. San Luis Island. 28(1):3–9; Jan 12; Apr 2001. 2000. Hawley, Joyce. Book review of The School gardens. 29(1):12–15; Jan 2001. Vernal pools See special issue. Legacy of Luna: The Story of a 28(1):19–58; Jan 2000. Tree, a Woman, and the Struggle Sonoma spineflower. 29(2):23– to Save the Redwoods 28(2–4):32; 25; Apr 2001. Greene, Edward Lee. 28(2–4):18– Apr–Oct. 20; Apr–Oct 2000. Howard Ranch. 28(1):23,33–37; Jan Herbicides. 29(3–4):43–44,46–47; 2000. Griggs, F. Thomas. 28(1):58; Jan Jul–Oct 2001. How to comment on a CEQA docu- 2000. Heroes of the Great Valley of Cali- ment. Taylor Peterson. 29(3– Vina Plains Preserve: eighteen fornia. Phyllis M. Faber. 28(1): 4):27–37; Jul–Oct 2001. years of adaptive manage- 56–58; Jan 2000. Hubbart, Lori. Growing coast red- ment. 28(1):48–55; Jan 2000. Heterotheca mo narchensis. 29(2):3–6; wood and giant sequoia. 29(1): Growing coast redwood and giant Apr 2001. 32–33; Jan 2001. sequoia. Lori Hubbart. 29(1): History. Huntington, Gordon L. Eolian 32–33; Jan 2001. modification of riverine land- Growing listed plants under federal Biographies See Memorium, In. scapes in the northern San law. Jim A. Bartel. 29(1):24–25; Colorado River botanizing with Joaquin Valley. 28(1):39; Jan Jan 2001. Willis Jepson. 28(2–4):3–12; 2000. Growing natives. See horticulture, Apr–Oct 2000. Hybrids, plant. 29(1):21–22; Jan native plant. Mary Austin and Aldo Leopold. 2001.

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 27 J Logging, effects on rare plants. 29(3–4):38–50; Jul–Oct 2001. Jepson Prairie Preserve today. Los Angeles Department of Water Katherine F. Mawdsley. 28(1): and Power. 28(2–4):13,15,28– 52–55; Jan 2000. 29; Apr–Oct 2000. Jepson Prairie. See The Nature Conservancy. M Jepson, Willis J. 28(2–4):3–12,20; Apr–Oct 2000. Management of rare plants under state and federal endangered Jewelflower, Tehipite Valley. 29(2): species law: a CNPS perspec- 3–6; Apr 2001. tive. Emily Brin Roberson. Jirak, Gregory. Impact of timber 29(3–4):5–12; July–Oct 2001. harvesting on rare, threatened, Maple-leaved checkerbloom. 29(3– and endangered native plants. 4):45; Jul–Oct 2001. 29(3–4):38–50; Jul–Oct 2001. Maps. Jokerst, Jim. 28(1):10–18,44,56; Jan Tree mallow ( Lavatera assurgentiflora). 2000. Great Valley vernal pools. 28(1):29; Jan 2000. I K Matson, Gary. In Memoriam. 28(1):71–72; Jan 2000. Impact of timber harvesting on rare, Kalt, Jennifer. Impacts of forestry Mawdsley, Katherine F. Jepson threatened, and endangered na- herbicides on rare plants of tive plants. Gregory Jirak. 29(3– Prairie Preserve today. 28(1):52– northwestern California. 29(3- 55. 4):38–50; Jul–Oct 2001. 4):46-47; July-Oct 2001. Incidental Take Permit. Medeiros, Joseph L. 28(1):57–58; Kessel, Harlan. Book review of Voy- Jan 2000. CDFG. 29(3–4):10; Jul–Oct age to Califo rnia, the Sandwich Rewilding the Valley. 28(1):3– 2001. Islands, and Around the World in 9; Jan 2000. Federal ESA. 29(3–4):14; Jul– the Years 1826–1829. 28(1):74; Oct 2001. Jan 2000. Memoriam, In. Index to Fremo ntia: Growing Cali- Kesterson National Wildlife Ref- Gary Matson. 1949–1999. fornia native plants, Volumes 1– uge. 28(1):5–9,56; Jan 2000. 28(1):71–72; Jan 2000. 28, April 1973–January 2000. Kings River Canyon. 29(2):3–6; Apr G. Ledyard Stebbins. 1906– Compiled by Vivian Parker. 2001. 2000. 28(1):69–70; Jan 2000. 29(1):28–29; Jan 2001. Jennifer Stone. 28(2–4):31; Apr– Index to Fremontia: Volumes 26 and L Oct 2000. 27, January 1998–July 1999. Compiled by Vivian Parker. Land trusts. 28(1):26,55; Jan 2000. Rattleweed ( Astragalus leucopsis). 28(1):64–68; Jan 2000. Laws concerning rare plants. 29(3– Ingram, Stephen, Anne Halford, 4):5–68; July–Oct 2001. and Betty Gilchrist. Mary Left brain, right brain: The life of a DeDecker (1909–2000). 28(2– botanical artist. Linda Ann 4):27–30; Apr–Oct 2000. Vorobik. 28(2–4):21–24; Apr– Intersection of conservation and Oct 2000. gardening, The: An overview of Leopold, Aldo. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr– the consequences of growing Oct 2000. California native plants. Bart O’Brien. 29(1):16–23; Jan 2001. Lily, adobe. 28(1):49; Jan 2000. Invasive species. See exotic invasive Limestone endemics, King’s River species. Canyon. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. Inventory and monitoring rare Lobb, William. 28(2–4):18–20; plants. 29(3–4):51–56; Jul–Oct Apr–Oct 2000. 2001.

28 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 Lincoln Constance. 29(2):13– a starting point for native plant 22; Apr 2001. gardening. Sue Rosenthal and Mary DeDecker. 1909–2000. friends. 29(1):26–27; Jan 2001. 28(2–4):27–30; Apr–Oct Native Plant Protection Act. 29(3– 2000. 4):5,11–12,66–67; July–Oct Robert Ornduff. 1932–2000. 2001. 28(2–4):25–27; Apr–Oct Natives for your garden. Marjorie 2000. G. Schmidt. 29(1):30–31; Jan Susan Frugé. 28(2–4):31–32; 2001. Apr–Oct 2000. Natural Community Conservation Memories of Lincoln. Barbara Planning (NCCP). 29(3–4):13– Ertter. 29(2):13–22; Apr 2001. 26,68; Jul–Oct 2001. Merced County. 28(1):28–32, 38– NatureServe. 29(3–4):57–58; Jul– 47; Jan 2000. Oct 2001. Meyers, John and Lucia. 28(1):28– Navarretia myersii. 28(1):32,35; Jan 30; Jan 2000. 2000. Milk-vetch. Neostapfia colusana. 28(1):11,15,18, 26,30,31,40; Jan 2000, 29(3– Braunton’s. 29(3–4):8; Jul–Oct 4):23,52; Jul–Oct 2001. Satin-bell ( Calochortus albus). 2001. Nisbet, Nory. Humboldt. 29(3–4):45; Jul–Oct Treasure of the botanical world. Book review of Gardening with a 2001. Phyllis M. Faber. 28(2–4):25– Wild Heart. 29(1):37–38; Jan 27; Apr–Oct 2000. Peirson’s. 29(3–4):9–10; Jul–Oct 2001. 2001. Owens Valley. 28(2–4):15,27–30; Book review of Native Landscap- Apr–Oct 2000. Mojave Desert. ing from El Paso to L.A. and Watercourse vegetation types. The Landscape Revolution. P 29(2):26–33; Apr 2001. 29(1):38–39; Jan 2001. Monarch Wilderness. 29(2):3–6; Nurseries, native plant. 29(1):26– Parker, Vivian. Apr 2001. 27; Jan 2001. Index to Fremontia: growing Monardella leucocephala. 28(1):44; Jan California native plants, Vol- 2000. O umes 1–28, April 1973– Monitoring rare plants. Roy A. January 2000. 29(1):28–29; Obituaries. See Memorium, In. Woodward. 29(3–4):51–56; Jul– Jan 2001. Oct 2001. O’Brien, Bart C. The intersection Index to Fremo ntia: Volumes 26 of conservation and gardening: Monospecific taxa, California. 29(1): and 27, January 1998–July an overview of the consequences 20; Jan 2001. 1999. 28(1):64–68; Jan 2000. of growing California native Penstemon stephensii. 29(2):33–34; Moritsch, Barbara and Michelle plants. 29(1):16–23; Jan 2001. Apr 2001. Coppoletta. Taking steps to- Old-growth forests, impacts to. Peterson, Taylor. How to comment ward long-term preservation of 29(3–4):38; Jul–Oct 2001. the Sonoma spineflower. 29(2): on a CEQA document. 29(3– 23–25; Apr 2001. Onion, Munz’s. 29(3–4):27; Jul–Oct 4):27–37; Jul–Oct 2001. 2001. Morosco, Tony. 29(2):12; Apr 2001. Pine Hill ceanothus. 29(3–4):37; Orcuttia Jul–Oct 2001. N inaequalis. 28(1):30–31; Jan Pinus radiata (Monterey pine). 2000. 29(1):18–19; Jan 2001. National Forest Management Act visc ida. 29(3–4):22; Jul–Oct Piss and vinegar: Skeletons in (NFMA). 29(3–4):48; Jul–Oct 2001. our botanical closet. Robert 2001. Ornduff, Robert. Piss and vinegar: Ornduff. 28(2–4):18–20; Apr– Native plant gardens. 29(1):3–33; skeletons in our botanical closet. Oct 2000. Jan 2001. 28(2–4):18–20; Apr–Oct 2000. Point Reyes National Seashore. Native plant horticultural resources: Ornduff, Robert (1932–2000): 29(2):23–25; Apr 2001.

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 29 Q Shevock, James R. Book review of Mosses and Other Bryophytes: An Quercus Illustrated Glossary. 29(2):38–39; turbinella 29(2):31; Apr 2001. Apr 2001. Also seesudden oak death Shrimp, fairy and tadpole shrimp. 28(1):7,14–15,34,36–37,44, R 49,53; Jan 2000. Sidalc ea Rare plants, special issue. 29(3– covillei. 28(2–4):29; Apr–Oct 4):July–Oct; 2001. 2000. Redwood, California: What is the malachroides 29(3–4):45; Jul–Oct state tree? Allan A. Schoenherr. 2001. 29(1):34–35; Jan 2001. Significance, defined under CEQA. Redwood. 29(3–4):31; Jul–Oct 2001. Horticulture of. 29(1):32–34; Silveira, J.G. Jan 2001. Alkali vernal pools at Sacra- mento National Wildlife State tree. 29(1):34–35; Jan Violet snapdragon ( Antirrhinum vagans). 2001. Refuge. 28(1):10–18; Jan 2000. Reiner, Rich and Ramona Swenson. S Saving vernal pools in the Vernal pools and relict dune- Cosumnes River watershed. Sacramento National Wildlife Ref- land at Arena Plains. 28(1): uge. 28(1):10–18; Jan 2000. 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000. 38–47; Jan 2000. Salamander, California tiger. 28(1): Renshaw, Diane. Phyllis M. Faber: Singer, Steve. Book review of The 7,15,36; Jan 2000. a tribute. 28(1):59–63; Jan 2000. Redwood Forest. 28(1):73–74; Jan Sand-verbena, Mojave. 28(1):40; Jan 2000. Resources for rare plant conserva- 2000. tion. David P. Tibor. 29(3– Small, John Kunkel. 28(2–4):20; 4):67–69; Jul–Oct 2001. San Luis National Wildlife Refuge. Apr–Oct 2000. 28(1):3–9; Jan 2000. Rewilding the Valley. J.L. Medeiros. Spineflower, Sonoma. 29(2):23–25; 28(1):3–9; Jan 2000. Saving vernal pools in the Apr 2001. Cosumnes River watershed. Roberson, Emily Brin. Manage- Statement opposing transplanta- Rich Reiner and Ramona tion as a mitigation for impacts ment of rare plants under state Swenson. 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000. and federal endangered species to rare plants. 29(3–4):66–67; Schmidt, Marjorie. Natives for your law: a CNPS perspective. 29(3– Jul–Oct 2001. garden. 29(1):30–31; Jan 2001. 4):5–12; July–Oct 2001. Stebbins, G. Ledyard. 28(1):69–70; Schoenherr, Allan A. California red- Jan 2000, 28(2–4):30–31; Apr– Rolfe, Allison. Understanding the wood: What is the state tree? Oct 2000, 29(1):36; Jan 2001. political realities of regional con- 29(1):34–35; Jan 2001. servation planning. 29(3–4):13– Stebbins, Jr., G. Ledyard: 1906– 18; Jul–Oct 2001. School gardens, native plant. 29(1): 2000. Phyllis M. Faber. 28(1): 12–15; Jan 2001. 69–70; Jan 2000. Rosenthal, Sue and friends. Native Seed sources, native plant. 29(1):26– plant horticulture resources: a Stone, Jennifer. In Memorium. 27; Jan 2001. starting point for native plant 28(2–4):31; Apr–Oct 2000. gardening. 29(1):26–27; Jan Sequoia, giant. Streptanthus fenestratus. 29(2):3–6; 2001. Horticulture of. 29(1):33; Jan Apr 2001. Rowboat botanizing with Willis 2001, 29(2):36; Apr 2001. Sudden oak death. 28(2–4):31; Apr– Jepson on the Colorado River, State tree. 29(1):34–35; Jan Oct 2000, 29(2):8–9,40,46; Apr 1912. Richard G. Beidleman. 2001. 2001. 28(2–4):3–12; Apr–Oct 2000. Sequoiadendron giganteum. 29(1):33– Swenson, Ramona and Rich Reiner. Rush, Elizabeth. Two writers, two 35; Jan 2001. Saving vernal pools in the lives. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr–Oct Sequo ia sempervirens. 29(1):32–35; Cosumnes River watershed. 2000. Jan 2001. 28(1):33–37; Jan 2000.

30 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 T and Grassland Ecological Area, Vernal pools and relict duneland at Great Valley. 28(1):3–9; Jan Arena Plains. Joseph G. Silveira. Taking steps toward long-term 2000. 28(1):38–47; Jan 2000. preservation of the Sonoma and rare plants. 29(3–4):5–14; Vina Plains Preserve: Eighteeen spineflower. Michelle Coppo- Jul–Oct 2001. years of adaptive management. letta and Barbara Moritsch. F. Thomas Griggs. 28(1):48–55; 29(2):23–25; Apr 2001. and Sacramento National Wild- life Refuge complex. 28(1): Jan 2000. The Nature Conservancy. 10–18; Jan 2000. Vorobik, Linda Ann. Left brain, and CNDDB. 29(3–4):57–58; right brain: the life of a botani- Jul–Oct 2001. V cal artist. 28(2–4):21–24; Apr– and Great Valley conservation. Oct 2000. 28(1):21–23,26,30,33–37, Vegetation in watercourses of the 48–55; Jan 2000. eastern Mojave Desert. Julie M. W Cosumnes River Preserve. 28(1): Evens. 29(2):26–33; Apr 2001. 21–23,33,36; Jan 2000. Vendlinski, Tim. California’s ver- Weeds. Howard Ranch. 28(1):33–37; nal pools: accomplishments and Also see exotic invasive species. Jan 2000. conservation strategies. Native. 29(1):22–23; Jan 2001. Jepson Prairie Preserve. Vernal pools. See special issue, Wetlands conservation. 28(1):19–58. 28(1):52–55; Jan 2000, 29(3– Sacramento National Wildlife 4):53,60; Jul–Oct 2001. Arena Plains. 28(1):38–47; Jan Refuge complex. 28(1):10– Valensin Ranch. 28(1):22; Jan 2000. 18; Jan 2000. 2000. Conservation strategies. 28(1): San Luis Island. 28(1):3–9; Jan 19–27; Jan 2000. Vina Plains Preserve. 28(1):48– 2000. 55; Jan 2000. Cosumnes River Watershed Vernal pools special issue. 28(1): Project. 28(1):33–37; Jan Thoughts on gardening with native 3–58; Jan 2000. 2000. plants. Carol Bornstein. 29(1): Wetlands Reserve Program. 28(1): 9–11; Jan 2001. Hickman vernal pool. 28(1):15; 25; Jan 2000. Jan 2000. Tibor, David P. Resources for rare Witham, Carol W. The future of plant conservation. 29(3–4):67– Sacramento National Wildlife regional conservation planning. 69; Jul–Oct 2001. Refuge. 28(1):10–18; Jan 29(3–4):19–26; Jul–Oct 2001. 2000. Timber harvest, impact on rare Woodward, Roy A. Monitoring rare plants. 29(3–4):38–50, 69; Jul– San Luis Island. 28(1):3–9; Jan plants. 29(3–4):51–56; Jul–Oct Oct 2001. 2000. 2001. Transplantation as mitigation for Wood anemone ( Anemone cinquefolia). impacts to rare plants. 29(3– X 4):66–67; Jul–Oct 2001. Xerophyllum tenax. 28(2–4):27; Apr– Tuctoria mucronata. 29(3–4):21; Jul– Oct 2000. Oct 2001. Two writers, two lives. Elizabeth Y Rush. 28(2–4):13–17; Apr–Oct 2000. York, Dana. Discovering the endemic plants of Kings River U Canyon. 29(2):3–6; Apr 2001. Umbelliferae. 29(2):13–22; Apr Z 2001. Understanding the political reali- Zahm, Gary. 28(1):3–9,39,56–57; ties of regional conservation Jan 2000. planning. Allison Rolfe. 29(3– 4):13–18; Jul–Oct 2001. Vivian Parker, 6221 Sho o Fly Rd., Kelsey, US Fish and Wildlife Service. CA 95667. [email protected]

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 31 NOTES AND COMMENTS

SUPERIOR COURT LETTERS TO THE One Finger RULES ON UC EDITOR A native New Yo rker, I lo ve and MERCED CEQA kno w LAWSUIT The Three-Hole Punch The flora of the state I now call Dear Editor, home. The CEQA lawsuit, brought against I heartily agree with the favorable T hro ugh Califo rnia I c ho o se to the UC Regents by three San Joaquin comments about the new Fremo ntia. ro am, Valley groups, was heard today [Oc- Although not a botanist, I read every Fro m desert to mo untain, tober 2, 2002] in Merced County Su- issue cover to cover. On the three-hole With friends or alone. perior Court. The suit was denied and punch—what harm does it do? Even The Fremontias I’ve saved are will be appealed immediately by the if helpful to only a few, it harms no such a treasure, petitioners. A request for a stay, to halt one. Keep it! Thumbing through old ones gives any construction until the merits of Anne Funkhouser, me great pleasure. the case are heard, will also be filed Sanhedrin Chapter I’ve kept them all, since ’83, with the 5th District Appellate Court. They’re neatly in binders for all Petitioners are the San Joaquin Rap- Dear Editor, to see. tor/Wildlife Rescue Center, Protect As a lowly but longtime member of Our Water, and Central Valley Safe CNPS, I cast my vote for the three- If the holes were’t there Environment Network. Spokesper- hole punch in Fremo ntia. It is a treat I’d have to make them. sons for the groups expressed no sur- to be able to keep my issues together So from each issue, I hope prise at the local judge’s ruling. “We in a manner that preserves and pro- You wo n’t take them! assumed that the case would ultimately tects the copies. be decided by the Appellate Court and Georgie Waugh, Lisa Steadman, that process is now underway.” Sacramento Chapter Yerba Buena Chapter Defendants in the case are the Re- gents of the University of Califor- Dear Editor, Old Issues of Fremontia nia, Merced County, the Virginia I just finished reading the recent Smith Trust, and the Merced Irriga- Fremo ntia, and wanted to register my Dear Editor, tion District. “vote” on the three-hole punch is- I’ve been a CNPS member for years There are other significant federal sue—I have never once found the and have back issues of Fremo ntia environmental review processs for the holes useful, so as far as I am con- (1991 to present) that I’d like to do- UC Merced project ongoing and un- cerned Fremontia may become nate to a library or other organization decided, including those addressing “whole” again. that could use them. Any suggestions the site location and the impacts to And, I wanted to add my commen- on whom to contact? federally protected species. While UC dations for the revised look and con- Nancy Teater, has indicated its intention to begin tinued great content of Fremo ntia. Santa Clara Valley Chapter construction without a decision on Keep up the great work! Please! these processes, to do so is clearly a Jim Morefield, From the Editor: I have received several roll of the dice with public money. Bristlecone Chapter inquiries abo ut what to do with back is- For further information contact: sues or sets ofFremontia . CNPS wants Dear Editor, to make sure that the valuable info rma- Lydia Miller Count me in favor. tio n c o ntained in back issuesFremontia o f San Joaquin Raptor Rescue After reading, my copies go right is disseminated in as many directions as Center into a three-ring binder. It would possible. If you have a near-complete set of (209) 723-9283 strain my hole-puncher to go through Fremontia that yo u wo uld like to pass o n, rapto rc tr@b igvalley.net such a thickness. please try and ro ute the set to yo ur lo cal Steve Burke Nice issue! c hapter fo r giving away (o r fo r a small Protect Our Water Larry Blakely, do natio n) at events; this can help educate (209) 523-1391 Bristlecone Chapter o th e rs ab o ut C alifo rnia’s native p lants and [email protected] may also help in the rec ruitment o f new Dear Editor, members. Also, the State Office and Edu- and visit the website www.vernalpools. In response to the gentleman from cation Committee will route old issues to org. Arcata regarding the three-hole punch, schools or other places that are building i.e., “How many fingers does it take referenc e materials o n the b o tanic al heri- G to count members . . . ?”: tage of our state.

32 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 BOOKS RECEIVED

Brooms: Managing Invasive Alien ages to make broom look spectacularly pp., 150 illustrations. The compen- Shrubs , videotape produced by Leif beautiful and menacing at the same dium of Philip Wells’s knowledge of Joslyn of Ecovisions, Inc. An excellent time. Price $25. Further info: www. manzanitas (Arctostaphylos spp.) is now 45 minutes with appealing footage, thebroo ms.org available to all by writing the Depart- and informative and accurate script. The Manzanitas of California, ment of Ecology & Evolutionary Bi- This video is well-paced, and holds the also of Mexico and the World ,writ- ology, Haworth Hall, University of interest throughout. Details on con- ten and published by P.V. Wells. 2000. Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, or by trol are thorough and clear. It man- University of Kansas, Lawrence. 151 calling (785) 864-4619. Price $50.

BOOK REVIEWS

Penstemons , by Robert Nold. pages. A description of each species is use of this synonymy and the exten- 1999. Timber Press. 307 pages. 43 given, along with distribution data, sive Bibliography, horticulturists find- color photos, 12 watercolor botanical habitat preference, and flowering ing unfamiliar names attached to old paintings, 18 black-and-white line time. The author adds comments friends can, with further study, un- drawings. $29.95. drawn from his own gardening and scramble nomenclatural history and In the preface of this handsome field experience, and evaluates garden the rationale for name changes. book, Robert Nold states that he at- worthiness. The chapter is highly The appendices, designed to assist tempts “to describe all the species of readable, somehow escaping the dry- gardeners with sources, color schemes, penstemon known to me either per- ness that such a listing often entails. gardening schedules, etc., are nice. For sonally or by name.” Given the great The text subtly, but carefully, reveals those who need the jargon of the spe- size and difficulty of the genus, this the degree of his familiarity with a cialist, the glossary is comprehensive. statement, at first blush, smacks of given taxon. Two examples, taken at In a group that is difficult to photo- hubris; alternatively it might serve as random, will illustrate this. He notes graph effectively, I find the photo- a caveat to excuse omission of taxa. that Penstemo n scapo ides “is a peculiar graphic plates (with few exceptions) Not so, on either count. In his species plant” (interpretation: he has seen it) excellent, and correctly identified. The descriptions, as well as in the chapter and “would be a nice plant for the dry watercolor renderings are marvelous; on relationships within the genus, rock garden” (interpretation: he has they capture the grace and nuance of Nold includes essentially all Penstemon not grown it). He writes that Pen- the illustrated species. Line drawings taxa recognized in current manuals or stemon saltarius is “described by of critical flower and anther morphol- treated in recent literature (to 1999). Crosswhite as having small oblance- ogy are helpful, although some of the And, in non-technical, evocative lan- lolate leaves” and is “yet another Mexi- drawings are so similar to the excel- guage, he gives a brief and accurate can species not in cultivation” (inter- lent illustrations in the treatment of description of each. pretation: he has neither seen nor Penstemo nin The Intermountain Flora, Penstemon, an enormous endemic grown it). Volume IV, that acknowledgement of North American genus (“some 270 Five of the chapters deal primarily these probable prototypes might be species, depending on which author- with different aspects of gardening appropriate. ity is consulted”) has never been fully with penstemons. Plainly, these chap- There is little to fault in this book, monographed. To date, no treatment ters are based on extensive personal which is concisely written and tightly of the genus throughout its range fully experience: they are practical, helpful, edited. The contents of each entry in treats the identity and delimitation of and often humorous. California gar- the Table of Contents, from the Fore- its many geographic variants. A con- deners who wish to grow native plants word through the Index, seems to me, fused and overlapping literature has will not want to miss his comments as I read the book, necessary to the accumulated for this much-studied ge- and fresh philosophy in Chapter 2 subject, non-redundant, and thor- nus. Nold manages to avoid this po- concerning so-called dry-land garden- oughly interesting. I would have found tential mine-field of nomenclatural ing. Six chapters are devoted to the helpful a cross-reference for each spe- difficulty with refreshing humility— taxonomy, morphology, and distribu- cies treated alphabetically in Chapter perhaps surprising, considering his tion of species in the wild. Included in 7 (Species Descriptions) to the same obvious deep familiarity with penste- Chapter 6 (which groups the taxa species listed in Chapter 6 (Divisions mons in the wild, in the garden, and within appropriate subgenera and sec- of the Genus); this would allow quick in the literature. tions) is such synonymy as is neces- reference to the names of closely re- Chapter 7, “the A–Z heart of the sary to allow cross-referencing with lated taxa and to systematic placement book,” comprises almost half the most manuals in current use. With the within the genus. I noted only one

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 33 misspelling of a scientific name: Pen- woods to be published in the last three ther book does a good job of explain- stemon thompsoniae var. desperatus. Nold years, and the most impressive. The ing the distribution of flora and fauna provides in this appealing and en- other, published in 1999, is The Red- throughout the redwood region, and tertaining book an extraordinary syn- wood Forest, a scientific treatment of the changes in species composition opsis of the genus Penstemo nfor the the redwood ecosystem edited by that occur from north to south. dedicated gardener. I find a refresh- Reed Noss and reviewed in the Janu- The seven well-written chapters in ing unselfconscious honesty in the ary 2000 issue of Fremo ntia (Vols. 27:4 Coast Redwood: A Natural and Cultural author’s understated writing that con- and 28:1 combined). Although I pro- History cover such topics as origin, tributes great credibility. Penstemons vided information to the editors on distribution, life history, forest ecol- seem to have the tendency (properly several topics discussed in Coast Red- ogy, associated wildlife, logging, so!) to acquire passionate devotees, wood: A Natural and Cultural History, I history, conservation, and manage- Nold certainly included. Nonetheless, did not see any of the chapters until ment. Chapters were authored or he seldom succumbs to overstatement after publication, and feel that I can co-authored by Michael Barbour, or wordy emotional passages. It is one now give a fair and impartial review. Mark Borchert, Sandy Lydon, Valerie of the strong points of the book that Co ast Redwo o d: A Natural and Cul- Whitworth, and the two editors. The he does not involve himself in the tural Histo ry has the photos and con- editors did an excellent job of coordi- taxonomic and systematic quagmires textual information that the Reed nating the efforts of the other authors of this difficult group, but simply treats Noss book is lacking and provides ad- and the chapters flow smoothly one the taxa as they are broadly accepted ditional information on history, socio- into the next, the whole book reading in the principal current manuals and political issues, and redwood manage- like one comprehensive story. in recent literature. The book will ment. It has a less technical and more One weakness of the book is that the serve to narrow, not widen, the gulf unified approach while still being references from all chapters are between taxonomists and gardeners. based on the latest scientific findings. grouped together at the end of the Elizabeth Neese, In fact, the two books complement book, rather than being listed by chap- East Bay Chapter each other, with the Noss book pro- ter. This makes it difficult for the viding some of the scientific detail reader to find additional information Coast Redwood: A Natural and lacking in this book. The two books sources for facts cited in the text. Sev- Cultural History , edited by John also differ in their geographic focus. eral useful appendices follow the text, Evarts and Marjorie Popper. 2001. The Noss book is concerned mostly including information such as precipi- Cachuma Press, Los Olivos, CA. 228 with the northern part of the redwood tation and temperature averages from pp., ill., $27.95 softcover, $37.95 hard- region, while this book is focused on different stations throughout the coast cover. the southern end, especially the Santa redwood region, timber harvest vol- This is the second book on red- Cruz Mountains. Unfortunately nei- umes from different counties over time, and an index to common and scientific Coast redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens), from Jepson’s Silva of California. Drawing by plant names. One serious omission is E. Roorbach. an index to common and scientific animal names used in the text. The most striking feature of the book is the hundreds of full color and historic black-and-white photos that illustrate the text. These supplement the text superbly and are of the high- est quality. Lead photo editor John Evarts should be commended for a doing a truly excellent job. The text is exemplary as well, with broad and up-to-date coverage of all of the book’s major themes. The history section is informative, enter- taining, and contemporary enough to include a capsule history of the fight to save the Headwaters Forest. A well- warranted inclusion is a two-page sidebar on Julia Butterfly Hill, whose tree-sit was arguably one of the most heroic acts ever undertaken in the redwood conservation movement. Her action reminds us that the “save- the-redwoods” fight continues to this very day.

34 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 There is good coverage of all aspects of redwood ecology but not in much detail. For example, the coverage of old-growth forest ecology omits any discussion of the important ecological processes that are impaired or lacking in second-growth forests. These processes, such as the nutrient transformations performed by organisms in tree canopies and in the soil, are what make forests self-sustaining in the long term. The book fails to recognize that it is the loss of these natural processes during logging that has prompted citizens, researchers, local governments, and conservation groups to request reform of Cali- fornia’s forest practice rules. Un- fortunately these efforts to create a science-based approach to logging have not been supported by foresters as a whole, the timber industry, or the California Board of Forestry. who work on redwood lands will want recommend it to every park docent, I found a few minor errors in the to read it to broaden their perspective naturalist, land manager, and conser- book. On page 38 it says that there are on redwood issues and subjects out- vationist throughout the redwood re- no species of higher plants whose side their own area of expertise. The gion. Add it to your library and place range exactly overlaps that of red- park visitor or redwood landowner it on the shelf next to the Reed Noss wood. But I believe that the lily, fetid who wants to learn more about the book. Together they provide the most adder’s tongue (Sc o lio pus bigelo), vii has natural and cultural history of this complete collection of redwood infor- a matching distribution. This interest- charismatic species will likely find the mation that has ever been published. ingly named and unique winter-flow- answers in this book. I wholeheartedly Steve Singer, Santa Cruz Chapter ering wildflower warrants its own sidebar in the book, but it is not mentioned. On page 68 it says there are only three species of true oaks found CLASSIFIED ADS in the redwood forest, while CNPS members will be able to name at least four species (not counting tan oak). On Classified ad rate: $1.00 per wo rd, shipping in USA. P.O. Box 4978, Arcata, minimum $15; payment in advance. CA 95518. www.telo srarebulbs.c o. m page 78 it says that in the Santa Cruz Address advertising inquiries and c o py to : Mountains only Scott and Waddell CNPS, 1722 J Street, Suite 17, ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION Sacramento , CA 95814. (916) 447-2677 Creeks support Coho Salmon while in Native California grassland and desert o r fax (916) 447-2727. actuality Gazos Creek also supports ecological restoration standards and them and was the location of a recent PUBLICATIONS costs, plus pictures showing results. stream restoration effort after it was www.ecoseeds. com/standards.html. damaged by the San Mateo County Flora & Fauna Books, 121 First Avenue South, Seattle WA 98104, Tel. (206) ART Public Works Department. CNPS 623-4727, Fax (206) 623-2001, members will probably find the dis- California wildflower prints & free [email protected], Specializing in wildflower screensavers. Visit www. Botany, Gardening, Birding, and cussion of associated herbaceous flora wildflowergreetings.comor call Alice to be much too brief and the invasive Ecology, both new and out-of-print. We carry a large inventory of floras, (877) 432-2999 toll free. exotics section to be incomplete— keys, and field guides for the west coast Notecards, Prints, and Originals. lacking, for example, any mention of and worldwide. A large selection of our Visit www.VorobikBotanicArt.com. the “redwood forest-favoring” Epi- inventory is now available on the web: PO Box 866, Lopez Island, WA 98261 pac tis hellebo rine, our only invasive www.abebooks.com/home/FFBOOK/. SERVICES exotic orchid. However, these are only NURSERIES AND SEEDS minor drawbacks from an otherwise Nature landscape design. Landscape Telos Rare Bulbs. Bulbs for your gar- Design that celebrates the rich heritage well-researched, thoughtfully written, den, restoration projects, landscaping. and carefully edited book. of California’s native flora. Duber Many Calif. native species, including Landscape Design, CA license #4316. Calochortus, Fritillaria, Brodiaea rela- Naturalists and redwood-lovers of (510) 524-8665. all types will find this book to be es- tives, Erythronium. Catalog $3.00. Free sential. Environmental professionals

VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002 FREMONTIA 35 EDITORIAL

he last issue of Fremo ntia (Vol. how its populations are dwindling due appearing in a theme issue, such as the T29 #3 & 4) pointed up the per- to habitat loss. rare plant double issue mentioned ils to our rare California plants; This issue also includes a tribute to above, is reviewed and edited by the this issue describes threats to some the late Jack Major written by col- convening editor as well as other con- relatively common native trees. Steven league and co-author of Terrestrial Veg- tributors for that issue. One goal for Swain informs of us what is known etatio n o f Califo rnia, Michael Barbour, Fremo ntia is that content be well- about the sudden oak death pathogen, and the two-year index (2000 and edited and science-based, but an its hosts, and the impacts the patho- 2001), compiled by Vivian Parker. additional goal is to inform and edu- gen has had on tan oak (Lithocarpus I was recently asked by a potential cate a broad audience; therefore the densiflorus) and oaks (Quercus spp.). contributor if Fremo ntia was a peer- articles are not as heavily laden with Gene Anderson describes what he reviewed journal. It is peer-reviewed, facts as those for a scientific journal. I knows of the walnut of southern Cali- in that each article submitted is re- do encourage letters to the editor if fornia (J. c al if o rn ic a according to the viewed by two or more members of you find errors or have additional in- sixth edition of the CNPS Inventory of the Fremontia Editorial Advisory formation that would supplement the Rare Plants, J. c al if o rn ic a var. californica Board (members listed at the bottom content found here. according to The Jepson Manual), and of this page); alternatively, each article Linda Ann Vorobik, Editor

CONTRIBUTORS

Gene (E.N.) Anderson is Professor of Anthropology at UC Riverside, where he has taught for 35 years. He spe- cializes in cultural ecology and ethnobiology. Michael Barbour has been a plant ecology faculty member of UC Davis for 35 years and currently is in the Envi- ronmental Horticulture Department. Paul Castelfranco is an Emeritus Professor of Plant Biology at UC Davis and a published poet; he was also a colleague of Jack Major’s in the weed science group. Vivian Parker (Forestry Committee, Conservation Pro- gram, Shasta Chapter CNPS) is a biologist and works for the California Indian Basketweavers Association. Robert Pearcy is a Professor in the Section of Evolution and Ecology at UC Davis, and teaches the plant ecology course that Jack Major initiated half a century ago. Marcel Rejmanek is a Professor in the Section of Evolu- tion and Ecology at UC Davis. His research and teaching focus on invasive plants, but he also enjoys tracing the human history of ecological ideas. Steven Swain is a Post Graduate Researcher at the De- partment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Manage- ment, UC, Berkeley.

FREMONTIA EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Ann Bradley; Travis Columbus; Susan D’Alcamo-Potter; Ellen Dean; Kathleen Dickey; Phyllis M. Faber; Bart O’Brien; John Sawyer; Jim Shevock; Teresa Sholars; Nevin Smith; Dieter Wilken; John Willoughby; Darrell Wright 36 FREMONTIA VOLUME 30:1, JANUARY 2002