Annalen Der Physik – a Brief History of a Living Legend Guido W

Ann. Phys. (Berlin) A7-A12 (2011) Highlights Ph ysics F THEN & NOW

orum Annalen der Physik – a brief history of a living legend Guido W. Fuchs

Just in time for its 222 anniversary the journal Annalen der Physik will experience a metamorphosis – crowned by its relaunch in January 2012. From next year onwards readers can expect a new content, a new look, and a new editorial team. And all this happens for good reasons. Today, the publishing world is under constant pressure to change. This also holds for academic journals and consequently for Annalen der Physik, too.

Annalen der Physik – AdP1 appears as a landmark of modern physics, an institution, distinguished by works from Einstein, Planck and other extraordinary talents. But what makes it unique today? The age of print media is said to be over. Our time is dynamic and digital. Nowadays, science articles are delivered electronically, e.g. as pdf or XML documents, right to the researchers offi ce desk or laboratory. Literature search is done via special- ized databases or general search en- gines like Google and the like. In addition, successful journals advertise Editors-in-Chief of Annalen der Physik from 1790 until 1947 their content and use the internet for (top, from left) Friedrich Albert Carl Gren, Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert, marketing purposes, e.g. utilizing Johann Christian Poggendorff, Gustav Heinrich Wiedemann, news portals, newsletter, rss-feeds, fa- (below, from left) Eilhard Wiedemann, Paul Drude, Wilhelm Wien, Max Planck cebook, twitter, etc. Over the last 200 years the amount of published physics articles has increased exponen- This change in scope is good reason e.g. in Paris, London or Saint Peters- tially. None of the established and to refl ect on the past events of this burg, or were propagated by private well-recognized journals can deal journal. communications in the form of let- with the vast fl ood of information. Fil- ters. Thus, ideas could only circulate tering out the essence, i.e. informa- within small and elitist communities. tion that most likely will advance Birth of a legend (1790–1824) Gren believed that the lack of a suita- physics, is the main task of editorial ble communication and publication manuscript selection and article The story begins with Friedrich Gren, medium was jointly responsible for compiling. High peer-review quality a natural scientist born in 1760 in the weak performance of German re- standards will be more and more im- Bernburg/Saale, who held a position search. Inspired by the 1778-founded portant. This especially holds for the as professor in Halle, Germany. chemical journal of his teacher general physics journal Annalen der The general progress in natural Lorenz von Crell (“Crell’s Annalen”) Physik, which no longer claims to be a sciences in Europe at the end of the Gren started his own journal “Journal comprehensive manuscript archive, 18th century was remarkable. In der Physik” in Halle. In the preface of as in the early times, but rather focus- comparison to other European coun- the fi rst issue in June 1790 he wrote: es on key aspects of modern physics. tries Germany was only scientifi c “My purpose of publishing this jour- province at this time. Most new fi nd- nal is to make acquainted with the ings were published in minutes of so- discoveries in mathematics and 1 Engl.: Annals of Physics ciety meetings or academy reports, chemistry of the foreigners and na-

G.W. Fuchs: Annalen der Physik – a brief history of a living legend

tives in the fi eld of the natural scienc- istry was a timely topic as well, with 1824 under the name Annalen der orum es […]“. Accordingly, translations of contributions from Johann Wilhelm Physik und Chemie3. The new editor foreign works built an important base Ritter, Sir Humphrey Davy and oth- arranged for the new name because for the new journal. With his journal ers. AdP reported on Ampere’s work he thought that both physics and ysics F Gren also aimed to give amateurs about magnetic phenomena and chemistry could not be separated in a Ph (“Privatmann”) access to recent re- their relation to moving electricity. meaningful way. search, both as reader as well as au- However, the fi nal Ampere’s law from In the second half of the 19th cen- thor. Important topics were thermo- 1824 did not appear in the journal. tury translations of foreign works lost dynamics, electricity and mag- From the fi rst issue of Annalen der their importance for the journal to the netism. Gren died in 1798, only 38 Physik until volume 30 (1808) the benefi t of original contributions and years old. His journal marked the be- journal appeared at the publisher appeared only infrequently from that ginning of a legend – the home jour- Rengersche Buchhandlung (Renger’s time onwards. This development was nal of the most distinguished minds Bookstore) in Halle. From volume 31 due to new physics institutes at Ger- in physics. (1809) onwards, i.e. from series two of man universities that were founded in Ludwig W. Gilbert, born in 1769 in the AdP, Johann Ambrosius Barth the course of the Prussian university Berlin, was a mathematician and geo- (1760–1813) became the publisher of reform. These institutes had an ex- grapher and in 1801 succeeded Gren the journal [1]. As it turns out, the plicit order to promote and perform as university professor in Halle. Al- journal was published by the pub- research, as opposed to the previous ready, Gren had worked towards a re- lisher J.A. Barth for more than 180 “Cabinette”. The fi rst institutes were launch of his journal under the new years until 1992. Originally, Gilbert founded in Leipzig and Göttingen and name Annalen der Physik. Now in aimed for physics articles only, but were inspired by the French Ecole Po- 1799, Gilbert continued his mentor’s this proved to be diffi cult and from lytechnique. The amount of new fi nd- work and the journal appeared for the 1819 to 1824 the name of the journal ings made Poggendorff publish in to- fi rst time under the new name. It was was extended to Annalen der Physik tal seven supplementary volumes in denoted as series1 number one out of und der physikalischen Chemie 2. addition to the regular AdP volumes. eight series until today. Gilbert trans- In 1874, at the 50th anniversary of lated, edited, and enriched many “his” Annalen, Poggendorff out-lined original foreign articles with didactic The Poggendorff Era (1824–1877) what he considered to be the most fi nesse to the benefi t of the German important topics: “Electrodynamics, reader. He edited 76 volumes and In 1820 Johann C. Poggendorff (1796– induction, diamagnetism, photo- served AdP for a full quarter-century. 1877) studied natural sciences at the magnetism, thermochrosy, telegra- During his time physics did not university in Berlin. Already in 1823 phy, photography, diffusion, fl uores- have the rather well-defi ned topical the young man was thinking about cence, spectral analysis, and me- focus and conformity that it has to- starting his own chemical-physics chanical theory of thermodynamics”. day. Thus, many articles appeared journal. After the unexpected death From today’s point of view not all that nowadays belong to meteorolo- of Gilbert in 1824, Poggendorff real- scientifi c-editorial decisions from gy, climatology, geography, nautical ized that there was a chance of be- Poggendorff were free of errors. For science, or even biology. Still, most coming the editor of AdP and con- example, the works by Julius Mayer publications were in the core area of tacted the publisher Verlag J.A. Barth. (1841) and Hermann v. Helmholtz physics, like the translations of works Poggendorff knew exactly what he (1847) about the principle of energy by David Brewster, Michael Faraday wanted: Either become editor of AdP conservation were not accepted for or Joseph Gay-Lussac. Electrochem- or start his own journal that he in- publication in AdP. Also, Philip Reis’s tended to become the leading journal invention of the telephone was not in physics and chemistry in Germany. appreciated, neither was Sadi Car- 1 The term series is a translation of the He spoke with leading scientists to not’s work from 1824 about the heat German ‘Folge’. However, in some cases a ensure their willingness to publish engine. Only nine years later, Benoît ‘Folge’ was subdivided into ‘Serien’, i.e. with him and used these connections Clapeyron’s article appeared in AdP, subseries. In this essay series always to put pressure on the J.A. Barth pub- where he explained Carnot’s refers to ‘Folge’. lisher. Surprisingly, his plan worked thoughts in a more practical way. On 2 Engl.: Annals of Physics and Physical out. Poggendorff, only 28 years old, the other hand, Rudolf Clausius’s Chemistry boldly managed to become editor of concept from 1850 containing the 3 Engl.: Annals of Physics and Chemistry AdP and published his fi rst issue in fi rst and second law of thermody-

10A8 www.ann-phys.org © 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 1-80 (2011) Highlights Ph ysics F namics, which basically equals the concepts of Joule and Carnot, was well received and is one of the high- orum lights of AdP. In the area of electricity AdP reported about Ohm’s current–voltage law, as well as Faraday’s numerous experimental investigations that, for instance, contained his discovery of magnetic induction and its visualiza- tion through magnetic lines of forces, the behavior of dielectrics, the intro- Hermann Helmholtz Albert Einstein (Credit: ÖND/Wien, duction of electric lines of forces and Bildnummer LSCII 0081-C) the discovery of diamagnetism. Poggendorff took care of the AdP for 53 years. He was the editor of 160 Helmholtz as coeditor of the journal. neers of solid-state physics, became volumes. His Annalen der Physik und The “extraordinary increase of the the new Editor-in-Chief of AdP. Thir- Chemie were simply called the material [… ] and the fact, that in ad- ty-six years old, talented, dynamic Poggendorff Annalen. The heyday of dition to the Annalen also other and already in permanent position as the journal was between 1850 and comprehensive journals have been professor, Drude seemed to be an ide- 1920. During that time AdP devel- founded” (Helmholtz 1893), led to al choice. In addition, he resided in oped into one of the leading physics fewer and fewer articles being pub- Gießen, a medium-sized German journals in Europe, if not the leading lished in AdP that belonged to chem- town in Hesse, and thus did not be- journal. With only a few exceptions, istry, mineralogy, metrology and long to the Berlin physicists commu- reading AdP suffi ced to keep oneself physical chemistry. As a conse- nity that in the rest of the German up-to-date in physics [2]. In addition, quence of this ongoing differentia- Reich was often perceived as too AdP was very popular and was not tion of the natural sciences into sub- dominant. In 1900, with the change of only subscribed by university librar- fi elds, AdP began to focus on pub- editorship, Annalen der Physik und ies, but also by many secondary3 and lishing articles solely from physics. In Chemie were renamed to Annalen der technical schools. addition, it became more diffi cult for Physik and the journal has kept that authors to publish in AdP due to in- name ever since. It was now the fourth creased editorial selection criteria, as series of AdP. One novelty was the in- The Heydays (1877–1914) Helmholtz (1893) states: “The troduction of an Advisory Board5 of number of German manuscripts has fi ve professors, with Max Planck be- After Poggendorff’s death in 1877, gradually increased over time, so that ing one of them. Despite Drude’s sci- the publisher Hans Barth appointed by now, only a selection of those can entifi c brilliance he seemed to be the 51-years-old Gustav H. Wiede- be considered.” In 1893, Gustav’s rather less determined and less criti- mann (1826–1899) as the new editor son, Eilhard Wiedemann (1852– cal in editorial matters. Very much to of AdP. Right at the beginning, AdP 1928), became Co-Editor-in-Chief of the displeasure of Planck, many man- cooperated closely with the Physical AdP. After Helmholtz’s death in 1895 uscripts of low quality passed Drude’s Society of Berlin (PGzB)4, which was Max Planck (1858–1947) took over judgment. But it was also the time realized by appointing Hermann his role and supported the AdP as co- when legendary papers of modern editor on behalf of the PGzB. Only physics were published in AdP. For four years later, in 1899, Gustav Wie- example, Planck’s work about the en- 3 Here Secondary School is used as a demann passed away in Leipzig. His ergy density distribution of the black- translation for the German Gymnasium. son Eilhard, although himself a pro- body radiation6 was published in AdP, 4 Orig.: Physikalische Gesellschaft zu fessor of physics at the University Er- where he also introduced the quan- Berlin, PGzB langen, declined to take over full re- tum of action ‹, the constant now 5 Orig.: Kuratorium sponsibilities for the journal and fi - named after him. This work was gen- 6 M. Planck, “Ueber das Gesetz der nally resigned as editor from AdP. erally regarded as the beginning of Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum”, Paul Drude (1863–1906), who nowa- quantum theory. In 1905, Albert Ein- Ann. Phys. (Berlin), 309(3), 553–563 (1901) days is considered as one of the pio- stein published seminal papers in

G.W. Fuchs: Annalen der Physik – a brief history of a living legend

Heisenberg. In view of these young orum scientists Annalen der Physik appeared no longer timely, because it was known that Planck and Wien were ysics F skeptical towards the new trends in Ph quantum mechanics. Here the young Erwin Schrödinger was an exception. His four ground-breaking articles about the “Quantization as Eigenval- ue Problem”, published in 1926, appeared in AdP. In these works, Schrödinger outlined his wave-me- chanical approach that nowadays is a cornerstone of quantum mechanics. Editors-in-Chief of Annalen der Physik from 1947 until today But there were also other examples of (top, from left) Eduard Grüneisen, Friedrich Möglich, Hans Kopfermann, Gustav Richter important contributions in quantum (Photo: Th. Richter), theory that appeared in AdP, like the (below, from left) Hans-Jürgen Treder (Photo: bpk/Gerhard Kiesling), Wilhelm Walcher, works from Maria Göppert-Mayer Bernhard Mühlschlegel, Ulrich Eckern from 1931 “Elementary processes with two quantum transitions”, Max Born and Robert Oppenheimer’s 1927 AdP that built the base for his later he was involved in the reactivation of article “About the quantum theory of fame [3]. At that time, Einstein was the journal [4]. Thus, Planck accom- molecules” or Wolfgang Pauli’s 1922 mostly unknown to the relevant aca- panied AdP over 66 years – truly mo- contribution “On the model of the hy- demic circles and was not working in mentous years of the journal. drogen molecule ion”. In addition to academia. It is thanks to Drude that the domestic competitors, interna- Einstein’s works were published in tional journals also appeared on the AdP. However, Planck was one of the Times of crisis (1914–1945) scene, like the Physical Review that al- fi rst who realized Einstein’s genius ready used the modern peer-review and the importance of his work. Also, The political and economic crisis did procedure to quality check its manu- Planck helped this 26-year old patent not go unnoticed by the Annalen der scripts. offi ce clerk to start an academic ca- Physik. As opposed to 3800 published In 1928 Wien died. His successor reer and later made great efforts in at- pages in the year 1914, the number Eduard Grüneisen (1877–1949) start- tracting Einstein to Berlin. quickly reduced to 2100 pages in 1918 ed to serve the AdP in 1929 and this On July 5, 1906 Drude committed induced by the war – a decrease by marks the start of a new AdP series, suicide. The reasons remain un- 45%. In the following years, this the fi fth. It was the time of Hitler’s rise known. Planck and Wilhelm Wien number further decreased reaching a and with the advent of the Nazis a (1864–1928) became the new Edi- trough of 1800 pages in 1921. Besides turning point in German history had tors-in-Chief of equal rights. Howev- the AdP and the 1899-founded jour- been reached, not only for the Anna- er, Wien was more involved in the nal Physikalische Zeitschrift, a new len der Physik but also for German day-to-day business of the journal, journal Zeitschrift der Physik came science in general. A fl ood of German whereas Planck reserved the right to into existence. In 1920, with the ac- emigrants, persecuted because of be consulted in all critical cases like ceptance of the German Physical So- their political opinion or their race, manuscript rejections or revisions. At ciety (Deutsche Physikalische Ge- left the country, among them many that time, Planck was already a well- sellschaft, abbrev. DPG), the publish- authors of AdP. The myriads of per- known scientist and an accepted er Vieweg launched the new journal sonal tragedies that took place was long-standing editor of the AdP. that soon turned out to be a strong not directly refl ected in the AdP, how- Planck appeared as an author of AdP competitor for AdP. The new journal ever, the absence of many important already in 1881 and published pre- managed to publish many important articles was signifi cant – mostly those dominantly in this journal during his works of young researchers in the from Jewish authors. Accordingly, the whole life. His last article in AdP ap- booming fi eld of quantum physics, decrease in page numbers until 1939, peared in 1941. In 1947, after the war, like those from Max Born and Werner i.e. already in prewar time, was signifi -

12A10 www.ann-phys.org © 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 1-80 (2011) Highlights Ph ysics F cant. Planck and Grüneisen managed Farm Hall (U.K.), where he had been USA and the Soviet Union. As op- to keep the politics out of the AdP dai- detained as a prisoner of war, and his posed to the prewar situation there ly business as much as possible. Thus, return to Germany in 1946, he imme- were almost no contributions from orum even in the late 1930s works from Lise diately started with the rebuilding non-German authors in AdP which, Meitner, Rudolf Ladenburg, Paul and organization of the German sci- continued to publish in German lan- Ewald, and Richard Gans appeared in ence and physics program. Laue was guage. Annalen der Physik. But over time, involved in many projects East and The successor to Grüneisen, who fewer and fewer emigrants published West of the ideological border and in- died in 1949, was Hans Kopfermann in German and preferred foreign, dependent of the political landscape (1895–1963) who started to serve AdP mostly English language journals. In within Germany. He recommended in 1952 as the West German editor. spring 1938 Debye, together with oth- his former PhD student Friedrich After Friedrich Möglich’s death in er guest editors, organized a special Möglich (1902–1957) as co-Editor-in- 1957 Gustav Richter (1911–1999) be- issue in honor of Arnold Sommer- Chief of AdP. The appointment of a came the new East German editor. feld’s 70th birthday. In this context, Western and an Eastern Editor-in- This marked the beginning of a new the publisher approached the organ- Chief of AdP remained common series, series seven of Annalen der izers with the request to only publish practice for the journal until 1992, i.e. Physik. In East Germany the Socialist articles from “Arian” authors. This un- until shortly after the German reuni- Unity Party was worried about its se- paralleled case of open racism trig- fi cation. Annalen der Physik adhered curity due to an allegedly ongoing gered protests and outrages by many to the conviction that both parts of mass migration of its citizens into the physicists and most prominently by Germany belong together. Only dur- Western zones. It was decided to for- Wolfgang Pauli. But in the end, the ing a short period, between 1950 and tify the national borders and the special issue appeared as wanted by 1951, was this new tradition disrupt- building of the Berlin Wall in August the publisher. ed. 1961 marked the beginning of a thir- With the outbreak of the second On August 1, 1946 the Soviet mili- ty-year physical isolation and separa- world war in 1939 the number of con- tary administration granted permis- tion of West and East Germany. The tributions again reduced signifi cant- sion for the restart of AdP: “For the AdP publishing house remained in ly. Shortly after the assassination at- benefi t of German science and for the Leipzig, i.e. in East Germany. Regard- tempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944 all benefi t of humanity and internation- less of the new political situation AdP companies and factories that had no al understanding”. But the license followed its policy to appoint two Ed- direct war-relevance were closed and came with some restrictions. AdP was itors-in-Chief from East and West large parts of the population were not allowed to publish certain Germany, respectively. The successor obliged to work in the armaments in- branches of physics like nuclear to Kopfermann was Wilhelm Walcher dustry. In the course of these ‘total physics, semiconductor physics, (1910–2005) for the Western Federal warfare’ measures the publishing high-frequency technology and elec- Republic of Germany and Hans-Jür- house J.A. Barth in Leipzig was also tronics. It was now series six of the gen Treder (1928–2006) for the East- closed down and with that Annalen Annalen der Physik. Grüneisen and ern German Democratic Republic der Physik de facto ceased to exist. Möglich, as well as Planck who died (GDR). in 1947 shortly before the fi rst new issue appeared, were the fi rst editors Divided but together after the war. The journal clearly Times of reunifi cation (1946–1990) emerged debilitated from the past (1992–2011) crisis and published only 500 pages Germany was broken, the war lost. per year, only occasionally were 1000 With the end of the cold war and of The severity of destruction, ongoing pages realized. Though AdP still pub- communist regimes in the former resentments and loss of manpower lished articles of high quality and Eastern Bloc a new era began for AdP. made a restart diffi cult. Grüneisen, long-term importance until the 1940s The journal was restructured in 1992. who lived in Marburg, which was sit- and 1950s – at least from time to time The Hüthig GmbH, Heidelberg/Ger- uated in the Western zone of oc- – the heydays were clearly over. AdP many took over AdP from the former cupation, had no hope to get permis- lost ground compared to other inter- J.A. Barth publishing house. At that sion from the Western allied powers national journals like Physical Review time the J.A. Barth publisher was al- to relaunch the Annalen der Physik. that now took the lead. Relevant na- ready state property of the GDR since After Max von Laue’s discharge from tions in the fi eld of physics were the 1988. However, Hüthig published

G.W. Fuchs: Annalen der Physik – a brief history of a living legend

AdP still under the former publisher’s ership. From January 2012 onwards volume counts were offi cially orum trademark ‘J.A. Barth Verlag’ until the journal will be run directly by the changed [5]. Previously, volume 1998. Once again, a new series start- publisher with an in-house editorial numbers restarted with the begin- ed: Series No. 8. Bernhard Mühl- team with Guido W. Fuchs as the new ning of a new series (Folge), e.g. the ysics F schlegel (1925–2007) from Cologne/ Editor-in-Chief. The former Editorial latest series No. 8 started with vol- Ph Germany became the new Editor-in- Board members Friedrich Hehl, ume 1 in 1992. Now, all volumes are Chief of the AdP in 1992. The Adviso- Bernhard Kramer, Gerd Röpke and counted from the fi rst one in 1799, so ry Board was dissolved and replaced Andreas Wipf will continue to serve that volume 523 refers to the volume by three international co-editors, for AdP as Honorary Advisory Board published in 2011. The relaunch of among them Alexei Abrikosov who members. They will be joined by Ul- AdP in 2012 will not trigger a new se- later won the 2003 Nobel Prize in rich Eckern and Ingo Peschel, who is ries. Instead this concept of series is Physics. From that time onwards AdP currently an Advisory Board member. abandoned. The progress of AdP will published solely in English. The jour- Ingo Peschel, for example, had been simply be denoted by its volume nal intended to be globally more visi- crucial and supportive in diffi cult number. ble, and attractive for young scien- times, right after the German reunifi - Shaping the future of a journal is tists. However, the manuscript sub- cation, during the start of the 8th se- not completely in the hands of the missions fell behind expectations ries in 1992, but also later when Bern- editor or publisher. The most crucial and gave rise to concerns about the hard Mühlschlegel handed over edi- input has to come from the scientifi c future of the journal. torship to Ulrich Eckern in 1998. community. It remains to hope that In 1998, Mühlschlegel was 73 The scope of the journal is still to AdP will be well received by the phys- years old and handed over editorship publish general physics – in all its as- icists and interested scientists. An- to the theoretical solid state physi- pects. This also includes topics in ap- nalen der Physik has good intentions. cists Ulrich Eckern from Augsburg. In plied physics. Letter articles will be It wants to serve the physics commu- the same year, in the course of a re- newly introduced. The Einstein Lec- nity. It has always been a journal act- structuring measure Hüthig sold ten tures will be revived and continued. ing as a mirror of current research of its academic journals to the pub- The section ‘100 years ago’ will be and this is also its guiding theme for lisher Wiley-VCH (Weinheim/Berlin) ceased. Translations of originally the future: Knowing Annalen der Among these journals was AdP. At the German articles into English will not Physik means knowing physics. same time, the 120-year old coopera- be published as separate articles in tion with the DPG (and PGzB) ended. current issues but appear as addi- Acknowledgements. The author thanks Now, for the fi rst time, and in addi- tional material to the original articles. Dieter Hoffmann and Ulrich Eckern tion to the print issues, the journal Historical essays Then & Now will be for their kind support and sugges- appeared in electronic form. Further- introduced with contributions from tions. more, old print issues from 1799 on- the Max Planck Institute for the His- wards were scanned and refurbished, tory of Science (Berlin/Germany). In and have been available in electronic addition, there will be an Expert References form since 2006. In the year 2005, in Opinion section where authors can honor of Einstein’s annus mirabilis comment on recent or copublished [1] K. Wiecke, 200 Jahre Johann AdP introduced the Einstein Lectures. articles in AdP in a brief essay form. Ambrosius Barth (Verlag Johann With this distinction contributions In 2012, AdP will have changed Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig, 1980), from important prize winners, like completely. It is set up to serve an in- pp. 17–30. the Nobel Prize winners Theodor ternational readership, and although [2] F. Hund, Die Annalen im Wandel Hänsch (MPQ Garching), Roy J. Glau- AdP has experienced several renam- ihrer Aufgabe, Ann. Phys. (Berlin), 502(4), 289–295 (1990). ber (Harvard), or Peter Grünberg (FZ ings, it is not considered to change [3] J. Renn (ed.), Einstein’s Annalen Jülich) were highlighted. the title into an English one because Papers (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim- meanwhile the name Annalen der Berlin, 2005). Physik belongs to our international [4] D. Hoffmann (ed.), Max Planck: The new AdP (2012) cultural heritage. Annalen Papers (Wiley-VCH, To emphasize the continuation of Weinheim-Berlin, 2008). Ulrich Eckern will end his term as scientifi c publishing from its fi rst ap- [5] G. W. Fuchs and U. Eckern, Ann. Phys. AdP Editor-in-Chief at the end of pearance as Annalen der Physik in (Berlin) 522(6), 371 (2010). 2011, after 14 years of successful lead- 1799 until today, already in 2009, the