The Indian Police Journal October - December, 2012 l Vol. LIX l No. 4 Editorial Board Contents Shri K.N. Sharma, IPS 1. From the Chairman, Editorial Board ii DG, BPR&D 2. From the Director’s Desk iii 3. Introduction iv Chairman 4. 23rd December, 1887: The Journey begins....... v 5. Helmsmen of the IB during the Pre-Independence Period xi Shri Radhakrishnan Kini, IPS 6. Directors, Intelligence Bureau, since 1947 xii ADG 7. "Sleeman sahib ki jai" 1 Member Shri Vijai Shukul, IPS (Retd.) 8. Growth of Intelligence Institutions in British India 10 Shri Amiya K. Samanta, IPS (Retd.) Smt. Nirmal Chaudhary, IPS 9. Intelligence Bureau 22 IG/Director (SU) Shri K.C. Verma, IPS (Retd.) Member 10. Reminiscences of an IB Officer 26 Shri T.V. Rajeswar, IPS (Retd.) Smt. Rina Mitra, IPS 11. Dormers Building, Shimla 31 12. Indian Intelligence — Imperatives for Change 32 IG/Director (Adm.) Shri Ajit Doval, IPS (Retd.) Member 13. A Journey that turned my Destiny 38 Shri Shyamal Datta, IPS (Retd.) Dr. Ish Kumar, IPS 14. Intelligence Agencies in Indian Democracy 43 Dr Ajai Sahni, Executive Director, Institute for Conflict IG/Director (Trg.) Management, New Delhi Member 15. Of Pistols and Pigs and the Old Tiddim Road 49 Shri K.C. Verma, IPS (Retd.) Shri Sunil Kapur 16. Through the Eyes of an IB Officer 53 DIG/DD (SU) Shri DC Pathak , IPS (Retd.) 17. My J&K Experience 57 Member Shri R.K. Kapoor, IPS (Retd.) 18. Scaling Himalayan Heights with the Intelligence Bureau 61 Editor's Note: Capt. (Retd.) M.S. Kohli 19. My Experience of life and work in lB 68 This special issue, combining the Shri O.N. Shrivastava issues of October, November and 20. My Unforgettable Years in the North-East 73 Shri Prakash Singh, IPS (Retd.) December, 2012 is dedicated to the 21. ITBF Ladakh: A Saga of Courage and Service 78 Intelligence Bureau on completion of 22. Police — Intelligence Interface 79 125 years of its existence. Shri Julio Ribeiro, IPS (Retd.) 23. My Journey through the Intelligence Bureau 82 Shri K.P. Singh, IPS (Retd.) 24. Observations on India’s State and Central Intelligence Apparatus 87 - Editor Shri K.P.S. Gill, IPS (Retd.) Shri Gopal K.N. Chowdhary 25. A House Named Blessington 92 26. Technology in Intelligence-Future Scenario 95 Dr. V K Saraswat, Secretary Department of Defence (R&D) and -Special Editor Scientific Advisor to Raksha Mantri Shri Sheel Vardhan Singh, IPS 27. Window into the World of Intelligence 104 Shri M.K. Rathindran, IPS (Retd.) From the Chairman, Editorial Board One of the important departments of the government is the police force. In any civil society a sound and efficient police force is necessary for good governance. In India the police forces have been functioning on the basis of the Police Act of 1861 (Act V). Several provinces also enacted their own Police Acts, which have been modelled on the Central Police Act. The statute was created against the backdrop of the uprising of 1857, and had as its main objective the preservation of British rule in India. Before the advent of the British, the system of governance in India had its genesis in the interregnum of Sher Shah Suri, the Afghan chieftain who defeated Humayun and ruled much of North India from 1539 to 1545. Sher Shah designated groups of villages as parganas, and these in turn formed larger units which were called sarkars, or revenue districts, each having a shiqqdar or revenue collector and a chief munsif, the leading judicial officer. Subsequently, the Mughals introduced some modifications in the titles, for instance ‘nayabdiwan’ in place of ‘chief shiqqdar’, and superimposed over the whole system a military veneer, appointing an officer of a certain specified rank in the military hierarchy of ‘mansabdar’. Though this gave cohesiveness to the bureaucracy, during the inevitable reigns of weak rulers, the ties between the provinces and the imperial regime weakened. The physical presence of the British in India was not significant, yet for almost two centuries the British were able to rule two-thirds of the subcontinent directly and exercise considerable leverage over the princely states that accounted for the rest of the country. Madras Presidency enacted the first Provincial Police Statute in 1859. Two years later, using the Madras legislation as a model, a central law called the Police Act of 1861 was created. It was framed against the backdrop of the uprising of 1857 and known as Act V, the police in the districts was placed under the control of the Collector and District Magistrate. The efficiency of the police force was reckoned by the manner in which it protected British interests, the zamindari, and the effectiveness with which it suppressed the aspirations of the people for self-governance. Very early, the British realised the importance of collecting intelligence in a structured and organized manner. Lord Dufferin, then Viceroy of India, in a communication addressed to the Secretary of State for India on 15th November, 1887, submitted a proposal regarding collection of secret and political intelligence in India. The secret internal note, since declassified, has been included in this issue and makes for interesting reading. It refers to a memorandum of 23rd July, 1887 on the formation of an Intelligence Department by Col. Henderson and Mr. D. McCracken and goes on to describe a two-pronged strategy of collecting political, social and religious intelligence through the police force deployed in the British India and through the instrument of the Political Officers assigned to native States. The approval to the Viceroy’s proposal arrived through a dispatch dated 23rd December, 1887 and thus, was born the Intelligence Bureau. Since independence, the Bureau has safeguarded the nation’s interest effectively in a low profile manner befitting the nature of its assignment. While most on the outside will never know the achievements of this organisation, it should be possible for all to discern that the safety and the security of the country has indeed been well served by this important organ of the Government. On the occasion of the 125th anniversary, the Bureau of Police Research and Development considers it a privilege to dedicate the current issue of the Indian Police Journal to the Intelligence Bureau. (Kuldip Sharma) Director General BPR&D ii The Indian Police Journal, October - December, 2012, Special Issue From the Director’s Desk New Delhi, December 10, 2012 Over its 125 year history, the Intelligence Bureau has witnessed significant changes in the security landscape. There has been a multiplication of challenges and diversification of the quarters from which those emanate. Ability of subversive and disruptive elements to adopt technologies has added an edge to the threats that they pose. Amidst this changing scenario, the Intelligence Bureau has striven to live upto its charter, that of protecting the Constitution and ensuring national security. Besides, it continued to assist Government in policy formulation and in decision making processes. Acutely conscious of the difficult tasks before it, the Intelligence Bureau visualises, in the 125th anniversary, an opportunity for introspection and reflection with the purpose of promoting higher levels of professional excellence amidst its members. This would seem an appropriate juncture to acknowledge the unstinting support tendered so readily by members of Police Forces in the States and Union Territories and by officers and personnel of the Central Armed Police Forces. The togetherness that has been so realised promises to make for a more cohesive and comprehensive response to national security challenges. I would like to express my gratitude to the Bureau of Police Research and Development, particularly the Director General of the Bureau and the Editor of the Indian Police Journal, for bringing out this Special Issue to mark the completion of 125 years of the Intelligence Bureau. (Nehchal Sandhu) Director The Indian Police Journal, October - December, 2012, Special Issue iii Introduction When the Director, Intelligence Bureau asked me to take over the task of bringing out the special issue of Indian Police Journal, on the occasion of completion of 125 years of Intelligence Bureau, I instantly felt that I have come of age in the organization. The onerous task not only brought home the responsibility associated with it, but also the pride of having been chosen to do this project. To bring together 125 years of an organization in itself is a mammoth task, and as I consulted my seniors and colleagues new insights and understandings about the organization gushed forth. Having decided to highlight the various facets of the organization through writings of those who have been, and are, an integral part of Intelligence Bureau and the National Security Architecture, the process became an opening of new doors to the world of Intelligence and Security. As I got more involved in the job at hand, I realized how much the Organization has shaped my world. Over the years, I have been compelled to reflect, to understand, to grow and to adapt, and this is exactly what Intelligence Bureau is all about. Through vigorous professional analysis, operations and prognosis it has gently shaped the destiny of the Nation, protecting it and steering it to safer harbours. This issue of Indian Police Journal is about professionalism, commitment, adventure and emotions related to the Intelligence Bureau. It is about the mystique of the silent sentinels, and about the unknown and unsung bravehearts. Putting together this issue was a journey, in which I grew as a professional and evolved as a human being. I am truly blessed to be an instrument to bring together various facets of my Organization, and present them to all the stakeholders and readers for better understanding of the Intelligence Bureau and its history.