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Observations of Extrasolar Planets

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Observations of Extrasolar Planets Observations of Extrasolar Planets 1. Kepler transits II. Doppler velocity III. Microlensing IV. Imaging V. Disks Choose Subset of Planets/Stars for High Detectability Only GK dwarfs (Tef/log g) GK dwarfs • • Only bright stars (Kp < 15) • Only high SNR transits (SNR > 10 in 90 days) SNR ≈ 10 KOIï223.02 KOIï542.01 Full sample Restricted sample ~156,000 stars → ~58,000 stars 1,230 planets 438 planets P=41.008 d Rp=2.4 ReP=41.887 d Rp=2.7 Re KOIï592.01 KOIï711.01 P=39.752 d Rp=2.7 Re P=44.699 d Rp=2.7 Re ηdisc = Kepler discovery efficiency ηtr = planet transit probability n ≡ number of planets per star ∂2n ∝ RαP β ∂ ln R∂ln P (say) ï2 = ï1.7 0.5 < / < 20 ï2 = 1.3 0.5 < / < 20 10 _ R REarth 10 ` R REarth 0.5 < P/days < 50 0.5 < P/days < 50 period distribution 10ï3 10ï3 not well fitted by single power law ï4 ï4 Planet Counts per Star 10 Planet Counts per Star 10 1 10 1 10 Planet Radius [REarth] Period [days] divide into fast and slow ï2 `fast = 2.23 `slow = 0.63 ï2 = ï1.93 populations and fit 10 _slow 10 _fast = ï1.44 separately P < 7 days ï3 10ï3 10 ∂2n ∝ R−1.4P 2.2 ∂ ln R∂ln P ï4 ï4 Planet Counts per Star 10 Planet Counts per Star 10 P > 7 days ∂2n ∝ R−1.9P 0.6 1 10 1 10 ∂ ln R∂ln P Planet Radius [REarth] Period [day] n (R > 2 R⊕ , P < 50 days) ~ 0.2 planet per star Trust detection efficiency down to 1R⊕ , and extrapolate to 365 days : n (R > 1 R⊕ , P < 365 days) ~ 2 planets per star 35 Kepler 1.0 Kepler 35 Kepler 1.0 Kepler 30 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 30 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 25 25 35 1.0 0.0001 0.635 0.0001 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 Kepler 20 Kepler Kepler 20 Kepler 30 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 0.430 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 0.4 25 15 CDF 15 CDF 0.0001 0.6 0.0001 25 KS0.3Stat: 0.6 0.3 KS Stat: 20 10 0.220 10 0.2 5 0.4 ∆ 0.212 0.45 ∆ 0.2 15 CDF 0.015 CDF 0.0 10 0 0.2 KS Stat: 10 0.20 KS Stat: 0.5 1.0 1.5∆ 0.2122.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5∆ 0.2 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 5 0.0 5 0.0 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0circ 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0circ1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0circ1.5 2.0 circ circ circ 1.0 circ circ 1.0 25 Kepler Kepler 30 Kepler Kepler Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 20 1.0 1.0 25 Kepler Kepler 0.05 0.630 0.05 Kepler 20 Kepler 0.35 0.6 0.35 Simulated: 15 0.8 Simulated: 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 20 0.4 15 0.4 0.05 10 0.6 0.05 CDF 20 0.35 0.6 0.35 CDF 15 KS Stat: 10 KS Stat: 0.4 0.215 0.4 0.2 10 CDF 5 ∆ 0.182 CDF 5 ∆ 0.206 KS Stat: 0.010 KS Stat: 0.0 0 0.2 0.20 5 ∆ 0.182 5 ∆ 0.206 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ circ circ circ circ circ circ 1.0 35 1.0 25 Kepler Kepler Kepler Kepler 35 30 Kepler 1.0 Kepler Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: Kepler 1.0 Kepler Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 25 20 30 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated : 0.1 0.6 0.1 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 0.4 0.6 0.4 20 15 25 20 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.4 15 CDF 20 15 CDF 10 0.4 KS Stat: 0.4 KS Stat: CDF 0.215 CDF 10 0.2 1.0 10 1.0 5 0.2 KS Stat: 10 ∆ 0.142Eccentricity0.25 alters KS Stat: ∆ 0.251 5 ∆ 0.142 0.0 ∆ 0.251 0.0 0 0.0 eccentric 5 0.00 0.8 0 0.80.0 <e>0.5 = 0.51.0 1.5 2.0 00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 transit2.0 duration0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ circ circ 0.6 circ 0.6 circ circ 2R!circ 35 Kepler 1.0 Kepler 1.035 Kepler Dcirc ≡ P1.030 × Kepler 1.0 CDF CDF 30 Kepler circular 30 Kepler Kepler Kepler 0.4 30 30 SimulatedKepler: 0.80.4 1.0 SimulatedKepler: 30 KeplerSimulated: 1.00.8 KeplerSimulated2πa : 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 25 0.0001Simulated: 0.8 0.0001Simulated: 2525 Simulated 0.3 : 0.8 Simulated 0.3: 25 0.6 0.15 0.15 0.620 0.45 0.45 20 0.15 20 0.15 0.62020 0.45 0.45 0.6 20 0.6 0.6 inclined 0.2 0.40.2 0.415 CDF 15 CDF 15 0.415 0.4 15 0.4 CDF 15 Actual D lower if0.4 CDF 10 0.210CDF KS Stat: 10 KS Stat: CDF 0.210 near periapseKS Stat: KS Stat: 10 KS Stat: 0.210 KS Stat: 0.2 0.0 5 0.05 0.2 ∆ 0.212 5 ∆ 0.106 0.25 ∆ 0.2 ∆ 0.262 5 0.0 ∆ 0.106 0.05 0.0 ∆ 0.262 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0.00 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 0 2.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.00.50.6 0.51.0 0.81.01.5 1.52.01.0 2.0 0.00.0 0.00.50.5 0.51.01.01.0 1.51.51.5 2.02.0 0.00.0 0.50.50.5 1.01.01.0Actual1.51.51.5 2.02.0D2.0higher if 0.00.00.0near0.50.50.5 apoapse1.01.01.0 1.51.51.5 2.02.02.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circcirc circcirccirc circcirc circcirccirc circ 40 40 Kepler 1.0 1.0 Kepler 1.030 Kepler 1.01.0 Kepler 1.0 25 Kepler Kepler Kepler 25 Kepler Kepler 25 Kepler Kepler Kepler 30 SimulatedSimulated: : 0.8300.8 SimulatedSimulated: : Simulated: 0.825 Simulated: Simulated:: 0.80.8 SimulatedSimulated: : Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 20 0.2 20 0.5 20 0.5 0.05 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.05 0.2 0.620 0.2 0.35 0.60.6 0.35 0.5 0.6 0.5 15 15 15 20 200.4 15 0.4 0.4CDF 0.4 CDF 0.4 0.4 CDF CDF 10 CDF 10 CDF 10 10 0.2 KSKSStatStat: : 10 KS Stat: 0.2 KS KSStat:Stat: KS Stat: 0.210 0.25 0.2 0.2 5 ∆ ∆0.182 0.083 5 ∆ 0.083 5 ∆ ∆0.285 0.206 ∆ 0.285 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0 0 0 00 0 0.50.0 1.00.5 1.01.5 1.52.0 2.0 0.00.00.00.50.50.51.01.01.01.51.51.52.02.02.0 0.00.00.0 0.50.50.5 1.01.0 1.51.51.5 2.02.02.0 0.00.0 0.50.50.5 1.01.01.0 1.51.51.5 2.02.02.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ circ circ circ circcirc circcirc circcirc circ 30 Kepler 30 1.0 Kepler 1.0 Kepler 1.035 Kepler 1.0 25 25 KeplerSimulated: 0.8 KeplerSimulated: Kepler Kepler 25 MeanSimulated <e>: ~ 0.20.830 butSimulated beware: uncertainty in R⋆ 20 Simulated :0.25 0.8 0.6 Simulated 0.25: Simulated: 0.8 Simulated : 20 0.1 20 0.1 0.25 25 0.25 0.4 0.4 0.6 15 0.6 0.4 0.6 CDF 20 15 15 10 0.4 0.4 KS Stat: CDF 0.4 CDF 15 CDF 10 10 0.2 5 KS∆Stat 0.153: 0.210 KS Stat: KS Stat: 0.25 0.0 ∆ 0.153 0.2 5 0 ∆ 0.142 0.05 ∆ 0.251 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.01.0 1.51.5 2.02.0 0.00.0 0.50.5 1.01.0 1.51.5 2.02.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ circ circcirc circcirc circ 30 30 Kepler 1.0 Kepler Kepler 1.0 Kepler 25 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 20 0.15 0.6 0.15 20 0.45 0.6 0.45 15 0.4 15 0.4 CDF 10 CDF 10 0.2 KS Stat: 0.2 KS Stat: 5 ∆ 0.106 5 ∆ 0.262 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ circ circ 40 1.0 1.0 Kepler Kepler 25 Kepler Kepler 0.8 Simulated: Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 30 Simulated: 20 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 15 20 0.4 0.4 CDF 10 CDF 10 0.2 KS Stat: 0.2 KS Stat: ∆ 0.083 5 ∆ 0.285 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ circ circ 30 Kepler 1.0 Kepler 25 Simulated: 0.8 Simulated: 20 0.25 0.6 0.25 15 0.4 10 CDF 0.2 KS Stat: 5 ∆ 0.153 0.0 0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 circ circ Observations of Extrasolar Planets 1.
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