Multilateral Cooperation, the G20 and the EU: Soft Power for Greater Policy Coherence? Bernard Hoekman* and Rorden Wilkinson†
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Soft Power Amidst Great Power Competition
Soft Power Amidst Great Power Competition May 2018 Irene S. Wu, Ph.D. What is soft power? Soft power is a country’s ability to persuade other countries to follow it. Soft power is about a country’s culture, values, and outlook attracting and influencing other countries. It contrasts with military or economic power. Harvard University’s Joseph Nye coined the term in the 1990’s in part to explain the end of the Cold War. Maybe burgers and rock and roll, not just missiles and money, contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.1 Why does soft power matter? Research shows that for big issues like war and peace, public opinion in foreign countries has an effect on whether they join the United States in military action. Foreign public opinion matters less on smaller issues like voting in the United Nations.2 Non-U.S.-citizens can love American culture but disagree with U.S. government policies. However, there is a difference between criticisms from countries with close ties compared to those with few ties. 3 The meaning of feedback from friends is different from that of strangers. Why is it useful to measure soft power? Until now, there were two approaches to soft power–relying entirely on stories or ranking countries on a list. Relying entirely on stories is useful and essential, but makes it hard to compare countries with each other or across time. Ranking countries on a single list makes it seem there is only one kind of soft power and that a country’s soft power relationship with every Soft Power Amidst Great Power Competition other country is the same.4 A framework which takes advantage of the available quantitative data that also integrates well with the stories, narratives, and other qualitative analysis is necessary to understand fully soft power. -
1 Catherine E. Weaver
Catherine E. Weaver Associate Professor, LBJ School of Public Affairs Distinguished Scholar and Research Coordinator, Robert S. Strauss Center for International Security and Law The University of Texas at Austin 2315 Red River Street, SRH 3.358 Austin, Texas 78712 email: [email protected] Strauss Center main phone: (512) 471-6267 Office Phone: (512) 232-3443 Education Ph.D., Political Science May 2003 University of Wisconsin, Madison BA, Political Science and Russian April 1994 University of Michigan Academic Positions Associate Professor, LBJ School of Public Affairs, September 2010 – present University of Texas at Austin Assistant Professor, LBJ School of Public Affairs, January 2009 – August 2010 University of Texas at Austin Assistant Professor of Political Science August 2002 – December 2008 University of Kansas Research Fellow, Brookings Institution August 2001-2002 Washington, D.C. Publications Books: Catherine Weaver. 2008. Hypocrisy Trap: The World Bank and the Poverty of Reform. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ~Co-recipient of the Chadwick Alger Prize for best book on International Organizations and Multilateralism, International Studies Association, 2009. (Co-recipient with Benjamin Schiff) ~Winner of the Society of Policy Scientists 2009 Harold D. Lasswell Prize. Catherine Weaver and Nicola Phillips, eds. 2010. International Political Economy and the Transatlantic Divide. London, UK: Routledge Press. 1 Articles and Book Chapters (* = in peer review journal or reviewed as part of book project): *Catherine Weaver and Susan Park. Forthcoming 2012.“The Anatomy of IO Agency: Anticorruption and Environmental Reform at the World Bank.” In Joel Oestreich, ed. Agency in International Organizations. London: Routledge Press. *Catherine Weaver. 2010. "The Politics of Performance Evaluation: Independent Evaluation at the International Monetary Fund" Review of International Organizations, September 2010, pp.365-385. -
China's Soft Power in East Asia
the national bureau of asian research nbr special report #42 | january 2013 china’s soft power in east asia A Quest for Status and Influence? By Chin-Hao Huang cover 2 The NBR Special Report provides access to current research on special topics conducted by the world’s leading experts in Asian affairs. The views expressed in these reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of other NBR research associates or institutions that support NBR. The National Bureau of Asian Research is a nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution dedicated to informing and strengthening policy. NBR conducts advanced independent research on strategic, political, economic, globalization, health, and energy issues affecting U.S. relations with Asia. Drawing upon an extensive network of the world’s leading specialists and leveraging the latest technology, NBR bridges the academic, business, and policy arenas. The institution disseminates its research through briefings, publications, conferences, Congressional testimony, and email forums, and by collaborating with leading institutions worldwide. NBR also provides exceptional internship opportunities to graduate and undergraduate students for the purpose of attracting and training the next generation of Asia specialists. NBR was started in 1989 with a major grant from the Henry M. Jackson Foundation. Funding for NBR’s research and publications comes from foundations, corporations, individuals, the U.S. government, and from NBR itself. NBR does not conduct proprietary or classified research. The organization undertakes contract work for government and private-sector organizations only when NBR can maintain the right to publish findings from such work. To download issues of the NBR Special Report, please visit the NBR website http://www.nbr.org. -
Changing Power Relations in the WTO – Why the India–U.S. Trade Agreement Should Make Us Worry More, Rather Than Less, About Global Trade Governance
Changing power relations in the WTO ± why the India±U.S. trade agreement should make us worry more, rather than less, about global trade governance Article (Accepted Version) Wilkinson, Rorden (2015) Changing power relations in the WTO – why the India–U.S. trade agreement should make us worry more, rather than less, about global trade governance. Geoforum, 61. pp. 13-16. ISSN 0016-7185 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61028/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. -
Dr. Erin Hannah
Dr. Erin Hannah Research Interests: International Political Economy; Trade Politics; Associate Professor and Chair Department of Political Science Sustainable Development, Poverty and Inequality; Gender; Global King’s University College at the Governance; Global Civil Society; European Union Politics University of Western Ontario Email: [email protected] Twitter: @ErinHannah2 Education 2008 PhD Political Science University of Toronto, Canada Areas of Concentration: International Relations and International Political Economy 2001 MA Political Science York University, Canada Areas of Concentration: International Relations and International Political Economy 2001 HBA Political Science and International Development Studies University of Toronto, Canada Employment and Appointments 2017 - present Senior Fellow Canadian International Council (CIC) 2016 - present Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science King’s University College at the University of Western Ontario 2015 - present Balsillie Fellow Balsillie School of International Affairs, University of Waterloo 2013-2016 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science King’s University College at the University of Western Ontario 2008-2013 Assistant Professor and Chair, Department of Political Science King’s University College at the University of Western Ontario List of Publications Monographs • Hannah, Erin (2016) NGOs and Global Trade: Non-State Voices in EU Trade Policymaking. Abingdon: Routledge, Global Institutions Series. Edited Volumes • Hannah, Erin James Scott and Silke Trommer (eds) (2015) Expert Knowledge in Global Trade. Abingdon: Routledge, Global Institutions Series. Journal Articles • Hannah, Erin, James Scott and Rorden Wilkinson (2018) “The WTO in Buenos Aires: The Outcome and Significance for the Future of the Multilateral Trading System,” World Economy 41(early view). • Hannah, Erin, Amy Janzwood, James Scott and Rorden Wilkinson (2018) “What Kind of Civil Society? The Changing Complexion of Public Engagement at the WTO,” Journal of World Trade 52(1): 113-141. -
A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018 2 the SOFT POWER 30 SECTION HEADER 3
A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018 2 THE SOFT POWER 30 SECTION HEADER 3 Designed by Portland's in-house Content & Brand team. 60 116 The Indo-Pacific in focus: Soft power platforms: old and new The Asia Soft Power 10 The transformational (soft) power of museums: India rising: soft power and the world’s at home and abroad largest democracy Tristram Hunt, Victoria and Albert Museum Dhruva Jaishankar, Brookings India The quest for Reputational Security: interpreting The ASEAN we don’t know the soft power agenda of Kazakhstan and other Ong Keng Yong, RSIS newer states CONTENTS Nicholas J. Cull, USC Center on Public Diplomacy China goes global: why China’s global cultural strategy needs flexibility Reimagining the exchange experience: the local Zhang Yiwu, Peking University impact of cultural exchanges Jay Wang and Erik Nisbet, USC Center on Japan: Asia’s soft power super power? Public Diplomacy Jonathan Soble, Asia Pacific Initiative #UnknownJapan: inspiring travel with Instagram 7 16 Australia in Asia: the odd man out? Max Kellett, Portland Richard McGregor, Lowy Institute Contributors Introduction Table talk: bringing a Swiss Touch to the American public Disorderly conduct The two Koreas and soft power Aidan Foster-Carter, Leeds University Olivia Harvey, Portland Order up? The Asia Soft Power 10 Soft power and the world’s game: the Premier The 2018 Soft Power 30 League in Asia 12 Jonathan McClory, Portland 92 The Soft Power 30 30 Public diplomacy and the decline of liberal New coalitions of the willing & democracy Methodology of the index -
Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: the Case of the European Union in Brazil by María Luisa Azpíroz
Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: The Case of the European Union in Brazil By María Luisa Azpíroz CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy Paper 2, 2015 Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: The Case of the European Union in Brazil María Luisa Azpíroz March 2015 Figueroa Press Los Angeles SOFT POWER AND PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN BRAZIL by María Luisa Azpíroz Published by FIGUEROA PRESS 840 Childs Way, 3rd Floor Los Angeles, CA 90089 Phone: (213) 743-4800 Fax: (213) 743-4804 www.figueroapress.com Figueroa Press is a division of the USC Bookstores Cover, text, and layout design by Produced by Crestec, Los Angeles, Inc. Printed in the United States of America Notice of Rights Copyright © 2015. All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without prior written permission from the author, care of Figueroa Press. Notice of Liability The information in this book is distributed on an “As is” basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the author nor Figueroa nor the USC University Bookstore shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by any text contained in this book. Figueroa Press and the USC Bookstores are trademarks of the University of Southern California. -
Brave New World: Global Development Goals After 2015 David Hulme
Brave new world: global development goals after 2015 1 David Hulme 1 University of Manchester, UK 2* [email protected] Rorden Wilkinson 2University of Manchester, UK [email protected] * Corresponding author May 2012 Brooks World Poverty Institute BWPI Working Paper 168 ISBN : 978-1-907247-67-5 Creating and sharing knowledge to help end poverty www.manchester.ac.uk/bwpi Abstract This paper evaluates the major options for reformulating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Our purpose is to add weight and direction to emerging thinking on MDG-reformulation in a way that: (i) reaffirms the importance of global efforts to reduce extreme poverty; (ii) overcomes the problems endemic in the existing MDGs; (iii) accelerates the reduction of extreme poverty globally; (iv) builds the foundations of a more comprehensive global development programme; (v) tailors poverty reduction efforts to local conditions and strengthens national-level poverty eradication policies; and (iv) offers a realizable prospect for maintaining momentum in UN development efforts. Keywords: Millennium Development Goals, poverty reduction, global governance, foreign aid, inequality David Hulme is Executive Director of the Brooks World Poverty Institute (BWPI), and Head of the Institute of Development Policy and Management (IDPM), the University of Manchester, UK. Rorden Wilkinson is Research Director, Brooks World Poverty Institute (BWPI) and Professor of International Political Economy, School of Social Sciences, the University of Manchester, UK. 1, Introduction In 2015 the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will reach the end of their declared life cycle (see Table 1).1 In the run-up to this expiry, the UN’s 193 member states will come under increasing pressure to decide what comes after the MDGs. -
Emerging Powers in the WTO: Beware the Glass Ceiling
Emerging powers in the WTO: beware the glass ceiling Article (Accepted Version) Wilkinson, Rorden (2016) Emerging powers in the WTO: beware the glass ceiling. International Negotiation, 21 (2). pp. 327-341. ISSN 1382-340X This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61041/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Emerging powers in the WTO Beware the glass ceiling Rorden Wilkinson* The “emergence”1 in recent decades of a group of large, rapidly growing developing countries—collectively known as the “BRICS”, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—has generated a vast literature, though it is worth noting that interest in “rising” powers has not been confined to this group alone (see vom Hau, Scott and Hulme, 2012). -
Internationalization, Regionalization, and Soft Power: China's Relations
Front. Educ. China 2012, 7(4): 486–507 DOI 10.3868/s110-001-012-0025-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE YANG Rui Internationalization, Regionalization, and Soft Power: China’s Relations with ASEAN Member Countries in Higher Education Abstract Since the late 1980s, there has been a resurgence of regionalism in world politics. Prospects for new alliances are opened up often on a regional basis. In East and Southeast Asia, regionalization is becoming evident in higher education, with both awareness and signs of a rising ASEAN+3 higher education community. The quest for regional influence in Southeast Asia, however, has not been immune from controversies. One fact has been China’s growing soft power. As a systematically planned soft power policy, China is projecting soft power actively through higher education in the region. Yet, China-ASEAN relations in higher education have been little documented. Unlike the mainstay of the practices of internationalization in higher education that focuses overwhelmingly on educational exchange and collaboration with affluent Western countries, China’s interactions with ASEAN member countries in higher education are fulfilled by “quiet achievers,” mainly seen at the regional institutions in relatively less developed provinces such as Guangxi and Yunnan. This article selects regional higher education institutions in China’s much disadvantaged provinces to depict a different picture to argue that regionalization could contribute substantially to internationalization, if a variety of factors are combined properly. Keywords internationalization, regionalization, soft power, China, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Introduction Resurgent regionalism in recent decades has created fresh challenges and prospects for new alliances (Hurrell, 1995; Jayasuriya, 2003). -
Craig N. Murphy
CRAIG N. MURPHY Department of Political Science Wellesley College 106 Central Street Wellesley, MA 02481 [email protected] EDUCATION 1980 PhD in Political Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 1976 MA in Political Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, included study at the Canadian Peace Research Institute 1974 BA in Political Science, Grinnell College, included study under the auspices of InterFuture at the University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana and the Commonwealth Institute, London PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1981- Wellesley College, Department of Political Science, Betty Freyhof Johnson ’44 Professor of Political Science 2015-, M. Margaret Ball Professor of International Relations 1996-2015, Professor 1992-, Associate Professor 1987-92, Assistant Professor 1981-87 2010-18 University of Massachusetts Boston, John W. McCormack Graduate School of Policy and Global Studies, Faculty Fellow in Global Governance and Human Security 2015-18; Center for Governance and Sustainability, Co-Director 2011-15; Doctoral Program in Global Governance and Human Security, Founding Director, 2010-12 2007-15 University of Manchester, Brooks World Poverty Institute, External Fellow 2012-13 Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Visiting Scholar 1984-08 Harvard University, Radcliffe Institute Fellow, 2007-08; Center for International Affairs, Associate 1984-91, Visiting Scholar 1984-85; Department of Government, Visiting Associate Professor, spring 1990 2004-06 United Nations Development Programme, Director, UNDP History Project 1998-02 Brown University, Watson Institute of International Studies, Adjunct Professor 1999-2002; Visiting Research Professor 1998 1997 Professor of International Political Economy, Stefan Batory Foundation International Summer School for Junior Faculty, Mierki, Poland 1980-81 G. -
Shifting Economic Power1
Shifting Economic Power1 John Whalley University of Western Ontario Centre for International of Governance Innovation and CESifo Munich, Germany Abstract Here, I discuss both alternative meanings of shifting economic power and possible metrics which may be used to capture its quantitative dimensions. The third sense of power is very difficult to quantify. That economic power is shifting away from the OECD to rapidly growing low wage economies seems to be a consensus view. How to conceptualize and measure it is the task addressed here, although shifts in relative terms may not be occurring in the same way as in absolute terms. I focus on economic power both in its retaliatory and bargaining senses, as well as soft power in terms of intellectual climate and reputation. September 2009 1This is a first draft for an OECD Development Centre project on Shifting Global Wealth. It draws on earlier work by Antkiewicz & Whalley (2005). I am grateful to Helmut Riesen, Andrew Mold, Carlo Perroni, Shunming Zhang a referee, and Ray Riezman for discussions and comments, and Yan Dong and Huifang Tian for help with computations. 1. Introduction The pre- crisis prospect of continuing high GDP growth rates in and accelerating growth rates of exports from the large population economies of China and India combined with elevated growth in ASEAN, Russia, Brazil and South Africa (despite the recent global financial crisis) has lead to speculation that over the next few decades global economic power will progressively shift from the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development (OECD) (specifically the US and the EU) to the non-OECD, and mainly to a group of large population rapidly growing economies which include Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, ASEAN, Turkey, Egypt and Nigeria.2 With this shift in power, the conjecture is that the global economy will undergo a major regime shift as global architecture and rules, trade patterns, and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows all adapt and change.