View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@Nottingham 1 The challenges posed by equine arboviruses 2 Authors: 3 Gail Elaine Chapman1, Matthew Baylis1, Debra Archer1, Janet Mary Daly2 4 1Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of 5 Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. 6 2School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK 7 Corresponding author: Janet Daly;
[email protected] 8 Keywords: 9 Arbovirus, horse, encephalitis, vector, diagnosis 10 Word count: c.5000 words excluding references 11 Declarations 12 Ethical Animal Research 13 N/A 14 Competing Interests 15 None. 16 Source of Funding 17 G.E. Chapman’s PhD research scholarship is funded by The Horse Trust. 18 Acknowledgements 19 N/A 20 Authorship 21 GAC and JMD drafted sections of the manuscript; MB and DA reviewed and contributed to the 22 manuscript 23 1 24 Summary 25 Equine populations worldwide are at increasing risk of infection by viruses transmitted by biting 26 arthropods including mosquitoes, biting midges (Culicoides), sandflies and ticks. These include the 27 flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Murray Valley encephalitis), alphaviruses (eastern, 28 western and Venezuelan encephalitis) and the orbiviruses (African horse sickness and equine 29 encephalosis). This review provides an overview of the challenges faced in the surveillance, prevention 30 and control of the major equine arboviruses, particularly in the context of these viruses emerging in 31 new regions of the world. 32 Introduction 33 The rate of emergence of infectious diseases, in particular vector-borne viral diseases such as dengue, 34 chikungunya, Zika, Rift Valley fever, West Nile, Schmallenberg and bluetongue, is increasing globally 35 in human and animal species for a variety of reasons [1].