THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL

AMERICAN CONSULATE, PERNAMBUCO

MAY, 1928 Luxurious and Resourceful

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DODGE- DRDTHE-R5, INC. THE

FOREIGN S JOURNAL

YOL. V. No. 5. WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY, 1928.

Pernambuco

By NATHANIEL P. DAVIS, Consul, Pernambuco THERE was a time when, if you told a col¬ thing milder than neat whiskey was looked upon league that you had been assigned to Per¬ as tantamount to suicide. nambuco, he would laugh uproariously if It is no wonder, then, that Pernambuco has he knew you well enough; otherwise he would earned a reputation as not the most desirable post congratulate you on the assignment with osten¬ in the service. It cannot be claimed that it has sible sincerity while secretly pitying you. If you risen to that position—does any consul claim proceeded to your new post from or publicly that his post is the most desirable?—but Europe, fellow passengers would encourage you it is undoubtedly true that today Pernambuco is with tales of streets hub deep in mud, bad water, more to be sought after as a post than many disease rampant, and heat worse than that to places which readers of this can mention with which the proverbial snowball is subjected. For feeling. Pernambuco had a reputation for all of these In recent years the city has been greatly im¬ things which apparently will never die. And it proved and modernized, and that development is is true that at one time the worst you heard of still going on. Sanitary conditions also have been Pernambuco was no exaggeration. Although revolutionized, and yellow fever, once the scourge conditions are no longer the same, the reputation of this whole coast, is now practically unknown lingers. The archives of the consulate tell of the here. The arriving consul now lands from his deaths from yellow fever of entire crews of steamer to a modern stone quay. His baggage is American vessels in port, and inscriptions in taken from the ship by electric cranes and car¬ the British cemetery tell a similar story. There ried by a railway along the docks to be deposited was a time, not so many years ago, when in a modern concrete customhouse. He rides large steamers could not enter the harbor, but from the customhouse to his hotel in a motor remained in the outer roadstead while passen¬ car—probably American—over well-paved streets gers were disembarked by the precarious method lighted by electricity and remarkably clean. of hoisting them over the side in baskets and Until he reaches the hotel he cannot believe that dropping them on the heaving deck of a lighter. this is the city his fellow passengers have been There was a time, within the memory of officers describing to him in such vivid language. still living who have served at this post, when His travel status having ended with his arrival during the wet season the consul waded to his at the hotel, the new consul rides to the office office through a morass of mud and sugar drip¬ the next morning in an up-to-date street car, pings. It is not many years since to drink any¬ built in Philadelphia and operated by a British 137 company. Arrived at the office, he finds himselt The duties of the consuls in the early days were entering a modern stone and concrete bank build¬ confined largely to those connected with shipping ing and riding up to the second floor in an Otis and seamen, and the records tell of many dark elevator, unless, as frequently happens, the opera¬ and bloody deeds, such as the throwing overboard tor has taken French leave for the time, in which of one master and the cutting of the throat of case the new consul climbs a steep, dark stairway. another, not to mention lesser pleasantries prac¬ At the top he finds himself in the consulate, a ticed by Yankee sailors on the long voyage around suite of three bright, well-ventilated rooms over¬ the Horn. looking a pleasing public square, with a view But times have changed, and the few Ameri¬ beyond of a part of the harbor and the sea. can vessels now visiting Pernambuco give the The earliest record in the archives of the con¬ consulate little trouble. Thanks to its unenviable sulate is dated February 1, 1821, and is the rec¬ reputation, a reputation no longer justified as has been said above, American seamen are usually ord of a marine note of protest entered before careful not to get left behind here, and it is rare Consul James H. Bennett by the master of the indeed in these days that any are on the beach brig Union. From that date until the present the here. Today the bulk of the work is commercial, consulate has functioned without a break, the and it calls for the consul’s best efforts. Per¬ officers in charge having been variously commis¬ nambuco is the third city in Brazil in size, with sioned as consuls, vice consuls, consular agents, a population of upward of 355,000, and its port and acting consuls. According to the not wholly ranks third among Brazilian ports in bulk of in¬ complete records, 42 officers have been in charge ward and outward cargoes. The consular dis¬ of the office since it was first opened in 1821. trict, comprising five of the smaller states of the The record for long service is held by Mr. Republic, is somewhat larger than in Thomas Adamson, who was consul at Pernam¬ area but has a total population of not much over buco for six years from 1862 to 1868. It is a 6,000,000. But next to the large cities of the south Pernambuco buys more American goods remarkable fact that in spite of the former sani¬ than any other town in Brazil, and this commerce tary conditions and prevalence of yellow fever, is rapidly growing. One American automobile there is no record of the death of any officer at manufacturer operates an assembly plant in the his post. Mr. Edwin Stevens, who was consul city, and another is about to open. There is also from 1890 to 1893, died in Pernambuco in 1902, an American bank, and of course the American nine years after he had retired from his office. oil companies and the ubiquitous Singer Sewing Machine Company are well represented. But the American colony is nevertheless relatively small. It is estimated that there are only about 60 Americans in the en¬ tire district, of whom half are in or near Pernam¬ buco. Of the 60, nearly half are missionaries who maintain schools and colleges in the cities and preaching missions in the interior. American business men and salesmen are visiting the city in increasing numbers and actively and successfully disputing the former commercial su¬ VIEW FROM CONSULATE WINDOWS premacy of Europe. 138 On the Banff - Windermere Highway

By LEE R. BLOHM, Consul, Vancouver

Give to me the life I love— through a magnificent canyon (Sinclair) portal, Let what will be o’er me; which is in keeping with the proportions of the Give the face of earth around Rockies that nature has carved as a natural gate¬ And the road before me. way to this end of the road. Sinclair Creek tears —R. L. S. its way down this canyon by the side of the road, passing through towering walls of rock, to find AND the road before me! It is always the itself again in the wide and pastoral valley of the road ahead—over the hill on the horizon— Columbia. This portal of the mountains is even or around the corner, that lures me on. more surprising than the gateway cut through the Motoring “the face of the earth around” is like Shoshone hills by that river near Cody, Wyo., a fever which seizes a man in its hot embrace and which amazes and delights the motorist when he periodically instills in him an uncontrollable de¬ leaves the Yellowstone National Park by the sire to seek the open road. For just as in the scenic Cody highway. spring a “livelier iris changes on the burnished Leaving Sinclair canyon the road cuts along dove and a young man’s fancy lightly turns to the base of rugged cliffs and through the so-called thoughts of love,” so, recollection of the delights “Iron Gates,” formed by splendid towers of red of the open road always returns to me upon the rock on either side of the valley. From the sum¬ approach of the summer solstices. mit of the pass, 4,950 feet in altitude, the road In five interesting tours, covering some 25,000 drops down again in great sweeps toward the miles of road in the West and Northwest, which the wide and level valley of the Kootenay, afford¬ 1 have made during as many furloughs in recent ing some wonderful panoramic views. The can¬ vears, one of the most scenic stretches of road yon of the Rockies changes gradually to the can- encountered was the famous Banff-Windermere yonito of the living green of the forest, tall lines Highway in western British Columbia and eastern of slender pines in silhouette on the valley floor. Alberta. To one who is unacquainted with the Down the long vista in front, towering to right Canadian Rockies, it is impossible to describe the and left close at hand, white peaks lift their delights of this highway which passes over a hun¬ heads high in a sky of the deepest azure. About 30 dred miles through the heart of the mountains. miles from the western gate the road crosses the There is no lack of im¬ pressiveness to the mo¬ torist whether he takes the road from the east or from the west. The road itself may be reached in a day’s jour¬ ney by motor either from the west by the way of the Kootenay Valley and Spokane, the capital of the “Inland Empire,” or from the south by the way of Gla¬ cier National Park and Calgary. The western en¬ trance is about 11 miles above the valley of In- vermere, British Colum¬ bia, not far from the headwaters of the Co- Photo by L. R. Blohm. lurnhia River and LAKE LOUISE AND GLACIER Kootenay River and swings east toward the Ver¬ And now we are but 20 miles from Banff! milion, winding along the high ridge between the Let us turn off here to the northwest, however, rivers, and crossing a pass some 5,400 feet high. and visit Lake Louise, some 20 miles away. The valley of the Vermilion, now a favorite re¬ “Earth’s most exquisite disclosure, heaven’s own sort of big game, was once the old hunting ground God in evidence,” may well be quoted from of the Kootenays, in whose grassy meadows they Browning to describe the lake, the chateau, and were want to worship their Sun God. Many mag¬ the glaciered mountains around. For sheer beauty nificent canyons debouche upon the river, such as of sky line mirrored in the bluest of lakes, for a the beautiful Marble Canyon probably the most combination of the architecture of God and man, impressive in the Kootenay National Park. the mountains on the one hand, the magnificent Near a junction of the two rivers, the little chateau surrounded by beautiful gardens that only cavalcade of Sir James Hector, geologist of the the Swiss know how to blend into the floral land¬ Palliser expedition, halted in 1858 while the scape on the other, this spot is without a parallel baronet noted in his diary the feasibility of build¬ in North America. ing such a road as we are now traversing. But And now we are in Alberta, the western prairie in his wildest fancy Hector could not have Province of Canada. We retrace our trail to the dreamed that this very route would he a link in Banff-Windermere Highway and follow the a great circular highway, 5,000 miles in length, beautiful Valley of the Bow down to Banff. The over which would sweep thousands of automo¬ rugged mass of the Sawbuck Range forms the biles over the mountain passes down the valley of horizon on the right. As we go down opposite the Columbia to the international border, thence Pilot Mountain, a magnificent pile of rock, we to the Pacific Coast and Southern , note another fine canyon about one-half mile up returning via the Grand Canyon, the geysers of Johnson’s Creek. Then the beautiful mass of the Yellowstone and the St. Mary’s Lakes of Mount Rundle looms ahead as the road sweeps Glacier. This all takes less time than Hector's by the Vermilion Lakes to the town. Banff, the little troop would take in making the journey headquarters of the Rocky Mountains’ National from the foothills in Alberta to the mouth of the Park offers a good public motor camp site for the Kootenay River. But till the coming of Hector motorists, or the palatial Canadian Pacific Hotel there is no record of any white traveler taking the to he who likes to travel in style. The fine golf Vermilion route, and since his day it has been course and hot sulphur baths afford delightful followed only by an occasional trapper or a rare recreation. From Banff, a run of 27.5 miles hunting party on its way to the rich big-game through impressive scenery, including the Grotto area across the Divide. So far as this section of Mountain, which may be described in the words the Rockies is concerned it may be said that his¬ of Bliss Carman, the Canadian national poet: tory began on June 30. 1923, when the first cars “Grey ledges overhanging high, dizzy heights went over the Divide. Scarred by a thousand winters and untamed,” brings us to the eastern gate of the park. We purchase beautiful tiger- lilies from the gate¬ keeper here and strike out over the foothills for Calgary, some 85 miles from Banff. In Calgary we call upon, and are royally entertained for the night by Consul and Mrs. Reat in their sump¬ tuous home. The fol¬ lowing morning finds us racing southward again toward the Glacier Na¬ tional Park and the land of the Stars and Stripes. ADDRESS BY HON. WM. R. keen to look after their interests as the British Foreign Office, for instance, looks after British CASTLE interests. This may be because many people think Assistant Secretary of State, Before the National the British Foreign Office does many things it Foreign Trade Council at Houston, Tex., would actually never think of doing. It may be April 27, 1928 true, as is often said, that British Consuls do more to drum up trade for their nationals than ours do, When Mr. Hughes was Secretary of State he but the fact remains that our Consuls during the made the remark that one of the chief duties of last year sent in to the Department 27,967 trade the Department was to keep the highways of reports, many of which were passed along to you commerce open and in good repair. It was a true by the Department of Commerce, as well as an¬ statement. A very large part of the work of the swered some 37,000 direct inquiries; and that our Department consists in making it possible, and diplomatic and consular officers keep us steadily keeping it possible, for you to carry on your for¬ informed of economic and financial conditions in eign business. Mr. Hoover is your advance all countries, give the background which the indi¬ agent, Mr. Kellogg is your attorney, who enables vidual must have to decide whether a venture is you to take advantage of the opportunities that worth while. It is also true that the Department open before you. of Commerce has its Trade Commissioners every¬ There is a lot that we in the Department could where who are acting as your advance agents. and should learn from you, and one of the main I said that the Department of State was pri¬ things is the art of appropriate advertisement. marily, for you, an attorney, an advocate abroad You don’t know very much about us and often of your interests. Whenever a legitimate Ameri¬ we need your support as much as you need ours. can business enterprise in any foreign country- What the average American knows of the De¬ gets into difficulties which can not he settled bv partment of State is what one might call a comic ordinary)- processes of law we are ready to take supplement knowledge. You probably think of up the cudgels for it. Naturally, I do not mean us as strapping on our spats as we assemble to by this that we should try to get for you special drink tea, while the tide of real life flows on out¬ facilities which we, with your full concurrence, side the walls of the ugliest of all buildings where would deny to foreign business in the United we are housed. When we do the things that we States; but that it is our constant endeavor to call work I am afraid that a great many people secure for you the same rights and privileges held think it means writing very stilted and old-fash¬ by anybody else in the world. With a fair start ioned letters or else getting together to discuss in and no favors, I should count on American busi¬ a Machiavellian fashion all sorts of matters, ness ability and push to run a winning race every mostly imaginary, of the kind that Mr. Oppeu- time. It is for the Department of State to see heim likes to describe in his books of international that you have that fair start and that others get intrigue. There may have been a time when too no favors which give them a handicap. many of our diplomats went into the Service to I shall not attempt to discuss the details of what have an easy social life, when too many of our the Department of State and its agents in foreign Consuls were men who had failed at home and lands do for American business day by day. They wanted to spend the rest of their lives with long save thousands of dollars in settlement of trade cheroots sitting under palm trees. But that is disputes; they get information for you as to the all gone. The dinner parties and the palm trees financial standing of firms or individuals with remain, but we have little time to notice them, whom you want to do business; they protect you much less to enjoy them—and the fault is very against unjust taxation; they look after seamen largely yours. As American business spreads over and American shipping generally. It is perhaps the world, we must find, and we are finding, up¬ interesting to note that the number of recorded standing men to keep pace with what you are try¬ services of American Consuls in 1927 reaches ing to do. The Department exists only to serve the not insignificant figure of 1,949,516. The America and Americans who are legitimately abroad. When we fail, we want to be told; and services of our embassies and legations are not we are human enough to be pleased when we have susceptible of enumeration, because they cover done a job that is good enough to bring your com¬ generally the larger matters, the negotiations with mendation. central governments, for example, which vitally There is a strangely persistent story among affect the whole field of trade. American business men that the Department is not (Continued on page 162) 141 The Garden at Batavia

By COERT DU Bors, Consul General, Batavia THE old Dutch boy who laid out the garden leave them alone; I expect they have a bitter back of the American Consulate General taste. About 10 Java red squirrels live in the in Batavia about 60 or 70 years ago had garden. They are like our pine squirrels except an eye. His idea was trees and green grass under¬ their heads are more rat-like. They are noble neath—not a clutter of flower beds. I wish he jumpers, and I have seen them make a 20-foot could see it now. leap between the top of a mango and a tamarind Sitting here on the rear veranda waiting for tree. They run up the mid-rib of a palm frond a broken arm bone to knit (left, thank you— and launch themselves off the end into the next I can still sign dispatches), I have grown to love tree. A permanent state of war exists between the garden and to feel a keen sympathy with the the grackles and the squirrels. I suspect the lat¬ unknown Dutch colonist who planned it. In the ter have an eye for a good egg. When a grackle center is a clear stretch of grass. Scattered irreg¬ catches a squirrel out on *a limb, as it were, he ularly along both sides and across the back are gives a hoarse yell and makes a swoop, and you 25 big trees—Mango, palms, tamarinds, jack- can hear his wooden bill snap as he goes past. fruit and several kinds I don’t know. Their tops The squirrel’s maneuver is to nip around under almost meet. In fact, there is no space between the limb, flatten himself out, hang on and pray them across which the squirrels can’t jump. to the Squirrel God. Along the left-hand side stretches a hibiscus By 7 o’clock, dusk is shutting down. The birds hedge, which is supposed to hide the kampong are quiet and the bats take charge. We have or native village, where 10 paid and 22 unpaid four sizes—small, medium, large and enormous. native servants and their families and relatives They are cleverer flyers than the birds, and how and friends live. Back in the corner, almost out they keep from crashing among the tree limbs, of sight of the house, is a taro patch and other I don’t see. The large bats are about as big as a mysterious native agriculture. Our neighbor on good-sized ship’s rat, while the big boys, the fruit the right has a grove of tall coconut trees, which hats, are as big as the ship’s cat, with a wing lean over our fence and with our banana and spread of 2J4 feet. These don’t flit—they are papaya trees, our natives pick up quite a little. bound somewhere and only pass over the garden From 6 to 7 o'clock in the evening the garden en route. They are low-powered for their weight is at its loveliest. Then begins the slanting light and seem to have to work hard to keep in the that makes the tree tops glow and seems to set air. When the last fruit bat has gone over, it’s Ihe birds off on their evening song service. Small dark in the garden and the tock-kay or big tree flocks of gray and black fly-catchers busy about lizard begins to sing. If he shoots a seven or after the big green-winged beetles that are care¬ an eleven, it’s good luck and you will have a good less enough to fly at that time. Raucous grackle- night’s sleep. like birds—black and white with yellow sides to their faces and a long bill that looks as if it were whittled out of yellow poplar—walk about in the THE CONTENTS OF EVERY¬ grass or fly screaming at any squirrel that shows up. Flocks of little black, white and red warblers THING nip about in the hibiscus hedge, and often a pair “Good morning ave Good night it is with of large golden birds, with heavy curved red bills greatest opportunity I take to Embrace you these fly like blobs of sunlight from tree to tree. No¬ few lines. Hoping that this my letter might met body seems to know any but the native names for you enjoying the best of health as it Leave me., these birds, so I have had to name them to myself Sir—• I am asking you about a Passage too Tampa to suit myself—Javanese yellow hammer, Java¬ Florida. After the crop so I will Like to know nese grackle, Javanese fly-catcher, and so forth. the contents of Everything. I belived you will Big blue, black, yellow and white butterflies flit like to know where i from. I from the Island around and the fly-catchers, I am glad to say, of Saint Vincent.” 142 THE CONSULATE GROUNDS AT BATAVIA 143 OUT OF THE DUSK from Rio de Janeiro, who was a passenger—had tea at the Consulate. All were delighted at the By BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON, formerly attached prospect of seeing American shores again. Mr. to Consulates at Barbados and Charlottetown Gottschalk was gay even while he bore the pain A delegate rises. “It must be remembered,” of a bad case of rheumatism which hindered his he begins, “that my nation would be completely walking. paralyzed should anything interfere with our lines At about 5 o’clock, we wished them Godspeed of communications.” After lengthy discussion and they drove to the dock and went aboard. We of the matter, he sits. watched them from the beach in front of the Con¬ An American delegate rises. “We have heard sulate as the boat took them alongside and as, with the able argument for uninterrupted commerce in great precision, everything was made ready for time of war. We must accept the words of the sea. The time, struck on the bell, was wafted to distinguished delegate and realize the strength of us across the bay. Water was played on the his argument because America’s position is so anchor chain as it slowly took its place beneath similar to the one that has been outlined.” the deck. The Cyclops, without a whistle blast or other sound, backed, a huge hulk, unattractive yet awe-inspiring. A turn of the helm and she Listening to the debates, one’s mind goes back speeded out of the harbor. As she gathered speed, to the days of the World War. America’s wheat, the sun sank and slowly, with the sun, the Cyclops her iron, her coal, her oil and the myriad other disappeared beneath the horizon. Into the sunset raw materials with which we are blessed gave us she had sailed. a handicap over other nations. There are, how¬ For some days, I have been told, her position ever, necessary materials which are not to be was reported every four hours to the Navy De¬ found in sufficient quantities within our borders. partment. And then, one morning there came a Of these, manganese is one of the more im¬ request from Washington to report the details of portant because it is needed in the making of steel. her visit to Barbados. But of what avail? The Without this ore, the value of our iron supply Cyclops had vanished. Into the sunset she had decreases. If the ore supply be cut off, ships and sailed. guns can not be constructed. The navies searched. The sea was scanned to In the early days of the World War much give up its mystery but, demon that it is, it only thought was given to how we were to transport splashed on the shores and called for more. manganese from South America to our northern Of theories there have been many; of facts, steel mills. It was at last decided to utilize some none. Reported in Germany, she remained un¬ of the naval colliers in this work. The Cyclops found. Bottle letters have turned out to be fakes. was the first detailed to this duty. That she was capsized is a plausible theory but nothing more. The mystery of the Cyclops is but another annal in the lives of “those who go down It was the afternoon of , 1918. The to the sea in ships.” The mystery must remain sun had set and dusk was falling with the rapidity unsolved until the day when the sea rolls back usual in the tropics when, out of the dusk, a naval and reveals its victims. collier glided into Carlisle Bay, Barbados. It was an ugly craft with its tall stacks and basket-weave With the ship there vanished every soul who of coal cranes. Its gray hull blended with the made up her crew and passenger lists. And to drabness of the coming night. No lights gleamed a similar end went the precious tons of manganese. from her ports. It was war-time, silent, grim Needless to state, our industry was severely handi¬ war-time. capped by the loss of this cargo. When the Consul came ashore he confided to us that the ship was the Cyclops bound from a South American port “to a port in the United States.” The American delegate pauses. “And so you She carried a full cargo of manganese. She see, gentlemen, America, by the loss of this ship, needed coal and had touched at Barbados to proved to herself that we can not be independent obtain it. of foreign commerce. Our lines of communica¬ The following day was spent in coaling and tion must be protected in war, for from overseas taking on provisions. The commander, the sur¬ come many of the goods of which we are in abso¬ geon and Mr. Gottschalk—the Consul-General lute need.” He bowed and took his seat. 144 Harriman Scholarship

IT HAVING become necessary to reaward the It may be recalled that the deed of trust insti¬ Harriman Scholarship for the coming year, tuting the scholarship provides that in the selec¬ and no applications having been received up to tion of recipients the Advisory Committee shall the present time, the Advisory Committee invites be governed by the following rules and regu¬ children of present or former Foreign Service lations : Officers interested in applying for the scholarship to submit their applications in such time as to be “(a) The recipients shall be selected from in the hands of the committee not later than July among the children of persons who are then or 15, 1928. Applications should be in duplicate shall theretofore have been Foreign Service Offi¬ and addressed to the Hon. Francis White, Chair¬ cers of the United States; and the moneys paid man, Advisory Committee, Oliver Bishop Harri¬ to a recipient from the income of the trust fund man Foreign Service Scholarship, Department of shall be used by the recipient in paying his or her State, Washington, D. C. expenses at such American university, college, While no special form has been prescribed, the seminary, conservatory, professional, scientific or committee desires that each application include other school as may be selected by the recipient. information covering the following particulars: “(b) The scholarship may be awarded to a Age and sex of applicant; a full statement con¬ single recipient or may be divided among two or cerning the education and courses of study pur¬ more recipients in such proportions as the Ad¬ sued by the applicant up to the present time; the visory Committee shall determine. courses of study and profession which the appli¬ “(c) The candidates for the award of the cant desires to follow; whether or not the appli¬ scholarship shall apply therefor in writing to the cant contemplates the Foreign Service as a career; Advisory Committee at such times and at such the need of the applicant for financial assistance; place as may be designated by it on or before the institution at which the applicant proposes to in each year. Such applications shall be make use of the scholarship if granted; and evi¬ accompanied by letters from the parent or guar¬ dence that the school experience of the applicant dian of the candidate and by such other data or covers the work required for admission to the information as from time to time may be re¬ institution selected. The application may include quired by the Advisory Committee. Each appli¬ any further information which the applicant deems cation shall be made in duplicate. pertinent and which, in his or her opinion, should be taken into consideration by the committee. “(d) Each candidate shall submit evidence The application should be accompanied by a that his or her school experience covers the work letter, likewise in duplicate, from the parent or required for admission to the American educa¬ guardian of the applicant. tional institution selected by him or her. The committee calls attention to the following “(e) No payments from the income of the conditions, which should be borne in mind by ap¬ trust fund shall be made to a recipient until the plicants : The amount available for scholarships recipient shall have been finally admitted to the in any year will presumably be little in excess of university or other institution which he or she $1,200 and may, in the discretion of the commit¬ may desire to enter, and payments of such in¬ tee, be divided among two or more recipients. come to any recipient shall continue only so long Funds awarded under the scholarship may be as the Advisory Committee shall direct.” used only in defraying expenses at an American The Advisory Committee is at present consti¬ university, college, seminary, conservatory, pro¬ tuted as follows: The Hon. Francis White, As¬ fessional, scientific or other school. This school sistant Secretary of State, chairman; Mr. James may be selected by the recipient. No payments F. McNamara, vice president, Chatham Phenix may be made until the recipient has been finally National Bank & Trust Company; Mr. Charles admitted to the particular educational institution W. Weston, of Montclair, N. J.: and Mr. Wil¬ selected. liam Dawson. 145 TWO TEETH OF WOOD Dedicated to H. C. IV. Inspired by the news that “the Baby has two teeth.” Baby loquitur: My gums are too much with me, late and soon PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY AMERICAN FOREIGN Imbibing liquids I lay waste my powers, SERVICE ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. Till now the milk they offer me just sours,-—■ The American Foreign Service Journal is published monthly My howls are heard above my mother’s croon. by the American Foreign Service Association, and is distributed by the Association to its members gratis. The Journal is also open to private subscription in the United States and abroad at the rate of $Jt.OO a year, or 35 cents a copy, payable to the But hold, what pain attacks my upper jaw, American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Fierce downward slanting of a stab supreme, Washington, D. C. The purposes of the Journal are (1) to serve as an exchange A coward’s thrust to wake me from sweet among American Foreign Service officers for personal news and dream for information and opinions respecting the proper discharge of their functions, and to keep them in touch with business and Of joys to come, along of Paw and Maw. administrative developments which are of moment to them; and (2) to disseminate information respecting the work of the Foreign Service among interested persons in the United States, Helas! with smiles I try my face to wreath, including business men and others having interests abroad, and young men who may be considering the foreign Service as a With toe and thumb explore of pain the core—- career. Say, what’s this bulging at my sore gum’s fore? Propaganda and articles of a tendentious nature, especially such as might be aimed to influence legislative, executive or Look! Paw and Maw! Your son has grown two administrative action with respect to the Foreign Service, or the Department of State, are rigidly excluded from its columns. Contributions should be addressed to the American Foreign Service Journal, care Department of State, Washington, D. C. Copyright, 1928, by the American Foreign Service Association AN UNUSUAL COMMISSION CONTENTS TO TAKE TESTIMONY

PAGE Vice Consul Julian F. Harrington, Dublin, re¬ PERNAMBUCO—By N. P. Davis 137 ports that on a commission to take testimony, BANFF-WINDERMERE HIGHWAY— issued by the U. S. District Court of the South¬ By L. R. Blohm 139 ern District of Florida to the Consulate General ADDRESS—W. R. Castle, Jr 141 at Dublin, in the case of Mr. Richard Croker, Jr., GARDEN AT BATAVIA—By C. da Bois 142 et ah, versus Mrs. Bula Croker, et al. Consul OUT OF THE DUSK—By B. Livingston 144 General Ferris presided and the hearings took HARRIMAN SCHOLARSHIP 145 place in the Consulate General over a period of Two TEETH OF WOOD 146 three weeks, from January 23 to February 10, ITEMS 147 1928, usually lasting from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m. APPROPRIATION ACT, 1929 154 There was one evening session. WITH AMERICAN DIPLOMACY 154 Seven lawyers were in attendance and seven COMMERCIAL 156 witnesses were examined and cross-examined on FOREIGN SERVICE CHANGES 156 verbal interrogatories. The hearings were public MARRIAGES 158 and the number of people in attendance ranged BIRTHS 158 from 20 to 30, with many more excluded through NECROLOGY 158 lack of accommodation. The complainants intro¬ PETHERICK 159 duced 42 exhibits, and the defendants 22. The FIFTEENTH NATIONAL FOREIGN TRADE CON¬ deposition aggregated 324,000 words and the VENTION 161 amount of consular fees collected was $1,627.50. 146 The Secretary of State spent a part of the Franklin Mott Gunther, a Foreign Service month of March at Asheville, N. C. During his Officer of Class 1, has been appointed and con¬ absence Mr. R. E. Olds, Undersecretary, was firmed by the Senate as Minister to Egypt. Acting Secretary. Minister Richard M. Tobin, who has been in the United States on leave, resumed charge of Assistant Secretary of State W. R. Castle, Jr., the Legation at The Hague on April 1, 1928. who spent a short vacation in Bermuda during the latter part of March, returned to the Depart¬ Consul General John K. Caldwell, for the past ment on April 3. four years assigned to the Department for duty in the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, has been Miles Poindexter, retiring Ambassador to Peru, temporarily assigned to duty in the American arrived in New York on April 2. According to Consulate at Geneva, Switzerland. He will at¬ press reports, Mr. Poindexter plans to enter the tend, together with Consul S. Pinkney Tuck, as senatorial race in Washington, he having repre¬ an unofficial observer, the Eleventh Session of the sented that State in the Senate prior to his ap¬ Advisory Committee on Opium and Other Dan¬ pointment as Ambassador. gerous Drugs, which is to begin on April 12.

Alexander P. Moore, former Ambassador to At Prague, on , a dinner was given Spain, has been appointed by the President Am¬ in honor of Consul General Arthur Chester Frost bassador to Peru to succeed Mr. Poindexter. by (be Ministry of Public Works, and attended Mr. Moore’s appointment was confirmed by the by the Mayor of Prague and leaders in engineer¬ Senate. ing and educational circles. Commercial Attache

STAFF AT MEDAN, SUMATRA Left to right: Seated—Vice Consul Raymond L. Archer, Consul Walter A. Foote, Chief Clerk Tan Kok Hin. Standing—Clerk Lim Thean Seng, Messenger Oesin 147 Baldwin and Vice Consuls Glas- s ^ G> sey and Gwynn also attended.

Diplomatic Secretaries Walter £ S C. Thurston and Copley Amory, tj^B Jr., upon the completion of their • * r—i duties with the Pan American Conference at Habana, have been c^t^' assigned to the Department for t2^ ^-> r>’^ duty in the Division of Latin American Affairs. < | g;c ^ Diplomatic Secretary John H. < § ^ * <* MacVeagh, at present assigned = 5 a-^ ^ to the Department in the Division 2 £» ~ S v of Latin American Affairs, has ^ ^3 S? '"■ been assigned to and "• fe':=;5 S' will sail for his new post shortly *- i 1 after July 1.

c n. 2 * T On April 10 the usual bi¬ monthly oral examination for members of the non-career per¬ s 09 5s _-. sonnel of the Foreign Service .2 : «S C was held in the Department. The ' v^ ~~ *~^ <*^ following persons took the ex¬ r^' amination on that date: Vice Consul J. F. Ingle, Glas¬ < ~ Is •', ' gow. Vice Consul M. N. Hughes, <->.§ ..a - a Montevideo. 1 Vice Consul Wallace E. Moess- v ^ °B ^,~ ner, Manchester. ^2-5^1 Vice Consul Jay Walker, Mar¬ o ^ '§ * S-, acaibo. v a « o>._ ►BrO OS Q^-J n13 Clerk Lovis L. Kirley, War¬ < *5 ^ ji saw.

Diplomatic Secretary Ernest L. .-ftj h -r § 4; 2 5 £•2^^ Consul A. B. Cooke, who was

nt, V 'O (V ill for some time, has sufficiently recovered his health as to enable him to return to his post at Plymouth. He plans to sail from New York on April 28.

Mr. George H. Pickerell, who c§ U4 retired from the Service while

148 serving as Consul at Para, recently visited the De¬ Danzig to relieve Consul Kemp, who is taking partment, where he met a number of his old simple leave of absence. friends in the Service. Mr. Pickerell is now re¬ siding at , Ohio. Consul J. Lee Murphy, Nice, who is now in this Diplomatic Secretary Samuel S. Dickson, San country on leave, spent several days in Washing¬ Salvador, who visited the Department during his ton. He plans to spend the remainder of his leave, motored from Washington to his home in leave in New York City. Tucson, Ariz. Upon the expiration of his leave he will return to his post via the West Coast. The oral examination for the Foreign Service Consul Henry H. Balch, detailed temporarily was held at the Department from April 16 to to the Department, after a short visit to his home 24, inclusive. There were 107 candidates, in¬ in Alabama, planned to leave for Monterey on cluding 7 women. April 21.

Consul Thomas S. Horn, recently as¬ signed to La Paz, sailed from New York on , on the S. S. Venezuela for the Canal Zone en route to this post.

Consul Egmont C. von Tresckow, Ber¬ lin, is spending his leave at his home at Camden, S. C.

Vice Consul A. S. Chase, assigned to Peking as a Language Officer, visited the Department en route to his home at Waterbury, Conn., where he plans to spend his leave.

Diplomatic Secretary Stanley Hawks, Guatemala, is spending his leave of ab¬ sence at Florence, Italy.

Consul J. P. Moffitt, Lourenco Marques, accompanied by his wife and baby, spent several days in Washington before pro¬ ceeding to San Francisco, where he will spend his leave of absence.

Vice Consul John E. Moran, formerly at Melbourne, has been assigned to tne Department for duty in the Passport Division.

Vice Consul Paul H. Ailing, at present assigned to Beirut, has been assigned to the Department for duty in the Division of Near Eastern Affairs, where he will take up his duties about September 1. Harris & Ewing. Vice Consul Arthur F. Tower, now at NOBLE BRANDON JUDAH , has been temporarily assigned to Ambassador to Cuba 149 Consul Maxwell K. Moorhead, Dundee, re¬ Consul Francis H. Styles, formerly at Durban, turned to his post on April 14, sailing from New is now in the United States on leave, having York on the S. S. Leviathan. arrived at his home at Falls Church, Va., on April 11, 1928. Mrs. Styles preceded her hus¬ The Department has issued instructions to band to the United States in July last. close the Consulates at Nottingham, Leeds, and Swansea, between June 30 and September 30. A large number of changes in office space in The actual closing of these offices will appear in the Department has taken place during the past future issues of the JOURNAL. several months, so that visiting officers will no doubt be confused when they again call at the Consul Raymond Davis, , accompanied by Department. Mrs. Davis, is spending his leave of absence at The south entrance to the building has been his home in Portland, Me. closed, and a partition placed across the end of the corridor. The resulting room has been num¬ bered 106^2, and is used by the Division of For¬ Mr. Westel R. Willoughby, of the Division of eign Service Administration as a file room. Latin American Affairs, who has 1 >een in Arizona The Assistant Solicitors have all been moved for several months for his health, has returned to to the east side of the second floor in Rooms 277, Washington for a short stay, after which he ex¬ 279, 283, 288, and 289. pects to sail for Europe, where he will spend sev¬ The Chief Clerk has been moved to Rooms 100 eral months in travel. and 102, while the rooms vacated by him have been taken over by the Division of Current In¬ formation. Rooms 12, 14, 16, and 1634, basement, are to be occupied by the newly created Treat}7 Division, which will be in charge of Mr. Charles M. Barnes, formerly an Assistant Solicitor.

In a recent issue of the JOURNAL it was stated that Consul Robert F. Fernald had opened the new Consulate at Lagos on January 13, 1928. This was an error. Consul Fernald arrived at Lagos in January last, but did not open the Con¬ sulate until , 1928.

FROM BERLIN Consul and Mrs. Egmont C. von Tresckow left Berlin for home leave in the United States, where they will visit their family in Camden, S. C.

The members of staff of the Consulate Gen¬ eral, with their wives and husbands, were pre¬ sented to Foreign Service Inspector Thomas Mur¬ ray Wilson at a tea dance given by Consul General and Mrs. C. B. Hurst at the Hotel Adlon.

First Secretary John C. Wiley has returned from absence on leave, which he spent in Palermo, Sicily.

Mrs. DeWitt C. Poole, wife of the Counselor FRANKLIN MOTT GUNTHER of the Embassy, has returned to Berlin after Minister to Egypt spending several weeks on the Riviera. 150 The department has under consideration the Consul Horatio T. Mooers, now at Turin, has changing of the Consular Agency at Ciudad Boli¬ been assigned to Quebec, Canada, to assist in the var, Venezuela, to a Vice Consulate and placing work of that office. William P. Shockley, Jr., in charge thereof Mr. William D. Henderson. has been appointed a Vice Consul and will take charge of the office at Turin upon the departure More than 500 members of the State Depart¬ of Mr. Mooers. ment Club, their wives and friends, were enter¬ tained at the Wardman Park Theater on the eve¬ Surgeon W. L. Treadway, United States Pub¬ ning of April 16, with the presentation of “Les lic Health Service, has been directed to proceed Fauvettes,” by the King-Smith Studio schools in from Dublin, Irish Free State, to London, Eng¬ music pantomime. Mrs. Kellogg, wife of the land, for temporary duty for a period not exceed¬ Secretary of State, was present, and all of the ing three months. Assistant Secretaries of the Department. Appearing as “fauvettes” were Clara Hoff- Surgeon R. M. Grimm, United States Public stetter, Bonnie Mae Ridgely, Jane McDougal, Health Service, has been directed to proceed Rebecca Tarwater, Winifred Buckingham, Rosetta from Antwerp, Belgium, to , Belgium, for Kramer, Theodosia Shaler, Alexandria Endsley, the purpose of representing the United States Mary Jane Rayburn, Harriet Coughtry, Penelope Public Health Service at the meeting of the Tarwater, Grace Louise Ross and Dorothy El¬ Journees Medicales de Bruxelles, April 21-25. liott. Dancing and pantomimes were directed by 1928. Caroline McKinley, and cast and setting by James Reynolds and Robert Byrne. The masks also Consul General Weddell and Mrs. Weddell were by Byrne. were met by Consul L. W. Franklin at the sta¬ Dancing roles were taken by Jane Wyckoff, tion of Saltillo on their way back to Margaret Bunn, Isabel Flippin, Gina Scotten, Jean after a leave of absence. Arendes, Judy Shelton, Joanne Pendleton and Dorothy McDannell. The sketch was in five parts.

\ ice Consul Alan T. Hurd, recently trans¬ ferred to open an office at Sao Vicente, Cape A erde Islands, has tendered his resignation, which has been accepted effective upon his arrival in the United States.

Diplomatic Secretary and Consul Willard L. Beaulac, who has been on temporary assignment at Port an Prince, has been assigned to the De¬ partment. Diplomatic Secretary Walter II. Schoellkopf, temporarily assigned to the Department, has been assigned as Second Secretary of the Embassy at Madrid.

Vice Consul Lawrence Higgins has been tem¬ porarily assigned to Puerto Mexico.

The Department, acting upon the recommenda¬ tion of the National Geographic Board, has changed the name of Punta Arenas, Chile, to Magallanes.

Diplomatic Secretary John H. Hamlin, now DOMINIC CARICIOPOULO assigned to Madrid, has been assigned to Buenos Who has just completed 20 years' service in the Aires as Third Secretary. Consulate General at Constantinople Consul William J. Grace, Sheffield, is spending doing well, and expects to be out again within his leave of absence in , N. Y. the next 15 days.

There was great relief in the Tennis Colony of Saltillo when they found out that the new FROM PARIS Consul and Mrs. Franklin both played tennis. Consul Paul Chapin Squire, before terminat¬ The tennis group is a small one, and needed ing his six years’ residence at Lille in order to more players to keep the club going. assume charge at Windsor, Canada, was the re¬ cipient of many social courtesies at the hands of Vice Consul John McArdle (Monterrey), consular colleagues, the Anglo-American colony, spent Sunday night in Saltillo with friends. and the local citizens.

Negotiations for arbitration treaties are in Consul Raymond Davis, accompanied by Mrs. progress between the United States and Great Davis, sailed for the United States via Marseilles Britain, Japan, Italy, Norway, Spain, Germany, on , 1928, on leave of absence. Portugal, Denmark, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, , The Netherlands, and Vice Consul Harold L. Smith, who for the past Switzerland. three years has been attached to the American Negotiations for conciliation treaties are already Consulate General at Paris, has resigned to ac¬ in progress between the United States and Japan, cept a position with Mr. Will H. Hays’ motion- Germany, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Czecho¬ picture organization. slovakia, and Poland. Vice Consul Sam Park, of Biarritz, sailed for A dispatch has been received in the Depart¬ the United States on , 1928, accom¬ ment containing the following: panied by Mrs. Park, their son, Sam Park, Jr., “He was refused an immigration visa on the and their younger daughter, Suzanne, in order grounds of normal turpitude. (His police rec¬ to attend the wedding of their older daughter. ord showed several convictions for petty lar- Miss Elizabeth Park, at Beaumont, Tex., to Mr. gency).” B. Bascom Funchess, Jr.

Foreign Service Inspectors were last heard The Vice Consulate at Biarritz is now well sit¬ from at the following places: uated in a modern building erected by Mr. Park, who for 12 years has been one of the leading Mr. Samuel T. Lee, instructed to proceed from American residents of this popular French resort. Barbados to Washington for consultation, then assigned to Lisbon as Consul General. Mr. Thomas M. Wilson, Berlin. FROM PORT SAID Mr. James B. Stewart, Habana. Mr. Keith Merrill, London. Vice Consul McGlasson, transferred from Prague, arrived in January to take up his duties Consul General Messersmith has become dean at Port Said. of the Consular Corps at Antwerp, Belgium. Upon assuming the deanship, Mr. and Mrs. Mes¬ Consul General and Mrs. Lee spent a few sersmith gave a reception in their home on Sat¬ pleasant hours in Port Said on , 1928, urday evening, March 31, in honor of the Con¬ lie fore continuing their journey on the Morea to sular Corps, including the chiefs of post, con¬ Singapore, where Consul General Lee succeeds suls on detail, vice consuls, and attaches and the Consul General Southard. members of their respective families, also the civil and military authorities of the Antwerp dis¬ trict. There were some 250 invitations. FROM MADRID This is the first time that the honor of the Hooker A. Doolittle, Consul at Bilbao, left his deanship of the entire corps has fallen to the post , 1928, on leave of absence of 60 American representative. days to visit the United States.

Vice Consul J. Winsor Ives, Mazatlan, is con¬ Curtis C. Jordan, Consul at Barcelona, has been fined to a hospital with typhoid fever. He is temporarily detailed to the Consulate at Bilbao, 152 and assumed charge of that office on March 24, the Pacific route, and had two months’ leave of 1928, relieving Consul Doolittle, who has been absence while in the United States. granted leave of absence to visit the United States. Consul Charles A. Bay, who was recently Mr. Charles A. Livengood, Commercial At¬ transferred to Bangkok, arrived there and as¬ tache at Madrid, spent several days in Barcelona sumed charge earl)' in January. the latter part of February, during which period he called a number of times at the Consulate Roger A. Black, newly appointed American General. Clerk, arrived in Singapore in January, where he will spend a few months in learning consular Mr. Joseph M. Marrone, American Trade Com¬ practice before proceeding to the new Consulate missioner at Rome, has just made a tour of Spain at Brisbane, Australia. in connection with an investigation of the almond and raisin industries of the country. While in Mrs. Carmi A. Thompson, wife of the Presi¬ Barcelona he paid several visits to the Consulate dent’s special investigator in the Philippines, re¬ General. cently made a short visit to Singapore in the course of a trip around the world. Ambassador and Mrs. Hammond and family and Major Frederick W. Manley and Miss Man- Mr. Carl Henking, former honorary American ley recently visited places of interest in Morocco. Vice Consul at Penang, Straits Settlements, died at Kuala Lumpur, F. M. S., on January 27, Stuart E. Grummon, Third Secretary of the 1928, at the age of 39 years. Death was due to Embassy at Madrid, departed during the first complications following an operation for appen¬ days of March to the United States on leave of dicitis. Mr. Henking had been in the employ absence. of the Standard Oil Company of New York for several years in the Far East. He was appointed FROM SINGAPORE Vice Consul at Penang on , 1926, and had resigned only a short time before his death, due Congressman George Holden Tinkham, who to his removal from Penang to Kuala Lumpur. made a trip to the Far East last summer, writes He is survived by his parents, Mr. and Mrs. that he sailed from Bombay on November 5 and O. M. Henking, of San Francisco, and by a arrived in New York Harbor on the Mauritania sister, Mrs. C. P. Roesholm, who now resides in on November 24, thus making the 8,809 miles in Tientsin, China. 19 days. While in India, Mr. Tinkham went on a tiger hunt with former Consul William L. Jenkins. DEPARTMENT OF COM¬ MERCE CHANGES The Governor of the Straits Settlements, Sir Hugh Clifford, and Lady Clifford recently made The following changes have occurred recently an official visit to Siam. On February 6 they in the Field Service of the Bureau of Foreign were the guests of honor at a luncheon given by and Domestic Commerce: American Minister Harold O. Mackenzie at Commercial Attache Carl J. Mayer, who has Bangkok. This was the first official visit of a been in the United States for several months, is governor of the Straits Settlements to Siam in 40 returning to , , on April 18. years. Sir Hugh is the author of several books Mr. Martin H. Kennedy, who has for some dealing with Malay life and customs. As a young time been practicing law in Denver, Colo., has man he spent 15 years in the wilds of Malaya in recently been appointed an Assistant Trade Com¬ various governmental capacities, and has a thor¬ missioner and assigned to London, England. ough knowledge of the Malay language. Lady Mr. Albert E. Grayhurst has been appointed Clifford is a well-known authoress as well, under a Clerk to Trade Commissioner at Helsingfors. the name “Mrs. Henry de la Pasteur.” Mr. Paul H. Pearson has been appointed a Clerk to Trade Commissioner at . Consul Joseph G. Groeninger, who was re¬ Miss Alma H. Cramer, Clerk to Commercial cently transferred from Rotterdam to Batavia, Attache at Madrid, who was recently called home Java, stopped in Singapore a few days en route on account of the death of her mother, is soon to the latter city. Mr. Groeninger traveled by to return to her post. 153 APPROPRIATION ACT FOR have found it extremely difficult to meet actual expenses as a result of the increasing cost of FISCAL YEAR 1929 living in many countries. The following table will show at a glance the One of the new features of the act for 1929 other increases allowed in 1929 over the year is the authority granted to make expenditures 1928: on Government-owned property for custodial service, light, heat, water, materials, supplies, APPROPRIATIONS FOR FOREIGN SERVICE tools, seeds, plants, shrubs, and similar objects. Fiscal year Fiscal year Purpose ended ended June 30. 1928 June 30. 1929 Increases Clerks, embassies and WITH AMERICAN legations $375,000 $390,000 $15,000 Interpreters 7,800 DIPLOMACY Quarters for student in¬ Interview With X Had in Washington by a For¬ terpreters 1,800 eign Journalist Contingent expenses, missions 784,500 912,850 118,750 On my way from via Baltimore on the Foreign service inspec¬ Pennsylvania Railway to New York I decided, tors 25,000 25,000 before proceeding to Atlantic City, to spend three Clerk hire, consulates... 1,585,000 1,645.000 60,000 days in Washington. Late last night I arrived Contingent expenses, con¬ in the wonderful and quiet capital of the United sulates 970,000 1,035,000 65,000 States of America—Washington. Immigration—aliens .... 484,720 500.000 15,280 The capital of the trans-Atlantic republic strikes Relief and protection, you with its modesty, its numerous parks, white seamen 100,000 100,000 houses, quiet people and spaciousness. After Salaries, foreign serv¬ lively and noisy , enormous San Fran¬ ice officers 2,930,000 3,001,000 71,000 cisco, small but spirited and active Portland, Salaries, instruction eternally clanging Seattle and stormy Chicago, it and transit 20,000 20,000 is somehow unbelievable that “half asleep’’ Wash¬ Emergencies 400,000 400,000 ington is also an American city. Allowances to widows or heirs, etc 2.000 2,000 By its exterior aspect Washington is the most Transportation of re¬ real and the most beautiful capital in the world. mains 4,000 6,000 2,000 Washington is nothing but a capital city, radically Post allowances 24,000 100,000 76.000 different from other capital cities in the world: Transportation 275,000 335,000 60.000 Moscow, Berlin, London, Paris, Rome—in that it is isolated from commercial, industrial and The outstanding features of the appropriation financial centers of the country. It is locked up act for the fiscal year of 1929, which appear to be and stands aside from the raging passions of its of interest to the members of the Foreign Service amazingly motley citizens. are those relating to transportation and post Washington is a large and wealthy village in allowances. the old American style, where live their own life In the appropriation act for the fiscal year of the officials of the country, people bearing the 1928 the sum of $25,000 was set aside for use in official stamp, who do not hurry unduly, who paying the transportation expenses of officers and suffer no nervous tension, i. e. who live and pros¬ families coming home on leave. This sum enabled per as burgers, at times sweetly dreaming of the Department to pay the expenses both ways rewards, of advancement in the service and of of eight officers, and one way for eight officers. summer vacations. The amount set aside for the fiscal year 1929 has In this large “village” there is not heard the been increased to $45,000, which the Department iron groan of Baltimore, nor the steel din of plans to use in paying the expenses both ways of , the stony laugh of subways, the gut¬ 22 officers. tural speech of millions of hurrying workmen, the The amount for post allowances has been in¬ penetratingly deafening roar of elevated railways, creased from $24,000 in 1928 to $100,000 for as for instance in Chicago, the town of fat 1929. This increase should enable the Depart¬ butchers. Here all is still as in a large cemetery ment to aid materially a number of officers who where only now and then some lazy shadows 154 move. Even motorcars and dismal tramcars move ing position,’ and for this reason it is necessary along the wide streets of this enchanted, mysteri¬ to give authoritative explanations.” ous and enigmatic village with “drawn breath’’ as “Well, the fact is that Mr. X is hardly in a it were, as if they were fearful lest with undue position to reply to your questions. He has only noise they disturb the quiet trend of thought of recently arrived, and he is as yet not familiar with wise diplomats dreaming of charming and con¬ anything.” quering the entire world with their flowery “I shall try and ask Mr. X only what he is well phrases on world peace, the high ideals of familiar with.” humanity, in the name of culture and civilization, “Say”—continued the zealous official, wiping all resulting finally in satiating the capitalistic his moist forehead with a checkered handkerchief Wall Street with a new stream of gold. (the first sign of great nervousness with inex¬ Today at a quarter to 12 I was notified by tele¬ perienced persons) “is it your intention to ask phone at my hotel that Mr. X, the American Mr. X questions, of a—of a political nature?” Minister who a few days ago had returned from Desirous of escaping further questioning I rose Y, had declared his willingness to receive me rapidly and this time without a smile, looking with promptly at 12 o’clock in the office of Mr. Z (one hard eyes into the small slits of eyes of the offi¬ of the Assistants to Minister for Foreign Affairs cial, I asked: Kellogg). By the appointed time I reached the building occupied by the Department of State, “Pardon me, but permit me to ask you some¬ where I was met by an official connected with the thing. Do you examine me upon your own initia¬ A B division. tive or is this the usual thing here?” The building of the Department of State is a The official became embarrassed, he turned as large but modest structure. An astonishing silence red as a boiled crab, and after a long pause he reigns over all. At times you actually receive the smiled confusedly and replied : impression that you are in a mortuary. An “Sorry—I wanted to occupy you—because Mr. enormous building. An unlimited number of X is at present engaged in conference with Mr. Y. rooms. Empty corridors. Not a sound anywhere. You will soon be received.” There is not even heard the sound of typewriters, After a few moments I was invited to enter or the talk of employes. the private office. I sit ifi an antechamber. There is not a news¬ To my great surprise I was first introduced to paper, or a magazine, nothing but a bright carpet, Mr. Y, while Mr. Y in turn introduced me to bare walls, heavy and stiff furniture, not even an Mr. X. ash tray. It is evident even without notice that it Mr. Y is an old, permanent (not elected by his is not desirable to “be nervous and to smoke.” party) and extremely experienced diplomat. He Without the slightest sound enters the “A B” is familiar with all of the weak spots in his col¬ official who had met me, and softly, in a sort of leagues. He knows well the secret springs of the praying tone, with his hands crossed on his chest “international divan” upon which are seated the monk fashion, he began to bring me to “peni¬ wounded diplomats of Europe and Asia. Mr. Y tence.” is in no doubt as to which “Great Power” permits itself to step on the golden “corn” of North “Have you ready the questions which it is your America, and, therefore, whenever he is dictating desire to make to Mr. X?” one “note” or another (which in fact often are ul¬ “I have not made up any questions. It is my timata) he does not have in mind the employment custom to formulate my questions depending upon of such crude methods as modern weapons of war the frame of mind in which I find the person I but a more mighty force, a threat peacefully to interview.” remove the last remains of gold. (It is surprising “Well”—drawled the official—“You see * * * that Europe, after the “brilliant” victory of the Mr. X finds himself in a somewhat embarrassing eight allies over the “stock company of four”: position * * Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bul¬ “I understand you,” somewhat unexpectedly garia, has fallen into such a desperate position. for myself I interrupted the official—“but when Was it then worth while to bring about a world diplomats express their willingness to receive a war in order that all of the countries of Europe journalist it means that not the diplomat but in¬ should be put into the position of slaves to the terested readers find themselves in an ‘embarrass¬ transatlantic republic?) 153 Mr. Y is of comparatively small stature, solid, FOREIGN SERVICE with a full, almost round face and remarkably beautiful gray chevelure. When he speaks or CHANGES listens to the “debates” of others (as between Mr. X and myself), his well-fed, smooth-shaven The following appointments, transfers, promo¬ cheeks redden. tions, retirements under the Foreign Service Re¬ organization Act, and resignations have occurred Mr. X is thin, above average height, well built. in the American Foreign Service since . There is nothing typical, nothing particular about 1928: him. Persons of X’s type are often met with among athletes of Ireland, Norway and Canada, Paul H. Ailing, now Vice Consul at Beirut, on the famous London exchange, behind the has been assigned to the Department. round tables at Monte Carlo, among fashionable George D. Andrews, now detailed to the For¬ gentlemen dancing foxtrot with acknowledged eign Service School, assigned as Vice Consul at beauties at halls in European capitals. For a Warsaw. diplomat X looks too young, he has no solid, i. e. Pierre de L. Boal, now First Secretary of imposing exterior, his small face does not bear Embassy at Lima, has been assigned to the De¬ the imprint of the mighty power which he repre¬ partment. sents. At the same time Mr. X is a very interest¬ Sidney H. Browne, Jr., now detailed to the ing person, bubbling over with health and joy of Foreign Service School, assigned as Vice Consul at Antofagasta. life, a “real American,” with a hypnotic expres¬ sion in his wonderful eyes. (Eyes, even as wine, William W. Brunswick, now Consul at Niagara have a tremendous influence upon the psychosis Falls, assigned as Consul at Barbados. of women, who also often assist in “making poli¬ John K. Caldwell, Consul General now detailed tics.”) to the Department, assigned to Geneva. At the time when Air. X was appointed Minis¬ Randolph F. Carroll, now Consul and Third ter to Y, the press remarked that the “youthful Secretary at Bangkok, detailed as Consul at Rio de Janeiro. Minister of the United States, Mr. X, is one of the ablest diplomats of Washington.” The fact Culver B. Chamberlain, now Vice Consul at Shanghai, assigned as Vice Consul at Yunnanfu. of the matter is that Mr. X never was such a diplomat, and, in general, nobody in North William E. Chapman, now Consul at Mon¬ terrey, assigned as Consul at Cali, Colombia, America knew or knows him as a diplomat. X where an office is being opened. is well known as a clever, very careful and shrewd “business man,” who is distinguished by his great The Hon. Jesse S. Cottrell has resigned as American Minister to Bolivia. talent in “economic strategy.” George Gregg Fuller, now Consul at Niagara Falls, assigned as Consul at Kingston, Ontario. Bernard Gotlieb, now detailed as Consul at COMMERCIAL Singapore, assigned as Consul at Wellington. A total of 2,168 reports, of which 901 were Landreth M. Harrison, now detailed to the rated miscellaneous, was received during the Foreign Service School, assigned as Vice Consul month of March, 1928, as compared with 2,227 at Riga. reports, of which 963 were rated miscellaneous, Anderson Dana Hodgdon, now detailed as Con¬ during the month of February, 1928. sul at Windsor, assigned to the Department. There were 369 trade lists transmitted to the W. Stanley Hollis, now Consul General at Department, for the Bureau of Foreign and Do¬ Lisbon, detailed to the Department. mestic Commerce, during the month of March, Joel C. Hudson, now assigned as Vice Consul at Wellington, assigned as Vice Consul at Singa¬ 1928, as against 383 during the month of Feb¬ pore. ruary, 1928. Jay C. Huston, now detailed as Consul at Can¬ During the month of March, 1928, there were ton, assigned as Consul at Shanghai. 3,741 trade letters transmitted to the Department John R. Ives, now Vice Consul at Calcutta, has as against 3,067 in February, 1928. been assigned as Vice Consul at Karachi, India. 156 Jesse B. Jackson, formerly Consul at Leghorn, Sheldon Whitehouse, now Counselor of Em¬ assigned as Consul at Fort William and Port bassy at Paris, assigned as Counselor of Embassy Arthur. at Madrid. The Hon. David E. Kaufman has keen ap¬ Carlos C. Hall, now detailed to the Foreign pointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Service School in the Department, assigned Plenipotentiary of the United States to Bolivia. as Vice Consul at Medellin, Colombia, where a George F. Kennan, now Vice Consul at Ham¬ vice consulate will he established. burg, detailed as Vice Consul at Berlin tempo¬ rarily, after which temporary detail he will pro¬ W. Stanley Hollis, now Consul General at Lisbon, detailed to the Department. ceed to he Vice Consul at Tallinn. Keith Merrill, Foreign Service Officer now de¬ Non-Career tailed to the Department, appointed Foreign Serv¬ Leonard G. Bradford, now Vice Consul at ice Inspector and assigned to the British Isles. Goteborg, appointed Vice Consul at Rome. Harvey Lee Milbourne. now Vice Consul at Amoy, assigned as Vice Consul at Hankow. Earl Brennan, now Vice Consul at Rome, ap¬ W. M. Parker Mitchell, now detailed as Con¬ pointed Vice Consul at Goteborg. sul at Quebec, assigned as Consul at Ciudad David H. Buffum, now Clerk in the Consulate Juarez. at Leghorn, appointed Vice Consul there. John E. Moran, now Vice Consul at Melbourne, Herbert W. Carlson, now Vice Consul at assigned to the Department. Windsor, resigned. John S. Mosher, now detailed to the Foreign William B. Douglas, Jr., now Clerk in the Con¬ Service School, assigned as Vice Consul at sulate at Santo Domingo, appointed Vice Consul Canton. there. William F. Nason, now Vice Consul at Kobe, Edwin B. Earnest, now Clerk in the Consulate assigned as Vice Consul at Taihoku. His assign¬ at Manchester, appointed a Vice Consul there. ment as Vice Consul at Nagoya has been canceled. Charles A. Page, now detailed to the Foreign Rice K. Evans resigned as Vice Consul at Service School, assigned as Vice Consul at Sheffield. Habana. Cyrus B. Follnter, now Vice Consul at Tallinn, Austin R. Preston, Jr., now Vice Consul at appointed Vice Consul at Berlin. Tokyo, assigned as Vice Consul at Nagoya. His Phil H. Hubbard, now Vice Consul at Breslau, assignment as Vice Consul at Taihoku has been appointed Vice Consul at Berlin. canceled. Julius C. Jensen, now Vice Consul at Cologne, Elliott Verne Richardson, now Consul at appointed Vice Consul at Oslo. Karachi, has been ordered to the United States Helge Krogseng, now Vice Consul at Oslo, because of illness. appointed Vice Consul at Cologne. Walter H. Schoellkopf, now Second Secretary Harold B. Maynham, now Consular Agent at of Legation at Bucharest on leave of absence, de¬ Medellin, Colombia, will be retired from the Serv¬ tailed to the Department. ice upon the establishment of a Vice Consulate Harold L. Smith has resigned as Vice Consul there. at Paris. R. Frazier Potts, now Vice Consul at Sao Edwin F. Stanton, now Consul at Tsinan, de¬ Paulo, has resigned. tailed as Consul at Canton. Otis W. Rhoades, now Clerk in the Consulate Sheridan Talbott, now Vice Consul at Nueva at Kobe, appointed Vice Consul there. Gerona, Cuba, assigned as Vice Consul at Kobe, Walter A. Thomas, now Vice Consul at Leeds, Japan. appointed Vice Consul at Hull. Marshall M. Vance, now Consul at Fort Wil¬ Archer Woodford, now Vice Consul at Rio de liam and Port Arthur, detailed to the Department. Janeiro, appointed Diplomatic Clerk at Managua. Henry S. Waterman, now detailed as Consul John J. Coyle, now Vice Consul at Las Palmas, at Shanghai, assigned as Consul at Saigon. appointed Vice Consul at Nueva Gerona. 157 BIRTHS FOR MORE THAN TWENTY YEARS A son, Richard Elbert, was born at Acapulco, Mexico, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Harry K. Photographers to the Pangburn. Diplomatic Corps and the Consular Service A daughter, Marie Nanette, was born on De¬ HARRIS & EWING cember 27, 1927, at Habana, Cuba, to Consul and THE HOME OF Mrs. Edward Caffery. “NATIONAL NOTABLES” 1313 F Street N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. Phone Main 8700 NECROLOGY Vice Consul Paul Bowerman, , has in¬ formed the Department that his father, Charles B. Bowerman, died at Detroit, Mich., on March MARRIAGES 15, 1928. Jacobsen-Browne. Miss Dorothy Gillet Jacob¬ sen and Mr. Sidney H. Browne, Jr., were mar¬ Information has been received that Mr. Jesse ried at Baltimore, Md., at The Church of the H. Johnson, formerly American Consul at Regina. Redeemer on , 1928. Saskatchewan, died at Houston, Tex., during the week of , 1928. Mr. Browne, who has recently attended the Foreign Service School in Department, has been assigned to Antofogasta, Chile. Mr. Alexander Bain, formerly American Con¬ sular Agent at Port Hawkesbury, Nova Scotia, died at that place on February 16, 1928, and was buried there on February 18, 1928. For nearly 30 years Mr. Bain held the position Hotel J^afayette of Consular Agent at Port Hawkesbury, having been appointed on October 26, 1886, and resigned Corner 16th and Eye Streets, N. W. on August 18, 1916. tie was considered the oldest living Mason in Nova Scotia and was a member of the Grand Lodge.

Information has been received of the death of Mrs. George L. Tolman, wife of the Vice Consul at Helsingfors, which occurred at that place on the morning of February 25, 1928. Death was caused by heart failure induced by pneumonia. A memorial service was held at “Gansla Kyr- kan” in Helsingfors on the morning of Febru¬ ary 28 and interment took place at the Malm Only three minutes from the State, War Cemetery on the next day. Rev. C. H. Jones, and Navy Departments, the White British chaplain at Helsingfors, officiated at both House, and all Clubs, and is the services. center of all that is worth while The deceased leaves surviving her husband and an infant daughter. SPECIAL RATES TO THE DIPLOMATIC AND John Weber, a native of Switzerland and clerk CONSULAR SERVICE of the Legation at Berne, died in that city on , 1928. 158 Mr. Weber entered the service as clerk at Agent. His survival has a simple explanation. Berne in May, 1887, having been appointed by Petherick never asked ‘Is it so nominated in the Minister Winchester, and served in that capacity bond?’ He created his own position. In the continuously until the time of his death. letters of Walter Hines Page the picture of Peth¬ erick is so clearly drawn that the passage bears repetition: PETHERICK “ ‘Now in the beginning the London Dispatch Agent was a mail messenger (as I undersand) The New York Sun of March 31, 1928, con¬ for the embassy. He still takes the pouch to tained the following editorial concerning Mr. the post office and brings it back. In ordinary Charles J. Petherick, United States Dispatch times that’s all he does for the embassy, for which Agent, London, England. his salary of about $3,000 is paid by the State “Sixty years ago Charles J. Petherick suc¬ Department—too high a salary for the labor done, ceeded his father as United States Dispatch Agent but none too high for the trustworthy qualities at London. He completes this day his sixtieth required. If this had been all that Petherick did, year in an office that has become an anachronism; he would probably have long ago gone to the scrap one agency or another can outdispatch Petherick, heap. It is one mark of a man of genius that he hut he remains—an institution. Ambassadors always makes his job. So Petherick. The Amer¬ have come and gone, secretaries have served their ican Navy came into being and part of it came time and gone outward toward promotion, at¬ to this side of the world. Naval officers need taches have lingered for an hour, but Petherick, help when they come ashore. Petherick was the Englishman, has remained the one fixture of always on hand with mail and dispatches for them, the embassy. For 60 years he has defied the sort and Petherick was a handy man. Did the cap¬ of progress that has in almost every other part tain want a cab ? Petherick had one waiting. of the world abolished the office of Dispatch Did the captain want rooms? Such-and-such a

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159 “Because Petherick was not an American the office of dispatch agent at the time Mr. Page wrote, and for many years before, had been nomi¬ nally held by an American lawyer named Crane, who practiced in London. In 1913 William Jen¬ nings Bryan, scanning the horizon for nooks for deserving Democrats, spied Mr. Crane, and dis¬ creetly inquired of the embassy if Mr. Crane removed would not spell opportunity to some Democrat. The American Ambassador then in¬ formed the Secretary of State what all others knew, that ‘Petherick is Petherick, and there is none other but him.’ Be it said to Bryan’s credit that he did not disturb Petherick. “Today at the embassy Captain Watts, the naval attache, made Petherick a testimonial gift of a silver cigar case. Nestling inside the case hotel was the proper one for him. Rooms were was a check for $5,000. More than 600 persons engaged. Did the captain’s wife need a maid? contributed to make up that testimonial, most of Petherick had thought of that too. Then a secre¬ them naval officers now in the service or but tary from some Continental legation wished to recently retired. Since last September a com¬ know a good London tailor. He sought Peth¬ mittee has been doing good stealthily, recalling erick. An American Ambassador from the Con¬ to the minds of the 600 the deserts of the un- tinent came to London. London yielded Peth¬ matchable Petherick, who, in the words of Am¬ bassador Page, ‘made of a humble task a high erick for his guidance and his wants. Petherick calling.’ ” became omnipresent, universally useful—an Amer¬ ican institution in fact. A naval officer who had been in Asiatic waters was steaming westward to NATIONAL FOREIGN the Mediterranean. His wife and three babies TRADE CONVENTION came to London, where she was to meet her hus¬ REVISED PROGRAM band, who was to spend several weeks here. A telegram to Petherick; they needed to do nothing Convention Headquarters else. When the lady arrived, a furnished flat, Rice Hotel a maid and a nurse and a cook and toys awaited WEDNESDAY, APRIL 25 her. When her husband arrived, a pair of boots FIRST GENERAL SESSION awaited him from the same last that his last pair 1. Call to order by JAMES A. FARRELL, Chairman, had been made on, in London, five years before.’ National Foreign Trade Council.

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161 FRIDAY MORNING, APRIL 27 LATIN AMERICAN SESSION 1. Address: The Trade Promise of the New World. WALTER PARKER, Economist, Fenner & Beane, New Orleans. 2. Address: Trade Possibilities in Chile. His Excellency Senor Don CARLOS G. DAVILA, Am¬ bassador from Chile. 3. Address: Significance of Our Latin-American Imports. Dr. M. M. SKINNER, College of Business Adminis¬ tration, University of Washington, Seattle. 4. Address: Trade with Mexico. MANUEL MAYO BARRENECHEA, Delegate of the Con¬ federated Chambers of Commerce of Mexico.

FRIDAY AFTERNOON, APRIL 27 CLOSING GENERAL SESSION 1. Address: Fundamentals of an American Mer¬ chant Marine. NORMAN F. TITUS, Chief, Transportation Division, In Office, Factory and Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, School Washington, D. C. 2. Address: The Department of State and Amer¬ In the commercial centers—in the ican Enterprise Abroad. cities and far-off corners of the earth—in Hon. WILLIAM R. CASTLE, Assistant Secretary of the schools of every nation—in fact State, Washington, D. C. wherever human thoughts and deeds are 3. Address: The Foreign Trade Aspect of the recorded — there you will find the Tariff. GEORGE C. DAVIS, Customs Adviser, National Coun¬ Underwood the standard of typewriter cil of American Importers and Traders, Inc., efficiency. New York. Stenographers and typists realize that “Under¬ 4. Address: Foreign Trade Progress. wood” means fast and accurate typewriting— JAMES A. FARRELL, President, U. S. Steel Corpora¬ with less fatigue and better work. The execu¬ tion, New York. tive, too, appreciates the value of “Underwood” work—clear, clean-cut letters down to the last 5. Report of General Convention Committee. carbon, and he knows that when a letter is “Underwood” typed it represents the company’s h 'ghest standard. MR. CASTLE’S SPEECH A demonstration on the “Underwood” will (Continued from, page 141) place you under no obligation. Instead of discussing the details, with many of which UNDERWOOD TYPEWRITER CO., INC. you are familiar, I prefer to say a few words as to the 1413 New York Avenue N. W. broader, the more fundamental activities of the Depart¬ Washington, D. C. ment, the things which are not particularly noticed be¬ cause they are taken for granted like the air we breathe Branches in all Principal Cities or the sun that shines on us. The whole basis of commercial relations depends on international treaties. Without treaties, it is true, trade can be carried on—as it is now with Russia—but there is UNDERWOOD no redress for wrongs, no solid basis of safety. Modern commercial treaties were practically non-existent a very Speeds the Worlds Business few years ago. We got along as best we might with the aid of treaties a hundred years old, but they were a sadly 162 BANKING AND INVESTMENT SERVICE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD The National City Bank of New York and Affiliated Institutions

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163 weak prop under modern conditions of rapid communi¬ cation. Furthermore, our old treaties were based on the STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK conditional form of most-favored-nation treatment. The merchant was never safe. If, for example, the German 26 Broadway New York duty on automobiles was 40 percent, Germany might at any moment conclude a special arrangement with France by which French cars would be admitted at a 20 percent duty in return for a low French rate on German steel. American cars would be driven from the German market. Under the unconditional form, which is that of our present treaty with Germany, we automatically re¬ ceive the same reduction that Germany gives to anyone else, no matter what the reason. Traders know exactly where they stand in that they can never be subject to discrimination. Three treaties of this sort are in effect, 14 more are under negotiation. The Department has also made temporary arrangement with 16 nations by which discrimination is abolished or reduced to a minimum until such time as treaties can actually be signed. When we realize that foreign commerce amounts to nine billion The Mark of Quality dollars annually, the vital importance of these treaty arrangement can be understood. What should never be lost sight of in these treaties, however, is that their purpose is to do away with dis¬ criminations, not to get special favors for Americans and American goods. We can not guarantee that other na¬ tions will not raise their customs tariffs inordinately Socony high, only that they shall not raise these tariffs against us as distinguished from others. Too many people write the Department suggesting that we order this or that country to lower its duties, or to do away with its gov¬ ernment monopolies. We can not interfere in matters of internal concern of other nations, because we should Products resent interference withour own affairs on the part of others. Special favors to one lead to recrimination from others, to tariff wars, perhaps, and certainly to various forms of subtle interference with trade, which is almost Illuminating Oils as disastrous. Because we are strong is no reason for us to bully other nations. But if we are strong with Lubricating Oils and Greases justice we shall in the end get all we can fairly ask for. The Department of State has always stood for the open door. That, indeed, can be called a distinctively Ameri¬ Gasoline and Motor Spirits can policy, adopted now with few reservations by the principal civilized nations. But all your Government can Fuel Oil do is to open the door and hold it open. We can not pass through the door and do business for you, and I am perfectly sure that in the long run you would not want Asphaltums, Binders and us to do it. Too obvious Government support of busi¬ ness, too obvious cooperation with business, is sure to Road Oils lead to interference with business, to eventual control of business. You do not want that at home and you do not want it abroad. It is our job to keep the highways Paraffine Wax and Candles open and in good repair, yours to fill them with trucks; it is our job to make the traffic rules as sane and as little Lamps, Stoves and Heaters interfering as possible, yours to achieve success within the rules. Not long since I was talking with a shipping man who complained bitterly that American lines touching certain Branch Offices in the Principal Cities of distant ports, which we had recently got open to Ameri¬ can trade, were not getting their fair share of the freight. Japan Philippine Islands Turkey “Is there American business along the coast?” I asked. China Straits Settlements Syria He said that several firms were very active. “Are Indo-China Netherlands India Bulgaria Americans in charge?” I asked. He admitted that the Siam South Africa Greece managers and most of the personnel were English. I asked hint whether the agent of his own line was an India Australasia Jugoslavia American. He admitted again that he was English. “And you expect to get your share of the freight,” I said. “You think that an English manager of an Amer- 164

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CABLE ADDRESS—HUPP, DETROIT ican firm, dealing with an English manager of an Amer¬ ican shipping company, is going to ignore perfectly good English ships for the sake of using your line.” The shipping man seemed to think that if the Government lowered the duty on goods imported in American bot¬ All over the world toms the trick would be done. It is quite true that his ships would come home fully laden, but they would go out empty because other shipping nations would retaliate Gargoyle in kind. The shipowner would be no better off and Amer¬ ican export business in general would suffer through higher rates. Aside from international irritation, which is always bad for trade, we should soon be crying for QUALITY mercy, for the very fact that our exports are so much more than our imports. There was no way in which the American Government could greatly help this shipping is acknowledged man to get more freight—no way, at least, unless we wanted to play the bully. That might help for the moment, but in the end would lose him all his business. The only help for a situation of this kind lies in the '“TRAVELERS returning from an)' building up of a foreign service in business just as we A are building up a a foreign service of the Department. part of the world bring back It ought not to be hard to do, if we can only catch the imagination of our young men. The splendid virility of the same story—the familiar red America a hundred years ago was due to the pioneering Gargoyle sign everywhere, symbol spirit. The young men who pushed forward into the Southwest and the Northwest were not urged on only in of quality and correct lubrication. search of riches. They were fired with the spirit of adventure and of romance and of patriotism. The same Over the worst roads of Africa and thing was true of the New Englanders who sailed their ships to every port in the world. The young men of Asia—-over the boulevards of Paris today are just as virile, just as eager to do things for the glory of this country as were their ancestors. We must and London—through the torrid try to show them the romance and the worth of this heat of Sahara and the long bitter foreign adventure, and they may carry into the far cor¬ ners of the earth the American spirit, the keen and winters of Norway—in the vessels healthy competition of straight and honorable business dealings. We shall not take our rightful place in the of the Seven Seas—in the production foreign field until we send out our own people as rep¬ of the world's mechanical power and resentatives, until we find American pioneers in the re¬ mote places as surely as now we find Englishmen. widespread industries — Gargoyle All the time the Department of State is opening new products have proved themselves doors through which these pioneers of American busi¬ ness can pass. It took years of negotiation before one first in quality. of the great oil-bearing regions of the Dutch East Indies was opened to American enterprise. We have succeeded You are always sure with in getting for Americans the same rights and privileges in most of the territories now, since the war, under mandate, that are enjoyed by the nationals of the manda¬ tory powers. In the Near East, in Turkey and Persia, The World’s Quality Oils we have secured, or are working to secure, privileges for American business at least equal to the privileges enjoyed by any other foreigners. All this is made more difficult, as in many parts of Europe, by the violent spirit of nationalism that has suddenly developed since the war. In Mexico Mr. Morrow is rapidly solving the difficulties that have made the country unsafe for American busi¬ ness. Throughout Latin America people are beginning ro understand, I think, the spirit which actuates the Government of the United States. We have no smallest desire to tie up any of these countries to a financial yoke. Lubricating Oils We want no territory, have no wish to influence them politically, except in so far as keeping the peace may be called political. The purpose of the Department of State VACUUM OIL COMPANY is rather to keep their loans in bounds so that the money they borrow' may be used wholly to make them self- supporting and self-respecting. We want them to be strong, peaceful, productive, because we want them happy and satisfied. And we trust American business to go with us in this, to prove to our neighbors that there is no thought of exploitation, no desire to take advantage of our strength to crowd weaker but equally honorable com¬ petitors to the wall. Throughout Latin America there is a great and largely unexplored market for American enterprise, a market, I may say, that is already largely in the hands of Americans and that must be preserved, but we shall never be able to hold our share of that market unless American business will be as eager as the American Government to prove that we have no ulterior motives, that in making money for ourselves we are equally expanding the capacity and increasing the hap¬ piness of the countries where we operate. Work in this way and you will always have the unstinted support of the Department of State. Our main business as the Department of the Govern¬ ment dealing with foreign relations is to keep the peace and to promote everywhere the spirit of peace. There are those who say that as international trade increases the danger of war grows, who pretend to foresee war as inevitable as you come more and more into competition, and therefore, they add, conflict with nations which con¬ sider that they have a monopoly of world trade. The statement is a lie. It is an inexcusable slander on Amer¬ ican business methods which you should be the first to resent. I believe that in general American traders in the foreign field have standards and ideals which, far from leading to war, will lead to the consolidation of world peace. The statement is also untrue, because it takes for granted that there is only a certain total amount of world trade. This is nonsense because, as trade develops backward peoples, increases their ability to purchase, and their needs, the gross volume must increase. We should not only strive to secure our present trade, but should build up demand wherever we go. In this way there will not be cut-throat competition, but as we get more trade others will share in the increase. Photograph by Maynard Owen Williams Furthermore, there is no such thing as a monopoly in trade. This is contrary to the whole policy of the A FAMAGUSTA POTTERY, CYPRUS open door. The Department will not support Americans in securing monopolistic concessions. On the other hand, it strives with all its might to prevent the granting of Make Your Play Time Pay Time monopolies to others. When Spain created a govern¬ ment oil monopoly we were helpless to prevent it be¬ If you have a knack for taking good photo¬ cause the legislation was an internal matter. All we graphs, or if you can write clear and inter¬ could do was to insist that American oil interests in esting descriptions of the country in which Spain be adequately compensation. On the other hand, if Spain had tried to give a monopolistic concession on you live and of the people with whom you oil or anything else to, let us say Italy, we should have come in contact, you can make spare hours protested vigorously and with some chance of success, because the world tendency is to support the healthy add to your income as well as to your policy of the open door. We should not have protested pleasure. alone. The spread of trade in free and friendly com¬ petition is a guarantee of peace. It increases understand¬ The National Geographic Magazine, need¬ ing of each other, and with understanding comes greater ing humanized articles and photographs, charity. invites you to submit such material. It This vicious tale that international trade is a war will pay you well for all manuscripts and breeder leads to a lot of muddled thinking, which you, pictures accepted. who are in contact with the rest of the world, and there¬ fore have some knowledge of international affairs, can Booklets detailing the kind of photographs do much to set right. You can help in the education of and illustrated articles desired will be sent public opinion. There has been much talk recently, for example, of a law to prevent the United States from on request. Address: The Editor. going to war to protect American property in foreign lands. The idea back of this is the idea that American bankers lend money abroad merely to make profits im¬ National Geographic Magazine possible at home, that trade is essentially exploitation. The chances that we should ever go to war to protect WASHINGTON, D. C. American property are very remote, but why, in order 167 to frighten that bogie, Wall Street, should we tie our remember, that your Government stands back of every hands and permit the world to be safe for traders— legitimate business venture in the foreign field, is deter¬ except American traders? Thomas Jefferson carried on mined that every such venture shall have a fair field with a very salutary war with the Barbery pirates to protect no favors, that when such conditions arise and you seize American property. There are still pirates in the world, the opportunity presented in the honorable, intelligent, and it is conceivable, though only remotely so, that forward-looking manner which is characteristic of Amer¬ under stress of irritation some half civilized nation might ican business the Government is back of you to the end. seize all American ships in its ports. I suppose the pacifists would want us to apologize for the fact that our ships were in the way. Let me sum up. The Department of State is your PLENTY OF ROOM advocate before the nations of the world. It can make it possible for you to do business, but it has no desire A Foreign Service Officer wonders if the fol¬ to direct your operations. It stands always ready to give advice and has a background of information from which lowing slightly humorous items would be of in¬ to draw. Through the Department of Commerce it dis¬ terest to the JOURNAL (Americana section) : tributes information of all kinds. It opens, and holds open, the doors of opportunity, but it is for you to take (e) Porters on chairs or parlor cars, not to or leave the opportunity as you see fit. We do not believe exceed 25 cents for each car occupied. in putting the Government into business because we are sure that this would limit the free competition which is (f) Porters on sleeping cars, 25 cents each for the basis of our national success. We sometimes fail, of each 24 hours of travel or fraction thereof, for course, because we are, after all, human, and because each car occupied by the traveler. there is sometimes a conflict of circumstances which would make success for one a disaster for many others. (From Standardized Government Travel Reg¬ We are always on the alert to secure for you all the ulations, page 30, XIII Schedule of Rates, Fees, privileges open to others, and we hesitate to ask for Etc., Allowable Under These Regulations.) special privileges because these always lead to bad feel¬ ing and disputes which disrupt the very basis of suc¬ Yours, cessful commercial relations. But this you must always R. PORTER BUTRICK.

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168 The American Joreign Service Association

Honorary President FRANK B. KELLOGG Secretary of State

Honorary Vice-Presidents R. E. OLDS Under Secretary of State WILBUR J. CARR Assistant Secretary of State W. R. CASTLE, JR. Assistant Secretary of State FRANCIS WHITE Assistant Secretary of State NELSON T. JOHNSON Assistant Secretary of State

EVAN E. YOUNG President HUGH R. WILSON Vice-President

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE JOHN K. CALDWELL. Chairman WALLACE S. MURRAY - Vice-Chairman KEITH MERRILL ELBRIDGE D. RAND CHESTER W. MARTIN

BENJAMIN REATH RIGGS Secretary-Treasurer of the Association

JOURNAL STAFF FELIX COLE Editor WILLIAM W. HEARD Associate Editor MONNETT B. DAVIS Business Manager CHARLES BRIDGHAM HOSMER, Associate Business Manager FLETCHER WARREN Treasurer of Journal

The American Foreign Service Association is an un¬ official and voluntary association embracing most of the members of The Foreign Service of the United States. It was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among the members of the Foreign Service, to strengthen service spirit and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. A World-Wide Freight Service By American Ships SAILING under the American flag, and Speedy passenger ships of the United operated for the United States Shipping States Lines are included, sailing from Board, great fleets of cargo vessels main¬ New York to principal European ports. tain speedy and efficient freight services In addition to carrying passengers, the from all the leading American ports to all United States Lines ships, led by the parts of the world. famous Leviathan, provide an exceptional express freight service, which assures These services have proven highly bene¬ prompt, secure and frequent deliveries of ficial to American manufacturers in open¬ cargoes. ing up new and untapped markets for their For complete information on either merchandise and adding to the volume and freight or passenger service consult variety of their foreign trade. Experienced “Schedule of Sailings,” a comprehensive shippers use them regularly and recom¬ publication issued by the Traffic Depart¬ mend them with enthusiasm. ment, or write direct.

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