QUARTERLY PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOOS AND AQUARIA

SUMMERZ 2019oo quariAISSUE 105 VETS TO THE RESCUE WHY VET ADVISORS ARE CRUCIAL TO THE SUCCESS OF EAZA'S TAGS

POPULATION MATTERS LESSONS TO BE LEARNED FROM THE INDOCHINESE SIKA DEER EEP 1 DIETARY ADVICE THE IMPORTANCE OF DIET IN ANIMAL CONSERVATION Give your visitors a digital experience

Add a new dimension to your visitor experience with the Aratag app – for museums, parks and tourist www.aratag.com attractions of all kinds.

Aratag is a fully-integrated information system featuring a CMS and universal app that visitors download to their smart devices.

The app runs automatically when it detects a nearby facility using the Aratag system. With the power of Aratag’s underlying client CMS system, zoos, aquariums, museums and other tourist attractions can craft customized, site-specifi c app content for their visitors. 

Aratag’s CMS software makes it easy for you to create and update customized app content, including menus, text, videos, AR, and active links.

Aratag gives you the power to intelligently monitor visitors, including demographics and visitor fl ows, visit durations, preferred attractions, and more.

You can also send push messages through the app, giving your visitors valuable information such as feeding times, closing time notices, transport information, fi re alarms, evacuation routes, lost and found, etc.

Contact Pangea Rocks for an on-site demonstration of how Aratag gives you the power to deliver enhanced visitor experiences.

Contact us for more information: Address: Aratag is designed and Email: [email protected] Aratag / Pangea Rocks A/S developed by Pangea Rocks A/S Phone: +45 60 94 34 32 Navervej 13 in collaboration with Aalborg Mobile : +45 53 80 34 32 6800 Varde, Denmark University. Give your visitors a digital experience Contents Zooquaria Summer 2019

6 14 18 Add a new dimension to your visitor experience with the Aratag app – for museums, parks and tourist www.aratag.com attractions of all kinds.

Aratag is a fully-integrated information system featuring a CMS and universal app that visitors download to their smart devices.

The app runs automatically when it detects a nearby facility using the Aratag system. With the power of Aratag’s underlying client CMS system, zoos, 4 From the Director’s chair 16 Positive vetting aquariums, museums and other tourist attractions The vital role that conferences play, and the Examining the role of TAG veterinary advisors importance of Members' input for EAZA can craft customized, site-specifi c app content for their visitors. 18 A workshop for welfare 5 Noticeboard How an Animal Welfare Workshop helped its Decisions from the recent EAZA Council Meeting participants to share and improve their skills

 6 Births & hatchings 20 Emergency rescue Promising news on polar bears, rare sifaka and How intensive planning could help to save the Edwards's pheasant Owston’s civet Aratag’s CMS software makes it easy for you to create and update 8 Channelling the future 22 Food for thought customized app content, including Leadership in conservation was the focus of the Reporting from the 2019 EAZA nutrition conference menus, text, videos, AR, and active Directors’ Days conference at Jersey Zoo links. 23 An excellent education 9 A plan for the lemur Delegates from 34 countries gathered at Skansen Aratag gives you the power How a five-year plan could improve the fate of Zoo to learn from and inspire each other to intelligently monitor visitors, ring-tailed lemurs including demographics and visitor 24 Diet secrets fl ows, visit durations, preferred 10 Taking the reins Why good nutrition is vital for successful attractions, and more. Zooquaria talks to André Stadler, the newly conservation appointed Chair of the Technical Assistance You can also send push messages Committee 26 Welcome to Plan Bee through the app, giving your visitors How a new exhibit at Riga Zoo is promoting the vital valuable information such as feeding 12 Out in the field importance of bees to our ecosystems times, closing time notices, transport The perils and realities of collecting data in challenging conditions information, fi re alarms, evacuation 28 While you were sleeping Why sleep is an important part of any animal welfare routes, lost and found, etc. 14 Matters of life and death strategy The coordinator of the Indochinese sika deer EEP talks about the lessons he’s learned 30 New Council Members Meet the newest additions to EAZA Council

Zooquaria

Contact Pangea Rocks for EDITORIAL BOARD: EAZA Executive Office, PO Box 20164, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands. an on-site demonstration Executive Director Myfanwy Griffith ([email protected]) Email: [email protected] ISSN 2210-3392 . Cover image: © Kirsi Pynnönen-Oudman of how Aratag gives you the Managing Editor David Williams-Mitchell ([email protected]) For information on print subscriptions to Zooquaria visit: power to deliver enhanced Editor Joanna Swinnerton http://www.eaza.net/about-us/communications visitor experiences. Editorial Staff Katharina Herrmann, William van Lint The views expressed in this magazine are not necessarily those of EAZA. Designer Louise Tait The paper used for printing is FSC quality (sustainable). Organic inks are used. Zooquaria is the quarterly magazine of the Plates for printing are free of chemicals. All waste is disposed of in an environmentally European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). friendly manner. Printed by Euro Mail BV. Contact us for more information: Address: Aratag is designed and 3 Email: [email protected] Aratag / Pangea Rocks A/S developed by Pangea Rocks A/S Phone: +45 60 94 34 32 Navervej 13 in collaboration with Aalborg Mobile : +45 53 80 34 32 6800 Varde, Denmark University. FROM THE DIRECTOR’S CHAIR

This has been a busy year so far for conferences, and this We also saw the IUCN Regional Conservation Forum for issue of Zooquaria will quickly prove to our readers the our region being held in Rotterdam in June. While it was important knowledge-sharing potential that these events great to see some colleagues there, if we want to be right at have for Members and other partners. In January, we had the heart of the IUCN’s plans for species conservation, we the European Zoo Nutrition Conference (see p. 22), which all need to be present at these opportunities. In this spirit, I brought together some of the world’s best animal nutrition would like to draw your attention to some upcoming events experts at Marwell in the UK. March saw record-breaking where we need to give and get input in order to help shape attendance at the EAZA Education Conference (p. 23) in the future of conservation. The IUCN World Conservation Skansen, Sweden. And externally, EAZA and our partners Congress, in June next year, will be held in our region, UIZA (the Italian Association of Zoos and Aquariums) took in Marseille, France, and I’d like to see EAZA Members the lead in organising a symposium on the role of science represented strongly in the motions being proposed and engagement centres – including zoos and aquariums – held at backed, and in the activities around this huge event. If you or the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (PAS) in Vatican City. your colleagues are planning to attend, please let us know. EAZA Chair Thomas Kauffels, Vice Chair Mark Pilgrim, Also next year, we’ll be continuing our development of the Cologne Zoo CEO and President Elect of WAZA Theo next strategy – with, we hope, a strong vision and mission Pagel and UIZA Director Gloria Svampa all presented at in place – at the Directors’ Day Conference, which will be the conference. Their task was to show to the Academy how hosted by Bergen Aquarium in Norway. I would encourage all zoos and aquariums educate the public and protect species, Directors to attend, so that the widest possible range of views, two roles that are at the heart of our mission. The following including from them and their staff, can be represented. final statements from the Academy demonstrate approval and Thomas Kauffels, who was re-elected Chair of our support for good zoos in their work: Association at the Directors’ Days meeting in Jersey, has ‘The worldwide communities of natural history museums, committed to making the Association more democratic in zoological and botanic gardens are catalytic and significant its decisions; but to make this happen, it’s important that allies in the global drive toward species protection and nature everyone takes the opportunity to engage with Council (see preservation.’ p. 30), our Committees and the Annual General Meeting. ‘The unique ability of zoos and aquaria to save small The start of a new strategy means that this is an exciting time populations of animals from extinction needs to be more to be Director of EAZA – and the more confidence I have strongly addressed and societies and decision-makers need to that all of your viewpoints are represented, the more exciting be asked to ensure the adequate support to enable them to it will be. So please make me happy and use your voice! sustainably perform their vital functions.’ I look forward to seeing many of you in Valencia. So with strong specialist work happening in our own conferences, and support for our mission from outside EAZA, we felt it was time to start looking at the Association’s vision and mission statements and see if we needed to update them. This is part of our preparation for the new EAZA Strategy which will roll out in 2021, and it ensures that our planning for the next strategy is based on an up-to-date image of how zoos and aquariums operate in the 21st century. It also Myfanwy Griffith became the main theme for our Directors’ Days meeting, the Executive Director, EAZA annual gathering of director-level staff at EAZA Members, which took place in Jersey in April (see p. 8). It was great to have more than 100 zoo and aquarium directors at the Directors’ Days meeting, and their input was an important starting-point for a consultative process that will continue all year, including at our Annual Conference in Valencia in September. If you haven’t registered for Valencia yet, I hope that you will do so and come to make your view of EAZA’s future known. As an association, we are strongest when we have the widest possible cross-section of views represented, so every voice will be important. It is exactly for this reason 4 that I would have liked to see more Directors at the event. NOTICEBOARD

MEMBERSHIP DECISIONS OF Various Committee Terms of Reference EAZA CORPORATE MEMBERS COUNCIL were approved, finalising this review AB Aqua Medic GmbH www.aqua-medic.de The EAZA Council met in Jersey on process for all Committees. EAZA Aqua-Teknik A/S www.aqua-teknik.com Arie Blok Animal Nutrition www.arieblok.nl 24 April and made the following Biobank documents relating to Beresford SAS www.beresford.fr decisions: transfer and ownership of samples Billings Productions, Inc www.billingsproductions.com were approved and the IUCN BioZoo information www.biozooinformation.eu Brogaarden ApS www.brogaarden.eu NEW MEMBERS Guidelines for the management of Bureau d'études AKONGO www.akongo.eu Full Membership was awarded to La confiscated, live organisms were Bureau d'études Bioparc www.bioparc-zoo.fr Garenne (Switzerland), and Serengeti endorsed. Carl Stahl ARC GmbH www.carlstahl.com China Light Festival B.V. www.chinalight.nl Park Hodenhagen (Germany). The Technical Assistance Committee Close To Bone www.closetobone.be Temporary Membership was had four new members approved by Crossborder Animal Services BV awarded to Zoo delle Maitine (Italy), Council: Franck Haelewyn (Parc Zoo du www.crossborderanimalservices.com Deerns Nederland BV www.deerns.nl and Wingham Wildlife Park (UK). Reynou, France), Gary Batters Dorset Identification b.v. www.dorset.nu Temporary Membership (Under (Zoological Society of East Anglia, UK), EKIPA www.ekipa.nl Construction) was awarded to David Field (ZSEA) and Sarah Forsyth Fachjan www.fachjan.nl Fox Consulting www.fox-zooconsulting.com EcoZonia (France) and Crécy Tropical (Colchester Zoo, UK). GANTNER Ticketing www.syxautomations.com Park (France). Council approved six new members Granovit www.granovit.ch Corporate Membership was awarded of the Conservation Committee: HMJ Design www.hmj-design.dk IFA SKYFAST www.skyfast.be to Dorset Identification (UK), Simon Bruslund (Marlow, Germany), KaGo & Hammerschmidt GmbH www.felsen.de/en Sanero Kunstfelsen (Germany) and Gerardo Garcia (Chester, UK), Brice Kiezebrink International www.kiezebrink.eu China Light Festival (the Netherlands). Lefaux (Mulhouse, France), Christoph Immotion https://immotion.co.uk Lionhouse Architects www.lionhouse.eu Schwitzer (Bristol, UK), Carl Traeholt Marine Nutrition www.marinenutrition.com EAZA ACCREDITATION PROGRAMME (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Lesley Mazuri www.mazuri.eu Full Membership will be retained by Dickie (Jersey, UK). Nautilus www.nautilus-uk.com Nieuwkoop www.nieuwkoop-europe.com Tierpark Nordhorn (Germany), Council also approved the Pangea rocks www.pangea.dk Banham Zoo (UK), Africa Alive! (UK), appointment of Arlete Sogorb (Lisbon PGAV Destinations www.pgavdestinations.com Wilhelma Zoo Stuttgart (Germany), Zoo, Portugal) as the new Chair of the Ralf Nature www.ralfnature.com Rasbach Architeken www.rasbacharchitekten.de Zooparc de Beauval (France), Prague Education Committee. Ravensden Plc www.ravensden.co.uk Zoo (Czech Republic), Zoo Liberec Ray Hole Architects www.rayhole-architects.com (Czech Republic), Riga Zoo, (Latvia) EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND NEW Saint Laurent S.A. www.st-laurent.fr Sanero Kunstfelsen www.kunstfelsbau.de and Nausicaá Centre National de la CHAIRS OF COMMITTEES TVK ZooDesign www.tvkzoodesign.nl Mer (France). The new Council approved the new Zoological Adviser www.zoologicaladviser.com Executive Committee as follows: Zoologistics www.zoologistics.nl Zoopoli (ex Lamartine Construction SAS) Temporary Membership was Chair: Thomas Kauffels (Opel-Zoo, www.lamartine-construction.com accorded to Tallinn Zoo (Estonia). Germany) Zooprofis www.zooprofessionals.de Vice Chair and Chair of the EEP Withdrawing Members include Committee: Mark Pilgrim (Chester Dolfinarium (the Netherlands) and Zoo, UK) changing the timing of the membership Wassenaar Wildlife Breeding Centre, Treasurer: Sean McKeown (Fota fees. There will be a double invoice in (the Netherlands). Wildlife Park, Ireland) 2020 to align the years, and the following Secretary: Brice Lefaux (Zoo timeline will be implemented from OTHER DECISIONS OF Mulhouse, France) December 2020 for the invoices for the COUNCIL Communications: Sanna Hellström 2021 fees: invoices sent out in December EAZA Standards for the (Helsinki Zoo, Finland) of the year before with 1 January as the Accommodation and Care of Animals Technical Assistance: André Stadler invoice date. The deadline for payment in Zoos and Aquaria were updated by (Alpenzoo Innsbruck, Austria) will be 31 March. majority approval. The revised Membership & Ethics: Endre Papp The revised list of proposed Council Standards include the requirements (Sostó Zoo, Hungary) Members 2019–2022 presented in the for animals in demonstrations, National Associations: Volker Homes meeting was approved. previously a non-mandatory guideline. (VdZ, Germany) The AGM also unanimously agreed the Council approved the adoption of Aquariums: Joaõ Falcato (Oceanario EAZA Council recommendations to the EAZA Statement on Intentional Lisboa, Portugal) approve the updates to the following Breeding for the Expression of Rare documents: Population Management Recessive Alleles into the EAZA DECISIONS FROM THE AGM Manual, EAZA Standards for Standards for the Accommodation The EAZA Annual General Meeting Accommodation and Care of Animal in and Care of Animals in Zoos and (AGM) approved the 2018 financial Zoos and Aquaria, Sanctions in the case Aquaria. This will go to the Annual report and the proposed 2020 budget. of a violation of the EAZA Code of Ethics General Meeting in 2020 for approval. There was unanimous approval for or EEP procedures. 5 BIRTHS & HATCHINGS

NEW ARRIVALS TIERPARK BERLIN TIERPARK NEW HOPE FOR THE POLAR BEAR

IN THE LAST COUPLE OF YEARS, more and an enhanced level of genetically stable, and is beginning to and more participants within the Polar communication with and support for show measurable growth, as one or two bear EEP have been able to share the the activities of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear new participants join the programme wonderful news that they have managed Specialist Group. A short but crucial each year. Even with new holders to breed polar bears . document was created and widely coming on board, the marked This was not the case 11 years ago distributed, entitled, ‘Critical Criteria for improvement in breeding success has when the polar bear studbook was Breeding and Rearing Polar Bears in caused us to consider lengthening the upgraded to an EEP, which was necessary Captivity’. inter-birth interval by increasing the time because the European zoo population Probably the most important measure the cubs stay with their mother from two was showing a clear and considerable of improvement within the programme to three years to give us sufficient time to decline at the time. The polar bear was the increase in the number of place offspring appropriately. In the population reached its peak in the 1980s, breeders and potential breeders. Twelve event of the mother becoming intolerant when around 300 specimens were kept years ago we had four to five institutions of the older cubs and to give increased in the European zoo community. After that had fairly consistent success in management flexibility, it is this point the numbers began to decline increasing the population. Today more recommended that each holder, until 2006 when the population had than 20 of the 43 participant institutions especially those in a breeding situation, decreased to fewer than 100 specimens. breed and rear polar bears or have a high needs to have not two but three separate It was at that point that the EEP was potential to do so. A lot of work still enclosures. founded. needs to be done to reduce the mortality Unlike most other programmes, the Since then, a number of significant rates during the first week of life. We use of any kind of chemical birth control improvements have been made. Zoos produce more polar bears in more zoos to limit population growth is have started to invest in their polar bear than before, but we still need to reduce contraindicated for polar bears. Although facilities across EAZA, creating larger the neonatal mortality rate, which is there is a huge interest in the species and softer enclosures. More attention around 50 per cent. internationally, the options for moving was given to improving the design and During 2018, the following institutions surplus to other regions is very limited location of cubbing dens, and the produced cubs: due to a range of factors; for example, a increased use of remote video and • Berlin Tierpark – 2 born, 0.1 surviving. long-standing import ban by the USA, sound monitoring within the cubbing • Zoo Copenhagen – 2 born, 0.1 surviving. inappropriate climate or a lack of large, areas gave us better insight into what • Dierenrijk Europa, Mirlo – 2 born, 0.2 modern facilities. If we are to avoid the was required by the female bears. There surviving. programme going into decline again, we was an increased level of data-sharing • Zoo am Meer, Bremerhaven – 2 born, will need to be creative in how we between polar bear holders, which was unfortunately neither survived. manage the population and be prepared 6 facilitated by more frequent meetings The EEP is now demographically and to explore a range of possibilities. NEW ARRIVALS

RARE SIFAKA BORN AT THE MUSEUM OF BESANÇON ON 11 DECEMBER 2018, a female crowned sifaka (Propithecus coronatus) was born at the Museum of Besançon – a promising event for this particularly endangered species of lemurs endemic to Madagascar. At birth, the sifaka, named Soa, weighed 73g. After two days, the team caring for her noticed that she was growing weak and did not seem to be suckling her mother. It was therefore decided to set up a hand-rearing protocol, a recommendation made by the coordinator of the EAZA Ex situ Programme (EEP). Hand-rearing is extremely rare because it can lead to the imprinting of animals and to behavioural disorders. However, this recent birth was vital for the survival of the population in human care, as crowned sifaka are very rare, currently numbering a population of 21 individuals – including only six females – in seven zoos across the world. The teams took turns day and night to give 10 feeds every 24 hours. Clinging to a soft toy, which plays the role of her surrogate mother, and kept warm in an infant incubator, Soa ingests every day 18 to 20 per cent of her body mass in a specific mixture of milks, which allows her to increase her weight by more than 2 per cent each day. We can only hope that she will continue to make progress and offer hope for the survival of her species. For more information on the Crowned sifaka EEP, please read the Prosimian TAG Regional Collection Plan

MARGAUX PIZZO, MUSEUM OF BESANCON OF MUSEUM PIZZO, MARGAUX available on the EAZA Member area. NEW CHICKS FOR EDWARDS'S PHEASANT

EDWARDS’S PHEASANTS (Lophura edwardsi) are endemic to male chicks, which were central Vietnam and are currently listed as Critically Endangered transferred based on on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The species has studbook recommendations. severely declined through lowland forest deterioration and high This year we are delighted to announce that we have eight TAYTO PARK TAYTO hunting pressure. There have been no confirmed records since chicks. As the weather was quite changeable during the spring, 2000 (when a male pheasant was confiscated by a hunter and and Edwards’s can be very sensitive to fluctuations in then kept in captivity in the Hai Lang District Forest Protection temperature, we decided to pull the eggs and incubate our Department, Quang Tri). While currently listed as Critically chicks in a controlled and stable environment. This proved to be Endangered, it could, in the worst case scenario, already be successful, and our pheasant chicks are now 10 weeks old. Our extinct in the wild. chicks are nearly ready to leave our chick rearing unit and go to Tayto Park has been involved with the World Pheasant their new aviary. But before introducing them to their new Association and has been keeping Edwards’s pheasants since aviary, each chick will be sexed. Knowing the sex of the animal is 2015. Since becoming members of EAZA, we have joined the a vital piece of information as it means the studbook holder can Edwards’s pheasant EEP. Last year we successfully reared two then go on to make the most genetically valuable pairings. 7 CONFERENCES Channelling the future THE RECENT DIRECTORS’ DAYS MEETING AT JERSEY ZOO FOCUSED ON LEADERSHIP AS WELL AS THE VITAL ROLE THAT ZOOS AND AQUARIUMS PLAY IN GLOBAL CONSERVATION

David Williams-Mitchell, EAZA Director of Communications and Membership

The names ‘Durrell’ and ‘Jersey’ are Animalier d’Auvergne showed how central to the development story of visitors can become a central part of a European zoos, and with the end of the zoo’s conservation strategy, while newly EAZA 2017-2020 Strategy just around appointed Chair of the Conservation the corner, Jersey also played a central Committee and Director of Science role in discussions held to define the and Conservation at Beauval Zoo, Eric direction of the next EAZA Strategy, as Bairraõ Ruivo, outlined his vision of Directors of EAZA Member institutions EAZA’s collaborative conservation gathered in St Helier for the annual work. Directors’ Days meeting. Hosted by Presentations from the following Jersey Zoo, the event opened on 23 day included Mike Barclay, Director April with the meetings of the Executive of Singapore Zoo, talking about the Committee and the Membership COLOMBA DE LA UN Sustainable Development Goals and Ethics Committee as well as the PANOUSE, LEE and how they are integrated into DURRELL AND icebreaker event, which was held at the zoo’s strategy; Kirsten Pullen, in TIIT MARAN AT the Jersey Maritime Museum. Day DIRECTORS' DAY her last EAZA meeting as BIAZA two started with a welcome from Jon Director, showing how coordinating le Fondre, Jersey’s First Minister, and for Rescue centres and Sanctuaries communications between EAZA an introduction from Durrell Wildlife (EARS), Dave Eastham, made a Members can vastly improve media Conservation Trust CEO Lesley Dickie, powerful case for zoos to continue outcomes; David Williams-Mitchell, who pointed out that a new EAZA to play an important role in housing EAZA Director of Communications and Strategy should also aim to build confiscated and rescued animals, and Membership speaking on the external diversity and opportunity for diversity Copenhagen Zoo’s Bengt Holst, who effects of a robust vision and mission; within our community. stood down as EEP Committee Chair and Thomas Koelpin, Chair of the The theme of the conference was at the meeting, outlined the different Elephant TAG, giving an update on ‘Leadership in Conservation and parts of the patchwork that make up the the discussions of the TAG over the Operations’, and keynote speaker Susan context for zoo conservation activity. last 12 months. All of the presentations J. West, a well-known leadership coach Finally, Jerry Harrison of the United were aimed at setting up a discussion of in Brussels, gave a presentation outlining Nations Environment Programme the vision and mission of EAZA, and strategies for leadership success, from World Conservation Monitoring Centre whether it has changed since the last appointing a personal board of directors (UNEP-WCMC) introduced the statements were created more than 10 to help challenge and hone decision- processes established for the creation of years ago. This process will continue at making to examining motives behind a post-2020 Convention on Biological Annual Conference in September. strategy. In the same session, EAZA Diversity framework, and how EAZA The final session of the 2016-2019 Director Myfanwy Griffith provided an can input into that framework. Council, and the inaugural session overview of the recent work of EAZA, This was mirrored by an important of the 2019-2022 Council also took and Chair Thomas Kauffels asked talk from Anne Burrill of the European place, along with the Annual General delegates to maintain a flexible mindset Commission, showing how the EU Meeting of the Association. To see the when working on possible revisions Biodiversity Strategy from 2020 decisions taken by these bodies, see to the EAZA Vision and Mission onwards would take cues from the Noticeboard (p. 5). statements, a key aim of the conference. CBD framework, and that zoos and The meeting wrapped up with a In session two, ZSL Director of aquariums can continue to play an gala dinner at the Grand Jersey hotel, Conservation, Andrew Terry, presented important part in both its planning and and was followed on 26 April with a the findings of research into barriers implementation. Danny de Man, EAZA visit to the legendary Jersey Zoo, with that prevent EAZA Members from Deputy Director, gave a presentation additional options to visit some of doing more conservation work; the on EAZA’s engagement with CITES, the zoo’s local conservation projects. principal outcome was that whatever the outlining the strategic necessity of EAZA thanks the zoo and its staff for financial or political constraints, zoos being present at the COP and relevant their professionalism and hospitality, and aquariums can do fine conservation Committee meetings for our efforts in which helped make this edition a highly work if they maintain the will to do so. both in situ and ex situ conservation. successful one – and further cemented 8 The Director of the European Alliance Pascal Damois, Director of the Parc Jersey’s place in EAZA’s future. POPULATION MANAGEMENT A plan for the lemur

THE FUTURE OF THE RING-TAILED LEMUR DEPENDS ON CAREFUL FORWARD PLANNING Elmar Fienieg, EAZA Population Biologist; Caterina Spiezio, Head of Research and Conservation, Parco Natura Viva; Achim Johann, CEO Rheine Zoo; Delphine Roullet, Cotswold Wildlife Park; Nora Hausen, EAZA Assistant Population Biologist; and Katharina Herrmann EAZA Coordinator Animal Programmes and Conservation Do you keep ring-tailed lemurs The main challenge for the EEP is the group receives a non- (Lemur catta) at your institution? to adapt the birth rate to fit the space breeding recommendation. For the average reader of Zooquaria, capacity in EAZA. Currently, there is Reproduction can be avoided the answer is probably yes. With 200 a risk to animal welfare if more animals by vasectomy of the male, EAZA institutions holding a combined are born than we have appropriate so the group can function population of around 2,000 individuals, housing for. Furthermore, with a behaviourally without this species is one of the most common further expansion of a limited number producing offspring. kept by EAZA Members. However, of prolific ring-tailed lemur families, Year 5: The male is transferred to a this gives the false impression that genetic diversity decreases and the bachelor group together with this species is relatively safe from value of our population as an insurance his male offspring. extinction when the opposite is true. population decreases with it. Year 6: A new male is transferred into Due to habitat destruction, most of To stabilise the situation, the birth the group. Madagascar’s wildlife is threatened rate will need to be reduced by half. In This represents a considerable change in with extinction and the ring-tailed order to do this while maintaining a management, but is very much needed. lemur is no exception; it is listed as behaviourally and genetically healthy For more information, please see Endangered on the IUCN Red List population, the best solution seems to the LTMP on the Prosimian TAG (Andriaholinirina et al., 2014). be for each institution to adhere to the page of the EAZA Member area. More It is therefore important that we following five-year cycle for population information and the year in which each ensure professional management of management, as follows: group is allowed to reproduce will be this insurance population, as defined in Year 1: A new breeding male is communicated to holders by the EEP the recent Prosimian TAG`s Regional transferred into the group. coordinator. Collection Plan. This is why this Year 2: The new male is allowed to recently established EEP was prioritised breed with the females. REFERENCES for a Long-term Management Planning Year 3-4: Assuming successful • Andriaholinirina, N., et al. 2014. Lemur catta. The IUCN Red List (LTMP) workshop. reproduction in year two, of Threatened Species. 9 INTERVIEW Taking the reins ANDRE STADLER, DIRECTOR OF ALPENZOO INNSBRUCK, AND NOW THE NEWLY APPOINTED CHAIR OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE, TALKS TO DAVID WILLIAMS-MITCHELL, EAZA DIRECTOR OF COMMUNICATIONS AND MEMBERSHIP

DWM: André, you have just been DWM: We had the results of the big changes. I just want to continue made Chair of the Technical evaluation of the Zoos Directive Mark’s great work and to further Assistance (TA) Committee. The recently from the European improve the work of the members of remit of the Committee has changed Commission. One of the findings this Committee itself. My main goal is quite considerably just recently. was that implementation of the to be able to say that if we do not make Could you tell us what is different? Directive on a national level needs to improvements in the CfMs as fast as we be improved. Do you think that the want to, it should not be because the AS: First of all, I must say that I feel very TA Committee can contribute to this, mentor is at fault. To meet this goal, I honoured to become the Chair of this either as a model of good practice or plan to establish a kind of screening of Committee! Many thanks to EAZA for as a direct contributor? our own mentor work, so that we as showing such trust in me. Regarding the mentors can also improve. changes: of course there are always new AS: I personally believe that the TA tasks coming up for the TA Committee, Committee can strongly contribute DWM: The work of the Committee is but one of the most striking recently was to this. With the regular visits and the something that the general public that Candidates for Membership (CfMs) constant availability of the mentor and other external stakeholders are not exclusively zoos from Eastern and the Committee itself, it can act probably don’t know much about. Europe who want to become Members, as a kind of expert for the politicians Do you think there’s an opportunity but are also zoos who experienced a in the respective countries to help to to show people what you do, and do change in membership status during implement the Directive. you think that would affect people’s the screening process. This leads to a perception of zoos and aquariums? different situation and creates new tasks. DWM: Obviously, as Chair of the TA Committee, you have seen zoos and AS: If the zoos that we are mentoring DWM: You’ve also been a mentor aquariums of all standards. Do you really improve in terms of the welfare with the TA Committee for a while think that every institution has the of zoo animals, education, research and now. In your experience, what is potential to reach EAZA Standards, conservation, the visitors will recognise it that CfMs lack – and how does or are there institutions you’d prefer it and start telling the story. Also the mentoring help with this? to see shut down? zoo will tell its story to the media and politicians, so I hope there will be an AS: Mentoring is a hard and time- AS: Of course I have seen some sub- effect on people’s perception of zoos consuming task for both sides but standard zoos, but personally I do not and aquariums, because good, modern can really help to improve the zoo believe that any zoo should be shut zoos definitely have this impact on staff and the welfare of zoo animals. down. We definitely need zoos in our people in my view. But as you’ve asked One of the greatest challenges is that world, and there is an old saying that if me that question, I will take this on as a the understanding of what it means we did not have any zoos already, we task and, together with my colleagues to run a modern zoo can be quite would need to invent them. And this is at the Committee, we will start to look different in the beginning. Most of true, but what is most important with at where we can advertise more widely the CfMs are used to the old ways the sub-standard zoos is that there what we are doing and what successes of running a zoo, which means they must be a will to improve the situation! we have already had. are not necessarily used to such As long as there is a will to change and things as collaborating in population improve and there are enough funds DWM: There is a bit of crossover in management programmes, being to do it, every zoo can meet EAZA terms of mandates of committees transparent, supporting conservation, Standards. But, as always, this depends – I am thinking specifically of the improving the welfare of animals, on people making the right decisions. National Associations and EEP coordinating research programmes Committees. Do you have plans and so on. Also some zoos need to DWM: Are you intending to make to strengthen the collaboration modernise their infrastructure and any changes to the Committee, in between the committees or, enclosures to fit today’s requirements terms of membership and working alternatively, create a clearer of animals, keepers and visitors, and procedures? delineation of the work of different this comes down to finances and funds, committees? which are a problem for some zoos. So, AS: I am in the lucky situation of having in a nutshell, for a CfM, mentoring can taken over the Committee from my AS: I don’t believe we need a clearer have a big impact on the structure and predecessor (Mark Pilgrim, Chester Zoo) delineation of our work. We should act

10 INNSBRUCK ALPENZOO the functioning of the zoo. in a very good state with no need for as a team to manage our tasks, and I feeling that the TA Committee is the right tool to assist our colleagues who want to meet EAZA Standards. I am looking forward to see Kaliningrad Zoo as a full Member in the near future.

DWM: I understand you have just received your PhD; could you tell us more about your thesis, and whether your work might be applicable to the wider zoo community?

AS: Blood-sucking bugs of the genus Reduviidae can represent a method for obtaining blood samples of vertebrates, especially of species where a sample collection without anaesthesia is not possible. Reduviid bugs can suck blood quantities of 40 to 3800μl without disturbing the vector. In my doctoral thesis the application possibilities of Dipetalogaster maxima were tested in common zoo days, and the result was that Triatomines can be used as an alternative means for obtaining blood samples from vertebrates instead of the conventional method via syringe and needle. Exclusively, the triatomine Dipetalogaster maxima was used in the present study because of the considerable blood volume that can be obtained. If the method with blood-sucking bugs was modified to the different host species like reptiles, birds or mammals, the ‘living syringes’ were successfully used in 12 European countries and 47 institutions and 72 different species. The present study verified the reduction of glucose in the stomach of the blood-sucking bugs for the first time, and the hypothesis that blood-sucking bugs can be used for the blood sample collection was confirmed. Also, the screening for epizootic diseases like brucellosis, tuberculosis, malaria and blue-tongue disease were successful. All results were identical in both collection methods, with no false-positive or false-negative results. In addition, stress am really looking forward to working AS: Every CfM is different, with its own hormone analysis proved again the together with the other Chairs on all our challenges and tasks. I was lucky that my advantage of the minimal invasive upcoming tasks. counterparts at Kaliningrad are highly method via blood-sucking bugs. motivated and really want to do the right DWM: You are the mentor of things at the right time. I am proud to see DWM: Assuming you have any spare Kaliningrad Zoo in Russia. Would you that they have developed a deeper and time, how do you like to spend it? say that they are a typical CfM; and if more up-to-date understanding of zoo not, what do you think a typical CfM management. To see all those changes, AS: My greatest hobby is birdwatching is like, and how could they learn from not only in animal welfare, but also in and visiting zoos, but I also enjoy the experience of Kaliningrad, or the infrastructure, the management, watching football and spending time other CfMs that have overcome big enrichment, education, conservation with my dog and my wife, preferably challenges? and so on is great, and gives me a good combined with travelling. 11 CAMPAIGN Out in the field COLLECTING DATA FROM A REMOTE MOUNTAIN SITE INVOLVES DIFFICULT TERRAIN AND CHALLENGING WEATHER – BUT THE RESULTS CAN BE INVALUABLE

Christian Devenish and Stuart Marsden, Manchester Metropolitan University

Conservation in the field is often regions of high biodiversity, which tend from Chester Zoo. viewed as a romantic occupation; to be in the tropics and in countries The field sites are generally over however, as rewarding as fieldwork towards the bottom of the global table 1000m in altitude amid the rainforest; sometimes is, it is also very hard in earnings per person. Add to this their inaccessibility to loggers and work. These notes from the Silent some political uncertainty and a lack of farmers also means they are difficult Forest Campaign Preselected local capacity to do science, and these for us to reach, and our fieldwork Project ‘Searching the Birds’ clearly factors can inflate the difficulty of doing usually starts with a significant trek show that, here, both things are fieldwork. uphill just to get the personnel and true. From Regional Collection The EAZA Silent Forest campaign equipment to the project site. We are Planning to setting priorities about aims to improve the situation of Asian using camera traps and audio recorders which sites to protect or which songbirds in their natural habitat and to record wildlife, and although there species to include in conservation to develop an increased knowledge and is the advantage of capturing data relevant legislation, decisions understanding of the threats to these over 24-hour periods and analysing depend on data from the field. birds. Improving the situation of birds images or recordings in the comfort Without passion and some extra at risk – for example, by identifying of an office, the recorders still have to dedication, we would probably sites for protection, or prioritising be put in place and taken down. The not be able to access those viable reintroduction sites – requires 10-person team consists of professional pieces for the puzzle on which our knowledge of the presence of key species Indonesian ecologists, local guides and conservation planning decisions within their natural habitats. This ecology students from local universities depend. In this case, information is information is currently being sought gaining valuable experience. The urgently needed and the mountains as part of a project to establish two new ecologists, helped by the students, set in Java are the last home for several protected areas in Java. The project is up the equipment and carry out bird, near-extinct songbirds in rapid led by the Bird Conservation NGO, amphibian and vegetation surveys at the decline; it is, therefore, vital and Burung Indonesia, with Manchester sites, supported by occasional visits from urgent that we understand the Metropolitan University leading the the UK-based scientists. All of these situation on the ground. biodiversity component, including people need to be fed and watered, Simon Bruslund, Silent Forest fieldwork and data analysis. The main which also means carrying food up the Campaign project, funded by Rainforest Trust and mountains and including cooks amongst the EAZA Silent Forest campaign, aims the guides. A one-week field trip can to survey some 20 mountains, many of easily eat its way through a sack of rice NOTES FROM MOUNT SLAMET which are volcanos, across the west of and an amazing amount of chillies. We often talk about the lack of Java over the next two years. Funding Achmad Ridha, leading the field basic ecological data required for for surveys on Mt Slamet also came team from Burung Indonesia, has ample conservation decisions; for example, prioritising species for conservation BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, SPECIES RICHNESS AND GLOBAL EARNINGS action, or areas for protection, or managing a species’ recovery. These basic data often take the form of species distributions, abundances and survival rates, at least initially, before they can be transformed to other quantities, such as trends over time and probabilities of extinction. What are the reasons behind this lack of data? Should we be surprised that we often don’t know how many individuals of a particular species (even common ones) exist, or how much uncertainty we have about some of these basic measurements? One fundamental reason for this lack of data is the difficulty in obtaining it. When working with species of high conservation interest, we are often in 12 GABBY WWW.GABBYSALAZAR.COM SALAZAR, SETTING UP MONITORING EQUIPMENT SUCH AS THESE SOUND RECORDING DEVICES IS OFTEN DONE IN the mammals that they search for. On TORRENTIAL RAIN OR NEAR DARKNESS. Slamet, Javan leopards (Panthera pardus melas) were photographed just hours after the field team had passed the cameras. Although the data analysis stage is still largely to come, early results already have shown presence of important birds and mammals on most of the sites visited. Once the fieldwork has finished, the data analysis will start to look at where the most suitable sites are for extending or creating new protected areas, and also, at a later stage, where possible fieldwork experience, but even for him, their way down the mountain sides. reintroductions of species such as green surveying these mountains represented This means that the trails descend magpie (Cissa thalassina), might take a challenge. ‘The hardest part to avoid to cross streams multiple times on place. However, this will require other while working in a tropical country is the way up a mountain, making the contextual factors to change, such the extreme weather,’ he says. ‘Strong total ascent much more than the final as those that drive the trade in wild winds and sudden hard rain can make elevation reached. Trails are rocky, birds. As Ridha remarked, ‘In terms of the trails very slippery.’ Then with muddy, traversed by large tree roots, doing the conservation effort, changing characteristic calm he adds, ‘The worst or intersected by branches. Trails are perspectives from a profit mindset into a parts are the falling trees and landslides.’ used both by hikers, ecologists and sustainable mindset is the key.’ Indeed, a tree crashed down in the night on Patuha mountain not far from the SIGN UP TO OUR CONSERVATION CAMPAIGN camp. Luckily it was far enough away It only takes three minutes to pledge your support, so join the cause today by from the camp to just shock the team signing up. Financial support is not mandatory, and our Silent Forest campaign needs you! Simon Bruslund, Marlow Bird Park without causing any damage. The current number of sign-ups to the Silent Forest Campaign on the website A typical day involves getting up well www.silentforest.eu already exceeds our target of 175 EAZA Member participants. before 6am, having a quick breakfast Therefore we should be content, but for some reason it doesn’t sit right. of coffee and noodles or energising The reason for our concern is not the total amount, but rather the distribution; oat-based drink and then hitting the a surprising number of those zoos who we would have expected to sign up trails. Tasks include setting up camera did not. Even some bird parks have, surprisingly, simply chosen to ignore the traps or audio recorders and performing campaign. vegetation surveys at each of these We did, of course, analyse the sign-ups to understand and document the locations. Measuring the diameter of a impact of the campaign. Our initial thoughts were that perhaps we were not communicating effectively with regions where the use of English is not strong; huge tree is often a job for two people. however, the poor responses throughout Scandinavia demonstrate that this Once the equipment is set up – typically cannot be the main cause. The main hosting countries for this campaign, Czech taking at least a day – transect surveys Republic and Germany, have by far the highest rate of sign-ups, which suggests for birds are carried out during the some impact from personal relations – but also perhaps national pride. following mornings and afternoons, and The pledges for financial support and the amazing amounts that the campaign then amphibian searches go on into have already helped to fundraise for conservation activities on the ground in the night. After three days of surveys, Asia are carried by a little less than a third of the signed-up EAZA Members. This another day is needed to collect up represents less than 20 per cent of all EAZA Members. It is frustrating to know the equipment again. Rains can come that we could achieve so much more if more zoos would chip in, even if only a little bit. frequently and hard, usually in the The accounts of the Silent Forest Campaign are open for your contributions and afternoon, but also at any time of the projects are ongoing, so if you have dedicated funds for songbird conservation, day, making every job more difficult don’t hesitate to transfer money to the campaign. It is sorely needed and or even impossible. However, there extremely helpful, even if it is only the first part of bigger pledge. are moments that can´t be beaten by any office work. Ridha reflects on his EAZA MEMBER SIGN-UPS TO THE SILENT FOREST CAMPAIGN favourite part of the job: ‘Birdwatching ALL GERMAN SCANDINAVIAN is the most enjoyable part of doing fieldwork, it’s like meditation where you can find yourself connected with the nature.’ The team will walk tens of kilometres and ascend and descend hundreds of metres over the week. The forest slopes are generally steep and rugged, with many small streams cutting n Platinum level n Gold level n Silver level n Bronze level n Only education n Not signed up 13 POPULATION MANAGEMENT

INDOCHINESE SIKA DEER, © JAN PLUHACEK

Matters of life and death THE COORDINATOR OF THE INDOCHINESE SIKA EEP SHARES THE DIFFICULT LESSONS HE HAS LEARNED

Jan Pluháček, EEP coordinator and researcher, Ostrava Zoo

In this article, I would like to show, addition, several males can successfully using data from one of the EEPs I am contribute to reproduction in one coordinating, that in some species even season (Endo and Doi, 2002). Thus a temporary restriction in reproduction various males sire offspring in various might lead to the death of the seasons. Based on this, females of sika population. In addition, I would like deer are evolutionarily adapted to to illustrate the importance of proper breed every year, but not with the same management (EEP) for the long-term male for the whole of their life. sustainability of the population of a prolific species that seemingly does not LESSON 1: BREEDING HERDS THAT need it. FORGET TO BREED Indochinese sika deer (Cervus nippon Thanks to its adaptability and prolific pseudaxis) is a very rare taxa listed as reproduction strategy, the Indochinese Extinct in the Wild (EW) by the IUCN sika deer EEP has an obvious problem: Red List. This species is very adaptive population as well? The answer to the the limited capacity in EAZA zoos. to a European climate and can be kept latter is yes, they can. To answer the As many zoos cannot or choose not to and bred fairly easily. Therefore, the first question, it is necessary to provide a adopt a breed-and-cull strategy, some European (EAZA) population is quite little background information. of them had prevented reproduction a good size (it currently stands at 383 In the wild, the sika deer represents a by either removing the male or individuals in 30 zoos) and has been prey for many carnivores. Therefore, the using permanent castration. When I managed as an EEP since 1990. Ostrava females adopt the so-called r-strategy, took over the EEP, I realised that in Zoo began hosting this EEP in 2012, that is to breed as much as possible in several zoos, breeding had stopped and since 2015 we have been compiling almost every reproductive season. Their completely for several consecutive and publishing the International reproduction in the wild as well as in seasons. To avoid losing the genetic Studbook as well. During this short human care is strictly seasonal. Thus, in representation of some founders, I time I realised that whereas the the rutting season males compete over recommended introducing a new male European population is flourishing, the females either by establishing social to three of these groups. The result was unmanaged population in AZA (North hierarchy (Endo et al., 1997; Endo and surprisingly clear. Only one group out America) is rapidly declining (34 Doi, 2002) or territoriality (Miura, of three in which reproduction was individuals in three zoos). The question 1984). Since male mating success stopped resumed breeding. In addition, is – why? And the other question is: correlates with antler size (Miura, even in that one successful group, only might any threats causing the decline 1984), the reproductive success of each half (six out of eleven) adult females 14 of the AZA population affect our male is limited to a few seasons only. In reproduced. When two more institutions decided more than one for breeding? The survival of the population; institutions to add the species to their collections, answer seems easy: in all-male groups. where a breed-and-cull policy might both of them established new groups However, no zoo has been willing to be applied should keep breeding herds, consisting of a mix of older females from keep such a group. Due to this, most leaving them to reproduce every groups that had not bred for several new males introduced for breeding are season; institutions where this policy years, young females and a new male. In recruited from a group of young, socially is not preferred or cannot be applied both institutions all the younger females inexperienced individuals, which has should keep all-male herds. The EEP reproduced every season, but none of caused problems in some institutions. population needs both types of holder. the older females reproduced. Although seemingly non-reproductive, The implementation of this solution Based on these experiences, it is the all-male groups are serving as a would be impossible without the EEP clear that after an absence of breeding genetic pool to support the reproduction framework and especially without for several consecutive seasons, the of the population. They are essential for a very constructive and supportive female loses reproductive potential. the long-term survival of the species, species committee. I believe that the However, since this effect was not seen and the institutions that keep them are result of our work is clear: whereas the in 100 per cent of cases, we cannot supporting the EEP as much as those European population has a chance label as ‘sterile’ in PMx the females that keep breeding herds. On the other to remain genetically healthy and that did not breed for several seasons. hand, so-called ‘breeding groups’, where flourishing, the unmanaged North As several holders in our EEP refuse to breeding did not occur for three or American population, where all allow breeding because culling is not more seasons, actually support the rapid institutions wanted to breed, is slowly allowed in their facilities or countries, decline and end of the population. vanishing. it is possible that almost a quarter of all To address this problem the EEP I think that the Indochinese sika females in the Indochinese sika deer (species committee) adopted the deer is not the only species that suffers EEP population might no longer be rule that any new holders of the from these problems. Therefore, I hope reproductively active. species can hold an all-male herd that the lessons we learned in this The conclusion is that although only. Unfortunately, we have since EEP may be useful for other ungulate we seem to have a nicely sized EEP lost several potential holders, as they programmes as well as for their holders. population, a significant part of it is decided to switch to other deer species My thanks are due to my assistant actually genetically dead. In other because of this rule. However, some Andrea Garguláková for her help words, to keep the Indochinese sika more progressive institutions willing in compiling the studbook. I am deer population healthy, females to keep all-male groups have appeared, also grateful to all members of the need to be allowed to breed almost so we expect the establishment of the Indochinese sika deer EEP species permanently. first permanent male group in our EEP committee, namely Noam Werner during this year. (Tisch Zoological Gardens), Jörg LESSON 2: NON-BREEDING HERDS In summary, our EEP faced two Beckmann (Opel Zoo), Christian Kern ARE NECESSARY FOR BREEDING problems: first, many holders resorted (Berlin Tierpark), Jitka Vokurková (Zoo In this EEP there is a preference among to non-breeding to avoid culling Olomouc), Ferenc Boda (Sóstó Zoo), the holders to only keep females. This surplus offspring, resulting in a high Sabine Haderthauer (Vienna Zoo), and preference leads to a population with rate of sterility among the females; Klaus Rudloff for their suggestions and a skewed sex ratio where only a few and secondly, there was a lack of adult support. males reproduce, which causes genetic socially experienced and genetically erosion of the population. Thus, to keep valuable males. The holders themselves REFERENCES • Endo, A. and Doi, T. (2002). Multiple copulations and post- might be divided into two groups: the population genetically healthy and copulatory guarding in a free-living population of sika deer to more closely reflect the situation (a) those who accept and practise a (Cervus nippon). Ethology 108:739-747. in the wild, the best solution would breed-and-cull policy and (b) those • Endo, A., Doi, T. and Shiraki, A. (1997). Post-copulative be to replace the male after several who do not choose this, or for whom guarding: mating behavior of non-territorial male sika deer breeding seasons by culling him and this policy cannot be applied. By (Cervus nippon) in an enclosure. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54:257-263. implementing the very elegant solution introducing another. However, where • Miura, S. (1984). Social behavior and territoriality in male sika should we find new adult males when explained above, both types of holder deer (Cervus nippon Temminck 1838) during the rut. Zeitschrift almost no holder is willing to keep will contribute to the long-term fur Tierpsychologie 64:33-73. 15 CONSERVATION Positive vetting EXAMINING THE POTENTIAL VALUE AND ROLE OF VETERINARY ADVISORS FOR AVIAN TAXON ADVISORY GROUPS

Dominik Fischer, EAZA TAG vet advisor to the Falconiformes and Strigiformes TAG, the Raptor Center & Wildlife Zoo Hellenthal and the Clinic for Birds, Reptiles, Amphib- ians and Fish at Justus-Liebig University, and Kirsi Pyonnen-Oudman, Chair EAZA Falconiformes and Strigiformes TAG, Helsinki Zoo

Ten years ago the situation of to zoos to enable evaluation and veterinary advisors in bird Taxon implementation in the zoological Advisory Groups (TAGs) was quite management of avian species. different from how it is now: only a Another task that falls to TAG vet few TAGs had specific advisors and advisors is the veterinary supervision certainly not many had a nominated of species conservation projects veterinary expert to assist with the considering the release into the wild TAG work. At present, 26 of the 39 of individuals bred in human care. In TAGs have at least one veterinary particular, prior to release, the health advisor (TAG vet advisor). In addition, situation of ex situ and wild populations 98 of the 400 programmes (EEP and needs to be assessed using a thorough ESB) have veterinary advisors. risk-assessment procedure with a What is the potential value and specific focus on potential disease the role of TAG vet advisors for transmission from captive to wild the different bird orders? TAG populations (Jakob-Hoff et al., 2014). vet advisors have an important To give an example, the vet role in overseeing problems and advisors for the Falconiformes and diseases, addressing husbandry and Strigiformes TAG supported the TAG dietary requirements and helping to in the creation and editing of the coordinate diagnostic, prophylactic EAZA Falconiformes and Strigiformes and therapeutic measures. In these Taxon Advisory Group Husbandry areas, the independent point of view and Management Guidelines For of the TAG vet advisor can be helpful Demonstration Birds (Habben et al., to the local veterinary colleagues in 2016). Moreover, they consulted solving specific problems in zoological with colleagues at participating institutions. TAG vet advisors need EAZA institutions and took part to cultivate a good cooperative in a discussion about different relationship with skilled local diseases of raptors in the TAG. As veterinarians, who may be employees a result, diagnostic measures and of the zoos, or may be consultants treatment options of avian malaria with a private practice. caused by Plasmodium spp. and other Furthermore, a continuous exchange haemoparasites were reviewed in nebulosa) in Central and Southern of information about avian medicine northern owls. The key information Europe, preventative health care and with universities, research institutions was shared by the chairpersons of improvement of owl husbandry are and specific veterinary associations, the TAG at the TAG meeting in currently being prioritised. Vector such as the European Association Belfast and an overview-sheet about management and prevention are for Avian Medicine (EAAV), the treatment options was issued. discussed alongside vaccination. European Association for Zoo and Recently, the increasing number Moreover, the current situation Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) or of infections by the arthropod-borne and spread of Usutu virus and West the European College for Zoological flaviviruses West Nile virus (WNV) Nile virus were discussed during the Medicine (ECZM), are valuable for and Usutu virus (USUV) in goshawks Falconiformes and Strigiformes TAG TAG vet advisors, as it ensures that (Accipiter gentilis) and owls required meeting at the mid-year TAG meeting they are regularly updated. Therefore, action. The fact sheets of the 5th in Berlin to clarify recommendations continuous research in infectious EAZWV Transmissible Disease for the raptor holders. In preparation diseases, animal welfare and species Handbook about WNV (No. 65) and for this meeting, the TAG vet advisor conservation (e.g. development and USUV (No. 136) were updated and consulted leading national and private improvement of assisted reproduction information was distributed by the research institutions to provide the in birds) is essential. The TAG vet TAG chairs to EAZA institutions. As latest updates on these emerging viral advisor needs to communicate the Usutu virus infections seem to pose a pathogens. results of such research projects risk especially in great grey owls (Strix In conclusion, good cooperation 16 PYNNONEN-OUDMAN KIRSI between TAG vet advisors and local the animals in our care, the zoological CCC/EAZA-BPG-Husbandry-and-Management- veterinarians, veterinary associations, institutions, the participating staff and Guidelines-for-Demonstration-Birds.pdf):1-52. research institutions, zoos, private the visitors. Therefore, we encourage all • Jakob-Hoff, R. M., MacDiarmid, S. C., Lees, C., practitioners and involved stake- veterinarians to support the TAGs and Miller, P.S., Travis, D. and Kock, R. (2014). Manual holders is essential to ensure the most to get involved in TAG work according of Procedures for Wildlife Disease Risk Analysis, up-to-date medical management to your personal interest, skills and World Organisation for Animal Health, Paris. of birds and avian collections. The experience, specific training and Published in association with the International veterinary advisor should act as a education. In case of further questions, Union for Conservation of Nature and the Species liaison between all parties to share please get in touch with the authors. Survival Commission. knowledge across the different stakeholders, to maintain healthy REFERENCES FURTHER INFORMATION captive populations and to improve • Habben, M., Parry-Jones, J. and Fischer, D. • Duff, P., McLean, R.G. and Fischer, D. (2018). training and husbandry conditions. (2016). EAZA Falconiformes and Strigiformes Taxon West Nile virus. EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact From our point of view, voluntary Advisory Group Husbandry and Management Sheet No. 65, 5th EAZWV Transmissible Disease commitment for the EAZA TAG Guidelines For Demonstration Birds. European Handbook, 65. is sometimes challenging, but we Asoociation for Zoos and Aquaria - Falconiformes • Lécu, A., Beck ,C. and Fischer, D. (2018). Usutu appreciate being involved in a and Strigiformes TAG E-book. Approved by the EEP virus. EAZWV Transmissible Disease Fact Sheet No. continuous process of improvement Committee as Best Practice Guidelines, available 136, 5th EAZWV Transmissible Disease Handbook, and development that is beneficial for online (https://www.eaza.net/assets/Uploads/ 136. Burman. 17 WELFARE

Sandrine Camus, EAZA Communications Officer A workshop for welfare SANDRINE CAMUS TALKS TO YITZHAK YADID, GENERAL CURATOR AT FONDAZIONE BIOPARCO DI ROMA, ABOUT THE ANIMAL WELFARE WORKSHOP of these procedures and they are THAT IT HOSTED RECENTLY FOR THE SECOND TIME more motivated. They come up with enrichment ideas, they construct them SC: Can you tell me what you liked same language and talk about the same and then put them into use and see how most about the Animal Welfare things when discussing welfare. What animals interact with them. Workshop that you have now hosted exactly are we talking about? How can In addition, we started using an twice in Rome? we assess it? How can we implement enrichment forum where everyone can YY: I really liked the involvement of solutions that will enhance animal suggest ideas and describe them. When the keepers, as well as the interest welfare? That was the priority: now we an idea is approved by me as the curator, and creativity they showed during the have the language and ability to assess they can build it. This is a great indicator workshop. The last day is dedicated and intervene. Being aware of the fact of how many people are interested, to building enrichment items and the that your own initiatives and actions can enthusiastic about the topic and actively participants were divided into groups really impact and enhance the welfare participating. From my point of view, according to animal species. Many ideas of the animals you care for is a great the course made a big difference in that came up about how to implement motivation. regard. what had been discussed over the three previous days. The items were then SC: What has changed in the keepers’ SC: How did the course influence constructed with a lot of enthusiasm. daily routine since the workshop? your approach to welfare? That was the highlight of the course! YY: It is a work in progress. We haven’t YY: It motivated us to conduct some managed to change all the routines research to find out more about SC: Would you say the team is now in all the departments yet. In many our animals. We installed cameras more connected, and works better of them, enrichment procedures in enclosures to know what animals together? had already been done. I can say we are doing at night time or to tackle YY: I feel the workshop was very definitely increased them, but differently, some issues. For instance, one of our important for the mental attitude of the depending on the sections. The keepers chimpanzees sometimes refuses to go team. It allowed everybody to use the are now more aware of the importance out. We now approach the problem 18 ROMA DI BIOPARCO Sandrine Camus, EAZA Communications Officer

by collecting data daily and try to necessary meeting. Sally Binding (EAZA hosting this workshop? What would understand what is connected with Animal Welfare Coordinator) helped a make it easier for them to organise that behaviour. Is there some health lot with this. We listed different steps the welfare training? problem, is it something that happened that allow us to embed welfare actions YY: First of all, I would tell them ‘Do in the environment? Does placing an in the daily routine, from scheduling it! It’s a very interesting and positive enrichment item outside encourage the the enrichment and monitoring experience.’ I saw how much the female to go out? I guess we now try to stocks to having regular meetings keepers enjoyed themselves and were think more from the animal’s point of presenting what was completed in each enthusiastic during the workshop. Their view than from the keeper’s. department. It is still a work in progress. eyes were shining (laughs). They could This table could be useful to every talk about their problems, get some SC: Zookeepers are often already institution; it is a good guideline for how solutions and understand different very busy. Would you say integrating to implement, follow up and motivate concepts from training to enrichment. welfare procedures in their routine is people. Actually, we liked it so much we are a big additional workload? considering hosting a third session in YY: To be honest, it is difficult to SC: What about the other Rome! As long as there are requests, integrate these into the daily routine. participants of the workshop, I believe it is essential to repeat it. We are currently trying to redo the were there any collaboration Regarding the organisation needed to workload of each section to incorporate opportunities with other host the workshop, it is important to time for welfare activities (assessment institutions? have someone dedicated to the task. and enrichment). It is not easy. On the YY: We were really happy to have We are very grateful for Claudia (my one hand, it depends on how much participants from other zoos in Italy assistant) who helped organise things the keepers are willing to change their and in other countries. It is great to see before the training and make sure the routine. But on the other hand, money people coming from Dublin, from the material was there, and she translated is, of course, a huge limiting factor. If Netherlands and so on. It means the from English to Italian for four days. She you want to allocate time for welfare need is there. There were collaborations did a wonderful job! actions in your keepers’ schedule, you during the workshop; participants had have to hire more keepers. The workshop to work in groups and come up with SC: Any improvements you could was a big push in that direction. We are enrichment ideas. Of course, there was suggest regarding the workshop? working on adapting budgets, including a language problem which sometimes YY: Nothing comes to mind right now. welfare modules. Even if it is difficult, I limited the discussion for some keepers Each day was interesting, stimulating see it as a mission, because we cannot who only spoke Italian. Some people and worthwhile. In the first workshop do without it. exchanged emails and phone numbers, we had a second instructor, Jake but I don’t know if that led to any Veasey. It was fascinating to discover his SC: I saw you had an additional professional collaborations. knowledge and his methodology. But meeting on top of the workshop to even when Sally was on her own the come up with strategic actions. SC: Do you have any advice for other second time, it was very interesting and YY: Yes, that was an important and institutions who might consider we learned a lot. 19 CONSERVATION

Emergency rescue HOW AN INTENSIVE PLANNING SESSION PRODUCED A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY TO SAVE THE RAPIDLY DECLINING OWSTON’S CIVET

Veronica Cowl, Reproductive Biology Coordinator, Chester Zoo, and EAZA Executive Office

Despite being little-known and mind, more than 60 delegates from WHAT DO WE KNOW? elusive, the Owston’s civet (Chrotogale Vietnam, China, Laos PDR, Singapore, Unfortunately, historic conservation owstoni) may be ‘a candidate for the Australia, USA and the UK convened attempts of Owston’s civet are most threatened species of carnivore in Hanoi, Vietnam at the beginning of complicated, as little is known about in the world’ (Duckworth, 2018). The April to determine what a successful the life history or biology of this species, historically found throughout conservation strategy for Owston’s mysterious species. This civet is the Vietnam, Laos PDR and southern civet would look like. The meeting was only species belonging to its genus China, doesn’t inhabit any functional organised by Save Vietnam’s Wildlife (Veron and Heard, 2000), and a study protected areas in situ, and falls victim (SVW), with close involvement based on 26 civets, both wild-born to the indiscriminate snaring of the from the International Union for and in human care, has suggested that illegal wildlife trade in the region. the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) there may be two geographical clades As such, the Owston’s civet is now Small Carnivore Specialist Group. It in existence (Veron et al., 2004). probably extinct in China, and the in brought together representatives from The civets are nocturnal (Gray et al., situ population has faced declines of Vietnamese organisations, government 2014), and are generally considered close to 50 per cent within the last 15 partners, conservationists and external to be solitary outside the breeding years (Willcox et al., 2014). Ex situ, its stakeholders to identify the most season (Roberton et al., 2002). They plight isn’t much better; populations pressing issues facing the species and have been found in various evergreen are small and have suffered from to develop a clear framework for the forest types, in altitudes ranging disease and low rates of reproductive conservation of the species, both from 100 to 2,600 metres, indicating success. within the region and further abroad. that the species can inhabit a range Regardless of these challenges, To begin to develop a plan however, of environmental climes, but has there remains significant potential to delegates needed to clearly understand functionally been restricted due to conserve the species and, with this in the current status of the species. habitat degradation. In Vietnam in 20 TAYLOR OWEN in both Vietnam and Europe, with a focus on environmental, social and husbandry factors. Work has already begun among the holders of the European EEP animals with a meeting to share husbandry practices and experiences of breeding and rearing. Moreover, the EEP has recently established a routine and non-invasive endocrine monitoring programme in partnership with the EAZA Reproductive Management Group (RMG), designed to shed light on the reproductive biology of the species and the reproductive status of the animals in the programme. Future plans aim to extend this work to individuals at SVW, as well as additional ex situ animals in Asia. Throughout the workshop the need for strong in situ and ex situ partnerships among all stakeholders was continually particular, snaring is a primary threat the Vietnamese ex situ population has echoed. As a result, the conservation to the species (Timmins et al., 2016), recently halved due to disease. In total, action plan for Owston’s civets truly even though it isn’t a direct target for there are 11 animals born in human embodies a One Plan Approach to the illegal wildlife trade. Moreover, care in the European EEP population conservation. For more information on the Owston’s civet satisfies a general (4.7), representing 10 founders, while the plan, watch out for its publication demand for pelts and wild meat, and the Vietnamese EEP population later this year. although it is listed under CITES currently stands at seven animals (0.7). Appendix 2, it seems that it may also be The first birth since 2014 in the EEP REFERENCES a target for the pet and private zoo trade. took place earlier in 2019 at Newquay • Duckworth, J. W. (2018). IUCN Red List Authority for The firstex situ population was Zoo, UK. Small Carnivores: Owston’s civet Chrotogale owstoni established in 1995 in Cuc Phuong range-wide conservation planning workshop. National Park, Vietnam, by the WHAT NEXT? • Gray, T. N. E., Thongsamouth, K. and Tilker, A. Carnivore and Pangolin Conservation Under the expert facilitation of (2014). Recent camera-trap records of Owston’s Programme (now SVW). In Europe, the IUCN Conservation Planning Civet Chrotogale owstoni and other small carnivores Owston’s civets have been present Specialist Group, delegates of the from Xe Sap National Protected Area, southern Lao since the early 1990s, although three workshop separated into three groups: PDR. Small Carnivore Conservation 51: 29–33. pairs were sent to the UK in 2005 the first focused on developing • Roberton, S., Rosenthal, S. and Muir, S. (2002). to form the basis of the studbook. a strategy for in situ, site-based Management Guidelines for Owston’s palm civet, These also provide the majority of conservation, the second on tackling Chrotogale owstoni (Thomas, 1912). Cuc Phuong knowledge on the biology of Owston’s issues concerning the illegal wildlife National Park. civets. Data collected from animals in trade, and the last concentrated on • Timmins, R. J., Coudrat, C. N. Z., Duckworth, J. W., human care suggest that the species producing a robust ex situ conservation Gray, T. N. E., Robichaud, W., Willcox, D. H. A., Long, has a relatively well-defined breeding plan. Within these groups, our aims B. and Roberton, S. (2016). Chrotogale owstoni. The season, ranging from late November were to identify what exactly it is that IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. to February, and that females produce we want to achieve, given the most • Veron, G. and Heard, S. (2000). Molecular one to two offspring (although some pressing issues for the civets in and ex systematics of the Asiatic Viverridae (Carnivora) captive females have produced triplets) situ. For the site-based conservation inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence following a gestation of 75–90 days. group, this involved identifying areas analysis. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Interestingly, while the Owston’s in which the civets could successfully Evolutionary Research. 38: 209–217. John Wiley & civet studbook is coordinated by be conserved, with considerations Sons, Ltd 10.1111. Owen Taylor, Paignton Zoo, UK, for any other ongoing conservation • Veron, G., Rosenthal, S. H., Long, B. and the EEP consists of two populations: projects that may be in the region, Roberton, S. (2004). The molecular systematics one half resides in Europe, while the while priorities for tackling the illegal and conservation of an endangered carnivore, the other is in Vietnam, held at SVW. wildlife trade lay in highlighting Owston’s palm civet Chrotogale owstoni (Thomas, Currently, however, both populations issues facing the civets, in particular 1912) (Carnivora, Viverridae, Hemigalinae). Animal are too small to be sustainable; the snaring, on a global platform. As for Conservation 7: 107–112. European subset is faced with an the ex situ conservation group, our • Willcox, D. H. A., Tran, Q. P., Hoang, M. D. and ageing population of few founders tasks lie with identifying factors that Nguyen, T. T. A. (2014). The decline of non-Panthera and low reproductive success, while contribute to successful reproduction cat species in Vietnam. Cat News Spec. 8: 53–61. 21 CONFERENCES Food for thought A RECENT NUTRITION CONFERENCE TACKLED OLD AND NEW QUESTIONS ALIKE IN THIS VITAL TOPIC

Anouk Fens, nutritionist, Apenheul Primate Park, and Vice-Chair EAZA Nutrition Group

Every two years, the European Nutrition enjoyable icebreaker evening in the presentations offered us a look inside Conference brings together keepers, zoo Marwell Hotel, which allowed the far- the ‘kitchen’ of US zoos, including the nutritionists, veterinarians, researchers flung delegates to meet and re-engage. history, current challenges and future and feed companies from across the The conference began with a welcome plans for animal nutrition. globe to share their expertise. This speech by Dr Will Justice, Head of Plants Conference sessions were dedicated to year, the 10th European Zoo Nutrition and Animal Management at Marwell different taxa, including mammal, reptile Conference, organised by the EAZA Zoo, followed by an update from EAZA, and bird nutrition. Within mammal Nutrition Group (ENG), was hosted by delivered by David Williams-Mitchell, nutrition, various topics were discussed, Marwell Zoo, UK. This was particularly EAZA’s Director of Communications including obesity management in equid appropriate, as the second nutrition and Membership. Then the first day species, fruit-free diets for primates, conference should have been held there kicked off with two keynote talks on the body condition scores in elephants in 2001, but was cancelled due to foot role of vitamin D in nutrition. Professor and nutrition for geriatric zoo animals. and mouth disease. Although it has Susan Lanham-New (Surrey University) In reptile and bird nutrition, the talks taken 18 years to reschedule, the effort explained the challenges of vitamin D included challenges in raptor nutrition, was worth it, as it was the largest to supplementation in human nutrition, digestive traits of old world vultures, date; it drew 161 delegates from over and Frances Baines (UV Guide UK) feeding regimes in lesser flamingos and 30 countries, including attendees from translated theory into practice by talking body condition scores of tortoises. The other regions, such as Japan, Australia about the use of UVB lights and full- conference also allowed students to share and the USA. spectrum lighting solutions. the results of their research by means With its aim ‘to promote and support Previous conferences have often been of posters and pitches. All delegates nutrition in zoological institutions dominated by topics such as obesity, were able to vote for the best poster, as an essential component of their lack of dietary fibre, fruit-free diets and and ‘Browse preference in bonobos’ by conservation mission’, the ENG is made body condition score. This year a new Sarah Depauw and others won with a up of zoo animal nutrition specialists topic emerged, namely browse quality convincing majority. from across Europe, working in zoo- and storage. The provision of browse is A huge thank you is owed to the logical collections and in academia. becoming more important in the diets organising committee, consisting of Nutrition is probably the most important of browsing herbivores. However, many members of the ENG, EAZA Executive factor for establishing healthy and zoos find it hard to store and collect Office and Marwell Zoo, for putting viable populations in human care, sufficient quantities of browse, which together a superb conference. Thank you and although much progress has been is often only seasonally available. In also to sponsors Arie Blok, Granovit, made over the past 20 years in the one session, the effects of frozen storage Kiezebrink International, Lucerne development of scientifically based on the chemical composition and for Browsers – Itchen Valley, Mazuri knowledge on zoo nutrition, there are fermentability of browse were discussed, Zoofoods, Saint Laurent SAS, Versele- still many unanswered questions, and along with inconsistencies within Laga NV and Zooprofis, for their support. specialists in this field remain scarce. vitamin A and E content in forages. As a result of the conference, we This conference is therefore invaluable Speaker Sven Seiffert from ZSL, UK, are delighted to announce that there for the continued development of zoo explained the lessons learned during 10 will soon be another issue of EAZA animal nutrition. years of browse provision. Nutrition Group news. Based on papers Prior to the conference, delegates The second day began with a zoo visit, and posters presented at the conference, could attend an EAZA Academy which featured not just guided tours but it will present issues of importance to Recognised Course on the topic also several workshop stations spread zoo animal nutrition management in of ‘Meat and fish quality, nutrition throughout the zoo, where information an easily digestible form. In addition and feed presentation’, facilitated was presented on specific zoo animal to this, the ENG section on the EAZA by Richard Chivers (Food Safety nutrition items, such as body condition website has recently been updated and Southwest), Dr Len Lipman (Utrecht scoring, faecal consistency scoring, much useful material has been uploaded. University), Professor Dr Annette forage sampling, feeding anatomy and Furthermore, the ENG is now also Liesegang (University of Zurich) and dentition and conducting a diet change. active on Facebook (www.facebook. Professor Dr Marcus Clauss (University A particular highlight were the talks com/EAZAnutrition/), providing regular of Zurich). The workshop combined given by nutrition colleagues from the posts regarding zoo animal nutrition. theoretical information and practical USA: Dr Andrea Fidgett from San For more information, please go to our elements regarding fish and meat quality Diego Zoo and Shannon Livingston website: https://www.eaza.net/about-us/ 22 and nutrition. It was followed by an from Disney's Animal Kingdom. Their areas-of-activity/eaza-nutrition-group. CONFERENCES An excellent education EAZA'S BIENNIAL CONFERENCE FOR EDUCATORS PROMOTES GOOD PRACTICE IN LEARNING AND EVALUATION

Mirko Marseille, EAZA Events Coordinator

Every two years since 2009, EAZA has in EAZA zoos and aquariums, while conference themes, which offered been involved in the organisation of considering a future focus to help shape delegates the option to develop an Education Conference, which grows our education programmes to meet practical skills in certain areas or to ever larger in both delegate numbers current and future challenges. participate in in-depth discussion and programme content; this year we The first day included many different and strategic thinking about future welcomed almost 200 delegates from presentations from educators all across directions for conservation education. 34 countries. The conference brings Europe, as well as a poster session At the end of the day the EAZA together educators from across the world and an introduction and workshop Education Committee and delegates for three days of activities focused on session focusing on the next EAZA thanked Sarah Thomas, Chair sharing good practice and highlighting Conservation Campaign. The first of the Education Committee, for future trends in zoo and aquarium keynote speaker, Diogo Verissimo from her dedicated work for the EAZA education. It also provides invaluable Oxford University, gave a presentation community over the past six years and opportunities for educators to meet entitled ‘Behaviour Change: the next presented her with her leaving gifts. and share their experiences. And these Frontier for Zoos’. This included This was followed by the gala dinner educators are not just EAZA Members; elements of his current research into and farewell party at the Solliden 45 educators came from other regions, designing and evaluating behaviour restaurant in Skansen, where delegates including universities, NGOs and zoos. change interventions, with the focus on could relax or network – or both. The The event began with the usual better management of illegally traded following day Kolmården Zoo organised pre-conference EAZA Academy wildlife resources. The second speaker, a zoo visit, which brought this excellent course, focusing on how to effectively Emma Nohrén, from the Swedish Green conference to a very enjoyable close. evaluate and measure the effects of our party Miljöpartier de Gröna, spoke The evaluation survey was extremely conservation education programmes, about issues affecting the Baltic Sea positive in all areas; Skansen Zoo did and to provide educators with new such as plastic pollution and overfishing a wonderful job, offering conference ideas and skills to help them meet and what politicians and we can do to facilities and catering beyond all the EAZA Conservation Education protect marine areas more effectively. expectations. The survey also showed Standards (CES). The course was On the second day the programme that the main idea most conference fully booked with 60 delegates included an open space session, an delegates will use at work is that and five tutors: Dr Sarah Thomas unstructured discussion time that allows evaluation of education practices is very (conservation consultant), Cassandra delegates to raise issues or questions important and should be given more Murray (ZSL), Dr Andy Moss and relating to their own educational time and consideration. Greg Counsell (Chester Zoo) and João practice. After lunch a group photo The next EAZA Education Neves (Zoomarine Portugal). After a was taken, and then delegates were Conference will be in March 2021, hard day’s work, the delegates met for free to explore Skansen Zoo. The hosted by Wroclaw Zoo in Poland. refreshments at the brand new Baltic day ended with a discussion panel For updates, please keep an eye on the Sea Science Center at Skansen, and in about the challenges and successes of Events page on the EAZA website. As this impressive setting the conference implementing the EAZA CES. one delegate said in the survey: ‘As a was officially opened. The inspiring presentations new educator this conference proved The next day began in the beautiful continued throughout the third day, to be an extremely useful experience. old Högloftet building in Skansen Zoo. and after each thematic session the I can see that the educators from the The theme this year was ‘Conservation speakers came on stage to answer European Zoo and Aquaria community education – acting for a sustainable questions from the audience. This last are like one huge family, always future’. This reflects the important role day included seven parallel workshop willing to help each other. For me, this conservation education plays in EAZA sessions relating to the identified experience has been very motivating.’ zoos and aquariums in meeting the UN Sustainable Development Goals. CONFERENCE LIVE-STREAM How do we and should we encourage, For those unable to attend in person, we live-streamed this conference on support and empower our audiences to the closed EAZA Education Conservation Group Facebook page. With the take positive personal, community and approval of all speakers, most presentations have been made available wider social actions towards the animals on the EAZA YouTube channel. Look for the 'EAZA Education conference and the natural world? The aim of this 2019' playlist on the EAZA video channel and enjoy. conference was to highlight the best Opening session: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2438bHPEmU conservation education taking place Keynote Emma Nohren: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jHUTK3-930s 23 NUTRITION

ZOO ANIMALS BEING REINTRODUCED INTO THE WILD NEED FEEDING REGIMES THAT WILL HELP THEM MAKE THE TRANSITION TO WILD FORAGING OR HUNTING

Diet secrets GOOD ZOO NUTRITION CAN BE VITAL FOR THE SUCCESS OF CONSERVATION PROJECTS IN THE ZOO AND IN THE FIELD

Lauren Samet, zoo nutritionist associated with Marwell Wildlife

Zoo nutrition plays a vital role in CONSERVING HABITATS AND WILD (Smith et al., 2010; Clauss et al., 2007; conservation within our zoos and TYPE DIETS Demment, 1997). aquariums, and not just because it The link between diet, niche and helps us to offer an optimal diet in species specificity is perhaps most NUTRITION FOR SUCCESSFUL a similar format to that found in famously demonstrated by the Giant POPULATION GROWTH the wild. The start of 2019 marked Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), which Many studies now focus on analysing the 10th European Zoo Nutrition when kept in human care requires wild diets in order to provide more Conference, which was held at around 17kg of bamboo stems or 40kg suitable diets for species whose only Marwell Zoo in the UK (see p. 22), of bamboo shoots per day and can chance of avoiding extinction is and once again research highlighted eat relatively little else. The panda is often to be part of an ex situ breeding how nutrition is one of the key one example of how habitat loss and programme. Adaptations and evolution areas within animal care that can a lack of dietary options resulted in a to a niche diet are often responsible fundamentally impact the health, critically endangered species; however, for the success or failure of a captive immunity, body condition, physiology, it is one that has improved its status species’ breeding programme and the metabolism, cognition, brain to ‘Vulnerable’ through population health status of rare populations in function, gut microbiome, behaviour, management programmes and the human care (Morrow et al., 2018; Jayson reproductive ability, longevity, protection of wild habitat, including et al., 2018). welfare, quality of life and emotional the reforestation of bamboo forests and Living in a zoological institution state of a captive animal (Dierenfeld, corridors. does not mean an animal can try any 1997; Fraser, 2008). Poor nutrition In presenting diets that are too far less hard to attract a mate. In the wild can result in deficiency, disease, from an animal’s natural diet, we run it is often the brightest, most colourful poor welfare, poor condition (which the risk of unconsciously selecting for bird or tomato frog that enjoys the most includes obesity alongside weight or against less obvious traits such as success with the opposite sex. Where loss) and even depression (Fraser, digestive efficiency (Leyet al., 2008; we cannot provide an exact copy of the 2008). Additionally, the further away David et al., 2014) or digestive tract, wild diet in captivity, supplementation a captive animal’s diet is from that of tooth, skull or beak morphology (Van of carotenoids and other pigment its wild counterparts, the greater the Valkenburgh, 2007; Pérez-Barbería precursors is often necessary to ensure potential there is for each of these & Gordon, 1999). This in turn can full colouration is possible and that parameters to evolve away from how influence food transit time through a creature can catch the eye of the they have been adapted for success in the gut, body size and potentially the opposite sex to encourage breeding to the wild. suitability to survive on a wild diet take place. 24 CC DILMEN NEVIT For successful reproduction in human Calculus and periodontal disease The 11th European Zoo Nutrition care, an animal’s diet must meet the are often more common in captive Conference organised by the EAZA necessary energy requirements to carnivores due to diet and presentation Nutrition Working Group will be held in ensure that each specimen can reach of food far removed from their natural 2021. sexual maturity, maintain gestation menu (Kapoor et al., 2016). The speed and support lactation where necessary. of tooth wear can also be increased REFERENCES The quality of the egg and/or sperm in animals in human care if an • Clauss, M., Schwarm, A., Ortmann, S., Streich, W. production is also critical for viable inappropriate diet is provided, which J. and Hummel, J. (2007). A case of non-scaling in conception in the first instance, and may lay weaker foundations for an mammalian physiology? Body size, digestive capacity, then for the prevention of infant animal’s long-term success back in the food intake, and ingesta passage in mammalian mortality. Birds and reptiles that lay eggs wild (Taylor et al., 2016). herbivores. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology must have adequate nutrition to support Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 148 (2): the protective shell of the developing SUSTAINABLE ZOO NUTRITION 249–265. embryo, while nutrients such as zinc, No mention of zoo nutrition and • David, L. A., Maurice, C. F., Carmody, R. N., Gootenberg, selenium and vitamin E can support conservation would be complete D. B., Button, J. E., Wolfe, B. E., ... and Biddinger, S. B. healthy sperm motility, concentration without the mention of sustainability (2014). Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human and ejaculate volume to increase the in food production, security and waste. gut microbiome. Nature 505 (7484): 559. chances of successful fertilisation when Many zoos have already made the • Demment, M. W. (1983). Feeding ecology and the a breeding event takes place. step to remove palm oil from their evolution of body size of baboons. African Journal of Indeed, nutrition is key at every life animal diets, as well as from their Ecology 21 (4): 219–233. stage. A large project currently being café and gift shop offerings. Marwell • Dierenfeld, E. S. (1997). Captive wild animal nutrition: carried out by the Smithsonian National Wildlife hosted a two-day seminar a historical perspective. Proceedings of the Nutrition Zoo’s Conservation Biology Institute on Sustainability in Zoo Nutrition in Society 56 (3): 989–999. in the US, is the Exotic Animal Milk January 2018. Themes included palm • Fraser, D. (2008). Understanding animal welfare. Acta Depository in which scientists are oil and soya sustainability; the increase Veterinaria Scandinavica 50 (1): S1. collecting milk samples from various in invertebrate use in both human • Jayson, S., Ferguson, A., Goetz, M., Routh, A., Tapley, exotic species to analyse nutritional and animal food; the purchase of B., Harding, L., ... and Dawson, J. (2018). Comparison composition in order to better replicate sustainably sourced fish approved by the of the nutritional content of the captive and wild diets Lauren Samet, zoo nutritionist associated with Marwell Wildlife it when hand-rearing neonatal Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) of the critically endangered mountain chicken frog mammals that do not have access to or Aquaculture Stewardship Council (Leptodactylus fallax) to improve its captive husbandry. parental milk. (ASC); the identification of onsite Zoo Biology 37 (5): 332–346. browse as a food source; and how to • Kapoor, V., Antonelli, T., Parkinson, J. A. and FEEDING FOR SUCCESSFUL prevent food waste and overfeeding by Hartstone-Rose, A. (2016). Oral health correlates of REINTRODUCTION PROGRAMMES monitoring and reducing dietary drift in captivity. Research in Veterinary Science 107: 213–219. But of course, zoo nutrition is much zoo-based animal care. • Ley, R. E., Hamady, M., Lozupone, C., Turnbaugh, P. J., more than just providing the correct Ramey, R. R., Bircher, J. S., ... and Gordon, J. I. (2008). dietary components; ask any keeper THE FUTURE OF ZOO AND Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. Science how long they spend on daily food AQUARIUM NUTRITION 320 (5883): 1647-1651. preparation and feeding enrichment The future trends set to be big news in • Morrow, M. E., Koutsos, E. A., and Toepfer, J. E. (2018). and it is likely that the hours soon add zoo animal nutrition include the ever- Nutrient profiles of wild and captive Attwater's and up. Providing meals in the same way in fascinating role of the gut microbiome greater prairie-chicken eggs. Journal of Fish and which the animals would receive them and its underlying influence on Wildlife Management 10 (1): 38–50. in the wild (think carcass-feeding for seemingly everything in an animal’s • Pérez-Barbería, F. J., and Gordon, I. J. (1999). The carnivores) or using some of the same biology; the continuing search for functional relationship between feeding type and jaw attributes that are used when hunting, sustainable ways of providing species and cranial morphology in ungulates. Oecologia 118 scavenging and foraging can make a with their natural diets all year round; (2): 157–165. zoo animal better prepared for life in reducing obesity and increasing activity • Petretto, M. (2017). North African Ostrich the wild. in zoo animals; and, of course, increasing Conservation, Conservation Lecture Series at Marwell Conservation scientists involved interest in zoo animal nutrition, Wildlife, Marwell Zoo, UK, 2017. in a North African ostrich (Struthio communication of research, and • Smith, F. A., Boyer, A. G., Brown, J. H., Costa, D. P., camelus) reintroduction programme demonstrating the value of nutrition Dayan, T., Ernest, S. M., ... and Harding, L. E. (2010). realised the need for weaning ostriches training and specialists within zoos and The evolution of maximum body size of terrestrial into wild foraging behaviours when aquariums. Sustainability in zoo animal mammals. Science 330 (6008): 1216–1219. the human-bred ostriches they released nutrition is just as big an issue as it is • Taylor, L. A., Müller, D. W. H., Schwitzer, C., Kaiser, from acclimatisation pens in situ did not in human nutrition, and continued T. M., Castell, J. C., Clauss, M., and Schulz-Kornas, E. widely disperse to forage independently, research in this area, alongside that (2016). Comparative analyses of tooth wear in free- but instead returned to the team around which supports captive animal care ranging and captive wild equids. Equine Veterinary meal times in expectation of food. The and health, is key in supporting ex situ Journal 48 (2): 240–245. scientists took note, creating a strategy population management, re-release and • Van Valkenburgh, B. (2007). Déjà vu: the evolution of to try and reduce this behaviour in conservation programmes in zoos and feeding morphologies in the Carnivora. Integrative and future (Petretto, 2017). aquariums. Comparative Biology 47 (1): 147–163. 25 EXHIBITS

The decoration in the central part of the roof represents Jumis, a Latvian Welcome to pagan deity related to the harvest. The symbol of the sun that is related to fertility was used for the main structure. Plan Bee The ‘rays’ of the sun are filled with pieces of wood with drilled holes, as TO PROMOTE THE VITAL IMPORTANCE OF BEES TO OUR well as stems of hollow-stemmed plants ECOSYSTEMS, RIGA ZOO HAS CREATED AN ENGAGING AND such as Phragmites sp., Polygonum INTRIGUING EXHIBIT THAT OFFERS A CLOSE-UP VIEW OF sachalinense, Artemisia sp., Sambucus sp. HOW BEES LIVE AND WORK among others. The whole structure consists of about 2,500 Ilona Roma, Section Head of Insectarium, and Alexander Napolov, single ‘rooms’, each large Entomologist, Riga Zoo enough for a bee. Solitary bees are The decline that pollinating insect are connected to a particularly active populations have been suffering tank full of syrup, from late April in recent years is an increasingly the starting feed to June. During pressing global problem. As we for the nest. The this period, on know, pollination is a fundamental bumblebees leave sunny days our process within natural and anthropic the nest through a visitors can enjoy ecosystems, which are largely metre-long tunnel the frenetic activity guaranteed by pollinating insects. and search for nectar of a multitude of bees. At Riga Zoo we wanted to focus our and pollen on the zoo These bee species have a visitors’ attention on the complicated grounds. To assist them, sting but are not aggressive and fascinating world of Hymenoptera a garden of nectariferous plants and thus present no danger for the living around us, demonstrating the was created on the lawn in front of the zoo visitors. connection of these insects with exit point of the bumblebee tunnel. So far there has been no study of the plants and highlighting the Oregano, lavender, catnip, makleya the species of bees that occupy the importance of a global strategy for their and liatriss are the most favoured by hotel. Judging by the size and type of conservation. bumblebees. The white background the material used for closing the holes, Taking this as our premise, the under the bees’ exit tunnel makes it there are at least five groups of single project ‘Hymenoptera Around Us’ easy for visitors to see the bumblebees bees here. Parasitic wasps and flies have was launched at Riga Zoo in 2010. departing and returning with full sometimes been observed as well. It includes an exhibit of bumblebees pollen baskets. (Bombus terrestris), flower beds with One nest functions for about 40–50 BUMBLEBEE DAYS nectar plants, a bee hotel for solitary days, then the colony disintegrates (the In 2013, we launched a new part of our bees and the Days of Bumblebees, an old queen and workers die, and new project, called Bumblebee Days. On educational activity for zoo visitors. queens and males fly away), and then the second week of June each year we the nest has to be replaced. During the hold educational workshops dedicated BEE EXHIBIT short Latvian summer season (May– to Hymenoptera and the importance The first step was the creation of the September) we use two or three nests of pollinators. During these Bumblebee bumblebee exhibit. The exhibit is in the exhibit. Days, the space between the bumblebee located at the zoo's Latvian Amphibian Educational information panels exhibit and the bee hotel welcomes and Reptile Exhibit hall, near the have been installed along the path children and adults interested in the north-facing window. It has a simple to the exhibit, offering information fascinating world of bumblebees. but functional and attractive design. on the biology of the bumblebees The activities include lectures and A 20-litre cylindrical hollow is carved and interaction between insects and presentations for an adult public as vertically out of a large pine stump, and plants. The display includes interactive well as a ‘workshop for a researcher this houses a bumblebee nest, covered information panels in the form of of bumblebees and other buzzing by a thick piece of glass. Through flowers for children, with contents creatures’ for the youngest visitors, this window visitors can observe life and language adapted to an accessible where they can learn about social inside the nest. The careful queen, level, with information on bumblebee bees, bumblebees and wasps. Through busy bumblebee workers, larvae, silk reproduction and development stages. crossword puzzles, painting workshops cocoons with pupae and honey pots are and insect observation under a all clearly visible in the nest. BUILDING THE BEE HOTEL microscope, children and adults can For this exhibit, we use artificially In the spring of 2013, the next stage of get closer to the delicate world of grown bumblebee nests that are the project was implemented, which industrious insects that surrounds us, sold for the pollination of plants in was the creation of a bee hotel. and can better understand how the bee greenhouses. They come in plastic The design of the structure was plays a vital role in the ecosystems of boxes with a transparent top. The nests inspired by ancient Latvian symbolism. the world. 26 GULBE ELINA SERGEYCHICHAGOV; NAPOLOV; ALEXANDER 27 WELFARE AND EDUCATION While you were sleeping… UNDERSTANDING THE SLEEPING HABITS OF THE ANIMALS IN OUR CARE IS ESSENTIAL IF WE ARE TO MEET THEIR WELFARE NEEDS AND ENSURE THAT THEY LIVE HEALTHY AND STRESS-FREE LIVES

Brendan Walsh, Dublin Zoo; Sally Binding, EAZA Animal Welfare Coordinator; and Dr Lisa Holmes, Chester Zoo

‘I feel so much better after a good particularly noted for altricial species phones. If reversed lighting is not night’s sleep!’ We’ve all been there, such as rats and cats (Siegel, 2005). used, then it is important to ensure the enjoying the benefits of undisturbed Sleep deprivation in humans can animals can get the rest they need with sleep. The question is, are we providing lead to confusion, disorientation and minimal disruption from the visiting good-quality sleep opportunities for exhaustion, and if sleep deprivation public. Similarly, provision should be the animals in our care? Zoos have becomes chronic, immunosuppression made for species that go into torpor an obligation to provide animals (Dinges et al., 1997). For example, or hibernation when environmental with the highest possible level of during early-stage infection, sleep conditions change. welfare, satisfying both their physical deprivation can result in prolonged Creating an appropriate sleeping and psychological needs. Modern illness and increased mortality rates, environment has a number of aspects, zoos should provide zoo animals in comparison to individuals with and amongst the most important are: with opportunities to have control appropriate sleep levels (Cheeta et • a suitable sleeping surface, for over their environment and be al., 1997; Siegel, 2005; Toth, 1995). example, deep sand for elephants able to make choices that improve In non-human animals, chronic poor (Williams et al., 2015); their own welfare – and this should quality sleep, and an inappropriate • suitable noise levels for the species, include accommodating appropriate quantity, has long been shown to taking into account hearing ranges sleep patterns and the provision of impact negatively on welfare. For outside human limits, such as infra- an appropriate sleep environment. example, as far back as the 1970s, sound (Orban et al., 2017); However, the importance of sleep is not the negative impact of poor sleep • light provision of both natural and always a primary consideration as we on animals’ wellbeing was being artificial sources – for example, try to optimise the welfare of animals studied, including reduced ability to the importance of natural light to in our care. As zoo professionals, how thermoregulate (Schmeidek et al., maintain health circadian rhythms many of us have full knowledge of the 1972) and a decrease in normal social and avoidance of artificial light sleep patterns of the animals in our behaviours during maturation (Watson overnight (Raap et al., 2015; Samson care and their sleep needs, including and Henry, 1977). Conversely, et al., 2017). bout length, frequency, total amount animals’ sleep patterns could be used Therefore, whilst we cannot make and distribution of sleep across the as a non-invasive measure of welfare. the assumption that animals’ sleep 24-hour period? And are we providing It has long been identified that patterns in the wild are the same as the opportunity for the animals to meet hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) their requirement in captivity (due to their sleep needs for positive welfare? axis hyperactivity (associated with unknown impact of lack of predators, Between species there can be marked chronic stress) reduces sleep quality readily available food etc.), providing differences in sleep duration and and quantity (Bradbury et al., 1998). In a similar environment and opportunity quality, due to evolutionary adaptations a study of rats’ sleep, Abou-Ismail et al. for good-quality sleep for animals in to environmental conditions (Samson (2007), found that low frequencies of human care, which mimics that of & Shumaker, 2015). In general, sleep and low sleep duration correlated their wild behaviours, is a reasonable mammal sleep duration is linked to with some indicators of elevated approach to take in promoting positive their feeding habits. The daily need for physiological and physical stress, such welfare. sleep is highest in carnivores, lower in as adrenal weight and bodyweight Welfare is a wavering state; it omnivores, with herbivores sleeping gain; and chronic psychological stress is impossible to keep welfare at a the least (Siegel, 2005). Sleep is an (for example, subordination) has been constant ‘high’ or ‘positive’ level. The important aspect of life, and a lack of found to reduce the quantity of sleep in lows in life such as death, conflict and it can pose both acute and chronic humans (Hurst et al., 1999). some other variables are unavoidable. health limitations to animals and Arguably, nocturnal animals suffer As zoo professionals, we can only humans alike (Bryant et al., 2004; the greatest sleep disturbance within aim to maximise the ‘highs’. Our Hillman et al., 2018). Life events can zoos. Where reversed light cycles are attitude and actions can and do make negatively impact on sleep, particularly used to increase opportunities for a difference. By considering animals’ when it involves infants (as many visitors to see the animals, there should full life rhythms across a 24-hour parents will testify!), but it’s not just be appropriate areas for the animals to period, seasonally and during changing the parents that can be affected. Most sleep during the light phase, but also life stages, and designing habitats and newborn mammals and chicks need deterrents in place to prevent visitors husbandry with this in mind, we can to achieve a high proportion of REM from disrupting the animals with greatly improve animal welfare in our 28 sleep for development of the brain, bright lights from cameras or mobile zoos and aquariums. STUDYING SLEEP: ELEPHANTS, DUBLIN ZOO It is thought that elephants sleep for four hours on average over a 24-hour period, most of which occurs at night (Ganswindt and Munscher, 2007) and in social groups, but we know little about wild sleeping conditions such as body positioning, nocturnal social interactions and sleep time periods. These unanswered questions led me to start a long-term study regarding the sleep behaviour of the elephants at Dublin Zoo. Our starting question was: How long do the elephants sleep each night? The Dublin Zoo herd comprises one adult bull, two bull calves, three adult cows, one sub-adult cow and one cow calf. The two elephant houses (one for the adult bull and one for all others) have sand substrate at very strong in a zoo environment. The sleep of all adult a depth of 1.8m which provides a comfortable sleeping cows also reduced in the days after a calf was born. surface for their large frames, and allows urine and This co-operative herd behaviour is typical of wild water to drain away, creating a drier and fresher home. elephants as allo-mothering behaviour is a driving and The elephants also have access to the outdoor paddock central component of elephant society (Schulte, 2000). area both day and night. As it is believed that elephants Suckling is also a likely factor in the low quantities of can only experience deep sleep if they are lying sleep, as it took all calves and mothers time to establish down, sand mounds of 2m are created daily to enable successful feeding regimes. Even as the calves got older, individuals to easily lie down and return to a standing at least one elephant stood over the calves as they slept position after sleep, particularly for pregnant cows. for approximately 90 per cent of the observed sleep Over 700 nights of CCTV footage was reviewed, and periods, particularly the matriarch and her daughter. the average sleep duration for the herd was found to be It is also important to note that the herd consistently 4 hours and 16 minutes, similar to that recorded in the opted to sleep on the sand substrate, rather than wild. The five adults generally slept (mean 3hr 37min) concrete; supporting previous studies (Williams et al., for less time than the three calves (mean 5hr 8min). 2015) and application of evidence-based zoo animal There was a significant negative relationship between welfare. age and mean sleep duration (R¬2 = 0.89, p<0.05). To truly promote positive welfare, we should strive Juvenile mammals typically sleep for longer with to cater for our animals’ sleep needs. I thought I knew prolonged REM sleep periods to aid brain development our herd’s behaviour prior to our study, but some (Siegel 2005; Ferber 1985). interactions were only observed at night, such as The birth of a calf was also found to influence sleep. guarding behaviour or interactions between specific A bull calf and cow calf did not lie down on the first individuals. This study delivered new information and night immediately after their births and slept very little gave me a great appreciation for the 24-hour needs of on the second night. This may have been a natural our animals, not just when visitors and staff are present. instinct to reduce risk of predation. On the third night Adapted from Walsh, B. (2017). Sleep in Asian they were surrounded by the entire herd as they lay elephants (Elephas maximus): long-term quantitative down to sleep, as if forming a protective circle; it research at Dublin Zoo. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium would appear that their protective instinct remains Research 5(2), 82-85.

REFERENCES in infants and young children. Annals of Clinical Research 17: • Samson, D.R. and Shumaker, R.W. (2015). Orangutans • Abou-Ismail, U.A., Burman, O. H.P ., Nicol, C. J. and Mendl, M. 227–234. (Pongo Spp.) have deeper, more efficient sleep than baboons (2007). Can sleep behaviour be used as an indicator of stress in • Ganswindt, A. and Münscher, S. (2007). Take a nap: sleeping in captivity. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 157: group-housed rats (Rattus norvegicus)? Universities Federation behaviour of free-ranging male African elephants (Loxodonta 421–427. for Animal Welfare 16:185–188. africana) during the day. Unpublished poster. Pretoria: Section • Samson, D. R., Bray, J. & Nunn, C. L. (2017). The cost of deep • Bradbury, M. J., Dement, W. C., and Edgar, D. M. (1998). Effects of Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Dept of Production Animal sleep: Environmental influences on sleep regulation are greater of adrenalectomy and subsequent corticosterone replacement Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria. for diurnal lemurs. Physical Anthropology 166: 578–589. on rat sleep state and EEG power spectra. American Journal of • Hillman, D., Mitchell, S., Steatfeild, J., Burns, C., Bruck, D., and • Schmidek, W. R., Hoshino, K., Schmidek, M., & Timo-Iaria, C., Physiology 275: 555–565 Pezzullo, L. (2018). The economic cost of inadequate sleep. (1972). Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep- • Bryant, P. A., Trinder, J., & Curtis, N. (2004). Sick and tired: does Sleep 1-13. wakefulness cycle in the rat. Physiology & Behavior 8: 363–371. sleep have a vital role in the immune system? Nature Reviews • Hurst, J. L., Barnard, C. J., Tolladay, U., Nevison, C. M. and West, • Schulte, B. A. (2000). Social structure and helping behaviour in Immunology 4: 457–467. C. D. (1999). Housing and welfare in laboratory rats: effects of captive elephants. Zoo Biology 19: 447–459. • Cheeta, S., Ruigt, G., van Proosdij, J. and Willner, P. (1997). cage-stocking density and behavioural predictors of welfare. • Siegel, J. M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian Changes in sleep architecture following chronic mild stress. Animal Behaviour 58: 563–586. sleep. Nature 437: 1264–1271. Biological Psychiatry 41: 419–427. • Orban, D. A., Soltis, J., Perkins, L., & Mellen, J. D. (2017). Sound • Watson, F. M. C., & Henry, J. P. (1977a). Loss of socialized • Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., at the zoo: Using animal monitoring, sound measurement and patterns of behaviour in mouse colonies following daily sleep Ott, G. E., Apotowicz, C., and Pack, A. I. (1997). Cumulative noise reduction in zoo animal management. Zoo Biology 36: disturbance during maturation. Physiology and Behavior 18: sleepiness, mood disturbance and psychomotor vigilance 231–236. 119–123. performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to • Raap, T., Pinxten, R., and Eens, M. (2015). Light pollution • Williams, E., Bremner-Harrison, S., Harvey, N., Evison, E. and 4-5 hours per night. Sleep 20 (4):267–277. disrupts sleep in free-living animals. Scientific Reports 5:13557 Yon, L. (2015). An investigation into resting behaviour in Asian • Ferber, R., (1985). Sleep, sleeplessness, and sleep disruptions 29: 637–643. elephants in UK zoos. Zoo Biology 34: 406–417. 29 COUNCIL EAZA Council 2019-2022 A NEW EAZA COUNCIL WAS CONVENED AT DIRECTORS’ DAYS IN JERSEY IN APRIL. YOUR REPRESENTATIVES FOR THE PERIOD 2019–2022 ARE LISTED BELOW

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

Chair Vice Chair & EEP Treasurer Secretary Communications Technical Membership & Aquarium National Thomas Kauffels Committee Sean McKeown Brice Lefaux Committee Assistance Ethics Committee Representative Associations Opel-Zoo Mark Pilgrim Fota Wildlife Park Mulhouse Zoo Sanna Hellström Committee Endre Papp João Falcato Committee Chester Zoo Helsinki Zoo André Stadler Sostó Zoo Oceánario de Volker Homes Alpenzoo Lisboa VdZ

SPECIALIST COMMITTEE CHAIRS (ON COUNCIL) CO-OPTED COMMITTEE CHAIRS Conservation Committee Aquarium Representative Technical Assistance Committee Eric Bairraõ Ruivo Beauval Zoo João Falcato Oceánario de Lisboa André Stadler, Alpenzoo Education Committee National Associations Committee Veterinary Committee Arlete Sogorb Lisbon Zoo Volker Homes, VdZ Arne Lawrenz, Wuppertal Zoo Research Committee Zjef Pereboom Antwerp Zoo

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