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Some Aspects of Conflict and Conflict Resolution Among Waliso Oromo of Eastern Macha, with Particular Emphasis on the Guma

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Some Aspects of Conflict and Conflict Resolution Among Waliso Oromo of Eastern Macha, with Particular Emphasis on the Guma Some Aspects of Conflict and Conflict Resolution Among Waliso Oromo of Eastern Macha, With Particular Emphasis on the Guma. A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLEMENT OF THE REQIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY By Dejene Gemechu Chala JUNE 2002 A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S I would like to express my deepest gratitude and heartfelt thanks to my thesis advisor, Dr. Gemetchu Megerssa, for his timely and scholarly help in reading and correcting this thesis. His corrections and critical remarks from the preparation of the proposal to the completion of the thesis were very useful and constructive. It is my pleasure to acknowledge Dr. Taddesse Berisso and Dr. Hirut Terefe for their constructive comments on the first draft of the research. I owe special thanks also to my friends Solomon Gada and Alamirew Kasahun who edited the manuscript meticulously. I am greatly indebted to all my informants, who are the masters of Oromo wisdom, without whose contributions my work would not have been possible. I would also extend my sincere thanks to my wife Tadelech Admasu and my brother Dinku Gurmessa for their consistent encouragement. Last, but not least, my special appreciation is due to the school of graduate Program of Addis Ababa University for its financial support to carry out the study. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................i List of Tables ....................................................................................................... vii List of Maps......................................................................................................... vii List of plates ........................................................................................................ vii Note to the Transliteration System Used ........................................................... ix Glossary ..................................................................................................................x Preface.................................................................................................................. xii Abstract............................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: - INTRODUCTION......................................................................1 1.1 Description of the Study Area .....................................................................1 1.1.1 The People and the Area.....................................................................1 1.1.2 Selection of the Research Site ............................................................2 1.2 Statement of the Problem.............................................................................3 1.3 Objectives of the Study................................................................................4 1.3.1 General Objectives..............................................................................4 1.3.2 Specific Objectives .............................................................................5 1.4 Research Questions......................................................................................5 1.5 Significance of the Study.............................................................................6 1.6 Research Methods........................................................................................6 1.6.1 Informal Interview ..............................................................................7 1.6.2 Formal Interview.................................................................................7 1.6.3 Case Study ..........................................................................................7 ii 1.6.4 Participant Observations.....................................................................8 1.6.5 Document Analysis.............................................................................8 1.6.6 Secondary Data...................................................................................9 1.7 Limitations of the Study ..............................................................................9 CHAPTER TWO: - LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................11 2.1 Conflict ......................................................................................................11 2.2 Sources of Conflict ....................................................................................12 2.3 Forms of dispute Processing......................................................................15 2.4 Traditional Mechanisms of Enforcing Decisions ......................................19 2.5 Rituals in Peace Making ............................................................................21 CHAPTER THREE: - HISTORICAL, AND SOCIO- POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SETTING OF THE WALISO.....................................25 3.1 The Oromo an over View ..........................................................................25 3.2 The Macha .................................................................................................25 3.3 The Socio- Economic Context of the Waliso ............................................27 3.3.1 Basic Economic Activities................................................................27 3.3.2 Work Groups.....................................................................................28 3.4 Descents, Kinship and Clan Solidarity ......................................................29 3.5 Marriage.....................................................................................................31 3.6 Settlement Pattern......................................................................................32 3.7 Voluntary Associations..............................................................................33 3.8 The Waliso Gada .......................................................................................34 3.8.1 Continuity and Change in Waliso Gada..................................... 34 3.8.2 Law Making ( Seera Tumuu)....................................................... 36 iii 3.9 The Status and Roles of Women..............................................................42 3.10 Oromo Religion .....................................................................................44 3.10.1 The Concept Waaqa........................................................................ 44 3.10.2 The Concept Ayyanaa..................................................................... 45 3.10.3 The Qaalluu Institution...................................................................45 3.10.4 Qaalluu Institution among the Eastern Macha ...............................46 3.11 The Social Value of a Curse ....................................................................48 3.12 The Social Value of Drinking..................................................................49 3.13 The Causes of Conflict among the Waliso ..............................................50 3.14 Oromo View and Classification of Wrongs.............................................52 3.14.1 Oromo View of Wrong...................................................................52 3.14.2 Oromo Classification of Wrongs ....................................................54 CHAPTER FOUR: - OROMO LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE IMPACT OF CONQUEST ...........................................................................................55 4.1 Change and Continuity of the Oromo Justice System ...............................55 4.2 The Gada Court System ............................................................................57 4.3 The Enactment of Law in Ethiopia............................................................61 4.4 State Judiciary Powers...............................................................................63 CHAPTER FIVE: -INDIGENOUS MECHANISMS OF DISPUTE SETTLEMENT..........................................................................................................69 5.1 Ilaaf-Ilaamee (negotiation)..................................................................69 5.2 The System of Jaarsa Araaraa............................................................ 70 5.2.1 The Selection of the Elders of the Moot.....................................71 5.2.2 Dispute Processing......................................................................73 iv 5.3 The Qaalluu Court...............................................................................76 5.3.1 The Selection and the Role of Jaarsaa Yaboo ...........................76 5.3.2 Types and Contexts of the Cases of Qaalluu Court....................77 5.3.3 Methods of Handling Cases........................................................78 5.3.4 Enforcing Mechanisms ...............................................................81 CHAPTER SIX: -THE JURIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF HOMICIDE ..............85 6.1 The Term Guma .........................................................................................85 6.2 The Immediate Consequences of Killing...................................................87 6.2.1 The Slayer.........................................................................................87 6.2.2 The Lineage ......................................................................................88 6.3 The Scale of Compensation .......................................................................90 6.4 Contribution and Distribution of Blood Price............................................95
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