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Assessments of Community‟S Perception Toward the Practices of Female Genital Mutilation in Oromia Regional State: the Case of Wonchi Woreda, Central Ethiopia

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Assessments of Community‟S Perception Toward the Practices of Female Genital Mutilation in Oromia Regional State: the Case of Wonchi Woreda, Central Ethiopia ASSESSMENTS OF COMMUNITY‟S PERCEPTION TOWARD THE PRACTICES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN OROMIA REGIONAL STATE: THE CASE OF WONCHI WOREDA, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA MA THESIS BY KEBEDE WOLDE MULETA AUGUST, 2018 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA i ASSESSMENTS OF COMMUNITY‟S PERCEPTION TOWARD THE PRACTICES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN OROMIA REGIONAL STATE: THE CASE OF WONCHI WOREDA, CENTRAL ETHIOPIA BY: KEBEDE WOLDE MULETA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITYS, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES, ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN GEOGRAPHY AUGUST, 2018 ARBA MINCH, ETHIOPIA Declaration I hereby declare that this MA thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university, and all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged. Name: Kebede Wolde Signature: ______________________ Date: __________________________ SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY ADVISORS‟ THESIS SUBMISSION APPROVAL SHEET This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Assessments of Community’s Perception toward the Practices of Female Genital Mutilation” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master‟s in the Graduate Program of the Department of Geography and environmental Studies and has been carried out by Kebede Wolde Id. No SMA /018/2006 under my supervision. Therefore I recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence hereby can submit the thesis to the department for defense. Abera Uncha (PhD) _____________ _____________ Principal advisor Signature Date _________________ _____________ ______________ Name of Co-Advisor Signature Date SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY EXAMINERS’ THESIS APPROVAL SHEET We, the undersigned, members of the Board of Examiners of the final open defense by Kebede Wolde have read and evaluated his/her thesis entitled “Assessment of community’s perception toward the practices of Female genital mutilation”, and examined the candidate‟s oral presentation. This is, therefore, to certify that the thesis has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree with minor corrections. _________________ ___________ __________ Name of the Chairperson Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name of Principal Advisor Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name of Co-Advisor Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name Internal examine Signature Date _______________ ___________ Name of External examiner Signature Date _______________ ___________ SGS Approval Signature Date Acknowledgement First of all I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Abera Uncha for giving valuable advice, critical comments and constructive suggestion starting from research proposal to the end of thesis write up. I believe that this study would have been impossible without this constructive dedication and encouragement. I would like to thanks Ministry of Education for financial grant used for my research works. I would like to express my gratitude to Wonch woreda educational office, Wonch woreda agricultural office, Wonch woreda land and natural resource management office, Wonch woreda health office, and Wonch woreda women and children affairs office for providing me various data and information for successfulness of my thesis. My appreciation also goes to the chair mans and managers of Merega Abeyi, Chebo Senselati and Haro Sonqolle kebeles for facilitating my study and assisting me in identifying responsive respondents. I am also indebted to all of my research assistants, friends and who all helped me during my data distribution and collection, and you are all very much appreciated. Finally, I will like to thank, my family for their key and principal role in the success of my study. Special thanks should go to my wife Bilise Duguma and my son Lencho Kebede for their love and continuous encouragement towards my success. i TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Acknowledgment………………………………………………………….….………….…...I Table of content………………………………………………………………..….......………II List of tables……………………………………………………….........................................III List of figures……………………………………………………………...............................IV Acronyms…………………………………………………………………………..……...….V Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..………..…VI CAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………..…………...1 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..…….…....1 1.1 Background of the Study……………………………………………………..…………...1 1.2 Statements of the Problem…………………………………………………..…………….2 1.3. Objectives……………………………………………………………...............................4 1.3.1 General Objectives....................................................................................................4 1.3.2 Specific Ojectives……………………………………………….….……………...4 1.4 Research question………………………………………………………..……….……….5 1.5 Significance of the Study……………....…………………………………………...……..5 1.6 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………….…..………....5 1.7 Limitation of the study ………………………………………………….…..……...…..5 1.8 The Organization of the Study…………………………………………………………….6 1.9 Operational Definition of Terms……………………………………………………...…...6 CHAPTER TWO……………………………………….……………………………...….....7 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE…………………………………...…...….......7 2.1 Concepts of Harmful Traditional Practices……………………………………….…….....7 2.2 Female Genital Mutilation………………………………………………………….….….8 2.2.1 Concepts of FGM……………………………………………………………….….8 2.2.2 Female Genital Mutilation in the World……………………………...…….….…..9 ii 2.2.3 Female Genital Mutilation in Africa………………………………….…..…..…..10 2.2.4 Female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia…………………………...….……….…..11 2.3 Perception toward Female Genital Mutilation Practice in Ethiopia..................................12 2.4 Legal and Policies Framework..........................................................................................13 2.5 Religious View..................................................................................................................15 2.6 Theoretical Framework.....................................................................................................16 2.6.1 Cultural Relativism Theory………………………………………………...….…16 2.6.2 Feminist Theory………………………………………………………...……...…17 2.6.3 Modernization Theory……………………………………………….……...........17 2.6.4 Social Convention Theory………………………………………….….…….…...18 2.7 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………………..……...….…19 CHAPTER THREE……………………………………………….…………..….….……..20 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………..….….….20 3.1 Description of the Study Area………………………………………………..…….…....20 3.1.1 Location………………………………………………………………..…….…...20 3.1.2 Population……………………………………………………………..……..…...20 3. 1. 3 Climate and Topography……………………………………………...…...…….20 3.1.4. Socio-Economic…………………………………………………...……….…….20 3.1.5 Culture………….…………………………….…………………..……….….…..21 3.2 Methodology......................................................................................................................24 3.2.1 Research Approach and Research Design………………..……..……………......24 3.2.2 Data Sources………………………………………………………..……….…....24 3.2.3 Sampling Method and Sample Size Determination……………...…..……….…..24 3.2.4 Instruments for Data Collection……………………………………..………..…..26 3.2.5 Data Analysis Technique………………………………..…………..…..………..27 3.2.6 Ethical Consideration…………………………………………………....…..……27 CHAPTER FOUR…………………………………………………..……………...……….28 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS……………………………..………………..………..28 iii 4.1 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Respondents………………..…………….…….28 4.2 Perception of Community on Harmful Effect of FGM……………..…………….……..30 4.3 Causes that Forced Community to Practice FGM…………………..……………..….…35 4.4 Reasons for Continued Practice of FGM……………………………..…...……….….…39 4.5 Supportive Intervention Strategies for Reducing FGM………………..………….……..41 CHAPTER FIVE………………………………………………….….…..……………..….43 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS………………….…...……………...43 5.1 Conclusions………………………………………………………………..…….…….…43 5.2 Recommendations………………………………………………………..………...….....44 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..……….…..…..46 APPENDENCE…………………………………………………………….……….…...….55 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLES PAGE Table 3.1Total household heads and sample size…………………………….……….....25 Table 4.1 Socio-Economic characterstics of respondents……………………..………....29 Table 4.2 Perception of community on harmfulness of FGM……………………...…….31 Table 4.3 Reason that forced community to practice FGM………………….…….…….36 Table 4.4 Reason for continued practices of FGM…………………………….….……...41 Table 4.5 Intervention strategies for lowering FGM…………………………….…….…42 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE Figure 2.1 Conceptual frame work……….…………………………………………….....19 Figure 3.1 map of Wonchi district……………….…………………………………..……23 vi List of Acronyms ACRWC=African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child AU=African Union CEDAW=Committee on Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CESCR=Committee Economic Social and Cultural Right CIFA= Center for Interfaith Action CSW=Commission on the Status of Women ECFE=Evangelical Churches Fellowship of Ethiopia EDHS=Ethiopia Demographic Health Survey EGLDAM=Ethiopia Gojii Limadew Dirgitoch Aswagajii Mahiber EOC=Ethiopian Orthodox Churches FBO=Faith Based Organization FDRE=Federal Democratic Republics of Ethiopia FGM=Female Genital Mutilation GDN=Gender Development Network HTP=Harmful Traditional Practices ICCPR=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights MoWCYA=Ministry of Women, Children and Youth Affairs
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