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Natural Resource Management and Environmental Security in Southeast Asia : a Case Study of Clean Water Supplies to Singapore

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Natural Resource Management and Environmental Security in Southeast Asia : a Case Study of Clean Water Supplies to Singapore This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Natural resource management and environmental security in Southeast Asia : a case study of clean water supplies to Singapore Kog, Yue Choong 2001 Kog, Y. C. (2001). Natural resource management and environmental security in Southeast Asia : a case study of clean water supplies to Singapore. (RSIS Working Paper, No. 15). Singapore: Nanyang Technological University. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/79891 Nanyang Technological University Downloaded on 25 Sep 2021 10:20:12 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act Applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library. No. 15 Natural Resource Management and Environmental Security in Southeast Asia: Case Study of Clean Water Supplies in Singapore Kog Yue Choong Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore MAY 2001 Witb Compliments INSTITUTE OF DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES SINGAPORE This working paper is part of a series on Non-TraditionaI Security Issues in Southeast Asia. It has been produced under a grant from the Ford Foundation, for which the IDSS gratefully acknowledges. ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act Applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library. The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Its objectives are to: ! Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues; ! Provide general and post-graduate education in strategic studies, defence management, and defence technology; ! Promote joint and exchange programmes with simiIar regional institutions; organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia Pacific. Research Through its publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stabiIity of the Asia-Pacific. Teaching The Institute provides educational oppommities at an advanced Ievel to professional from both Singapore and Overseas through its Master of Science in Strategic Studies Programme. The MSc is a full-time course conducted by an international faculty. The Department of War Studies, King’s CoIIege, University of London, is the consultant to the Programme. Networking The Institute convenes workshops, seminars, and colloquia on aspects of international relations and security developments, which are of contemporary and historicaI significance. The Institute aIso serves as the Secretariat for the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific, (CSCAP) Singapore. ! ABSTRACT The concept of environmental security in Southeast Asia has assumed greater urgency in recent years. The Southeast Asian environmental crisis has long been a matter of concern at the regional level-- long before the onset of economic crisis. Decades of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation without effective environmental management programmes have led to environmental degradation. Most countries have been grappling to clean up their major rivers, despoiled by industries and households using them as waste dumps in the absence of adequate infrastructure to treat wastes and dispose of them. On a bilateral basis, the question of trade or the sharing of resources such as water is a potential source of tension between countries such as Malaysia, Singapore and potentially, Indonesia. Since Singapore buys water from only one Malaysian State it has long been a source of irritation for the Malaysian people and its political leadership. If Southeast Asia is now part of a globalising world, the ownership and management of natural resources remain strictly a national concern. Environmental studies have highlighted however, that with globalisation, cities and affluent countries have ecological footprints, which are many times the sizes of the territories that they occupy. The need for trade and for sharing resources among nation-states in the region will grow over time. With diminishing supplies of such resources and contestation over them for even domestic needs, tensions are likely to grow not only within countries but also at the regional level. Unless the region as a whole adopts and effectively enforces common environmental standards, the problem could emerge as a potential source of conflict. The paper proposes to consider regional efforts which have been made to reach a common understanding about the management of natural resources and the setting of environmental standards. Environmental problems can threaten a nation’s security and economy -- not only at national but regional levels as well. This paper intends to issues of clean water supplies. ************************ Professor Kog Yue Choong is the President of East West Engineering Consultants, Deputy Chairman of the Council of the National University of Singapore, and a member of the Design Advisory Committee of the Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore. His firm has undertaken various development projects in Singapore, Myanmar, Maldives, China and Vietnam and winning prestigious awards such as the Architectural Heritage Award from the Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore and the “Tourism for Tomorrow” Award for Environmental Conservation from British Airways. He has been a guest speaker in conferences and a judge in various competitions. ! NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA: A CASE STUDY OF CLEAN WATER SUPPLIES TO SINGAPORE Introduction The Southeast Asian environmental crisis was of concern long before the onset of Asian economic crisis. Decades of rapid industrialisation and urbanisation without effective environmental management programmes led to environmental degradation only partially reflected in the deforestation and flood problems which have beset Southeast Asian countries. Air and water quality standards have deteriorated. Most countries have been grappling with problems cleaning up their major rivers which have been despoiled by industries and households using them as waste dumps in the absence of adequate infrastructure to properly treat and dispose of waste. Transboundary pollution caused by forest fires in Indonesia has been one source of irritation to her neighbours in the region. This has been highlighted by the fact that pollution has been a main cause of the downturn in the region's tourism industry. This pollution problem joins traditional environmental concerns shared by countries in the region such as marine pollution arising from the growth of sea traffic along shared sea lanes such as the Straits of Malacca. Even though Southeast Asia is now a major player in the global economy, the ownership and management of natural resources remains strictly a national concern. Environmental studies have shown that cities and affluent countries have ecological footprints which are many times the size of the territories that they occupy. It would require resources from an area many times the size of Singapore to produce the food, water, energy and other resources needed to sustain its people and economy. On a bilateral basis, the question of trade or the sharing of resources such as water is a source of tension between countries such as Malaysia and Singapore and potentially, Indonesia. The need for trade and for the sharing of resources among nation-states in the region will grow rather than decrease over time. With diminishing supplies of such resources and contestation over them for even domestic needs, tensions are likely to grow not only within countries but also 1 ! at the regional level. The securing of sufficient water supplies for Singapore to run its economy and for domestic use has been a source of irritation for the Malaysian people and its political leadership since Singapore buys water from one Malaysian state. Given rising needs and the inadequacy of the authorities in meeting such needs in Malaysia, Singapore is likely to be the target of growing resentment among Malaysians. This will be accentuated by the growing awareness of income differences between Malaysia and Singapore. Things usually come to a head when bilateral relations are going through a bad patch or when domestic problems in Malaysia arise from water shortages and rationing during periodic droughts. Great differences exist among national incomes in the region. This can sometimes lead to circumstances in which pollutive industries move from richer to poorer countries because of their different environmental standards. Fortunately, the problem has not been serious, judging by evidence from studies that have been done. However, there have been incidents which suggest that unless the region as a whole adopts and effectively enforces common environmental standards, the likelihood of the problem emerging as a potential source of conflict and tension will remain. This paper proposes to consider cases of shared natural resources and other environmental issues in the region which have and potentially will pose threats to regional security. A major area for study will be water supplies to Singapore. These supplies will have to be considered in the context of the rapidity of pollution of sources as well as the inadequacy of infrastructure to provide for the needs of the population for clean drinking water in many of the countries of Southeast Asia. Impending Water
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