Homemaking Handbook for Village Workers in Many State), Washington, DC

Home , Homemaking

DOCUMENT RESUME ED 057 240 VP 014 366 TITLE Homemaking Handbook for Village Workersin Many Countries. INSTITUTION Agency for International Development (Dept.of State), Washington, D.C.; Federal Extensionservice (DOA), Washington, D.C. REPORT NO PA-953 PUB DATE Mar 71 NOTE 233p. EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$9.87 DESCRIPTORS *Developing Nations; *Extension Agents;*Extension Education; Financial Support; ForeignCountries; *Home Economics; Homemaking skills; Instructional Aids; Manuals; Program Development;Program Planning; *Study Guides; Teaching Methods IDENTIFIERS Village Workers ABSTRACT Intended for use by personnel in home economics extension, community development, classroomteaching, health education, and other programs involvinghome and family life, this handbook can serve as a guide for the villagelevel worker or as a teaching aid and text to teachers ofvillage level workers. The first section describes how the village worker begins,need for support at the national, provincial, and village levels,and working with other agencies and organizations. The second sectiondescribes what the village worker will teach, which includes:(1) food and nutrition, (2) growing, storing, and preserving food,(3) caring for children, (4) health,(5) housing and home improvement,(6) housekeeping and 'ome management, and r4 clothing. The final sectiondiscusses how village worker will teach and providessteps in planning and 'eloping a program, identifying andutilizing local leaders, saching methods for individuals andgroups, and teaching aids. hamdbook contains a bibliography of supplementarymaterials and is profusely illustrated with photographs andillustrations. (SB) For Village Workers in Many Countries

Extension Service, U.S. OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. EDUCATION * WELFARE U..S. Department of Agriculture, OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO. in cooperation with DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM Agency for International Development, THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIG- INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN U.S. Department of State IONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY PAr 953 REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDU. CATION POSITION OR POLICY Washington, D.C. March 1971

For side by the Superintendent a Doeuraenta. UM. friovernment Printing Office Washington. D.C. 20402 4'rie.e $1.75 2. Foreword This handbook is a guide for the village level worker. It can also serve as a teaching aid and text to teachers of village level workers. It is intended for use by personnel in home economicsextension, ccnniunity dev-lopment, hom e economics classroom teaching, health education, and other programs involving home and family life. The material in this handbook was obtained frommany countries around the world, and many people contributedto it from their personal knowledge and experience. We especially acknowledge the assistance of SueTaylor Murry in compiling the contributions of r-ithorities inseveral fields. Par-. ticular appreciation is due Jeannette Dean, Assistant StateHome Economics Leader, Illinois Extension Service; and Margaret Power, Nutritionist. Appreciation is also expressed to staff members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Na tions; the U.S. Depart- ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; the Agricultural Research Service and the Extension Service of the U.S.Department of Agri, culture; the Agency for International Development; and other expert consultants. Material was also adapted from the published work. of the following authorities : Dr. Mary E. Keister,Research Associate in the Institute of Child and Family Developmenta the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, formerlyIteme Economics Officer, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations, Rome; Elsa Haglund, formerly Home Economist withthe Food and Agri- tailture Organization of the United Nations; Dr. Derrick B. Jelliffe, Director, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute, Universityof the West Indies, Jamaica ; and Dr. Michael Latham,Professor of Inter- national Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,formerly Medical officer 1/c, Nutrition Unit, Ministryof Health, Dar-es- Salaam, Tanzania. The Homemaking Handbook is a companion volumeto Homemak- ing Around the World, which has been neitherrevised nor replaced. The principal puipose for printing HomemakingAround the World in 1959 was to help start borne economicsextension programs. It has been reprinted and is still available.However, the village level worker needs a publication such as this HomemakingHandbook for additional informationon both home economics subject matter and methods of working with rural nannies. This Handbook was produced by theExtension Service in cooperation with the Office of Agriculture andFisheries, Technical Assistance Bureau, Agency for InternationalDevelopment. Most of tne photographs were taken in the fieldby AID, FAO, and UNICEF staff. Helen A. Strew Extension Specialist, International Extension Service U.S. Department of Agriculture

1 Contents Page SECTION IHOW YOU BEGIN Village Women Help Build Nations 11 You Are a Village Worker 13 Beginning Your Work 14 Your First Visits to the Village 14 It Takes Time 16 Record Your Observations 16 Working With People to BringAbout Change -16 Sample Home Garden ObservationForm 21 You Need Support 22 At the National Level 22 At the Provincial Level 23 At the Village Level 23 People Who Are Willing to Help 23 Working With Other Agenciesand Organizations 25 Agricultural Agencies 25 Agricultural Credit Programs 26 Cooperatives 26 The Ministry of Education 26 Research Agencies 27 Public Health 27 The Institute of Nutrition 27 Community Development and Social Welfare Literacy Programs 27 International Organizations 28 Religious and Voluntary. A gene 28 SECTION IIWHAT YOU WILLTEACH Food and Nutrition 30 The Story of Samuel andMary 82 Your GovernmeLt Is Concerned 33 What is Nutrition ? 86 How Food Is Ukdail by theBody What Kinds of rood Do We Need 86 for Good Nutrition ?__ 37 Foods That Helr to B. :Id theBody 37 Foods That Provide Much Energy 89 Foods That Keep the Body WorkingProperly and Help It Resict Disease 41 Food Needs' Vary 42 Food Needs for Adults 43 Special Food Needs af Pregnantand Nursing Women_ _ 48 Food Needs for Infants_ _ _ _ 44 Breast Milk 44 Bottle Feeding 44 Starting Other Foods 44 Preparing and Handling Foods for theBaby 48 Weaning 49 eI3 Page Food Needs From WLaning to 6 Years 49 Food Needs of School Age Children 51 The School Lune 1-) 51 Carrying Food to School 52 Food Needs During Adolescence 53 Food Needs of Sick People 53 Food Habits and Their Influence in Nutrition 53 Develng Good Eating Patterns 53 Learn the Facts 54 Handling Food 55 Principles of Food Preparation 55 Teaching Food and Nutrition 57 Preparing Foods for Children 57 Serving the Meals 61 Other Suggestions for Teaching Nutrition 62 Growing Food at Home 63 Your Agriculturist Can Help You 64 Talk the Situation Over With the People 66 Home Gardens 66 Planning and Getting Ready 67 Getting Garden Tools Ready 69 Preparing the Garden Site 69 Planting the Seeds 71 Transplanting 73 Caring for the Garden 73 qarvesting 75 School Gardens 75 Teaching Gardening 75 The Family Poultry Flock 76 Getting Started 76 Hatching and Brooding With Hens 77 Feeding Housing 78 Rats and Mice 80 Disease and Parasites 80 Eggs 81 Suggested Method Demonstrations 83 Milk Goats 84 Feeding and Housing 84 Milking 85 Rabbits 86 Feeds and Feeding 88 Management and Equipment 88 Rabbit Meat and Its Use 90 Food Storage and Preservation 91 Taking Care of Food in the Home 91 Keeping Foods for a Long Time 92 Storing Grains, Pulses, and Nuts 93 Preserving and Storing Fruits and Vegetables 94 4 Page Field Storage 94 A Cool, Dark Place 95 Drying 95 Canning 97 Bottling Fruit Juices 97 Bottling Tomato Juiceor Tomato Puree 99 Salting or Brining Vegetables 99 Child Care 103 Gating Ready for the NewBaby 103 Prepare a Good Home for the Baby 105 Clothes for the Baby 105 Diapers 105 A Place for the Baby to Sleep 106 Bedding 106 Plan for Delivery 106 Midwives 108 After the Baby Arrives 109 Feeding 109 Bathing the Baby 109 Sleep 109 Health Care 109 NSa Child Grows 110 How a Baby Grows and Develops 110 The Second Year 112 The Years Before School 112 Prevent Accidents 114 Children Must Play 114 When Children Go to School 115 Sleep 116 Clothes 116 Keeping Children Well 116 Make a Good Home Life for Children 116 Activities and Visual Aids 116 Health 119 Health Is a National Problem 119 Health Is Your Job 119 Safe Drinking Water 119 Disposal of Wastes 120 Household Pests 122 Personal Cleanliness 122 Inununization 124 Family Planning 127 First Aid 129 Artificial Respiration 181 Sickness in the Home 182 Teaching Health Care 182 Housing and Home Improvement 185 Better Etousing Concerns Many 185 Where to Start 185 5 Page Many Different Kinds of Repairs and Improvements 136 The Foundation 136 The Roof and Walls 136 Windows and Doors 138 Steps 13R Floors 138 Keeping Animals Out of and From Under the House 138 Improving the Kitchen 138 The Cooking Stove 140 The Smokeless Stove 142 Ovens 142 A Fireless Cooker 142 Work Surfaces 143 Storing Equipment 144 Storing Food 146 Dishwashing Area 147 The Eating Area 148 The Sleeping Area 148 Beds 148 Mattresses 149 Baby's Bed 149 Ventilation 149 Partitions 149 Storage for Clothing and Bedding 149 Bathing Facilities The Living Area 1.51 Building Materials 153 How to Make an Earth Floor Hard 153 Oil Can Ovens 154 How to Make a Cement Sink 156 How to Make Wall Partitions 158 An Improvised Shower 159 Housekeeping and Home Management 160 Why a Clean House Is Important 160 Keeping the House and Surroundings Clean 161 How to Have a Well-Kept House 162 The Walls 162 The Floors 162 The Windows 7162 The Bedrooms 162 Storage Places for Clothes and Bedding 163 Bath Facilities 163 The Living Room 163 The Kitchen 164 Dishwashing 164 Washing Clothes 164 Ironing 166 Disposing of Wastes and Controlling Household Pests 166 6 Management in the Home Page Plan and OrganizeHousework 166 Arrange Equipmentand Work Space 167 Use Good Body 167 Positions 169 Have Work Surfacesand Shelves the RightHeight Keep From GettingToo Tired 169 Use Money Wisely 170 Clothing 170 Why People Dressas They Do 172 Before You Begina Clothing Program 172 How Are Your Own 172 Sewing Skills? 173 Some Problems inHome Sewing Making New Garments 173 174 Selecting SuitableMaterials 174 Begin With SomethingEasy 175 Panties for a SmallGirl 176 Little Girl's Dress 177 Boy's Pants 178 Women's Underwear 179 Aprons 180 Care of the SewingMachine 180 Teaching Other TopicsAlong With Sewing 181 SECTION IIIHOW YOUWILL TEACH Planning and Developinga Village Program Steps in Planniaga Program 187 Kinds of Programs 187 Sample Plans of Action 188 Local Leaders Are Important 191 Who Are Leaders9 194 Why Leaders AreImportant 194 Kinds of Local Leaders 194 How to Find Informal 195 or Natural Leaders 195 How Leaders AreSelected for Specific Jobs 196 What Kinds of Help CanLeaders Give? Leaders Grow 196 Training Leaders 197 198 Recognizing and ThankingLeaders 200 Your Own LeadershipQualities 200 Leader's Guide forDemonstration Meeting Teaching Methods 201 203 The Steps in Teaching 203 Individual TeachingMethods 204 Home and Farm Visits 204 Casual Village Visits 207 Office Calls 207 Result Demonstrations 208 Letters 209 Group Teaching Methods 209 Method Demonstrations 209 Tours 212 7 Page Meetings 213 Women's Clubs 214 Songs 215 Drama 215 Role Playing 215 Puppet Plays 215 Mass Teaching Methods 217 Leaflets 217 Circular Letters 217 Newspapers 217 Wall Newspapers and Bulletin Boards 217 Radio 218 Televisieu 218 Fairs, Exhibitions, and Festivals 219 Campaigns 219 Community Centers 220 Teaching Aids 223 Real Objects 223 Samples and Specimens 223 Models 223 Photographs 223 Blackboar ds 223 Flannelgraphs 223 Flashcards 227 Flip Charts 227 Films 227 Filmstrips and Slides 228 Exhibits 228 Posters 228 Demonstration Animals 230 Mucteums 230 Appendix 231 Conversion Tables 233 Bibliography 235 HOMEMAKING HANDBOOK For Village Workers in Many Countries

Section !HOW YOU BEGIN -

!r. plus her labor, help to determinewhat the production will be ona farm. In the past, a housewife learnedher homemaking skills from her mother.Each generation lived much like the precedingone. Now her job is bigger. Changing timesmake improved living conditions possible,and she wants better living for her family. She thinksof plenty of good food, improved housing,and better health for her family, bettercare and education for her children. As families move fromsubsistence farming Village Women Help Build Nations to a cash economy, theyincreasingly become consumers. As consumer goods becomemore plentiful and varied, "If you educate aman, you educate an indi- women must manage money and make choices. They thusinfluence vidual ; if you educatea woman, you educate a the growth and expansion of family." This old proverb is still industries dealing true today. A withfood,clothing,housing,furnishings, woman may not always attenda village meet- household equipment, and ing with her husband, buther influence goes other products used with him. This influence in the home. With continuededucation, women can change a village. increasingly demandmore and better consumer Never before have socialand economic goods. changes affecting the home and family been so Health, too, is an importantfactor in eco- strong both in the smallestrural villages and nomic development. The in large cities. Toprepare families to meet woman is responsible these changes, home economics for the health andwell-being of her family. programs are She determines whetheror not the family lives becoming an integral part ofdevelopment plans in most countries. These in a clean house andpractices sanitation. inclrie home eco- Whether her babies liveor die depends upon nomics teaching in schools and informalexten- the care she gives them. sion and community developmentprograms. She plans and cooks The homemaker's role in national the food to help her childrengrow strong. And develop- she sees that theyare taught to be honest and ment is often overlooked. Improvedagricultural respect other people. production is basic to botheconomic and social Governments are beginning development and here the wivesof farmers to recognize that helping the family andthe home helps thena- have greatinfluence.In many countries, tion. They recognize women do much work on the farm.In some that good homes, hapPY countries, the all-impoeant food families, and educatedchildren are basic toa crops are al- great nation. Theyare becoming aware that most entirely the women's responsibility.Gar- village women dens, livestock, and chickens are helping to builda firmer are usually under base for their country'sprogress. their care. The material in this Women often market the farmcrops and are handbook is drawn the traders in the family.It is often the from many countriesaround the world. Itap- woman who is first willing to try plies to all countries thata7.e developing pro- improved grams to improve the homes, health,and fam- farming methods. Her interestand attitude, ily life of rural people. en 11. '""7 V _.,"4 "

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New crop varieties that increase production may not be new IR-8 rice makes more and tastesas good as the used by families unless thewomen accept them. This old, when cooked anew way. Vietnamese home agent shows villagewomen that the

YOU ARE A VILLAGE WORKER

Much of every nation'sstrength is in its skills. You are helping todevelop your coun- rural citizens. Yet inmany countries, rural try's most valuable resourcepeople. people are still the greatest underdeveloped re- You have been chosen for thisimportant job source. Villages and the families who livein because : them make up a large andimportant part of You are dedicated toyour work. your country too. You like, understand, and getalong with You are an importantperson. You work village people. with village people. You bringideas, knowl- You make friends easily. edge, and encouragement. Youhelp them learn You have a pleasing personality. how to make their lives better.You are their You keep your promises. teacher and friend. Inyour hands lies much of You are punctual. their future. You are willing to work hard. You are creating an image of homeeconom- You will not be working alone.You are part ics that takes it beyond simplehomemaking of a team. The other membersare those men 13 and women, top officials and otherworkers like may be a woman who finds a wayto save time. yourself, concerned with agriculture,health, Sometimes it will be an idea that you have education, and better living for the rural peo- "planted" in the minds of the people. Later ple of their country. All must worktogether. they may think it was their idea. This is what They must be dedicated to helpingrural peo- you want them to think. Your job is highly rewarding and carries ple. great responsibility and challenge. Your feet The village people are on this teamalso. may be weary at the end ofeach day, but you Withouttheircooperation andfriendship, see the result3 of your workin healthier, hap- nothing can be accomplished. Changemust pier children, better houses, green gardens take place in the minds and hearts ofthe vil- along the roadside, sanitary wells, and village lage people themselves before it can beeffec- women who become leaders. You comeback to tive and lasting. your own house with gladnessin your heart. Things happen because somebody has an The smile on your face shows the inner joy you idea. Maybe a village leader has the idea. Orit feel in helping other women.

BEGINNING YOUR WORK

"How is a home economics program started? How do I begin my work and where?" Every- 7- one who starts a new programasks these questions. This is natural. Home economics programs have been suc- cessfully started in remote villages as well as in highly developed urban centers all over the world. The rule of first learning to blow the people applies to starting a program in a village or in a larger area. The people include your co-workers and leaders as well as the people of the village or area. Your First Visits to the Village When you have completed your training and are ready for your first visit to foe village where you are to work, you will already have some information and general ideas about the ftt. village. Your supervisor or a co-worker will most likely go with you and introduce you to the village chief and other village leaders. Oth- ers you will wish to meet are exter.sion co.. workers, workers,community development A village chief In United Arab Republic welcomed the healthpersonnel,religiousleaders,school home economics worker as soon as she arrived. Be teachers, and shopkeepers, etc. Explain your brought his wife to greet her too. " work so these leaders will understandwhat a troduce you to villagewomen and, if you are homemaking program is, why theirvillage going to live in the village,help you find a needs one, and how it can help solvesome basic place to live. Learn allyou can about the peo- problems. Ask them about the village,its people and the village beforeyou start visiting the ple, and their problems. In timeyou will grad- families themselves. Thenyou will be able to ually get answers to such questionsas : understand and appreciate How big is the village? their way of life. How many families live there and "Before I go to anew village," says a young how much woman from Turkey, "I getsome general ideas distance does the village cover ? from the agricultural What is the average size of families? agent. For example, he How many children attend the village will tell me much aboutthe people, the crops school? they raise, and howinterested they How much education do the adultshave? ideas. are in new What crops and livestockare grown? Are they sold or raised for homeuse? What is the "The first thing I do whenI visit the village average family income? What part do the is call on the villagepresident. He takesme to call on his wifeor arranges for me to visit her. women play in agriculture? For example, how I call on the teachers much work do they do in thefields and with if there isa school and the animals? Do they helpmarket the crops on the nuirse if they haveone. I tell thorn who I and livestock ? Are there small ruralindustries am, what my job is, and whyI have come to and crafts in thearea through which the village the village. Then I askthem many questions. I people can add to their income?What are ask the teacher aboutthe children and their they? How much time dowomen spend on dif- parents and I ask thenurse about the health of ent chores suchas. getting water and fuel, the people. planting crops, etc.? "I tell the presidentof the village that I What are the road conditionsleading in and want to visitsome families because I want out of the village? How dothe village people them to knowme before I teach them. So then get to town? How do they gettheir farm prod- I visit families andI meet themas friends. ucts to market? Where do thepeople get their They must loveme and believe in me if Iam to water? What are majorhealth problems? teach them. If thereare 100 families in the vil- What is the infant death rate? lage, I try to visitat least 15. I try toselect What clubs or organizationsare there in the homes thatare different.I talk with the village? What social andeducational programs women about theirown family needs and prob- are being conducted by the governmentor by lems and I observe,too. I try to learn, forex- private agencies? How muchdo the women ample : take part ? What is the illiteracyrate among How many roomsare in most houses women in your particular village?Most of the world's illiterates How many are used forsleeping are women. In some coun- How many peopleare in the family tries, 80 to 90 percent ofall women cannot Where the kitchensare located read. What is the women'soverall influenceon How the cooking is done matters of generalconcern to the village? What kind of fuel is used What problems do the leaderssee as the most If there is a toilet pressing and urgent for thevillage? Where it is located Showing keen interest inthe people of the village and expressing What kind of furniture thefamily has your desire to work If they have chickensor animals with them and the!r leaderscan help you to be accepted in the village. You What foods theygrow for their own use will learn much What methods theyuse to preserve food about the pecrAleas you begin to know and What their basic diet is work with their leaders.(See chapter on leaders, page 194.) How often they eat Where the family getswater Generally, one of the officialleaders will in- If the house has electricity What they think are their chief health have to answer many questions about yourself problems such as, "Are you married? How many chil- How many of their children have died and dren do you have?", etc. Be sure to answer at what age questions so they know you are the kind of ) son they want to have workins in their villa ge Itis important that I learn which of the with them. women in the village are leaders.Each night To work effectively with the people, you will when I back to my office, I record what I have observed." need to know how they think. You may find A Greek village worker says that onher customs and practices in the village where you visit to get acquainted, "After I have talked to work very strange and different from those the mayor of the village, I walk to the village where you grew up. There are many things you well. I always find women there drawing water will need to study and understand. and can chat with them while I help them Learning how to interpret what you hear draw the water. This way I find out what is and see is important. Many mistakes are made happening in the village before I start on my by judging a situation too quickly. This is a round of individual visitg." good time to be looking for good practices that A new wc)rker in a village in Laos stopped you can later use as examples. by a woman weaving a beautiful piece of silk on a crude loom. She asked the womanto show Record Your Observations her how she developed the pattern. Soon the Beginning with your first visits to a village, woman went inside her house and brought out use some kind of form to record your observa- all her pieces of woven silk. As the village tions. Select a few things to observe at a time. worker expressed sincere admiration for the Do not try to learn everything at once. woman's handiwork, a bond of mutual respect Suppose you want to learn about the foods was developing. As women come toknow and people grow for themselves. Do they have a trust you, they will begin to talk about their garden? What vegetables are in it? What food problems and the things they feel they need. crops do they grow in the field? Make a simple chart on which you can write down what you learn at each home. A garden observation form It Takes Time might be like the one at the end of this chap- It takes time to get to know people. Remem- ter. ber, you are a stranger. They must get to know After you visit the family, see their garden, you well. If you do not live in the village, you and talk with them about their foods, fill in may have to visit it many times before the vil- your form. Do not fill it in while you are with lagers learn to trust you. the family. Wait until you have left the vil- In some countries, the central government lage. Filling in a form or writing things down may be in fairly close touch with its citizens can make the family suspicious and more re- and effective in teaching new ideas and starting luctant to give you information. social change. In others, people view government as nothing but a policeman or tax-collect- Working With People to Bring About Change ing agency that gives little in return. As a result, they may be suspicious of government As you learn about the people and the vil- programs, including the homemaking program. lage, you begin to see what changes the people Through your own dedication and faithful should make to have a better living. But what work, you can help build confidence in govern- changes do they wish to make? What are their ment programs where such confidence is lack- greatest problems? What problems do they rec- ing. ognize? In some villages, the people are not used to You may see children who do not have enough having strangers, particularly women, coming food to eat, babies who are sick, houses that to work. They may not trust you. You will are not clean, flies and mosquitoes everywhere, 16 women carrying water from the river because very importantin making them want to the village hasno well, and many other prob- change. lems and things that need to bedone. You want Often it is more important to help the people solve suchproblems as these. to change the But they may not way people think about what theydo than to even recognize some of these change what they do. Theymust know why as problems because they have alwayslived with them. certain things are problems.For example, they Part of your job should know that pollutedwater causes illness. as a village worker is to They need to know howto change the bad help people recognize thesebad conditions as conditions. For example,they will need to problems arid createa desire to change. Often know how to get when peopleseem not to care or want to im- a safe water supply for the prove, it is not because they village, how to diga well, how to installa are lazy or shift- pump, etc. As they learn, their skillswill im- less, but rather because ofpoor health, little or prove. no income, lack of hope, or lack ofknowledge. Here are some principles Your work is education outside of working with of school. people to help them bringabout change : Education is a change in attitudes,knowledge, and skills. Childrengo to school because their 1. Find out why villagepeople do things the parents send themor because laws require way they do and work within theculture of children to attend school.Out-of-school or in- the village. formal education is voluntary.People come It is important to observeand try to learn to meetings only wher theywant to come. why people do thingsthe way they do before They learn only when theyhave a reason to suggesting changes. Theremay be good rea- learn. They change onlywhen they desire to change. Theway you work with people is Once you have been to know whole familiesaccepted in the village, try toget in United Arab Republic.as this village worker is doing

17 sons behind them, or there maybe supersti- ested in more than the spiritual needs of the tions or traditions that make peopleresist village. They would like to see people have bet- changes. You are better able to helppeople ter homes and better health. They will under- change if you know why they don't want to. stand your job. The members of every society havecertain 2.Respect village people and treat them as practices and beliefs which they considerthe equals. most important and valuablethings in life. Gain their confidence. Remember, natural in- These values have been safeguarded and car- telligence is as plentiful among rural people as ried through generations. They cannot be ig- among any other group. Education orlack of it nored. is no measure of ability. The values in one village may differ greatly Village people have as much practical good from those of another. For example,what sense and good judgment as otherpeople. They other people do or think is so very important have many skills. They have practical experi- in some villages that a woman will hesitateto ence. They have moral strength.They have make a change unless it is accepted by all. She much to teach you as well as to learn from you. may say, "I like what you say,but the people Listen to them. Be interested in what they in the village are against this change and I want to show you. cannot go against the village." In other vil- People will ask you many questions. You lages, individual initiative is important and a cannot possibly know all the answers. Learn to person feels free to act on his ownjudgment. say, "I don't know, but I will find out andlet The customs village people have followed for you know." Then be sure to do it.Village peo- many generations often directwhat is done at ple do not respect or trust a person who pre- the time of marriage, birth, death, sickness, tends to know, but they are willing to wait for and many other times. Find out what these are you to get the answer. When you make a prom- so you will not offend the villagersaccidentally ise, you must keep it. The pecIlle must trust by doing the wrong thing. you to like you. Some of these customs make a heavy burden 3. Star t where the people are with problems for the family. For example, some families go the! recognize. deeply in debt to pay for marriages. If you can In certain isolated areas of Puerto Rico, it help them keep the debt as small as possible or has long been the custom to scatter a few vege- save a little money each year to beready for it, table seeds about the area near the house. A you will aid them greatly. wise home economist trying to help these peo- Religion, local beliefs, prejudices, and taboos ple improve their diets did not start by sug- are generally very strong and greatlyaffect gesting a well-fenced garden with neat rows of what people do and their attitudes toward vegetables. She showed them how to plant one changes. For example, many people have reli- whole row of a yellow vegetable they liked so gious beliefs or taboos about eating meat. It is they would have a good supply of this vegeta- hard to increase the amount of meat peo- ble. She then made a small garden near the ple eat until you understand these beliefs. house she lives in. Later, after they had all There are usually many beliefs about health : seen her garden with seeds plantedin rows, what causessicknessand what makes a she began to suggest they try her way of grow- person well. Learn all you can aboutthe ing vegetables. beliefs,prejudices, and taboos people hold In visiting a village in Turkey one summer, important before you try to change their hab- the home economics extension worker found its. the villagers talking about how many of the Learn religious customs in the village. Dis- babies were sick. She offered to help the cuss your work with the local religious leaders women. Even though it was a time when the and gain their confidence. Their support is women were all working in the fields, the mayor very important. You will find they are inter- of the village said he would bring them in to 18 18 attend a meeting if the worker wouldteach the grow, people begin to think of themas their women how to keep the babies from getting own and want to do something about them. sick. People who study theirown problems and In another village thewomen wanted to help to work out solutionsare much more learn to read and write, and thevillage worker likely to help carry out theprogram. Even in agreed to teach them. However,she also saw the least developed communities,letting the the great need for improving dietsand sanita- people share in planning anddoing helps them tion. So, as she taught them toread and write, build confidence in themselvesand be proud of she made sure that the firstsentences they their own accomplishments. Ithelps to develop learned were on cleanliness andnutritious leadership. When the people helpat each step, foods. a program has a much better chanceto suc- Women may ask you to teach themto knit or ceed. embroider. You may think theyshould first leurn how to feed the family 4. Help people see the need tochange. better, or be in- Village people have lived the terested in getting a well for thevillage. How- way they do ever, while they learn to knit,you car talk for hundreds ofyears. Th(..v may not even rec- about the things allwomen talk about when ognize some of their problemsas problems be- they are togetherwhat to cause they have always lived with them. They cook for the eve- often continue thisway because no one has ning meal, why the baby criesso much, the shown them a better price of rice in the market, thehusband who way. cannot do very much work because Part of your job is to help themrecognize he tires their problems and getthem to want to solve easily, the little boy who wantsto go to school them. but can't because there isno money to buy clothes for him. You For example, theymay have always lived in can also demonstrate im- houses without windows, proved practices they need tolearn, for exam- and they feel no need ple, how to makea simple clothes closet. By for them. It may take time topersuade them teaching them both what theywant to learn that they would be healthierif the sun could and what they need tolearn, you can help enter their houses each day and theair circulate them see larger problems. at night as they sleep. Itmay take time to get them to want windows enoughto get them. A Learn all youcan about each problem. Talk well-planned group discussionis one of the to the people, visit intheir homes, and discuss best ways to start people thinkingabout their things with their leadersto collect information larger and more important problems. about the village and its problems.Some of the things needed will takemore money, materials, 5.Help people help themselves. and know-how than the peoplenow have. Get It is often easier tosay "I'll do it for you", as much information ttndas many facts as you but this dols rot help people gainconfidence in can so you will be ready to helpthe people themselves. When thewomen in an Indian vil- when you and they startplanning what to do. lage wanted their village workerto buy cloth Plan WITH the people and for them, she said, "Whichone of you can go not FOR them. to the bazaar with me? I willbe glad to go Remember, the village belongsto the people along and help and they must help decidewhat to do. Do not you, but you must make the se- talk about whatyou think are their most lection." This took longer butit helped the pressing problems. Let them tellyou what they women learn and grow. Only by participating need and want. Begin with these. can people practice their own skills and abilities so theyare able to make responsible deci- Only when the peoplethemselves help to sions. plE n and carry out a program will they feel it In another village, thewomen had seen the is theirs. Work with themso that whatever is smokeless stove the vinage planned or done becomesa part of their think- worker had in her ing. As the ideas house and began to wantone like it. She told you plant in their minds them what they would needto make it and iS 19 where to get the materials. Then she said, "I wealth, ownership of land, education, age, or will show you how to build the stove and help some other standard. you build the first one. Everyone can help build How do families live ? This includes their it and then you will all know how to build your diets, housing, work, habits, family relation- own stoves." ships, and economic situation. Find out if any People working together turn an idea into special studies or surveys of family living con- action and achievement. The village leaders ditions have been made which you might add know that thoy need a well, and you know it. to your own observations. You know that a well costs a lot of money. The people in the village must want a well so much 8. Use many different methods of teaching and reaching people. that they will work together to get it. Research has shown that using nine or ten 6. Find leaders in the village and help them different methods in carrying out a project to be teachers too, brings better results than using only one or two By finding and training leaders to teach their methods. neighbors what they have learned, you will give One good way to inspire and teach is by ex- many people a chance to learn in a short time. ample. Many people will watch you and the Developing people is your main objective. Dis- way you live. They will see and reSpect your covering the people who will accept responsi- simple dress, your pride in your work, and bility and serve as leaders in the village pro- your willingness to help others. Your house is gram is one of the best ways to help them the same type as theirs, but it is clean and at- prepare for larger leadership roles. When you, tractive. It teaches more than any words you the people, and their leaders all decide exactly can say. If you store your food on shelves and what is needed or wanted, it becomes a goal to in containers, the women will be quick to see work for. Be sure it is something they can and do the same thing. They will watch to see actually carry out so they will not be dis- what you eat and how you cook it. appointed. Modern methods of commmunication now reach even remote villages in many countries. 7. Work with the whole family. You may find people listening to radios. Some Often parents can he reached through the agency may be using mobile units with loud- children. Both boys and girls in the family speakers to get information to the people. need to learn many of the same things their Besides these, however, every society has an- mothers are taught. The husband is interested other system of communication. Women talk in better li ing for his family. His understand- together as they work in the field, do their ing and cooperation in the homemaking pro- washing, or come to the well for water. Men gram can mean much toward its success. talk as they gather in coffee houses or market Families differ gready in different societies. places. Information is passed from person to In some villages, families are patriarchal. The person at funerals, fairs, and religious festi- man is head of the household and makes the de- vals. News may be posted on buletin boards or cisions. Women may have little or no status a village writer or storyteller may pass it there. This may affect the respect for your along. Learn how news and information is best opinions and your work. In other societies, communicated in each village where you work. families may be strongly matriarchal with the Know the customs and purposes of social gath- mother or grandmother having more influence erings, how much families visit each other's than the men. The status of the family or indi- homes, and what the social groupings are in viduals within the family may be based on the village.

20 20 Sample Home Garden ObservationForm

Name of Family Date Visited Do they have a garden? YES NO If so, where is it located? About what size? Row is it watered? Is compost used? YES NO Is commercial fertilizerused? YES NO Is garden well cultivated?YES NO Vegetables growing: Beans Carrots Tomatoes Okra Spinach Cabbage Lettuce Corn Others Food crops for familyuse growing in field: Cereal Grains Root crops Rice Yams Wheat Cassava Corn Others Others YOU NEED SUPPORTTHE HOMEMAKING PROGRAM NEEDS SUPPORT

How many times have you said, "I need your just approval. Top government officials must help. I need your support!" No matter what we see the need for educating girls and women to do or where we are, we need the help and sup- become better mothers and homemakers. They port of those around us. must know about the program, be willing to A homemaking program needs the support talk doout it, and provide money for this pur- of many different people. As a village worker, pose. what you are trying to do must be understood When a national official takes part in a spe- both by those who provide the funds and by cial homemaking program out in a small vil- every family with whom you work. It must also lage, he not only does something for the people be understood by religious, educational, and in the village, but the experience does some- business leaders. thing for him ! After participating, he is more You must constantly explain the need for a likely to give the program the kind of active home economics program if it is to succeed in and enthusiastic support you need. improving the living conditions of the people. Even where homemaking or home economics Korea Reports programs have existed a long time, many peo- An Achievement Day held in a village near ple still do not understand the scope of a pro- Seoul was a most successful effort in winning gram dealing with the home and the family. national support for home economics work in Some think homemaking,mothercraft,or Korea. home economics programs involve only simple Specialists from the national extension staff skills in cooking, sewing, laundry, and house- had helped the local village worker teach sev- cleaning. Others think of them in terms of eral families how to improve their kitchens. frills and fancy work. You are the one who This included building new stoves, getting a must make the true meaning clear. safe water supply, adding dish storage, and The home economics program needs to show whitewashing walls. The recognition event was results people can see. Because many people do well publicized. The Minister of Agriculture not understand what home economics is or how and several members of the National Assembly it helps families, try to get village women in- were invited and came. The Extension Director terested in projects that show results. These and several home agents from each province include growing a garden, improving the poul- also attended so they could duplicate the event try. flock, making a smokeless stove, or carry- in their own provinces the following year. ing out a "healthy baby" campaign. Progress The program began with a showing of men's like this catches attention and helps to con- and women's improved work clothes and cbil- vince people of the value of your work. When dren's play clothes. After the usual courtesy people can zee and hear about actual changes speeches, the officials tovred homes where the and improvement families are making, they kitchen improvements had been made. The will recognize the special kind of assistance small children of the village demonstrated the home economics offers for bettering home liv- games they had learned in their community ing and village life. play school sponsored by the village home improvement club. This was a most successful event. The Na- At the National Level tional Assembly voted to double the number of You need the enthusiastic and active supporthome agents and provide two demonstration of influential people. This means more than villages in each district. 22 .22 From Kenya to see for themselvesthe results ofyour work. After the DeputyDirector of Agriculture Have them participateat meetings and home- visited anothercountry and observedtheir De- making events inyour area. partment of Agriculture'sprogram for farm women, he enthusiastically requested a home At the VillageLevel economics adviser tohelp start and developa home economics program in Kenya. The villageprogram needs to fit intothe In Kenya, the farmwoman is also a farmer. government's goals for Women extension the country and forag- workers were acceptedat riculture. For example,if the nationalgovern- once because theywere trained in agriculture ment is trying to get as well as home economics. all farm families toprod- They came into the uce enough food to feedthemselves, youcan Ministry of Agricultureas dual-purpose field help village peoplesee this need and interest workers. The additionof women them in producingfood for their and they was gradual own use. were readily accepted at thenational, The peopleyou work with must believein provincial, and villagelevels. you and think of youas their friend. They must An interesting andencouraging reaction is feel you need themto help plan andcarry out a the keen interesttaken by themen. In 1965, program for their benefit.You do. Without 578 out of 3,000home economics their supportyou cannot carry out tions and classes demonstra- a program. conducted at the 12farmer The headmanor chief of a village musthave training centerswere for men. confidence inyou. He must fully understand what you do. Inmany places, the headman At the ProvincialLevel feels greatresponsibility for thewelfare of his village. Convincehim youare working with Provincial administrators him to reach his closer to the people and leaders are goals for the people. than leaders atthe na- There are other peopleof influence in the tional level. Therefore,they often feel keener villagethe religious interest in them and leader, the teacher,and greater pride in theirac- the natural leadersthat othersgo to for help complishments. Theymay not control the or advice. It is important money, but the kind and to win support from amount of support all these people.They can and willhelp you in you get at the provinciallevel canmean the many ways if they like difference between you, believe in you, and success and failure. Help feel thatyou really want to helpthem. Give these leaders andofficials know andunder- them a chance I stand yourprogram. Get them intothe village People Who Are The agricultural chief Willing to Help Bien Hoa Province(second from left) ofVietnam's plant sorghum. teaches village workershow to One of the bestways to get support from any person is to ask himor her to take some responsibility or dosomething, even if itis only a small deed.Involve leiders incollecting facts and studyingproblem s. Women inhigh positions will oftenhelp analyze basicprob- lems concerningthe family andsuggest possible solutions. Atevery level, you needpeople who are willingto give their timeand work to help further theprogram. Many influentialpeople in towns andcities are willing to supporta rural homemaking program. They can oftenbring such national problems as ruralsanitation, ruralhousing, infant mortality, etc.,to the attention ofnational 23 23 NM=

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A village worker in Ghana got the village chiefs' support by showing them what she planned to teach the women.

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24 24 and provincial officials. They needto know your strongest allies. Cultivate them I what is being done aboutsuch problems and what they can do to interestgovernment minis- Other Agencies and Organizations tries in them. Business men and women such as Every country has governmentand private bankers, merchants, and headsof organiza- agencies and organizationsconcerned with tions can help tremendously iyou get them interested. rural welfare. The problemsand opl,ortunities in rural areasare interwoven and inseparable. Your Co-Workers Programs concerned with themoften overlap. If the groups tryingto solve these problems At whatever levelyou work, you need the work together, sharinghelp and resources, support of those who work withyou. The mu- avoiding duplication, andlessening competi- tual support, mutual respect,and inutual as- tion, the program of sistance that agricultural and each can develop. The home economics support you win from otheragencies and or- extension workers give eachother is one rea- ganizations strengthensyour program. There son for their success. Your co-workerscan be is more than enoughfor all to do.

WORKING WITH OTHER AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIOn

Programs dealing with thehome and family ing in, you should knowabout all such pro- differ from country tocountry in the way they grams that are operating in are organized and operate. They your area and are even given work with them. Such cooperationcan be of different names suchas home economics, home mutual advantage. They science, homemaking, home can hilp you and you craft, mothercraft, can show them the special kind ofassistance etc. But they allare trying to improve home home economics offers in and family life and develop helping families im- people. prove their living conditions anddevelop into In many countries, the Ministryor Depart- more useful citizens. ment of Agriculture conductsa home economics program asa part of the Agricultural Ex- tension Service. The Ministry ofEducation Agricultural Agencies generally includes home economics inits school Agricultural development is concernednot program and may also provide home economics only with increasing and improvingthe prod- education for adults. Insome countries, the uction of crops and livestock, but alsowith de- Ministry of Social Affairs conductscommunity veloping rural families andimproving rural development programs. Part of thisis work living conditions. Agriculture with the family and home. Many and rural horne home econom- economics are a jointprogram in many areas.. ics program3 are also supportedand carried The problems of rural livingare so closely tied out by business organizations and-otherprivate to agriculture that tlar..-.2? twofields of education groups. Other agencies such as Public Health, are natural "partners." Often localmen and Literacy, Social Welfare, etc.,are concerned women extension workers have their offizes towith certain phases of family welfare. gether gr ,near each other andwork success- No matter whichagency you may *be work- 23- fully atia team. 25 A constant exchange of knowledge, informa- cooperatives that sell homemade products such tion, and ideas between agricultural and home as craft articles, fresh vegetables,flowers, and economics workers can bring swifter progress home-baked or preserved foods. They may also in both fields. The Ministry of Agriculture is set up their own cooperatives. Agricultural concerned with many phases of home living. cooperatives in many places supply seed and For instance, specialists in horticulture, poul- fertilizer. They might also provide the seeds try, dairying, etc., can render valuable assist- needed for a garden project or the supplies ance to a home food program. Someministries needed in a home improvement program. have agricultural schools which are important Learn about the cooperatives in your area resources in home economics work. and how they function so that you can better In most countries, very few improved agri- inform families and help them make the best cultural measures are completely within either use of the advantages cooperativesoffer. the husband or wife's sphere of work. Most improvements recommended by both agricultural and home economics workers require the full The Ministry of Education acceptance of both husband and wife before Most villages need more and better schools. they can be adopted. In some countries boys are . ent to school, but The homemaker's influence operates in many girls must stay home and work. Both need edu- of the agricultural programs introduced tovil- cation. Many families now are anxious to have lages. For example, land consolidation might, schools in their villages so all children can at- at first, seem strictly to concern the men ofthe tend. Work with parents and village officials village. They settle al: the arrangements and for better schools. what is done would seem to rest solely with You should also work with village school them. But experience has proven otherwise. teachers. They know the children, their par- Often farmers are opposed to consolidation. ents, and the village leaders. The teacher can But if the women are convinced of its benefits help you with many projects by having the to their families, they may very well get their children take part in them. The success of the husbands to make this change. youth work part of-your homemaking program will depend in large measure upon the coopera- Agricultural Credit Programs tion you get from schools. School garden projects, for example, offer a fine basis of coopera- One big need of many village families is fairtive effort. and reasonable credit. Many families are never Chssroom teachers often seek your help in free of debt because interest rates are so high teaching home economics subjects such as nu- they cannot hope to pay back the amount they trition, child care, clothing, etc. Close working borrow. In some areas, many rural families are relationships will benefit both of y ou. There almost the slaves of money lenders. You can are many opportunities for such cooperation.It help them find the agencies that will lend is specially important to work with any home money to buy land, implements,animals, fertil- economics teachers in schools in your area. izer, and seed at fair interest rates. In some You should have a common understanding of places, these credit agencies also lend money families' needs and the best ways to meet for home improvements. In an agricultural them. credit program, the homemaker must under- Working with universities and other educa- stand the use of credit so she will cooperate in tional institutions offering home economics is repaying the loan. equally important. You can tell these teachers and trainers about family needs and problems, Cooperatives and keep them aware of the type of training In some villages, the people will be very needed by the young women who will be going much interested in cooperatives of various into extension and other homemaking pro- kinds. Women are often active membersof grgas in rural areas. You may help them set 26 up inservice training program where you and public health doctors, other working homeeconomists can nurses, sanitarians, and go for re- other health workersall touch home fresher training. ily life. Extension and fam- Here's a good example.Officials of agricul- and communitydevelopment ture and education workers, homemakingteachers, and public in the WesternProvince of health workers Kenya cooperativelyplanned a week's are finding newways to work in home economics training together. extension for schoolteach- ers at the Bukura farmer Often, youmay begin your work ina village training center. The by visiting the course was planned andconducted by the two nurse to talk over family health home extension problems, or by attendinghealth clinics to ta;- workers,. Itwas intended to with the mothers help teachersstrengthen their teachingof nu- there. Nurses receivemuch help by attendingspecial training givento trition, cookery, childcare, and the production home economics of food for homeuse. Special emphasis workers, particularlyin the was field of nutrition.You benefit by placed on nutritionand vegetableplanting in attending health classes inbaby care, first aid,or home connection with theschool gardenprogram. In care of the sick. addition, these fourtraining sessions servedto strengthen the In someareas, the rural sanitarianpromotes cooperative tiesbetween the the building of agricultural and educationalprograms in the approved latrinesor water sup- province. plies and the homeeconomist provides muchof the educationalfollow-up needed tomake the program successful. Closecoordination with all Research Agencies public health workin ruralareas is of great The need for homeeconomics research is importance inyour homemakingprograms. gaining recognitionas homemakingprograms develop. Countriesare recognizing that, with- The Instituteof Nutrition out research, it isdifficult to havea sound homemaking Many countries havean institute of nutri- program based on facts. tion. Because In some countries,surveys have been under- poor nutrition is oftenone of a taken on family country's majorproblems, governments living problems.Some coun- ide these special prov- tries have nutritioninItitutes carryingout im- facilities withwell-trained portant research. In personnel to conductnutrition research, give others, agriculturalinsti- training, and develop tutes study certainproblems affectingfamily educational materials for living. Some collegeand university nutritionists, dietithms,home economists, and home eco- others whoSeprogram includes nutrition. nomics departmentshave begun researchactiv- there is If ities. Much basicresearch ia helpful a nutrition institute inyour country, to any you should know aboutits work and find country regardless ofwhere it is donesuch how you out as informationon pasteurization, food can use its resources to doa better preser- job in yourown Lutrition work with vation methods,simple healthpractices, hous- families. ing, dietary patterns,etc. In addition to usingresearch informationin Community Developmentand Social Welfare your work, youmay also be able to tell In some countries, searchers about re- community development practical problemsin your projects are administeredby the Ministry of area that needanswers. Rural home Social Affairs mists are in econo- or Public Welfare, andhome- a position to know themost press- making education iscarried on through this ing needs of ruralfamilies and howpractical ministry. Even if research can help meet homemakingprograms are these needs. not a direct partof this ministry,it still has many resources thatcan help you. Generally Public Hea!th these ministrieshave specialistsin community A or group organization,case work techniques, majr:, p.iit cf ruralhomemaking work and other fields has11.-.0 who can help trainlocal home irtiv);^aons. Theactivitiesof economics workers. 27 27 Often home economists and social workers lent nutrition and home economies programs, deal with the same families. They need to 'work as well as agricultural programs. very closely together for the good of the people and their programs. UNICEF is largely concerned with work with children and mothers. It carries on educational work and provides medicines, foods, and Literacy Programs other important things. Literacy classes provide a good opportunity The World Health Organizationiscon- for you to know the people beeter and influence cerned with national and regional problems of their progress toward improved living.As health. Trained staff in many countries help adults learn to read, theycan also learn to be governments conduct research and carry out better farmers and better homemakers. If their effective health measures. reading material deals with everyday problems and contains information Foundations such as the Ford Foundation on simple im- andthe proved practices for the farm andhome, adults RockefellerFoundation,conduct are likely to be more interested. This can help health programs. In some countries, foundations support home economics programs in col- them learn faster and understand better.You may have the chance to help prepare reading leges and schools and, in addition, employ material on homemaking and to teachthe class home economists to lead adult homemaking on occasion. programs.

I nternational Organizations Religious and Voluntary Agencies Many important international agencies have Find out which of these haveprograms in programs closely related to the home and the your area. They are excellent resources for cer- family. You will want to know about these tain kinds of help you may need inyour work. agencies and learn the services they offer in Agencies and organizations concerned with the your particular area. They have much material family can contribute greatly to improving vil- and helpful information because they operate lage life. If you and these workers know each in many different countries and have broadex- other well and work together, the people you perience to draw upon. serve will benefit. In this way, you cun help the The Food and Agriculture Organization of people in the village make the best use of all the United Nations hasvery active and excel- resources available to them.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is trying to develop an improved hybrid of Japanese and Indian rice varieties in the research pro- het in Cuttak, India. Success will result in greatlyim- proved crop yields and improved nutrition for the people. 28 Section 111WHATYOU WILL TEACH

29 .1'; -!;.A - ...... 4 t-i

foods they eat. In a meetingsuch as this hi Costa Rica. Before you can begin to helpsolve nutrition problems, the women can talk about theirfood problems. you must learn aboutthe people, their beliefs,and the

FOOD AND NUTRITION

hungry. Food not only Can they produceenough for their family No one likes to be needs? What do theyneed to produce keeps as from beinghungry, it helps us to people more? grow, feel well,and be happy. But many What foods do they buy? are hungry,unhappy, and sick becausethey do practices in the area right kinds of food. How do agricultural not have enough or the affect their diets? Often they do not know this. What are some of thefoods that people Ask yourself what connectionthere is be- unclean, or sacred? the village people, believe are harmful, tween the health problems of What symptoms of poornutrition have you the food they eat, andtheir food habits and in the village? customs. On page .31 areseveral health prob- observed among children something to do with Among adults? lems which may have How long do mothers nursetheir babies? food and nutrition. You can usethem to start foods given to discussion about problems in yourarea. At what age are weaning the baby? Before you attempt to improvethe nutrition milk are given of the village people, youmust be able to rec- What foods besides breast problems in your to the infant whenhe is 8 months old? ognize food and nutrition How many young children,when they are area. fed, die each year? Here are additional questiorsto help you no longer breast problems and eating Do the people know that someof their learn more about food health problems may comefrom not having practices : enough of the right kinds offood ? What foods do the peoplemostly live on? One of your most importantjobs is to help What is their basic diet?Could it be better ? they eat affects What vegetables, grains, androot crops people understand that what their health. You will alsoteach them what do they grow for home use? better health, Do they produce any meat,milk, nr eggs they can do to have better food, for the family to eat? If so,how -Auch? and therefore, a better life. 30 30 If Talk About 1. An infant is sicklyand cries a lot because he is hungry, and the What mothers eat duringtheir pregnancy mother thinks she and also while theyare breast feeding the does not have enoughbreast milk. baby. What foods oesides breastmilk he was given before he was weaned. 2. After weaning, thechild loses weight, has What foods he is fed diarrhea, and getsa "pot belly". now. How foods are preparedfor babies and young children. What sanitation practicesare used. It is impc- Int foryou to teach mothers that by the time meat, ceretls, vegetables,and fruits. Theseare child is 8 monthsold he needs the foods that will help solid foodsas well as milk. The solid foodsthat the child grow strong are given to the child should and happy. It is importantfor the nursing include eggs, mother to eat these foodstoo. 3. Aftera child starts to school, he doespoorly in his studies and Whether the child is fedin the morning does not want to play before he starts off to school. because he is alwaystired. Whether he has a midday mealor must wait to eat until he gets homeafter school. Whether he is perhaps tootired to make the effort. Children need toeat often. They needthree good meals times a mother should givethem fruits orveg- every day. In between thesethree etabled to eat instead of meals theymay want extra food. At these sweets. 1.People lack theenergy to work hard and they tire easily. They The kinds of staplefoods the people eat. are often cross and Are they starchy plantsonly or do they also irritable. You oftensee people with rough, nse cereal grains? dull skin andsores that heal slowly. How much Meat, fish,eggs, milk, cheese, and pulses they eat. How often are vegetablesand fruits eaten. How much water isused in cooking, then thrown away. Whether foods are storeda long time and in such a way thatthey do not keep well. Do they have variety intheir diet? People run out GI their own home-produced What foods theygrow for their own family food before the nextharvest. use. Whether they plan togrow their food needs for the entireyear. How they store their food. How much is destroyedby rats and insects and by rotting. Whether theygrow and store enough to last 31 if theyr didnit loseany of it. 31 found other parents there, too. Many of them were neighbors and friends. The teacher talked about how the children were doing in school. She said many of them seemed too tired to do good work. It was hard for them to learn because they sometimes fell asleep and they did not seem to want to think about their school work. Many were often absent because they were sick and got behind in their work. Miss Ramero then explained that children need not be sick so often. They should be lively and interested in all that goes on about them. They should not tire so easily, and fall asleep. Miss Ramero thought many of these children were not healthy. They were not growing and learning as much as they would if they were The Story of Samuel and Mary healthy. This could be because they were not getting the kind of food they needed for good health. This was a surprise to Samuel and Mar37- 'Samuel and Mary lived in a villagemany They thought some children, like Peter, were miles from the city. They had 8 acres of naturally sleepy much of the time and often ground. Two of ithese were not cleared. The sick. They thought he would grow out of it. land was quite fertile. They grew maize, cas- The parents talked about their younger sava, and a few beans. During the rainy season, children too. Rosa was irritable and cried a they collected greens. They had a banana tree lot. She often had stomach upsets and sores and a coconut tree. They kept a few chickens on her legs which took a long time 4 o heal. which scratched the earth around the house Was she as healthy as she should be t Then for their food. Mary sometimes fed them bits they talked about how many babies in the of leftover food and the coconut leavings. village died each year and how many had sto- Life was easy. The crops grew and they machs that were too big. Mary said she herself usually had enough food. Sometimes, near the felt tired much of the time and that she had very beginning of a growing season, they would lost two babies. She asked what could be done. run out of maize. Then Samuel would sell the She wanted her children to grow well and be beans so they could buy maize to last until the healthy and string. Samuel said he did not like harvest. They always had cassava because it to spend money on school fees if his son was was so easy to grow and store. not learning. He suggested having another Samuel and Mary had two children. Peter meeting. was 8 years old. Rosa was 3. Peter went to Peter's teacher said she would arrange for a school 2 miles away. He walked both ways the local health officer and the village Exten- every day. Sometimes he was sick. Then he sion worker to come to another parents' meet- stayed home. ing the following Saturday to talk more about One day the teacher asked Samuel and Mary the children's health. to come tl a meeting at the school so they could This story shows how parenta were helped talk about the health of their children and how to become aware of some of the food and they were getting along in school. She also health problems of their children. There are asked Miss Ramero, the village Extension probably similar problems in the area in which worker, to come and help with the meeting. you work. These problems could be directly re- The day of the meeting, Samuel and Mary lated to the food that is produced and used walked to the school with Rosa and Peter. They there. 32 32 Your Government Is Concerned Find out whatyour country is doing about its food and nutritionsituation. By knowing Your government, likemany others around what various agenciesand ministriesare the world, has plansfor national growthand trying to accomplish,you can apply their spe- development. Governmentsare greatly con- cific recommendationsto the information in cerned about food andnutrition because they this chapter. know that underfedpeople cannot do the work Ask the AgricultureDepartment or Minis- necessary to develop a country.Poorly fed peo- try : ple are often sick.Then they requiregovern- ment help, instead of 1. What the longrange plans for agricul- supporting themselves tural developmentare in your country. and adding to thecountry's economic growth. Good food does notcure or prevent all dis- 2.What plans the ministryhas to improve eases, but all of us need goodfood for good the food and nutritionresources of your health, both physicaland mental. country. A serious food situationexists in the world S. What foodcrops are recommended in today. Many countriesalready have morepeo- your area, what cash crops. ple than theycan feed, and populationsare growing. In some countries, 4. What animals andpoultry could begrown distribution isa for home use. problem. By theyear 2000 A.D., there will Lo twice as many peoplein the worldas there are 5.If the ministry hasa list of publications now. Unless more food isgrown, distributed, you could get to helpyou learn about and wisely used therewill be more andmore foodproduction,includinggardens, hunger and evenstarvation. crops, and livestock. The problem is notonly a lack of food buta lack of knowledge Ask the Ministry ofHealth, the Nutrition about nutrition. Thismeans Institute, or UniversityDepartment of Home food in the amount andof the kind needed to Economics : develop a strong healthybody, keep it well, and provide energy forwork and play. Your 1.If nutritionalsurveys are being carried responsibility is to bringfood and nutrition out in your country. Ifso, have any been knowledge to village peopleso they can im- completed? prove their own situation. Theproblem will be 2. What recommendations solved in the home wad they can giveyou on the farm. In today's on improving the nutritionalhealth of world, probablyno field of knowledge hasmore people in yourarea. to contribute to thebetterment of life than food and nutrition. & If they have healtheducation material A village food andnutrition program should which would helpyou teach about nutri- teach : tion. what foods the body needsand why Your local agriculturalor health worker the special food needsdf various family may also be able toanswer some questions. members You will find Manysources to help you work home production,preservation, and stor- on food and nutrition. Youwill also want to age of a year-round supplyof good food learn about themany organizations that help how to buy what cannotbe produced countries improve theirfood and nutrition sit- how to prepare foodsso the quality is not uation. These includeUnited Nations organiza- wasted. tions such as the Foodand Agriculture Organi- This chapter includes zation (FAO), the WorldHealth Organization basic principles of (WHO), and the UnitedNations Children's good nutrition and howto teach them. It will Fund (UNICEF), deal mostly with whatevery mother should Freedom from Hunger, know about feeding her Food for Peace, and theAgency for Interna- children. tional Development(AID). 1,'1) When lock of food or ignorance causes malnutrition, everyone sufferti. Hut children rulfer mast.

31 What is Nutrition? should. They do notseem healthy. Today, Mr. Nutrition is the foodyou eat and how your Omoko, the local health officer, ishere to ex- body uses it. Good food practiceslead to good plain how a healthy child should lookand act. nutrition. When people donot have enough Perhaps if we know whatwe could expect of food, they are calledundernourished. When our children, we will know more aboutour they do not have the rightkind of food, they problem." are called malnourished. Mr. Oznoko talked forsome time about the Food is the material out ofwhich our bodies way a child grows from birth to adulthood. are built. We eat food to live, togrow, to stay Much of what he said is in ne sectionon child healthy, and to getenergy for work and play. care in this book. Food gives usa sense of security. Evenour at- Then he said, "I understand thatyour chil- titude toward life is influencedby the food we dren are not learningas well as the teacher eat. feels they could. Youare wondering if this For good nutrition the bodyneeds more than could be because ofpoor health. a full stomach. It needs different kindsof food "Children of school age should keepgrowing. for building and fullgrowth and repair, for Their bones should be straight andstrong. protection against disease,and for energy. They should havea good record of attending Without a good variety of foods,the body will school. They should not oftenbe absent due not work properly. Aperson will become tired to sickness. Healthy childrenare bright-eyed, and sick. He mayeven die. alert, and interested in learning.They should not tire easily, either fromgames or from How Food Is Used by theBody studying. Their hair should be shiny,their

35 One house is made of good materials. It has A healthy child needs proper food to build a a strong frame to support it. It has a tight roof strong body and keep it running well. He needs to protect it against rain. It has a good heating food to provide energy for work and play. system with fuel to keep it warm and cook One child has not had proper food to build a meals. healthy body. She is unhappy and does poor The other house is made of poor materials. work in school. (Add other symptoms you no- The frame is weak and in poor condition. The tico among your villagers.) roof leaks. There is no way to heat it. It has A healthy adult needs proper food to keep his not been kept in gt,od repair. The floor has holes body in good repair. He needs food to help in it. protect him against disease. He needs food to It is the same with enimals. Look at these provide energy for work. (Add other signs of chickens: good nutriVon.)

A healthy animal needs proper food to build it strong, protect it against disease, rind give energy for its activities. The thin chicken is from the same brood as the healthy one, but it did not have a good diet. It has not grown. Its feathers are poor. It is sick and has no energy. So it is with pe4le.

One of these women has not had proper food. She is %in and looks older than she should. She is sick, tired, and irritable. (Add other symptoms of poor nutrition common in your area.) "Long before a person shows severe signs of poor nutrition, he may feel tired or depressed. His skin may be dry and rough. His hair may be dull and lifeless. Children may have frequent colds or a constant runny nose, or be seriously sick with common childhood diseases. A person may feel cross and nervous and lose 36 36 interest in things around him. Hemay bruise well and help it resist easily or break bones often. His disease. Some foods fur- cuts may nish more energy than others.Because of these take a long time to heal. Theseare an signs differences,we can group foods together ac- that he may not be getting allthe good food cording to what they do. Thismakeg it easier he needs to be healthy andvigorous." to learn about them. "But what do you mean? We usually have The names and functions ofthe nutrients are enough to keep us from beinghungry and it technical. They is good food," protested another may confuse village people. father. You do not have to talkabout nutrients or use Miss Ramero, the villageExtension worker, technical terms inyour work with families. said, "You are quite right. It isgood food. It However, the brief outlinegiven here will help tastes good; we enjoy it. But is it good enough you to better understand the principlesof food to build strong bodies and helpus feel well? and nutrition. Perhaps something is missing. Perhapswe need to talk about what is meant by'good food'. Then we can learn ifyour children are getting what they need to build and keephealtNy bodies." Miss Ramero offered to meetwith the parents to talk more about what is goodfood and their children's need for it. Theparents were eager to learn if this could be thereason their children were sick and not doing wellin school. They agreed to meet each Saturdayuntil they found out. Miss Ramero asked who wouldfind a meeting room and have it ready foreach meeting. Foods That Help to Build the Body Samuel volunteered to do this. She also asked The body cannot build firm flesh, good red who would go around the villageand get more parents to come. Mary offered to blood, and strong muscles unless it gets enough go. good building foods. These are called proteins. What the parents learned in thesemeetings ig given in this chapter. Proteins are found in milk, eggs, meat, fish, nuts, seeds, and legumes suchas pulses or They learned much about"good food" and grams. They are how important it is. They spentmany weeks also present in smaller talking with the health officer, amounts in whole grain cereals and toa still the village Ex- lesser degree in some vegetables and fruits. tension worker, and the teacherabout these things. In your work with families, remember touse the names of the foods. Talk about milk,eggs, and meat without calling them "proteins". What Kinds of Food Do We Need for Both children and adults need building Good Nutrition? foods. Even after a person stops growing at about 20 years of age, building foods help keep Our bodies need many materials whichare his body in good repair. Animal foodsfurnish called nutrients for full growth andhealth. the most complete building and repairmate- Each has a specific use in the body and allare rials for the body. Families should try tohave in the food we eat. some animal food each day. This is especially Most foods contain more thanone nutrient. important for children and pregnantor nurs- But no single food contains all the nutrients in ing mothers. the amounts we need. That takesmany kinds The shortage of protein foods isone of the and combinations of foods. greatest problems in many countries. Children Some kinds of food help build and repair the may have serious diseases if they do not get body. Some keep the parts of the body working enough protein and also enough food. Two of ,37 these diseases are called kwashiorkorand mar- Bring raw milk fromany animal just to asmus. If children do not get enough ofthe boiling, then take it off theheat at once. This right kinds of protein, theymay not be able to makes it safe for drinking. learn as well as they should. Cool it es soonas possible, and keep it cold. Donot add water to In some areas where there isa protein shor- milk. This only makes the milkweaker and tage, high protein foods suchas CSM (corn- does not add more building value. soya-milk) and Incaparina Also, if the are being developed water is not safe, it makes the milkunsafe. to improve the diet for children.These are Many people buy milk when generally meal they cannot or flour made from fish, leg- produce it. Milk is sold inmany forms. Milk umes, cereals, and other proteinsources. Sue% direct from the animal Israw, whole milk. foods will greatly improve dietslow in protein When the cream is taken off, what and are particularly valuable is left is as weaning foods .11,lled skimmed milk. Pasteurizedmilk has for the young child. Multi-purposefood is an- been heated and does not need other high prottsin product to be boiled at made from soy- home if it is kept covered in thedairy con- beans. Find out from:our ministry if such tainer. It is safe to drink. products are available in Dried whole milk your country and how powdeds suitable for babies and childrenif it is they can be obtained and used. properly prepared with safe Milk and milk products water or cooked :Ire important foods with other foods. Dried skimmedmilk powder for everybody atevery age, but especially for is inexpensive and isa good source of y.rotein, growing children. Cows and goatssteR,ply most but the whole milk powder isbetter, especially of the milk in the world, but milkfrom other for babies and children. animals is used insome countries. In some Evaporated milk has abolt half ofthe water areas milk is not a customary food. Andin many countries where it is acceptable, it is removed and is suitable for babiesand chil- not dren. It contains fatas well as milk solids. easily available. If this is thecase in your area, find out if :nilk production Condensed milk hassome water taken out and is possible. If so, try sugar added. It is not a good food for very hard to promote the production,care, and infants. use of milk. When you add the water to thecondensed milk so that the baby will drink it, the mixturedoes not give the baby the building foodshe needs. The baby may get full and fat, buthe will not grow as strong as he should. Cheese shouldbe made from wholeor skimmed milk. It may be soft or hard. Curdsare a soft cheese. Cheese is a good building food. It is difficult to plana good diet for children and adults without usingsome form of milk. In areas where there is not enough milk,try to get people touse more of other building foods such as fish, meat, pulses,cereals and dark green leafy vegetables. It isa good idea to add powdered milk tomany foods when preparing them. It can be added toeggs, vegetables, rice, cereals, sauces, and breaddough. Meat can come fromany animal, bird, or fish normally eaten. Theseinclude cattle, goats, sheep, camels, pigs,rabbits, chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, wild game, fish, andshell fish. This young Honduran boy isfortunate that he has milk Reptiles, rodentsor insects such as locusts, to help him growa strong body. Most children enjoy bees, and grasshoppersare used for food in milk as much as he does if theyhave it. some areas.

38 38 The lean part of meat is thebuilding food, Teach people to cook legumesand seeds with not the fat or bone. All parts ofthe animal rice, wheat, corn, millet,or other cereal grains. normally eaten contain protein.This includes If they use theseevery day with even a small the kidneys,liver,heart,brains, stomach, amount of dry milk powder,fresh milk, or lungs, and also animal blood, whichis used for other animal foods added, theycan greatly im- food in some areas. prove their diets. Because meat doesn't keep well inwarm climates withor'. refrigeration andbecause it is expensive to buy,many people eat meat only occasionally. For thisreason, you should try to get families to produce anduse such animal foods as milk, poultry,eggs. fish, and rabbits. Then there will not beas much of a problem storing and keeping the foodas there is when a large animal is slaughtered. Eggs have thesame building value as meat. Chickens areour most common source of eggs, but eggs from birds other thanchickens, such as turkeys, ducks, geese, and guineas,as well af.2 from fish and reptiies are all good building foods. All theseeggs should be well cooked. Legumes, uuts, arid seedsare plant foods which contain proteins. Legumesmay also be Foods That Provide Much Energy called pulsesor grams. They include many kinds of dried beans such Foods that provide lots ofenergy are called as soybeans, black fats and carboltvdrates. If people do beans, kidney beans, and broadbeans ;dried not get peas such as cowpeas, pigeon peas, and chick- enough of these, other foodsmore valuable for peas, and lentils. Learn the kinds of dried building and repair will be used for theenergy beans and peas used inyour area. The soybean the body needs and their building value will be is especially good because itcontains up to 40 wasted. When people eat too much of these percent protein. Inmany areas, the govern- foods they become fat. ment strongly Carbohydrates are sugar and starch. These encourages people to grow and are mainly found in cereals, starchy plants, eat soybeans to improve their diets.Ground- nuts or peanutsare also important legumes. sugar, molasses, honey, etc. Many other foods All edible nuts contain also contain some carbohydrate. Inmany coun- some protein. Know tries, cereals and starchy plantsmake up the those available in yourarea. greater part of the people's diet. They Seeds include; are lotus seeds, ginkgo seeds, often referred toas "the staples in the diets of pumpldn seeds, sesame seeds,sunflower seeds, the masses." squash seeds, cashaw seeds, andcalabash tree seeds as well Cereals are grains suchas maize, wheat, as many others. Seeds are often rice, barley, oats, sorghum, andmillet. They used for their oil "Press cakes",the part of are easy to grow and not expensive to buy. the seed left after the oil ispressed out, con- The bran andgerm of these grains also have tain protein. These "press cakes"are good i'ood some building and protective values. The bran for animals. covers the kernel, and the germ is the part The coconut is not includedin thislist. that sprouts andgrows when planted. When While the meat containsa little building mate- the bran and germare left in, the cereal is a rial, it is used mainly for theoil it contains. better food. Yellow maize ismore nutritious The coconut "milk" is refreshingand tastes than white maize. Rice has good, but it is not a hard outer crust a protein food and doesn't ever the bran layer. This crust must bere- help the boly grow strong. moved. 29 39 ^4 less building In some countries, wheat flour,bread, maize part of the grain which has much meal, and rice are enrichedbefore they are and protective value. Where anybran or germ values have is left in, the flour or meal is darkerin color. sold. This means that protective Try to teach been added. Ask your Ministryof Agriculture Some people do not like it as well. people to like and use the darkerflour and or NutritionInstitute about enriching in your It is much country. meal made from the whole grain. Whole grain rice and wheat aresometimes better for them. Try to get themnot to wash steamed or boiled and thensundried. This the grains or sift out the bran.Millet, barley, makes them easier to pound orgrind. Pre- rye, sorghum, andother grains are generally pared in this way, rice is calledparboiled and used without removing the branand germ, so wheat is called bulgur. Bulgurwheat keeps the problem of white or darkflour does not better than plain wheat flour. Prrboiledrice is arise. a much betterfood than the white polished Starchy roots, tubers and fruitsinclude such rice. foods as plantains, breadfruit, cassava(man- Many famili..9 prepare their owncereal ioc), taro, white yam, yellow yam,sweetpotato, grains at home by pounding,grinding, or and white potato. Most of thesehave very little cracking. They often wash or sift awaythe protein. When used as the mainpart of the bran and germ, leaving only thewhite starchy diet, these foods do not haveenough protein and may cause the diseses of poordiet. Often- times, young children weanedfrom the breast and fed mainly on cassava, taro orplantain, develop kwashiorkor. Starchy fruits and vegetables are easyto grow and aregenerally found in abundance. They are not expensive to buyand they are filling, but other building andprotective foods should always be a part of eachperson's daily food. This is very important.Otherwise malnutrition results. Sugars have only energyvalue. Too many sweets can spoil a person'sappetite for foods with more food value.Sugarisdigested quickly. That is why a sweetdrink, such as sugary tea or coffee inthe morning, seems to "pick you up" and give you more energy.But sugar is also used upquickly. You may soon feel tired and hungry again.Too much sugar or other sweets canhelp to bring about tooth decay. Fats come from animals, plants,and seeds. They are more expensive andoften less available than cereals or starchyplants. Fats are important in the diet. They notonly provide energy but alsohelp the body use the protective value of some foods, especiallydark leafy greens and deep yellowvegetables. They also contain fatty acids the body needs. When a women pounds her owngrain as this woman is Some fats like red palm oil,other plant oils, doing, she can make sure herfamily gets all the food butter, ghee, cream, and fishliver oil contain value that is in it. The bran and germcontain impor- protective value too. Other fats,like meat drip- taut nutrients that should notbe thrown away. 40 40 pings, fat meat, and lard have no protective or tain green leafy vegetablesand pulses are also building value in them. Insome countries, mar- good sources of calcium. Calcium garine made from vegetable in the diet oils may have can be increased by using limewaterto prepare protective values added. It is thencalled forti- food or using fish with edible fied margarine. Mv bones. Red mil- ny people do not eat encugh let, sesame seeds, andmolaues also contain fats because theyare expensive. It is a good some calcium. idea to includesome fats, especially those with Iodine in food is needed protective qualities, in each for the thyroid meal. gland in the front of the throat.When the person does not get enough iodine, this gland grows big and is calleda goiter. In certain areas where goiter is common, iodine is added to salt. Fish from thesea and most vegetables grown near the sea are sources of iodine. Io- dine is present in the soil. Theamount found in vegetabies and fruits dependson how much is in the soil where theyare grown. Where there is enough iodine in the soil,there is generally no problem of goiter. If a person has swelling in...the front of the lower throat,he should go to a doctor. Vitamin A is needed for growth, normaleye- Foods That Keep the Body Working sight, and healthy skin and bodysurfaces. It is Properly and Help It.Resist Disease found in some fats. Butter andcream are especially rich sources. This isone reason that Protective nutrients called mineralsand vi- safe, whole milk rather than skimmilk is rec- tamins are important for growth,resistance ommended for growing children.Other fats against disease, andproper body functioning. and oils may have vitamin Aadded to them. There are many minerals andvitamins,. Each A substance called carotenechanges to vita- has a specificname and a specific job in the min A in the body. Carotene isfound in the body. Some are found inso many foods they dark green leafy vegetables anddeep yellow are not a nutritional problem. All fruits and fruits and vegethbles. Sometimesthese are vegetables have minerals andvitamins. Some grouped together and called the"Yellows and contain more than others andtherefore add Greens". Red palm oil is alsoa good source of more to a balanced diet. A varied diet will vitamin A. likely provide all thatare needed, but the foods Dark gret.a must be prepared leave.= are better than light so that the vitamins are not green or white. Some of themore commonly wasted. The following vitaminsand minerals grown greens are :spinach, chard, kale, col- need special attention to besure foods with lards, bro 'elf,mustard, amaranth,cassava them are included in the diet. leaves, sw dpetato leaves, andbeet and turnip Iron is needed along with proteinto build tops. It takes little ground and notmuch work blood. Lack of enough iron isa leading cause to keep a patch of greens growingaround the of ill health inmany inlets of the world. Iron- house. In mostareas, they can be grown year rich foods includeeggs, green leafy vegetables, round. Manygreens, good for eating, grow many whole grain cereals, legumes, andmeat. wild. They have just as much foodvalue as the The internalorgans of aninvtls such as liver, greens from the garden, and theyvary the heart, and kidneysare especially rich sources diet. Trees and bushes with edible of iron. leaves such as the drumstick tree are found insome areas. Calcium is necessary for buildingbones and All greensare best when freshly picked. teeth. It is especially neededduring growth. Some deep yellow fruits and vegetables Milk is one of the best are sources of calcium. Cer- mango, papaya, cantaloupe,carrots,yellow 41 41 yams, and winter squash. Find out which ones Food Needs Vary grow in your area. Red palm oil is also a good source of carotene. All people need the same nutrients, but in varying amounts throughout life. The amounts It is important to use foods rich in vitamin are influenced by age, activity, size, sex, health, A or carotene at least once a day. and climate. Vitamin C is needed for healthy gums, sk n, AgeFor theirsize,children need more and body tissues. It is found in many fruits food than adults. This is because they need and some vegetables. Citrus fruits such as or- extra food to grow and develop, and also be- anges, tangerines, lemons, limes, and grape- cause healthy children are so active. From fruit are very good sources of vitamin C. weaning to 6 years old, children grow very Other good sources of vitamin C are guavas, rapidly. They are not getting breast milk and strawberries,rambutan,tomatoes,papaya, are too young to get food for themselves. They mangoes, pawpaw, cabbrge, other leafy greens, need extra special care to see that they get and white potatoes. A person who eats some of large amounts of building foods. During the these fruits and vegetables every day can iv many years when boys and girls are growing reasonably sure of getting enough vitamin C. into men and women, many things are happen- Find out which ones grow or could be grown in ing to their bodies. Some boys and girls grow your area. Include the ones that grow wild. very fast. They need extra food. As people get Teach your people to include a good variety of older, they stop growing fInd become less ac- them in their diets. tive. They need less food. The juice of any fruit has the same protec- ActivityThe harder and longer a person tive values as the fruit it comes from. The works or plays, the more energy food he needs. same is true of vegetable juices. Teach your A person who works in the field all day needs people to use fresh fruit and fresh fruit juices. more food than one who sits and talks. Vitamin D is needed for the body to use cal- SizeThe larger a person, the more food he cium. It is very important in the growth of needs unless he is too fat, or too thin. Then his teeth and the bones of the body. Too little vita- food needs are based on what he should weigh. min D causes rickets. SexBecause men are often bigger than women, and because they often do heavier Vitamin D is found in some foods like cod work, they generally require a little more food liver or other fish liver oils. This is why they than women, especially energy foods. But a are often given to children. This is a good small man who does very little physical work thing to do. People who get lots of sunlight all will not need as much food as a larger woman year long are not likely to lack vitamin D. Sun- who works in the fields all day. Both men and light changes a substance in a person's skin women need the same kinds of food. into vitamin D. Pregnant women and nursing mothers need Thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin are mem- extra building and protective foods. Women bers of the vitamin B family. They help with generally need more iron than men. steady nerves, normal appetite, good digestion, ClimatePeople in hot tropical countrl a good attitude (morale), and a healthy skin. need somewhat less food than people in colder Most foods do not furnish very large amounts climates. This is because the body needs more of these vitamins. But using a variety of foods energy food to keep warm in cold climaes. each day will help assure getting enough of People are also less active in hot climaten. them. Therefore, they need less food than more ac- Other vitamins and minerals neededin tive people in cool climates. lesser amounts for proper functioning of the State of HealthSick people need food to body are also found in fruits and vegetables as rebuild their bodies. In the acute (severe) state well as other foods. A balanced and varied diet of their illness, they may not be able to eat will likely provide all that are nee'..ed. much but water or sugar water. As soon as 42 42 possible thouo-h, give thema good diet to re- In this plan, energy value comes largely build their bodies and help them get well. from the rice, coconut, and oil; building value mainly from fish and beansplus some from amaranth ;and protective value from ama- Food Needs for Adults ranth and mango. Regular use of milk, cheese, and curds isen- All adults need building, protective, anden- couraged in some food plans because these ergy foods. Your country may havea general foods \. help build and keep bones strong. In food plan that would be suitable foryou to use. some places, these foods are not easily availa- Or you may need to get help in developingone ble. that fits the food habits andresources of the If the basic food is bananas, people you work with. cassava, potatoes,orotherstarchyfood,thenlarger The foods in the chart below, takenevery day, amounts of legumes, pulses,grams, meat, fish, would be a satisfactory diet for theaverage eggs, or milk are needed than *hen cereals are adult man of the Kenya coast. the basic food.

Food group Food Amount per day Whole grain or lightly milled cereals,starchy Rice, lightly milled 18 ounces foods including roots and parboiled Legumes (pulses, grams) Beans 4 ounces Meat, fish, eggs Fish 4 ounces Dark green leafy vegetables Amaranth 4 ounces Other vegetables and fruit, especially those for Mango 4 ounces vitamin C Fats, oils, fatty foods Coconut 2 ounces Oil 1/2 ounce

Special Food Needs of Pregnant and NursingWomen

A good diet for the mother helpsher haN': a vegetables and vegetables and fruits for vita- healthy infant and stay healthy herself.If slie mins A and C are needed for their protective is poorly fed, she will be weakand have a value. Cereals, fats, and oilsmay also need to weak baby. Some of these babiesmay die be- be increased, particularly duringbreast feed- fore they are born or soon afterwards.Eating ing. properly Means better health forthe mother The mother may fear thatthe baby will and her children. grow too big and she will get fat if she eats A pregnant or nursingwoman needs extra well during pregnancy. Neither shenor the building materials to builda strong baby. If baby will get too big if sheeats the right the baby cannot get these fromthe food his amounts of the right kinds of food. It is when mother eats, then he will get them from his she eats too much starchy food, fats, andsu- mother's tissues and bones, In thisway, her gars that she or the baby may get too big. One body may become weakened. good way of knowing if she is getting too big, too fast, is by going to a prenatal clinic where Of great importance during this periodare her weight will be checked regularly. The doc- milk, eggs, meat, fwh, and legumes(pulses, tor- will talk to her about her diet and weight grams). Extra amounts of darkgreen leafy gain.

43 ON. 43 611 Breast milk alone, if there is enough, will 4-6 MONTHS BABY supply a baby's food needs for the first 5 or 6 months of his life. Sometimes in hot weather, a baby needs more water than he gets in breast feeding. Be sure the water is boiled at least 10 minutes. It can be put in a clean covered container to cool and be fed to the baby with a spoon once or twice during the day. Babies who do not get enough sunshine may also need some fish liver oil to help make their bones strong. Your health department cantell you how mothers can get this oil and how they should give it to their babies. Breast milk is safe because there is no danger from germs as there may be if the baby is fed from a bottle. Breast milk contains a substance which protects the baby against infectious diseases dur- NEEDS ing his early months. Breast feeding is valuable because the baby GUINE A COPM PALM OIL is cuddled and feels warm and secure when he !(OGI BA is held. He feels loved and happy when he is fed this way. It is the perfect beginning for a happy, contented life. Bottle Feeding If for some reason the mother does not have enough milk for the baby during his first 6 The government of Nigeria considers breast feeding so important that it has designed this special poster to en- months, she may have to give him milk in an- courage mothers to breastfeed their babies. other way. In many countries, feeding cups are available. These are easier to keep clean than bottles and nipples. Therefore, they are safer to use. If a mother must use a bottle, she must Food Needs for Infants be given proper instructions from a hospital or health clinic on mixing the milk and caring for Breast Milk the bottles. It is very important to keep all Mother's milk is one of the best foods for the cups and bottles very clear or the baby may baby. Talk to mothers about nursing the baby get sick. for at least one year. In some areas where there is not enough of the right kind of food, it Starting Other Foods is a good idea for the mother to nurse her baby By the time a baby is 6 months old, he needs for 2 years if it is possible. Breast-fed babies more food than his mother's milk can give usually grow well if the mother is eating well. him. About this time, he should be given other They are not sick as often as babies who can- soft foods such as grain cereals, eggs, vegeta- not be breast fed. bles and fruits to add to the mother's milk. A good way to protect infants from severe malnutrition that may leave life-long effects is to give them breast milk. The mother who When a baby is several months old, he should be taught to eat from a spoon as this Nigerian baby is. Then he breast feeds her baby until, he is old enough to will learn to eat and enjoy other body-building foods so be weaned gives him a good start in life. he will not stop growing when he is weaned. 44 44 These foods should be fed with a little spoon. head away. It is a normal thing for babies to This is more sanitary and much better to use do. He will soon learn, aftera few tries, that than the mother's fingers. The time for start- he likes most of the foods thatyou offer him. ing to give the baby the new foods depends on If he continues to spit out a food after several how well the baby is growing and if the tastes, discontinue it for a while and try a dif- mother has enough milk to satisfy him. If the ferent food. mother takes her baby to a doctor or clinic to be checked, she will usually be told when to It is important that he likes his food and is start other foods. The baby should continue to happy when he eats. The firstyear it is better get his regular breast feedings as well as these to feed him before or after the rest of the fam- other foods. ily has eaten. Then the mothercan give him all Eating should be a happy time for the baby; her attention and he will not be distracted by do not force a baby to eat. A baby will gener- the noise and movement when the family is ally let his mother know when he gets hungry. eating. It takes time to teach a baby to take other The following examples of daily feeding foods, and he has to be fed slowly. Give the plans may help you teach mothers how to add baby one new food at a time to let him get used different foods one at a time to their babies' to the flavor and feel of the food. At first, just di2ts. Note that at least one building food, one give him a taste on the end of the spoon. Do protective food, and one energy food is given at not be surprised if he spits it out or turns his every meal.

At about 6 months

Upon waking Breast feed Morning Porridge made with milk. (When baby becomes used to porridge, start feeding papaya, orange or other fruit juice.) Breast feed Afternoon Mashed banana with boiled milk Breast feed Early evening Porridge made with milk Breast feed

Between 7 and 8 months

Upon waking Breast feed Morning Porridge made with milk and mashed hardboiled egg Mashed papaya or fruit juice such as mango, orange, pawpaw Breast feed Afternoon White or sweetpotato mashed with boiled milk Ripe banara mashed with boiled milk Breast feed Early evening Porridge made with milk Mashed vegetable Breast feed

L.1, 46 46 Between 8 and 9 months

Nan / Plan 11 Upon waking Breast feed Morning Breast feed Porridge with milk Porridge made with milk Mashed papaya Orange jui :e or other fruit Boiled milk from juice a cup Boiled milk froma cup Breast feed Breast feed Afternoon Porridge made with milk Mashed sweetpotato Mashed banana with milk Mashed vegetable Boiled milk froma cup Mashed and scraped Breast feed cooked fish Boiled milk froma cup Breast feed Early evening Mashed potato with boiled egg Porridge with milk andmashed pulses Mashed vegetable Mashed papaya Boiled milk from a cup Boiled milk froma cup Breast feed Breast feed

Red Cross health educatorsuse a fiannelgraph to teach mothers in Uganda theproper waF to prepare a nutritious diet for weaningbabies.

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MULIKPARENTSKU You may wish to use a flannelgraph or dis- for porridge without washing the whole grains prily real fowl to teach mothers what their ba- after pounding them. This way she will not bies should be vating in addition to breast milk pour off all the good building materials in the at (1) about 6 months old, (2) about 7 or 8 water. months, and (8) 1 year old. Think of suitable foods for babies that are As the baby gets older, he can start to eat available in your area. Treat each family and other building and protective foods. These in- each infant individually, but always base the clude well-cooked and mashed pulses without diet on the many things you have lean. ad skins ;hard-boiledeggs;well-cookcdand about the many kinds of food that children and mashed liver or chicken ; mashed vegetables adults need to grow or to keep strong. Foods from the cooking pot ; green leafy vegetables cooked for the family may be given to the baby cut very fine, cooked, and mashed ; soup ; and if a small portion is taken out for him before fruits such as mango, guava, and pawpaw, the strong spices are added. This food could peeled and mashed fine with no seeds or hard then be strained, mashed, or cut into small pieces. At about 1 year of age, the baby can eat pieces to make it easy for the baby to eat. It is some foods from family meals. He can eat cer- much easier for the mother to give the baby eal, for example, as it is cooked for his older the food from ihe family pot and it is mu-_,11 brothers and sisters. His food will still need to better for the baby because he will eat many be mashed or chopped very fine until he has different kinds of foods. When the baby eats more teeth and can chew well. many kinds of foodr, he will get the many things that help him grow. Preparing and Handling Foods for the Baby Foods given to the baby must be very clean. The 'baby's dishes should be boiled and kept separate from other dishes. It is very easy for a baby to get diarrhea or stomach upset from dirty :cod or dishes. When a mother first starts to give her baby other foods, she should sit him on her lap and feed him from a trmitary spoon. The baby will soon learn to eat from a spoon and drink from a cup. Let the baby try to feed himself from a small spoon or cup as soon as he seems to want to. Most small children eat better when they take at least part of their Zood by themselves. The foods given to babies mw? be soft and easily digested, so they will not cause the baby stomach trouble. A 'mai milk, eggs, meat, fish, pulses, and cereals are important foods for a baby. They help him grow and develop. Re- member, always boil raw animal milk. Homemade SieveRunning food through a A soft porridge or gruel made from a whole sieve removes any lumps or hard pieces, and grain cereal and milk is a good soft food to makes it fine and soft. This is guod for an in- start the baby on. A mother may feel that tha fant or sick child. Most families have a sieve. whiter the porridge, gruel, or pap she pre- If not, they can make one easily. pares, the better f000 she is making for her Use a 2lb. tin can or one that is an easy size ben and the better mother her husband and to handle. Be sure the rim is smooth with nr neighbors think she is. Explain that a darker sharp (:dges. Clear and wash the can thro- porridge has more food value than the white roughly. Punch 20 to 30 holes in the bottom pap or gruel. Show her how to prepare cereals with a medium size nail.

114 48 48 Weaning stop eating altogether andbecome ill.It is Weaning means (I) gettingthe baby accus- much better to keep thebaby with his motbr tomed to foods besidesbreast milk, and (2) and let him graduallyget used to milk froma stopping breast feeding.Weaning extends from cup and continue to get the otherfoods he has the time the baby is been taking. Then both thebaby and the mother solely breast fed until he are happier. is eating a good mixeddiet which entirelyre- places breast milk. If the mother hasbeen following a good feeding plan, the baby will The length of timethe mother continuesto already be getting breast feed her baby varies other building foods whenshe begins to stop considerably. Many breast feedings. He will be used doctors recommend breastfeeding for oneyear to them. If he and even for 2years if it is possible and continues to get them, hisgrowth will not slow needed. This insuresthat the baby will get down when he is weaned. vital building materialslie needs. However, In some countries, special"weaning" foods after the first 6 or 6months breast milk alone are available. Ask your healthdepartment if will not provide the child any such food is available andrecommended in with all it needs for your country. If so, encourage mothers growth. Where no othermilk is available,pro- to use longed breast feedingis necessary for the it. It is made especiallyfor the needs of babies, baby's growth and Use the weaning foodsas recommended by quite often for his survival. your health department. However, the mothermust eat a good diet with enough building foodsif she is to make milk for 2 years. Food Needs from Weaningto 6 Years You can preparea baby for weaning by A child of thisage is often called a toddler starting with small amountsof boiled animal or pre-nhool child. A child thisnge often be- milk from a cup. Animalmilk is the best sub- comes tee Trost poorly nourishedmember of stitute for Lreast milk.Gradually increase the the falaily. He oftui isnot given the attention amount until the baby istaking it at every he got f. baby, and he is still tooyoung to meal. Taking the babyoff the breastcom- care for himself. pletely must be donegradually. This usually The importance of animal foodsfor everyone takes several weeks. has been mentioned severaltimes. The toddler Normally, the baby shouldrever be weaned often does not get hisfair share of milk, meat, from the breast toa bottle. It is not necessary eggs, fish, and pulses. Thismay be because and bottles and rubberteats are hard to clean. they are not plentifulor because parents do not Germs which can makethe baby ill are found understand that the childneeds these foods for in unclean bottles andrubber teats. growth and health. Theymay think that milk A wise procedure isto atop the midday causes diarrhea. Help themunderstand that it breast feeding first. After is the impropercare of milk whichcauses 2 or 3 weeks, stop germs to grow in the milk. These the second one during themorning, then later germs cause the eveni ig breast feeding.After 2 or 8 more the diarrhea, nct the milkitself. weeks, stop the early morningbreast fee,15ng. Ruffling foods (proteins)are very important to 1.1 Weaning gradually this way is not onlyf, od child of this age because he isno for the baby, it is also much longer getting his mother'smilk. The quality more comfortable of building food for for the mother because her breastsdo not get a toddler (or anyone else) so full and the amotrit of milk she makes is can be improvd by a combination offoods at gradually reduced. the same meal. Ifa family has both maize and beans, for example, it is farbetter to eat some Some mothers put a bitter powderon their maize and some beans at eachmeal rather than nipples or send the baby away to hisgrandpar- to eat maize for several days andthen beans ents when they want to stop narsing the baby. for several days. Combinationsof foods should This is very bad for the baby. He is unhappy have both filling foods andprotein foods; for and cries and feels unwanted. Homay even example, cereals or tubers withmilk, eggs, 49 41'

Children will eat better if they learn to feed thE selves. This lzdian znoth-r is encouraging her child 50 offorts to learn to drink from a glass.

50 meat, fish, pulses or cheese. Hereare some ex- infection and protect him from hookworm, di- amples of mixtures : arrhea, and other diseases. 1.Maize with pigeon peas These foods are not suitable for babiesand 2. Banana cooked with beans andserved young children. with wheat bread Strong seasonings and spices suchas hot 3. Baked sweetpotato ,ervedwith lentils peppers and curry powder. Take the baby's and a dark green vegetable food out of the cooking pot before spices 4.Porridge made from two different and seasonings are added or cook itsep- cereals arately. and served with sauce madeof cowpeas and tomatoes Foods with skins such as pulses and maize, unless they are cooked very well and put 5. Groundnut soup witlipotatoes. through a sieve. If the mother has powderedmilk, she can Fish with bones, except small fishwhose stir it into the food. bones can be cooked soft and -mashedvery When a young child isnot given enough fine. milk, meat, fish,eggs, pulses, and cereals, he Candy, which is bad for teeth and spoils does not grow normally. Heis more likely to the baby's appetite for the other foods get colds, coughs, andstomach upsets,as well which his body needs. as to get very ill fromany childhood diseases " Beer and other alcoholic drinks whichcan he catches. Hemay be cross and lose interest make the baby feel dizzy. in playing. Hemay get weak and become sick. Kwashiorkor andmarasmus may show up in Food Needs of School Age Children children of thisage who do not eat enoughpro- tein. After a child starts to school, itmay be harder for him to get the food heneeds to grow, Remind mothers that fromweaning to 6 develop, and learn well in school. He years old is one of the most often has important times in to leave home before breakfastis ready in the a child's life and can beone of the most dan- morning and walk gerous from I" a considerable distance to standpoint of health. reach school. If he getsno meal at school and The young childis gr-yw'ng rapidly and returns late in the afternool_ needs mor: building foods for his first and for his size than only meal of the day, it isalmost impossible adults. The buildingfoods are eggs, milk, for him to get enough of the right cheese, meat, fish, pulses, foods. It is of and groundnuts. The great importance that he havesome food be- young child cannot eat muchfood at one time fore going to school and and so he needsmore frequent meals thaa some food while he is adults. at school. If no hot breakfastis available, the child can eatsome fruit, brea:4, ld cooked po- In families that use rootsand tubers as the tatoes, or even leftoverporrie ge so that he will main food, it is very importantthat the child not tire so easily ar.d willfeel more like doing have one or more foods fromthe building his school work. group at each meal He should havedark green leafy vegetables anda deep yellow fruit or veg- The School Lunch etable, and fruits such as orange, mango, pa- School lunch programsare increasing in paya, etc. Whole grain cerealsare better than many countries. The ideal isa schorl that starchy plants in the child's diet. serves a good midday meal to the children. in The young child has few teeth so be requires some places children get milk at school,either soft food. He can begin to eatsome adult foods, free or at a small cost. A but they need to be cut into program such as this very small pieces. makes sure that all school childrenwill have Properly feeding a toddler requirestime, but this valuable building food. he needs the love and personal attention of his Some countries may provideother foods as mother for both his spiritand body. He re- well to imp-ibvt the die'. quires clean food and clean s of growing children. utensils to prevent In some areas where the governmentdoes not 51 51 ar,

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A school lunch is popular the world over. provide lunches, mothers may want to organize be kept cool at school. a lunch for the children at school. The families Many different kinds of food can be carried of the students could pay for this either in to school : maize with beans or peas; pilaf with cash or by contributing food. Mothers could a sauce of chickpeas and powdered milk ; tortil- talcs turns cooking the f. od or they could hire la spread with sauce of pulses with powckred sorseone to do the cooki..g. Providing such a milk; sweetpotato roasted in its skin ;hard- meal is a good way to make sure that all the boiled eggs; cold well-cooked drietor smoked children in your area lv,ve good food at mid- fish or meat ;oranges, papaya, bananas, or day. other fruit;tomatoes; roasted groundnuts; sour iii1k carried in a gourd ; and bread. It is a Carrying Food to School good idea to take more than one kind of food. If a child must carry his lunch to school, it Cooked food could be wrapped in a banana shoul I be as nutritious as possible. The kind of leaf. A little basket lined with a clean leaf food h can take will depend on what is loeally could serve as a lunch basket. available. It should be wrapped and packed to No loubt you can think of many other foods keep it clean and make it easy to carry. children can carry to school. Be sure they con- Meat or foods that spoil quickly in warm tain both builOing and energy values. weather should not be included ss they CP If children are given money to buy lunch

52 from shops or venders, teach them to buy foods Frequent small mealsare better than large that will keep themhealthy. What foodscan meals. The body will make these children choose from better use of the if they buy? Which food. Eating six timesa day is not too often. foods will help them followthe rules of good eating? Remember, awell-fed personwillrecover faster from any sicknessor injury. Giving a school childa good diet every day is one way pare nis can help theirchildren learn Food Habits and TheirInfluence in Nutrition and do well in school. Teacherscan do very little with children who All people have their likes,dislikes, and be- are tired, dull, -Ind list- liefs about food. Individualsare influenced by less from not getting enoughof the right kinds of foods. How well what their friend-, anl thosearound them eat. a child learns in school is In some areas, it is thecustom to eat certain the responsibility of hisparents as well as his teacher. protein-rich foods suchas insects, snakes, and dogs. These are all beneficial.Many old cus- tOTTIF such as drinking animalblood, feeding Food Needs DuringAdolescence red millet to new mothers,scaking grain in Adolescence is from thetime ot puberty limewater, drinking sour milkinstead of fresh, until 20 years ofage. It is a period of rapid using wild fruits and vegetables,and sprouting growth and development forboth boys and legumes before cooking them makefor good girls. It is, therefore,a time when they need diets. large amounts of food. On the other hand, certainbeliefs and cus- Boys aLd girls who toms about food are very bad.You need to try are active in play or do to change beliefs such heavy work may need muchmore energy food as that women will not than adults. Becausethey are still growing, be able to have childrenif they eat eggs,or they need more building foods. that a child who drinksgoat's milk will grow Their need for to look like a goat. protective foods is aboutthe same oreven higher than for aenits. We all enjoy eating foodswe ate as we were growing upfoods .thatour mothers and grandmothers used to Food Needs of Sick People prepare. They make us feel happy and safe. Familiarfoods, familiar When a sick person isbeing cared for at seasonings, and foods cooked infamiliar ways home, he should 1-,e givengood food in an easy- give pleasure to eating. to-digest form a.soon as he cen take it. Both sickness and injury wee.1zenthe body and use Developing Good EatingPatterns up some of the materials in it. It takes extra /mproving nutrition doesnot mean changing building, protective, andenergy foods to repair all the food customs and habits the damage, and make the of people. But body strong again. they need to be taughthow tu improve their In the case of a feveror diarrhea, boiled eating patterns so they water with perhaps a little will have the kind of sugar added may be daily diet they need forgood health and to all the sick personcan take the first day. By enjoy their food, too. the next day, a well-cookedgruel of finely Many countries have developed food pounded cereal, boiled milk,and sugar can be guides, tried three times based on the habits of theirpeople, to help a day. Also give orange or them establish good eatingpatterns. These fruit juices witha little s:igar added. Boiled guides generally group together water should be continued. As foodo that add the ill person the same things to the diet. Theyemphasize gets better, add other soft foodsin addition to foods that are often not used the gruel, boiled water enough. Find out a .d juices. These could if your country hasa food guide and, if so, how be soft-cooked eggs, sortfish without hard you cat., use it in your work. Some guides bones, tender chicken sug- or other meat, soup with gest the amounts to use dailyfrom each group. some mashed vegetables and pulses,papk,a, All food guides encourage rice, and other soft, well-cooked the use of many cerer..' foods. foods. The more different kindsof food people 53 53 eat, the better chance they have toget all the A flannelgraph has been made from the nutrients they need. chart. The circle is cut into five pieces. Each Let us look at Puerto Rico as an example. piece can be used as a separate lesson. This Puerto Rico has a nutrition committee repre- food guide flannelgraph is used to teach nutri- senting various agencies and groups concerned tion throughout Puerto Rico. with foodandnutrition.Thiscommittee worked out a guide called A Basic Food Pat- Learn the Facts tern for Puerto Rico.. The committee agreed You will need to learn their food habits and that almost all Puerto Ricans eat riceand customs before yot-: can help people develop beans, starchy fruits such as plantain and green good food patterns. Review with them what bananas, codfish, lard, sugar, and coffe---. Most they have learned about the kinds of food the families have something more, but thos -. foods hcly needs. To help them see what kind of ep: are the only ones the committeecould be sure ing patterns they have, ask the following que. almost everybody had every day. These form the basic diet. Although it is good as far asit tir,n2 goes, other foods are needed to meetthe body's W hat is the main food you eat? need fix good health. The food guide was de- Do you use whole grain cereals and flours? veloped to emphasize the foods that are gener- How often? More than one kind ? ally not eaten often enough. Puerto Rico used Do you use cereal foods more often than starchy plants? the term "Yellows and Greens" because they Wha', building foods do you eat regularly tel to emphasize the deep yellow fruits build- such as papaya and mango along with the dark with the staple foods? Do you use green leafy vegetables. A chart wasmade as ing foods three times each day? shown: Do ou use pulses, seeds, or nuts? Which ones? How often? Do you use meat, fish, eggs, poultry? How often? How much? Everyone Do you use milk of any kind" How often? How much? '11/4 What fruits and vegetables do you use? Meat How often? How much? The Yellows Fisk no you use leafy greens mgularly? Yel- and Eggs 1 w vegetables? Greens Do you use oranges, papaya, mango, and other deep yellow fruits every day? Fruits Their answers to the -e questions will tell Milk of the you whether or not they are eating agood vari- Country ety of food Show the people what they can do Rice to improve their basic diet. They should regu- Beans larly eat : Starchy Fruits More than one kind of cereal grain. More than one kind of legume.(puls ,s, Codiish anis). oct:s. Whole grain or ;.u.dermilled cereal foods est Eve ry onete` ratherthantherefined,whitegrfain products- For Your Health Staple foods in combination with build- Eat One From Each Group Every Day ing and protective foods. ror example, they should cook cereal foodn with dry skim milk or add some meat, fish, pulses,

54 54 :44 or vegetables to rice,cassava, or other staple. skin and juice which shouldnot be eaten. But the foods we have talkedabout do not in More 1afy greensor small whole fish themselves cause illness. if milk is not available. Quite the opposite: the foods we have talkedabout are needed to The "Yellows and Greens"(both vege- build strong, healthy tables and -Pridts) bodies. It is when foods . become spoiledor airninated with bacteria Handling Food or parasites that theycause illness. Proper handling, prcparation, andstorage of food will Th ,. way food is handledinfluences the nu- preven, illness from contaminal edfood. Moats it has, its safety,appearance, and taste. Handling means everythingthat happens to Principles of Food Preparation food while it is bcinggrown, processed, stored, Followingthese rules in handling andpre- and preparAd for eating. Insome areas, at least paring food one-third ot all the foodproe.iced is lost by will help keep it safe, makeit taste better,and preserve the food valuesit poor harvesting, and loss fro]n insect", rats contains. and spoilage or faultyhandling in the home. Good farming i-Acreasesthe amount and the MILK : Keep milk in a cleancon- quality of the foodproduced. For example, tainer with a tight good soil and the rightkind of fertilizercan cover. Store in a cold improve the amount andflavor of crops. If in- place.Alwaysboil secticides are needed andare used the farmer raw milk before using must learn how touse them in the right wayso it. Use balk: water that the food will be safeto eat, Many insecti- to mix milk powder cides art. noisonous. MEAT : Cook all meat, poultry, The way food is processedinfluences its and fish thoroughly to body building value. Highlymilled cereals con- make sure any gmns tain smaller amounts ofsome nutrients than they coat.P.in s.e de- whole grain undermilledcereals. Enriching stroyed. highly milled foods byadding vitamins, iron, EGGS : Cook eggs slowly over low and possibly calciumduring processing in- creas heat. Do not eat raw their nutritive value. Driedskimmed eggs as they may con- milk s the fat removed in processing; it not does tain germs. Cooking vitamins A and D. Driedwhole milk them well will destroy powder does have the fax.and vitamins A and these germs. D. The water is removedfrom bath types of PULSES : powdered milk. However,some lactorips may Wash pulsts quickly once. add vitamins A and 11to dried skimmed milk Cover them with wa- to improve its nutritivevaiue. ter and let them soak The nutrientsmay be partially lost in food for several houi., or stored for long perio.ls,especially when it has overnight. Cook them not bcen properly stored. until they are tender Milk or other perish- in the same water in able foods suchas leftovers, kept foreven a short time, can easily which they were soak7 become contaminated ed. Add salt, if you with bacteria andcause illness unless theyare properly, stored. wish, after the pulses are cooked. Do not The way food is cookedgreatiy influences its taste and appearanceas well as its food value. throw away the water Certain foods cause illness. in which the pulses There are poi- were soakcd or cook- sonous plants such as some toadstoolsand berries. Some kinds of ed. It contains useful cassava also have a toxic food values. 55 GREENS : Tender green leaves ter to cook done. Use shouldbe prepared any water left after immediately after cooking in soups they ure picked. Look as suggested above. them over carefully to Teach mothers not to remove any bugs or throw away the wa- insects that may be ter they cook their on them. Wash them peas, beans, and oth- quickly twice in clean er vegetables in. By water. Cookthem adding it to soup, cur- gently in a very small ries, etc., they can im- amount of water with prove tly, nutrition of a little oil, fat or milk their children. Some added. Keep a cover vegetablessuchas on the pan and stir carrots, turnips, and or shake the greens tomatoes may be en- occasionally to keep joyed most when they them from burning. are eaten raw. They Tear leaves that are should be washed well notsotenderinto in safe water. smallpiecesbefore FRUITS : Some fruits are best eat- cooking them. Cook en raw. Some protec- them only until they tive value is destroy- re tendenot until ed in cooking, but of they are soggy. Any course cooked fruits water that is left in are nice for variety. the pot contains part Fruit jams and pre- of the protective val- serves are cooked so ue of the greens. Use long that much of this water f-)r soups, their protective val- stews, sauces or ue is destroyed. for drinking. Never throw it away. Do PAT : Do not burn fat. Burning not use soda in cook- makes it harder to inggreens.Itde- digest. stroys some of the RICE OR Wash the grain quickly protective value. MILLET : just one time in a OTHER Prepare and cook vege- small amount of wa- VEGE- tables as soon ,.as pos- terto remove any TABLES sible after they are dirt. Every time the broughtfromthe riceiswashed,it garden. FrQ.shly gath- loses some of its food ered vegetables taste value. Pick iut small much better than stones and other dirt. those that have been When cooking,use allowed to stand be- only as much water fore cooking. Wash as the rice or millet them well and cook will absorb when it them in a covered pot is done. Add salt as with just enough wa- desired. 50 56 HOME Wash cereal grains member to start with thebasic diet of the peo- POUNDED (maize, wheat, etc.) ple and gradually show them CEREALS : before how they can im- pounding prove this diet. It is easier to improveexisting them. Afterthe food habits than to change theircustoms com- grains are pounded, pletely. use only the amount Talk to the people. Tearn how they think of water needed for about their problems. A home visitis always a soaking or cooking. good way to learn aboutan individual family The water in which and its particular problems.Group meetings they are soakedor give you a chance to discussgeneral village cooked has food value problems and developawareness of those that in it. Use ; c in soup are common but unrecognized. Ingroup discus- to cook other foods. sions, use posters and exhibitsof different Cookcerealst1.,1.- kinds of foods to createinterest. Method and oughly to make them result demonstrations willmake your tenching easy to digest. Maize more interesting and helpful. can be soaked over- One of the bestways is to tell people a story nightand cocked about a family very much like theirown, such whole without pound- as the example on Samuel anti Mary givenin ing. It must be pound- this chapter. Youmay want to adapt this story ed or well mashed if to your own local situationPr use one of your it is fed to young chil- own in a group meeting. Y.fmn adapt it to dren. role playing or toa puppet show. Use familiar STARCHY Wash potatoes well and names and change the situationso snits your PLANTS : cook them with their area. skinson. Eat the You might alsouse some of these suggested skins or peel the po- demonstrations to teachyour village women tatoes after cooking. If the skins of starchy 7.Preparing foods for children plants must be re, Mothers are more likelyto feed their babies moved before cook- and young childrensome of the recommended ing,peelthemas foods if they have been shownhow to prepare thinlyaspossible. them and have tasted them.You might prepare The skin of thepo- enough food for the mothersto taste. Some tato and right under mothers will probably bringtheir babies and the skin contain -more young children with them. Youcan show how of the vitamins and to feed them, usingsome of the food prepared. minerals. All starchy Such demonstrations will letyou show how to plants ^-xl roots need wash, boil, and care forthe baby's and child'o tobecookedwell dishes. Let the mothers helpthroughout the done. demonstration. CASSAVA : Peel before cooking. Some You can also show how toprepare a good kinds may need to be school lunch. Sh ow not only the kindsof -Food cooked done. and how to I but also how to pack tnem for a child toL -i:ry to school. Teaching Food and Nutrition Have each member of thegroup bring a lune% suitable for a child tocarry to school. You will have to use many different methods Discuss the lunches. Do they containbuilding and approaches to teach good nutrition to vil- and protective foods ? What stapledo they lage people. As you begin your teaching,re- have? Are they packed to keep clean? ;5 7 57 1

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These parents know the value of a gooddiet for a nomics worker in El Salvador showshow to prepa.re young child. They watch with interest as ahome eco- food for toddlers.

Suggested Demonstrations on SuitableFoods for Infants, Toddlers, and Young Children How to Prepare Keg Points to Explain boiled' before it is 1.Boiled Milk All raw milk must be Bring a small amount of whole milk tothe given to the baby. Start feedingthe baby boiling point. Stir it so that it doesnot boiled milk from a clean spoon'int/ the burn. Remove it from the fire. Put a clean baby is used to the taste. Thenstart using cover over it and let it cool. a cup. 2. Porridge With Milk Any cereal grain can be used.Using whole Mix 1,14 cap of whole cereal flour and 1 cereal flour with milk gives bothbuilding cup whole milk. If powderedmilk is used, and energy foods. Never usewhite flour add one measure of milk powder to 4 mea- and water to make a baby'sporridge. Cer- sures of water. Mix sothere are no lumps. eal helps to satisfy the baby'sappetite. Boil or simmer the mixture gently for20 Start with just a taste ofporridge and minutes, stirring to keep it from burning. gradually increase the amount untilhe is able to take 1/2 cup at a feeding.Be sure the porridge is not lumpy. Babiesdo not like lumpy foods. Adding an egg,fruit or vegetables gives the porridge more ofthe 5E food values babies and youngchildren need.

58 How to Prepare Key Points to Explain 3.Fruit Mush Wash fruit well insafe water. Pee! and Fruit must be wellripened. All are protec- mash it to a fine pulp tive foods and Mveenergy value. Add a with a clean fork. If little boiled milk fruits like apples,peaches, apricots, and or mill: powder to banana or papaya. Youcan add orange juice pears are grown in thearea and used, they tt, an avocado. Start may be softer andmore easily mashed if with only oneor two they are cooked first. teaspoonsandgraduallyincreasethe amount to 1/3cup at each feeding. Besure there are no stringyparts or seeds in the fruit. Remember,fruits shipped infrom other countries willcost more and likely will not havethe food value offruits grown right at homeor in the area. 4.Fruit Juice Start with one Wash any ripe fruit insafe water. Cut it teaspoon of juice ata feed- with a clean knife. ing and graduallyincrease the amount Squeeze out the juice until the baby takesthe juice of an entire or crush the fruit througha sieve. Remove fruit. Any fruit seeds and any hardparts that may have juice has protectivevalue. gotten into the juice. Lemon and lime juiceare good, but they are very sour andmay be mixed with a little boiled, cooledwater and sugar before they are given to thebaby. 5. A'gps Eggs are easily Hard cook or soft cookeggs. Then mash digested and an excellent them in a clean dish. building food. Startwith one or two tea- Add a spoonfulor spoons and increase until two to porridge, mashedbanana, or green the child eatsa vegetables. whole egg. A freshegg beaten into porridge is an excellentfood for the toddler. Start with egg yolkfirst for the child. young 6. MeatFishChicken These are excellent Scrape a piece oflean, raw beef witha good for the babybuilding foods and spoon or knife. Scrape offonly the tender, if they are prepared red meat. Gently boil properly. All meatmust be thoroughly it for 5 minutes ina cooked to kill any small amount ofsafe water. parasites whichare present. Be sure allmeat is free of bones fine enough and Cook fish ina little water until it is so the baby will not choke. thor- Meats can be cookedwith a few vegetables oughly tender. Beaure there are no bones. and mashed together. Mash the fish untilK is very fine and Small fish likesar- soft. dines or spratscan be cooked and mashed or sieved with the bones Choose the tenderpart of chicken topre- left in because pare for the baby. Cook it in the bones arevery soft. Sieved meat, fish, is very tender and water until it and chickencan be added to porridge then mash itvery fine gruel. or or rub it through a sieve.Mix it with chicken broth to feed to the baby. Do not throwaway the water in whichthe meat, fish or chickenis cooked. Itcon- tains many thingsthat are good forchil- dren and adults too.Be sure to use this cooking water inthe next mealor it may spoil. 59 59 How to Prepare Key Points to Explain 7. Liver Liver is an excellent building food and Boil a small piece of beef,sheep, or good for babies. IL is easily prepared. It chickenliverfor10 minutesinjust Jhould be thoroughly cooked to killall enough clean water to cover. Chop the parasites, but not so long that it becomes liver and rub it through a sieve, or mash tough. it to a pulp in the water it was cooked in.

8.Pulses Pulses are an ine:zpensive building food. Wash pulses once in clean water. Soak They are especially good when mixed with them for several hours in enough clean even a small amount of milk or milk pow- water to cover. Boil them in the same der. Mixed with porridge, they make an water until they are very soft. Remove the excellent meal. skins. Use only pulses from which the skins can be removed. Mash or sieve pulses and add a little boiled milk or milk powder and pot liquid. 9. Green Vegetables and Starchy Plants These foods may be brought to the demon- Carrots,tendergreens,greenbeans, stration by mothers. The greens must be green peas, white potatoes, sweetpotatoes, very tender. They will mash better if they etc., should be washed in clean water. Cut are finely chopped with a knife first. A them into fine pieces and boil them in just cooked egg makes an excellent combina- enough water to cover them until they are tion with greens. Potatoes o- cooking ba- very tender. Mash them to a fine pulp or nana may be used at the evening meal in sieve them in the cooking water. Each of place of porridge. Vegetables should be these may be cooked separately. Two or served with both noon ar.d evening meals. more can also be cooked, mashed, and fed Dark green leafy and yellow -iegetables together. are especially important. 10. Soup Soup made from these foods makes an ex- Cookcleanvegetables,cerealgrains, cellent meal tor a growing child. Broth starchy plants, pulses, or meat until they made by boiling bones in water is not a are very tender in safe water or in broth building food. It is a nice-tasting water made by boiling bones. Mash them well that is good to cook these foods in. Any and mix them with the broth. meat scraped from the bones and added to flhe soup has building value.

60 II. Plan and prepare three meals for one day. Bring it to the boiling point, andallow it to By planning and actuallypreparing the cool in the same container witha cover on meals for one day withyour people, you can it. teach them the principles ofmeal planning and 5. Brew the tea. food preparation rialch betterthan if you just 6.Emphasize sanitation practicesand food talk about it.Plan together a whole clay's values in each step of the meal. menu. Use a variety of the local foodsavaila- ble. Key Points to Emphasize: Prepare the meals at three differenttimes. 1. The menu followsa good eating pattern Select the place andsee that all materials and with building, protective, andenergy foods. utensils 3 ou will needare ready to use. Outline 2. Foods selected taste goodtogetherpapaya the steps you willuse in preparing the meal. and porAdge. Emphasize sanitation in foodpreparation, such 3. Use whole maize meal. Itiless expensive as washing hands, using safe waterto wash and adds more food value than whitemaize vegetables and fruits, cleancooking utensils meal. and dishes, and clean workingsurfaces. When 4.Millet flour adds food value toa maize por- the meal is cooked,serve it to a make-believe ridge. family. Include a father, nursingmother, in- 5.Milk powder in the porridge makesthe por- fant of 8 months, a 4-year-oldchild, and a ridge a better building food. teenage boy. Some of thegroup can pretend 6. Milk included for childrento drink; milk they are members of thefamily. or else tea or coffee with a lot of milk in it Let the women help with eachstep in pre- for the nursing mother. (Teaor coffee paring and serving the meals.","ou will find alone is not a food.) Sugaran. I milk in tea this outline helpful afteryou and your women and coffee add food value. have decided on the foods toprepare for ea71 7. A ripe papaya with deepyellow color has meal. Work out the key pointsto emphasize in more protective value than an unripeone. each step. It is very importantto plan the Midday Menu meals you demonstrate withthe women themselves, using foods availablein your area. The Ricehome pounded following may serveas useful guides: Lean meat or fish with onions andtomatoes Greens (kind available area) The Morning Menu Boiled milk for children and nursingmother Porridge prepared with whalemaize meal, Tea or coffee "millet flour, and milk powder Evening Menu Papaya with lemon juice walk and tea Stiff porridgeprepared with powdered milk and any whole grain cereal. Steps in Preparing the Meal: Pigeon peas (or other legume) withon- 1. Wash your hands withsoap and rinse away ion, potato, and tomato add- all the soap with safe water. ed. Also other vegetables if -2. Mix desired. together maize meal, milletflour, and Mixed ripe fruitspapaya,pineapple, banana. dry milk powder. Add enoughcool, clean water to make a smoothpaste. Stir this Ill. Serving the Meals into boiling water. Cook andstir the porridge for 20 minutes. Besure it is not Select those who will pretendto be the lumpy. Add lemon andsugar to taste. members of the family fromthe group. Serve the meal as is customaryin your area. Sitting 3. Wash and cut papaya into piecesfor each around a table-is a convenient member of the family. Add lemon if itis de- way to eat. It is sired. Mash a piece of above the floor anda table is easy to clean. If papaya for the baby. you do not use a table, spreada clean cloth on 4. Ikur the milk for drinking intoa clean pot. the floor or choosea clean, grassy place out-

61 61 side. In cultures where thewhole family eats tion on food and nutrition home to mothers together,let your demonstrationshow the with schoolchildren. father's place, nursing mother'splace, a place 2.Visit good home gar&ns, especially those for a child of four, for an infant,and for a growing dark green leafy and deep yellow teenage boy. vegetables. Discuss the value of such gar- It might look like this so thefather could dens in improving diets. share in serving the children, and themother 3. Use puppets and filmstripstcinstruct i. women about good diets andlocal foods could be near the cooking are which would enrich diets. 'You might tell a part of the story of. Samuel al.d Mary each Infant Teenager time you visit a village. 4. Make wide use of flannelgraph method (demonstrations. Father 5. Arrange attractive displays of foodswhich Mother should be included each day in the diet of : (1) Pregnantandnursingmothers. (2) Children of different ages. Cooking 4-year-old 6. Whenever possible, use real foods as teach- Area ing aids. 7. Work with mothers who havechildren in Key Points to Emphasize in Serving the hospital. Many 2hildren who go to the 1.Itis good for children to have special hospital for rnalnutritiun are cured and dis- places to sit at a meal and to knew they can charged without their mothers ever being expect good meals there regularly. It gives shown how to feed them properly to avoid a child a safe feeling. malnutrition in the future. 2. Give special attention to how to feed a 8. Help to carry out a program of food and baby, a toddler, and other children unable nutrition education : (1) in the schools, (2) to feed themselves. in literacy classes, (3) in farmers' training Other Suggestions For Teaching Nutrition centers, (4) in vil council meetings, and 1.Send simple printed sheets with informa- (5) in other orgar 1 groups.

62 GROWING FOOD AT HOME

The best way for rural peopleto have good diets is to grow their officer said it was "better thansome but not as own food. As you teach fertile as the best." He said Samuel coulddo people the place each kind of foodhas in their much to improve it. diet, also teach them how toproduce more of it for their own use. In Samuel listed in his mind the foods hehad mosc areas, families can learned his family needed. They wouldneed grow enough foods from eachgroup we have about seven bags of cereal grain. That would discussed to have a good diet. Asyou help fam- be enough for the family, plussome for guests ilies grow their own food,consider the following questions: Is the best plus a little extra in case of spoilage. possible kind of seed Samuel knew how much land it took togrow being used in planting? Is theland being pre- six bags of maize and one bag of millet.If it parerl, fertilized, cultivated,and watered as had been measured, it wouldhave come to well as it could be thgrow the best food possi- about 1 acre fo.e the maize and 1/2acre for the ble? Are several different kindsof pulses, cer- millet. eals, vegetables, and fruitsgrown to give vari- Samuel planned to put the pulsesin the ety and a year-round supply?Can storage fa- same field as the maize, so he alloweda bit cilities keep a year-roundsupply safe from more space for the combined maize-pulse weevils, insects, rats, and mice, crop. etc.? He planned on one bag of pulses. Heplanted Could the production of milkand meat be in- three different kinds: beans, pigeonpeas and creased by better management,better feed, some groundnuts. preventing disease, or upgradingthe stock? Samuel planned a space not quiteas big for Animals that are not productivemight be used a cow and his few goats. It would have as food for the family and replaced by mea- younger sured about 1-2/3 acres. Samuel plannedan- animals of improved stock. Itis a waste of feed and pasture to keep other space, about thesame size as the millet a nonproductive animal. field, for root vegetables. He fencedoff a sec- Could poultry andegg production be in- tion by the stream so Mary couldgrow green creased in your village byvaccinating birds to prevent disease, improving vegetables and tomatoes theyear round. housing of birds, or These food crops, the house, and thespace culling unproductive birds? for the chickens tookup about half th 3 farm. Could fish eating be increasedin your village by using, or importing The agricultural officer saidthat part of the into your area, fish flour land should be left to rest (fallow).Next year and dried fish? Theseare relatively inexpen- it could be used and another sive sources of goodquality building food. section left to Could villagers establish "rest". It was good for the soilto rest. Samuel fish ponds or stock planted a soil,buildingcrop on this section. He local rivers and lakes withfish to produce a fresh supply? planned to plow the crop underlater to enrich We come back to the story the soil. of Samuel and But Samuel knew he needed togrow some- Mary to show how mucha family can do to thing to sell. Then he would have supply its own food needsby planning ahead cash for and improving fariaing school fees, for fertilizerfor next year, for and storage methods. clothes, and for the foodhe was not able to From all that had been saidin the meetings, produce. Pethaps be would Samuel through that perhapshe could make need to buy other better use of his land and foods too if the seasonwas too dry. Therefore, grow more food for he planned to plantsome pyrethrum, a cash his family. He decided to askthe agricultural crop which joes well in his country. officer to help him. Samuelltlanted the Samud had 8 acres of land,you remember. croPs as he had planned. The soil was quite good- The growing seasonwas good that year. Sam- The agricultural uel took the agriculturalofficer's advice and C263 used fertilizer. He and Mary weeded the fields With the help of the local Extension agricul- so the crops had plenty of nourishment from turist, Samuel rebuilt his grain store. He put it the soil. Samuel helped Mary with the vegeta- up high on legs and put strong metal shields ble garden. They learned from the agricultural around the iegs so the rats could not climb officer and the village worker what fertilizer to there. To make it even safer from rats, he put use and how to plant vegetables. They had wire around the outside of the store. He fresh tomatoes, leafy greens, carrots, beans, learned how to use a safe insecticide to control cabbage, and other vegetables most of the year. weevils in his beans. Samuel and Mary learned Mary said growing these vegetables herself how useless it is to work hard to produce good helped her use more and prepare better meals food for themselves and their children and for her family. then let the rats and weevils destroy it. It is At harvest, Samuel got four extra bags of just as useless to grow other foods if they spoil maize and half a bag of millet and pulses more or rot before they can be used. than he had planned. You see, he had not But Samuel and Mary learned. Because they counted on the results of fertilizer and proper planned ahead, improved their farming and _ storage methods, and improved their eating weeding. practices, the whole family feels better and is He was pleased indeed! He sold all the pyrethrum and four bags of maize. He put money happier. in the local bank and kept out enough cash to buy a new fruit tree, somo cloth so Mary could make new dresses for herself and Rosa, and new shirts and pants for himself and Peter. Best of all, he bought a new, shiny roof for his house. He had money in the bank for meat, perhaps some fruits and vegetables if needed, fat, and extra food items. He had a cow for milk and pulses and cereals in ;he store. He also had money put away for school fees and fertilizer. Life seem led very good indeed. Because of what they had learned, they were eating better Other families can learn also. Families in than ever before. Peter was doing good work your area can increase and improve the food in school and he was ever so much livlier. Rosa they grow and improve their diets by learning was so active and so bright now that Mary had more about the foods they need and how to to keep an eye on her almost every minute. prepare them. Samuel and Mary both felt better. They did You can use this part of the story of Samuel not tire so easily. Samuel started planning to and Mary to show how much a family can do clear more land to enlarge his farm. to supply their own food needs. You can also They got along fine until the dry season was use the story to show why families need to plan nearly over. Mary realized the maize and beans for cash to buy foods they cannot produce, as were nearly gone and would not last until the well as other things like school fees, fertilizer, next crop. She found that rats were eating the clothes, etc. maize and weevils were destroying the beans. Samuel had to use some of the money he had Your Agriculturist Can Help You put in the bank to buy maize and beans. Village workerslikeyourselfwillface This angered Samuel and he asked himself, widely different situations in helping to bring "Why should I work hard and follow good about livestock and poultry improvement. You farming methods to feed the rats and wee- will need much information to make recom- vils?" mendations to families. The local agricultur- t4 64 dew_ lk,

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GROWING F0013 AT HOME

65 if extension agents, or vocational agriculture size herd or flock can they care for? achers in your area can help you. There are Is the climate good for the kinds they specialists in the Ministry of AgAculture or in want to ralse? your agricultural college to whom you can also What building materials are available for turn for information. housing? What are the chief hazards to overcome? Talk the Situation Over With the People What is the best way to begin? Every family interested in raising livestock or poultry should make its own decisions about Home Gardens growing them. Discuss the following questions None of your work is niore important than with them as you start a livestock or poultry encouraging families to grow good gardens for improvement program: as long as the weather permits. You wili find What will the family's aim be :to have much help within your country for doing this. more meat, milk, and eggs for themselves People in most areas already know how to to eat, to sell some for extra cash income, grow vegetables and small fruits suitable to or a combination of these? the climate and soil. Collect the literature al- Can they grow enough feed or must they ready available in your country and use it in buy some? your teaching. What experience have they had with live- Help your people want to grow better gar- stock and poultry? What kinds and how dens. As you work with village leaders and many of each do they now have? What families, relate the growing of vegetables and

When visiting a woman who is growng a good crop like diet. It would also make a good place for a tour group this local spinach in Kenya, you can point out the many to visit. ways it can be used to add food value to the family's 11ir _A215Vtlir

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66 66 small fruits to theirprogram for better living. Planning and Getting Ready A good vegetable supply, forexample, is a part of any work with foods andnutrition. These Deciding on the kind of gardenyov want. vegetables can come from goodhome gardens. where you will put it, whatyou will grow, and Help them understandhow growing fruits getting everything readybefore the actual and vegetables for thefamily not only will work should be started isimportant to having help them eat better flaid improvetheir health, a good garden. Here are some suggestions: but also will savemoney. Farm families often Decide where to put the garden. value the extra cash they getfrom selling food they pmduce more than theyvalue the food for The garden will bea valuable piece of land. themselves. Try to get themto see this is a It deserves the bestlocation possible. Som big mistake. When familiesgrow gardens, they families may not havea choice. They must need less money to buy food.Fruits and vege- make the best of whateverland is available. tables used fresh from thegarden generally When there is some choiceof location, consider taste better than thoseyou buy. They are also these things in decidingwhere to put the gar- nrrire nutritious. den : Families everywhere generallytry to grow 1. Nearness to water some veg6tables if they haveeven a small piece This is an important consideration.Gar- of land. However,many of them only scattera dens must have water. When thereis not few seeds here and there.The few vegetables enough rain, they must beirrigated ar this method produces addlittle to the family's watered by hand. Therefore,they should food supply. be located near a permanentwater supply Try to get families tosave some land around such as stream, well,dam, or other the house or in the fieldto grow food for them- source, especially in areas that havedry selves. Help them makegardening a family af- seasons. flir. Garden projectsare very popular with 2. Nearness to the houseor compound club boys and girls throughoutthe world. Gardens need some care almostevery day. When they are near the house, itis easier to give them this constantcare and easier to protect them from thieves.When thoy are located far from the house, theyare often neglected: Then the familyis disap- pointed because they donot get the amount of vegetables they expect. 3. In the oun Growing vegetables needsun. Do not locate the garden toonear trees that will shade it. Tree roots also take foodand water from the soil around them. 4. In good soil A deep, rich loam,a mixture of sand, humus, and clay soils, is oftenthe most fertile. This is the best kindof soil for vegetables. Remember, ittakes good soil to grow good vegetables. 5. Lay of the land A steep slope does no'.. makea good garden location. The seeds andplants along with the soil and fertilizermay wash Children generally like to workin the garden if they away. The land at the bottom of sucha are shown how and givenencouragement. slope may become too dampor wet for 87 07 best growth. Gentle slopes with good b. The root vegetablesbeets, carrots, tur- drainage are best. If only a steep slope is nips, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams. available, plant across the slope, rather c. The fruit vegetablestomatoes, eggplant, than up and down. okra, peppers, squash, sweet corn, garden neas, chickpeas,tablevarietiesof cowpeas, ad Plan the size of the garden. beans. Beans may be grown for green snap The size will depend on the : beans or shelled beans. Lima and kidney beans 1. amount of space available are especially good for shelling. They mr.y be 2. number of people to be fed used fresh or dried. 3. Lumber of people to work in the garden Fruits should be grown if there is enough 4.ability of the IA orkers space. Some of the smaller fruits, such as 5.kind of soil availablethis affects the grapes, may be grown in a large garden. If the distancebetweenrowsandbetween garden is small, fruits may be grown nearby, plants. perhaps in the yard around the house. The 6.kinds of vegetables to be grown. fruits may grow on vines, bushes grown singly If people have never made P. garden before, or as a hedge, or trees. it is best for them to begin with a small garden Here are a few examples : and enlarge it year by year. Some people make a. Vinesgrapes, chayote, granadilla the mistake of having a larger plot than they b. Bushesmany kinds of berries will take care of. A small plot, well looked c.Trees--apple,peach, pear,avocado, after and managed, is better than a large plot guava, mango, papaya, sapote, orange, which is neglected. grapefruit, lemon. There will be many others that grow in your Decide on the kinds and amounts of area. vegetables needed. Choose the seeds. Consider the number of people in the family and the vegetables they like. For good nutri- Buy the best seeds available. If possible, get tion, remember the special need for leafy a new improved, disease-resistant variety that greens and for dark green and deep yellow grows in the area. They usually produce better. vegetables. Most families like a lot of tomatoes Consider the need for both early and late vari- and need to plan for them. In many countries, eties. Be sure families have enough seed for families have plenty of starchy plants such as the number of crops they plan of each vegeta- potatoes and yams. Where this is the case, the ble. Get seed well before planting time. space in the yarden would be better used for Plan when to plant. vegetables needed to improve the diet. Familiesshoulddecide which vegetables Knowing the best planting date for each they will plant several crops of during a grow- kind and variety of vegetable is important. ing season and also which ones they want to Study the rainy and dry seasons to learn which grow enough of to dry and store. Lowland months will be best suited for vegetable crops. areas may be more favorable for warm season Some vegetables require a lot of water and will crops and higher altitudes for cool season not grow well in the dry season. On the other crops. Encourage families to try a few new hand, some vegetables may not grow well dur- vegetables each year. ing a rainy season if the rains are heavy. Ask They should choose vegetables from each of your local agriculturist to help you learn the these groups : best months for planting various vegetables. a. The leafy vegetablesbeet tops, cabbage, collards, mustard, chard, spinach, and turnip Make a garden plan. tops. Local wild greens of high food value, Families should make a rough sketch of how such as amaranth, may be worth a place in the their garden will be laid out, how the seed beds garden. will be arranged, the kind of seeds to be

68 68 . planted in each, and where the paths willbe. place. Grease By planting thesame vegetable at different or oil tools before storingthem to times, theycan have fresh vegetables prevent rust. Cleanand dry sprayers anddus- moaths. For example, for many ters after eachuse. they could planttwo or Use tools safely three rows of beansor sweet corn every 3 to avoid injuringyourself weeks. The garden or 4 and fellow gardeners.Do not leave sharp plan should showthese re- on the ground where tools peated plantings. they can be steppedon. Tools are nottoys. Even small help in the garden, children can but you must watchthem carefully when theyare using sharp tools. Preparing the GardenSite This should bedone at least 4 to 6weeks before planting time.First, clear the site oftrees and bushes. Dig lathe roots andstumps and burn or haul themaway from the plot. Clear away all stones, trash, andrubbish. This helps to keep down insects.Dig out anygrass on the site and put iton the compost pile. Fence the gardenplot to keep out goats, cattle, rabbits, chickens, Getting Garden ToolsReady and other animals. Itis a great waste of effort tolet. animals destroyveg- Only a few toolsare needed to makea good etables that familieshave worked hardto garden. The kind oftools used will grow. Wire, mesh, bamboo, most villages, vary. Ir or other durable a farmer will haveone or two local materialscan be used for fencing.Thorn- basic hand toolswith which he doesmost of less cactus, hibiscus,sisal, or other plantsthat his farm work. Hewill also probably will grow intostrong hedges for gardening. -ge those can be used to Get tools ready 1- re make an inexpensiveliving fence. needed. Garden workis easic Prepare the ground- sharp and clean. Carefully and thor- They should - tying oughly working the11 before plantingmakes around. The followingare usefut gal-Lien tools: it easier for theyoung seedlings tocome up a. Machete or ax toclear brush and start towardstrong, healthy growth.It b. Mattock fordigging out st..,nes also makes latercultivation and weed control roots or large easier. c. Spade to turn the soil Work the soil whenit is moist but not When it is not wet. d. Spading forkto turn soil, handlemanure possible to plow theground, and compost, andharvest rootcrops spade or thoroughlyturn it with a forkto a e. Rake forlevelingsoil and removing depth of a7-lut 10inches. Breakup all clods stones and trash and make the soilloose, fine, and crumbly. f. Cord andstakes to mark offrows Use animalmanure, compost,green manure, g. Trowel for transplantingseedlings or some of each to makethe soil richsA. that it h. Sprayeror duster for insecticides will growmore and better vegetables. the manure Mix in i. Hoe forcultivating, weeding,and opening or compost well. row Animal manure fromchickens, cows, goats, Be sun. sheep, or hogs is teach families thefollowing rules good. It should be wellrotted on tool use andcare. Keep tools in good because freshmanure is likely to injurethe tion. Clean them condi- plants. Use about1 pound of after eachuse to prevent rust. square foot of garden manure per Keep cutting toolssham. Keep woodenhandles area. Uae only about tight, clean, and one-fourth this muchchicken manure. Spread smooth. Mendor replace bro- manure over the ground ken handlesimmediately. Store toolsin a dry before diggingor plowing. Neveruse human wasteon a garden. " This garden in Kenya has been fenced with dead brush materials tr fencing, choose things that cattk or other to keep out cows and other animals. When using plant livestock don't eat.

It can spread disease. If animal manure is these wastes makes compost a better fertilizer. scarce, it is especially important to have a good Compost may be made in a trench or pit, or supply of compost. it may be made in a pile or heap on top of the Compost is made from plant and animal ground. When it is made on top of the ground, waste common in nearly all countries. This is make a little pen or fence around it to keep it called organic matter because it comes from from getting scattered. A good size for either a living things. Compost is one of the best and pit or a heap is about 2-1/2 to 3 feet deep, 4 feet cheapest ways of providing fertilizer for the wide, and 6 ftet long. garden. It also helps keep the soil the right Start by putting a6-to-8-inchlayerof texture to work easib leaves, stalks, or other plant material on the Leaves, grass clippings, sugarcane, chopped bottom. On top of this put a layer of animal corn cobs, cotton or tobacco stalks, paddy husk manure or complete chemical fertilizer. Cover or rice straw, vegetable and fruit peelings, ani- this layer with well-pulverized son mixed .with imal bedding, and garbage all make good com- wood ashes or lime to a depth of about 2 post. Some good top soil with woodashefior inches. Wet each layer evenly with water. Con- lime and a little animal manure rrOxed with tinue building up layers of refuse, manure, and soil, one on top of the other, until the pile is 2- 1,4 to 3 feet high. Keep the pile moist, but not The sides of a compost pile should be slanted toward the center and the top should be slightly hollowed. This wet. Keep the sides of the pile higher than tho catches and holds water to speed decay. center so water will not run off. After about 3 weeks, turn the heap with a SOIL fork or spade. Turn it again after another 5 FERTILIZER weeks. This makes the heap decompose evenly. REFUSE staligs. etc ) In 3 to 4 months, the compost can be used on

SOW the garden. FERTILIZER Any compost materials can be worked into

REFUSE the soil when the garden is plowed or spaded. They can also be used as a surface mulch during the growing season and worked into the 196,_ soil the next time it is plowed or spaded.

70 70 Planting the Seeds Some vegetable seeds open". This can be sown "in the means directly in the garden.Oth- ers will need to besown in specially prepared seed boxesor nurseries. Partlygrown plants are later transplantedto the garden. In the garden. Vegetables thatcanbe planted directly inthe garden includebeans, carrots, cucumbers,okra, squashes, beets,rad- ishes, turnips, andpotatoes. These seedscan be sown in raised beds,ridges, or hills thatare about 8 or 10 incheshigh if excess rainor poor drainage is a problem.In areas where therain- fall is light anddrainage good, they sown in fiat beds may be apart. or rows spaced 3 to 4feet A farm family in A convenient sizefor a garden bed Kenya made thiscompost heap after feet wide and 10 is 3 or 4 attending a demonstrationby the home extension to 20 feet long,depending on worker. the size of thegarden. Workup the seed beds when the soil ismoist. It is generallybest to lay Green Manure. Inwarm climates, it is diffi- out beds, whetherthey are raised cult to keep enough the contour. This or flat, on organic matter in thesoil. means across the slope.This Many good gardenersplant a field crop suclaas helps prevent rainfrom washing the crotalaria, clover, vetch, soil away rye, or millet on the and also helps holdwater during thedry sea- garden plot. Cropssuch as these should son. Level the bedswith a rake, break turned under while be up any they are stillgreen and not clods, and makethe soil fine andsmooth. yet mature. Thismust be done severalweeks Plant seeds in straight before vegetablesare again planted to allow easier to plant, rows. This makes it them to decay. Ask care for, and harvestcrops. your agriculturist which Mix a little fine sandwith very small seedslike are the best greenmanure crops for yourarea. carrot or lettuce Commercial fertilizers so they will not be plantedtoo will improve the soil thickly. Cover themlightly With qoil Lnt even when manure andcompost are used. A larger seeds in furrows1 to complete fertilizercontains nitrogen, Sprinkle seeds with p. rous, and potassium. The phospho- water eachi ,veninguntil percentage of each of they come up. Planteach kind of vegetable these ina fertilizer is always itself. For example, by order. For example, given in that plant rows of beansin one a 6-10-5 fertilizermeans 5 place and rows ofsquash in another. percent of it is nitrogen,10 percent is phospho- raised beds When rous, and 5 percent is are used for small seeds,plant caw potassium. Commercial kind in one part ofthe bed and another fertilizer helps plantsgrow. Use about 14- the other part. kind in pound of 5-10-5per 8 square feet of ground. Fertilizer is used In seed boxesor nurseries. Families most efficie alp whenit is grow their own plants can banded under theseed. To do this,open the for transplantingby furrow 2 to 3 sowing seeds inboxes. However, if inches deeperthan seeding good nursery nearby, there is a depth. Spread1/2-pound of fertilizerper GO it is often cheaperand feet ofrow. Cover the fertilizer eas:ler to buy healthyplants of varieties to seeding grow well in the area. that depth, then lightlyfirm the soil bywalking Plants recommended for down therow or with the back transplanting include of a hoe. Place bage, eggplant, tomatoes, onions, cab- the seed andcover it as usual. Thenfirm the sweet and hotpeppers, cauli- soil again. flower, collards, etc.There may be othersin your area. If familiesdecide to grow theirown 7.1. 71 ,

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72 plants, be sure they sow the seeds early enough garden bed large enough and deep enoughto to giVe the plants time to grow before they set put the roots into without damaging them. Set them in the garden. the plants in the ground as quicklyas possible Seed Boxes or trays can be made from what to keep them from wilting. Gentlypress the is available. Shallow wooden boxesare ideal. earth around the roots tocover them com- Trays can be made of bambooor pieces of pletely so the plant will standup. After setting metal roofing. Calabashes, gourds,or broken the plant, water it. Do not put water in the pots can also be used. Whatever kindof con- hole before setting the plant. Usinga starter tainer is used, it should be at least 4 to6 inches solution to water plants gets them off toa good deep and have holes in the bottom to letextra start. This can be made by using 4 tablespoons water drain off. of fertilizer to 1 gallon of wateror 1 cup of an- 1. Add a little fine manureor 2 to 3 tea- imal manure and 1/2-cup of wood ashesto a spoons of fertilizer for each square foot of soil gallon of water. Use about 1cup of starter so- and mix it in thoroughly. lution for each plant. Shade plants and dustin- 2.Pill the box to 1/2-inch from the top with secticide around them to keep cutworms and a good loam soil. crickets from cutting off theyoung plants. 3. Make the soil fine, firm, and levelon top so that it is very smooth for the tiny seeds. Caring for the Garden 4. Water the box so the soil is damp but not Watering. This is the hardest work in grow- wet. Setting the box in water is a goodway to ing vegetables during thedryseason.If water a seed box. enough water is available, the best and easiest 5. Make shallow grooves A%bout 3 inches way is to run water through the furrows the apart. Sow the seed in the grooves andcover length of the row until the soil around the veg- them lightly with fine soil. Firm the soil gently etables is wet. If this is not practical, put with your hand or a flat board. Keep the boxes water directly on the bed or around the plants. covered with a piece of burlapor paper until It is important to use enough so the water the seedlings first appear. sinks at least 5 or 6 inches into the soil. On 6.Place the boxes on a firm support and beds that are 4 feet wide, three kerosene tins protect them from animals. Place them where or 12 gallons of water should be used for every they will get some sun but not the hot midday 4 feet of length. sun. Uncover them as soon as the seed starts to A good heavy watering twice a week after sprout. This will prevent tall, weak, spindly the plants have started growing well is better plants. than just a light sprinkling every day. Water- 7. Water often enough to keep the soil damp ing should only be done in the late afternoon. but not wet. The sun dries up the water and bakes the 8.After the plants start growing, theymay ground hard if plants are watered during the need to be thinned or spread further apart in day. It is easy to make a watering vessel from other flats before theyare transplanted into a kerosene tin or calabash by punching small the garden. This gives them enoughroom to holes in the bottom. Then you can put the grow strong and healthy. water on gently so the plants are not damaged. Mulching. Mulch can be any material such Transplanting as dried grass or straw placed on top of the soil around and between plants. It helps to Where the rainfall is heavy, plants should be keer the soil from drying out aiid makes the transplanted to raised bees. Prepare these beds best use of water. A good mulch also helps the same as for sowing seeds. Plan to set keep the soil cool and keeps down the weeds. plants in the late afternoonor in cloudy Feeding. Plants should be fertilized onceor weather. Water the seedlings in the seed box, twice, sometimes three times, during the grow- then remove them carefully withas much dirt ing season. This gives rapid growth with high on the roots as possible. Make a hole in the production of good quality crops. The fertilizer

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These boys in Honduras are leaving enough room be- School gardens such as this in Sudan not only teach tween their transplanted seedlings so the full-grown students how to grow vegetables, but also supplement plants will not be crowded. the school lunch.

These schoolgirls in the Ivory Coast are thoroughly soaking the ground around the plants. If only the surface is wet, the roots will come up and the plant,. will be more easily damaged by dr-

. can be put between the rows,near but not touching the plants. This is called Vegetables should beeaten while theyare sidedressing. young and tender. They tastebetter and Because nitrogen stimulatesplant growth, it of them have many is usually the only more protective food valuethen one used. Nitrate of soda is than they do whenthey get too mature. the form commonly usedfor sidedressing. Use 1/2 to 1 pound per 10 Vegetables like beans,peas, okra, and lettuce square feet. should be gatheredevery day or two. Vegeta- WeedinTh Weedsuse water and plant food bles should not be that are needed for the allowed to stand aftergath- vegetables. Weeds also ering. When theybecome wilted or driedout, make it easier for insectsand disease to in-. they are not as good.All vegetables should be crease. It is a waste of work alreadydone to let cooked, eaten, or preservedin some wayas weeds take over inyour garden. They can be soon after harvestingas possible. pulled up by handor dug up with a hoe. You can also prevent them fromgrowing by usinga School Gardens good mulch. Childrenenjoy gardening andcan be taught to do theweeding, etc. Many rural schoolshave a school gardennot only to teach the c' "drenhow to grow vegeta- Hoeing. Keeping thesoil loose andopen bles, but also to get helps to save water.Frequent and regular them interested in eating hoeing can greatly vegetables. Schoolgardens can furnish vegeta- increase the yield of vegetables for the school lunchprogram. Subjects bles. The first hoeingshould be done soon after such as nutrition, the plants areup. science, and arithmeticcan be related to thegat den and made more inter- Controlling insects anddisease. When plants esting for the children. are strong and healthy theyresist disease and A school garden insects better than whenthey are spindly and can also influence the chil- weak. dren to start a gardenat home. As a village worker, you may beasked to help with impor- Many pests attackvegetable plants while tant school projects ofmany kinds. Often this they are growing andthere are manyways of includes helping witha school garden. controlling them. Thefirst and most important is to destroy their breedingplaces. Be sure the Teaching Gardening garden is free of weeds,trash, brush, etc. Bugs and worms can becontrolle0 if theyare ' A g000 wr,to tea, Aing i:through off by hand early inthe mon :Aad late Ili method demonstrations.But before givinga the afternoon and demonstration, be sure that thepractice meets killed. Insecticidesand fun- a real need and interest. gicides also controlinsects and disease.Your local authoritiescan tell you bow to use them. A demonstrationon compost insicog pro- Find out fromyour agricultural workers vides an excellent opportunityto inv4,117e the which plant disaises people by asking them to helpmak( ;-6,corn- and pests give troublein post pile. Discuss compost your area and -3vhat isrecommended forcon- while you Nark. trolling them. keep Try to get favorable opinionsfrom tne 7roup, all insecticidesaway from and interest in making children and use themwith care. Someare a compost pile. Try to safc.r than other-s. Be get some of them tovolunteer to makeone sure that you follow the whelk they return home. directions for usinginsecticides and washall vegetables before eatingthem. Eating vegeta- A good result demonstrationcan ala3 be car- bles that haveinsecticides on themcan be ried out with a familythat is makinga com- harmful. post pile, particularly ifthey record lite time they spend with it, thecost if any, ana the in- Harvesting creased value of vegetablesproduced. should be located in a place When to gather vegetablesis a very impor- where neighbor= can ob- tant part of good gardening. serve it. Many people let Other method demonstrationsyou 'coild give vegetables get too ripe beforeharvest em. include:

'75 1. How to make seed beds, ridges, and fur- well as a way for them to make some money rows on the contour. for themselves. Most of your educational work, 2. How to transplant tomato or cabbage then, may be with the women and children. plants. However, the help and interest of the men is 3. How to sidedress plants with manure or necessary if poultry is to become an accepted nitrate of soda. part of the family food program. 4. How to make seed boxes and plant seeds in them. Getting Started 5. to make a hand duster for putting 'There are several different ways to start im- insecticide on plants.(Punch holesin the proving flocks. Many village workers have felt metal top of glass jar or tie cheesecloth over a theirbest chancetobring aboutdesired can or jar.) changes is in the improvement of native stock. 6. How to irrigate a garden. Native chickens are generally hardier than 7. How to select vegetablec while they are other breeds and they are used to conditions on young and tender. the farm. A family can upgrade their present Result demonstrations, such as growing a flock and have more meat and eggs from the new variety or using improved cultivation same number of birds by using a good cockerel, methods, and garden tours are other excellent better feed, and better care. The local agricul- ways to teach good gardening. turist can tell you how to secure improved cockerels. The Family Poultry Flock Chickens are important to many village fam- A heavy breed like this can provide both meat and ilies. In your area there are probably chickens eggs. running loose, picking up whatever they can find to eat and laying only what eggs they can produce on the food they get. Such chickens conttIte little to the food supply. Growing improved chickens for family use is one of the best ways to get more of the animal protein most village people need so badly in their diets. A good poultry program can make a major improvement in the diets and health of people in your area. Even a small flock of 15 to 30 laying hens with good feed and good care can supply a family with fresh eggs and some meat during most of the year. They can have fresh meat when they want it without the problem of a large quantity on hand at one time as there is when a lamer animal is butchered. Too often, villagers who keep poultry think only of selling the eggs and chickens for a little extra cash income. They do not realize the value of the meat and eggs to their health. The family poultry flock is generally the responsibility of the homemaker and the children. Boys and girls like poultry projects in their club work. This is a good way to get them interested in eating more eggs and chickens as 76 76 On the other hand, if people wishto get rid of their native stock and make nest where the hen willnot be disturbed and a fresh start put 13 to 15 fertile eggs in it.Watch the nest with another breed, or if theyare just starting because hens sometimes to raise chickens, they mustfirst decide on the abandon the eggs. The broody hen must befree of liceall breed they want. Manyimproved breeds are through the hatching and good for both meat andeggs and, therefore, brooding period. She are desirable for a family flock. Such breeds kahould have access to feedand water all the include Rhode Island Reds, time. Plymouth Rocks, About 24 hours after the chickshatch, take and New Hampshires.Leghorns are good them from the nest and layers and eat less feed, butdo not provide as put them in a brood much meat as the larger breeds. coop with the hen. The simplestcoop is the A-type, but a boxcoop as shown in the illustra- After deciding on the breed,families might tion is also good. Second-handboxes may easily wish to buy second-year layersfrom a commer- be made over into broodcoops. cial poultry grower if thereis one in your area. The hen stays in thecoop while the chicks These are hens that havelaid for a year or are free to come and go. They need exercise more. The commercial poultryman wants to and sunlight. The coop shouldbe moved occa- replace them with youngerbirds. He generally sionally so the chicks willhave clean dry is willing to sell thesesecond-year hens at a ground to roam on. very reasonable cost. They should bebetter layers than ordinary chickens. Theyare from Feeding healthy stock and havemost likely been vaccinated against disease. Whenthey stop laying, Good feed is essential if chickensare to be they will provide meatfor the family. Your healthy and produce well. Chickensneed build- frriculturist can help you makesuch arrange- ing, protective, andenergy foods the same as people. To know howmany second-year layers to Baby chicks need finely groundor mashed buy, the family mustdecide how many eggs feed 4 or 5 times a day. Onegood food can be tney can use in a day. Multiplythis number by prepared by hard boilingan infertile egg, 21/2. For example, if thefamily can use 10 chopping it very fine, shell and all,and mixing eggs a day, they probably willwant to start it with the same amountof bread crumbs, with 25 layers. boiled rice, or other starchyplant. Very fine rice bran can also be used. Another way to starta small flock is to y This will feed about day-old chicks and raise them 25 baby chicks for a day.Keep finely cut green with a home- food and sanitary drinkingwater before the made brooder. A brooder isa device for keeping chicks at all times. chicks warm and raisingthem without the care of a hen. A fireless homemadebrooder can be made out ofa box. Bore holes in it for ventilation and line it withgunny sacks or other Any family can make this simplepoultry equipment. heavy material tokeep the chicks warm. Put the chicks in the boxat night and keep it ina safe warm place. Theycan be let out in the daytime.

Hatching and BroodingWith Hens The_ simplest way to producechickens for home use is by settingcarefully selected, fertile eggs under a broodyhen. The broody hen is usuallyset on a straw nest in a box about 18 inchessquare. Place the Colsbosh fowler

77 77 Chickens eating whole grains need grit such as sand or "pea" gravel to grind the grain to make it digestible. Birds on range pick up plenty of gravel. Laying hens need calcium to make egg shells. This can be suppliPd by feeding oyster shell, mussel shell, or other suitable fish shells. These must be crushed fine for chickens to eat. Chickens need plenty of water. Be sure it is clean, safe water. Twenty-five layers will drink 2 to 21/2 gallons of water a day. Keep water availablc in clean containers at all times. Guards across poultry feeding troughs prevent hens from throwing feed out and wasting it. A U.S. farmer bought the feeder in front and made the other.

As chicks get older, they can begin to eat the same feed as the laying flock. One laying hen needs about 1/1-pound or 2/3-cup of feed a day. For 25 hens about 6-1/4 pounds or a little over 4 quarts are needed each day. Many people give only corn to cheir chickens. But corn by itself does not have enough building material for the hen to produce eggs. Roasted soybeans and groundnuts can be added to corn to make a good ration. These should never be fed raw. Yellow corn is better than white corn. Other grains such as oats, barley, millet, and sorghum also make good feed if additional protein such as fish meal, sesame meal, groundnut cal.te, or maize gluten meal is added. Rice bran or rice polishings is used to feed chickens in some areas. If any family has a surplus of milk, this is an excellent food for chickens. Vegetable peelings and the green Bottle waterer tops of vegetables also make good feed. Cook potato peelings before feeding them to chick- Housing ens. Fresh kitchen scraps also can be fed. Never give chickens any spoiled food, espe- Every family that has chickens needs some cially meat. kind of a house for them because: Chickens need plenty of green feed. Letting Chicken.: need to be protected from heat, chickens range on pasture grass is a good prac- cold, rain, and wind. tice if they are not bothered by predatory ani- It will help protect them from hawks, mals. Range birds benefit from exercise and owls, crows, foxes, weasels, rats, skunks, sunlight. With the green feed, they need less and other such animals that destroy them. other feed. Some farmers plant a patch of rye, Chickens can be locked in the poultry alfalfa, or other such crop to provide green house at night to help prevent stealing feed. This is especially no eded if chickens are by chicken thieves and let out in the confined. morning to range. 78 78 at11111111111

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This woman in Thailand has enough chickensto provide egga both for home use and also for sale.The hens 4" ."' "iiiaiLiks". r. rt. are kept in a raised cage of bamboo slats which let - their droppings fall through. This makesit easy to remove the manure. The slatted sides of thecage save grain by keeping the hens out of the feeder.A strong fence around the cage area keeps animals. out dogs and other

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This chickenhouse in Basutoland has been builtin the Where weather is moresevere, an enclosed poultry traditional round shape. house such as this one in the U.S.may be needed. Eggs laid in nests provided in poultry Rats and Mice houses are easier to find and collect. Rats and mice are among the worst enemies Suitable roosts can be built in a poultry of poultry. They kill young chickens, destroy house. eggs, eat or contaminate poultry feed, and damage poultry houses and equipment. They The roost poles, walls, and floors of a spread disease and parasites. Losses from rats chicken house can be disinfected to aid and mice in a farm-size flock are usually very in controlling lice and mites. Ask your great but often go unnoticed because the losses agriculturist about good disinfectants to are gradual. A ratproof poultry house is one of use and how to use them safely. the best ways to guard against these pests. A poultry house can be -ised for brooding Get rid of rat and mouse breeding and hid- young chickens. ing places. Clean out trash and dumps of any kind. Do not let garbage collect anywhere. Keep the poultry house clean and do not Provide ratproof storage for all food and feed place it too close to the house in which around the house or farm. Use rat poison. Fol- the family lives. low the directions carefully and keep poison away from children and domestic animals. No one type of poultry house is best. Local conditions and the materials available will de- Disease cow Parasites termine the best kind. A square or rectangular house is usually most satisfactory. A flock of Chickens get sick easily. Some of the most 25 hens would need a house about 10 feet long common diseases of poultry include : croup or a and 6 feet wide. It should be about 6 feet high cold, Newcastle disease, and coccidiosis. When in front and 5 feet at the back. The house can chickens have a watery discharge from the be built of adobe, bamboo, lumber, or other local eyes and nose, do not eat well, become droopy, materials. The number of openings and venti- have pale combs and wattles, or their drop- lation will depend on the climate. The house pings have a bad odor or become bloody, you should have some Shade to help keep it cool in should advise the family to isolate the sick hot weather. A thatched roof would make the birds at once and get help from an agricultur- house more comfortable in both summer and ist or veterinarian. winter than a roof of metal. The poultry house Parasites such as lice, mites, ticks, and chig- floor may be concrete, boards, or dirt. Make the gers are a constant problem. They lower prod- poultry house ratproof by using wire or metal uction of both meat and eggs by sucking blood over all openings. Cover the floor of the house from chickens. They also carry disease germs. with a good litter. This may be cut or chopped Prevention is the best way to deal with poul- straw or dried grass, ground corn cobs, tobacco try diseases and parasites. Sanitation is essen- stems, or other dry material that takes up tial. The following measures can help prevent moisture. Add fresh litter once or twice a loss from disease and parasites : month. Change the litter before putting new Provide clean, fresh feed and pure water birds in the house. every day. If water is contaminated, use a The poultry house should contain roosts, sanitizer. nests, feed hoppers, and water contahiers. Put Keep the poultry house clean and dry. roost poles at the back of the house, 2 or 3 feet Clean feeders and waterers two or three above the floor and 10 or 12 inches apart. Make times a week. a pit under the roosts to catch droppings. The Keep chickens on clean ground away from pit must be cleaned often. Spread droppings the house and out of the yard where the and litter on the garden. family lives. Alor.g one wall build a nest for every four or Remove any sick chicken from the flock. five hens. Make each nest about 14 inches wide, It is usually best to kill a sick chicken and 14 inches high, and 12 inches deep. burn or bury the carcass completely. SO 80 .0 ...I Aft/ aloe

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Vaccination is anothermethod of preventing poultry diseases. This many Thai veterinarianis vaccinat- ing chickens againstNewcastle disease.

For lice, mites, and ticks, treatroost poles, chicken houses, the family toeat some of their and litter withdisinfec- eggs instead of tants. Askyour agriculturist selling all theyproduce. which disin- Culling means fectants areavailable andwhich you taking hens thathave stopped should recommend. laying out oftheflock. When hens stopped laying have they shouldbe culledout, Eggs killed, and eaten ifthey are healthyand in good condition. Youcan tell if hensare laying by examining them carefully. Gather eggs twicea day. If eggsare allowed In a good layerthe to stay in thenests or on the abdomen is soft anddeep, the vent islarge and may be accidentally floor all daysome moist, and the broken andthe hens will comb and wattlesare bright eat them. Fromthis they red. The besttime for cullingis Oh, late habit of breaking may develop the bad mer or early fall. It sum- eggs for food. Cleandirty is easier to tellthe good eggs. Any crackedor soiled eggs layers from thepoor ones then. However,it is thoroughly cooktd should be wisest to cull theflock when the before eating.Encourage the meat. family canuse " s S. ;,

The pubic bones of a nonlayer(left)are close together. The pubic bones of a layer (right) are wide apart.

The pubic bones and keel of a nonlayer (left) are close together. The pubic bones and keel of a layer (right) are wide apart.

41- A chicken's comb can helpyou tell whether or not a hen is laying. The high producer ison the right and the nonlayer is on the left.

Suggested Method Demonstrations On Poultry 2. Show how to selecteggs and prepare a nest 1. You may want helpfrom an agriculturist for setting. when you demonstratehow to make such 3. Show how to cull layersfrom non-layers. equipment as : 4. Show how toprepare feed for baby chicks. Feeders 5. Show how to slaughterand dress chickens Waterers for cooking. Brooders 6. Show how to cookor barbecue chickens Brood coops. properly.

This Home ImprovementClub member in Vietnam learned in her club meeting care for her small flock of poultry. Herfamily will eat how to house, feed, and better balanced meals asa result of her efforts. ri In ty; kit, Jo, :imraxr----io , )e;,,bj 1,tal 4,0itt*foa 1 006:4114400 1001.4 1 ill Ibj,evie; ing--- __-777 f 9 .o, io ,r)1 i,111 tint '.4t-i-ofkotimou, !GI WO PO 0 q Iksic,41)) 1.4pt. iappub7)01i 1 ;41 r(1110 110 110-1 itiola.060011(21,00:11011.1blotbf illi, 1.1!b_Al±N1(11104 a mos1)61I. 0'004 ....mu leaglil10.010001-",0 01 481 '.,0146.1/104114/.

407 and makes it easier for a goat to get internal parasites. Goats like early-cut hay that is half legume and half grass. Feeding oats, rye, or soybean or linseed meal along with hay or pasture will produce more milk. When root crops are available they are good feed for goats. Ck specially like beets, turnips, and carrots. When a female goat is pregnant or fresh, she should be fed about 11/2 to 2 quarts of grain a day plus good pasture. One quart of oats and 1/2 quart of corn, or 2 quarts of oats make a good daily grain ration. Do not feed only corn to goats. Females that are not pregnant and not milking do not need grain. They can get along on hay, pasture, and root crops. Goats need salt every day. They must be able to get water at all times. In hot weather they need shade. Do not let goats near surfaces that Milk Goats are painted with lead-based paints. They may Goat's milk is a good food for the whole eat the paint and be poisoned. family. It compares well with cow's milk in Goats are natural climbers. They will climb food value. In some areas, goat's milk is pre- on low buildings and machinery unless they ferred. It is good for drinking, cooking, and are tethered or enclosed in a tight fence. To making cheese. Goat's milk is easy to digest. tether a goat, you need a good stake with a For this reason, b,abies, invalids, and others light chain attached. Place the stake firmly in who cannot take cow's milk often thrive on the ground and fasten the other end of the goat's milk. chain to a leather strap around the goat's neck. A goat should be tethered in a good pasture Feeding and Housing and moved several times a day. See that there Many farmers do not have enough land for a is good, clean water within her reach. cow or cannot afford one. They canstill Goats do not need any special kind of hous- provide milk for their families by keeping milk ing. Any well-built barn or shed that is clean, goats. Goats can be kept where it is impossible dry and free from drafts will do. Goats can get to keep a cow. Goats are browsing animals. along without bedding if none is available. They will eat feed that otherwise would be Goats may get foot rot. Trimming hoofs care- wasted. They likeleaves, twigs, and even fully and regularly and keeping pens dry will brush. They can help clear land of brush and help control foot rot. small trees. Be sure farmers protect valuable fruit or shade trees and shrubs. Goats will eat This is the way a well-trimmed goat foot should look them too. Goats do well in hilly, mountainous from the side and bottom. country that will not support other kiuds of livestock. However, they will produce more milk if they are kept on good pasture. H EEL The best feed for goats is pasture or hay of alfalfa, red clover, soybean, or millet mixed with other grasses. Rye or wheat make good PAO spring or fall pasture. A goat needs about %- acre of good pasture during a grazing season WALL of 6 or 6 months. Overstocking ruins pasture TRIM OUTER EDGE TOE HEEL DOWN TO PAO.

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in many families suchas this Indonesian one, a goat is both a family pe.it anda source of milk. Milking q uarts of milk a day forabout 10 monthsa Dairy goats producebest on a regular sched- year. If goat's milk is properlyproduced and ule of feeding andmilking. Heavy-producing handled, it should haveno disagreeable odoror does may necd to be milkedthree times a day flavor. Bad odor and"off" flavor usuallycome for a short time afterfreshening, but twicea from dirt or hair thathas gotten into the milk. day milking is usuallyenough. Be gentle with This can also hanpenif the goat eats strong- does. Whenever poss:ble,the same person flavored foods suchas onions, cabbage, etc.,or should milk a doe. at thesame time and place if a buck is kept inwith the milking does. every day. Goats are very cleanand healthy animals. A good milk goat willgive from 1 to 11/2 They are particularin their eating habits. They rarely ever havetuberculosis. This isa strong point in favorof goat's milk. However, they du sometimes haveother diseases thatcan be transmitted in theirmilk. So it's safest to always boil goat's milk beforedrinking it or giving it to babies. Milk the goat underas clean conditions as possible : Wash the goat's udderbefore milking her. Milk the first streamor two from each teat into a smallcup. The openings in each teat may containforeign matter that will affect the tasteof the milk. Throw this first milkaway with the garbage. Do not throw iton ground the goat may lie on. If a goat hasa disease called mas- titis, her uddermay become hard and A milking stand suchas this one in Indonesia helps produce much less milk.If milk froman keep the goat from movingaround and kicking infected half getson the other half or milk pan. It also helps keep over the on milk. dirt from getting into the the udder of anothergoat, the disease can spread. Goats withmastitis cannot 85 give enough milk to help a family be better Use boiling water to sterilizeall milk nourished. utensils. Be sure the milker's hands are clean and Cool fresh milk as fast as possible. dry. Do not let them come in contact with For selecting and breeding milk goats and the milk. raising the kids, consult your agriculturist. In Clip the hair on the goat's uduer and most areas, you will be able to get a female goat flanks often to prevent it from falling bred. This saves the expense of keeping a buck. into the milk. It does not pay to keep a buck for one or two Use a clean, seamless, tin pail for milWng. does. Use a milking stand. It is easier and helps Goats and kids provide meat in many areas to keep milk clean. (See illustration) . of the world. The skins when properly tanned Strain milk through a clean, finely-woven make valuable leather. This may be another cloth which has been boiled, or a sanitary source of income for the family. wire strainer. Wash utensils first in cold water, then in hot water and soap.

stanchion

Milking Stand (side view)

fixed post moveable post chock block goos A youth club in Ecuador has a club buck to improve Stanchion the herds of members. The entire c:ommunity will bene- (top face view fit. cut away feed box

It Rabbits Iltgivotbo Rabbit meat is popular in many areas. It is very white and fine grained and has a mild flavor. It is nutritious and tastes good. Since An improved milking stand like this one keeps a goat rabbits are small, when they are butchered off the ground while you milk her. This helps keep the there is not more fresh meat than the family milk clean, stop the spread of disease, and make it eas- can easily care for at one time. In warm cli- ier for you. If one like this is not available, a milking stand can be made of hard-packed earth, large rocks, or mates, this is especially important because of a sturdy table. the difficulty of preserving meat. Rabbits do 86 86 u :o s;ss

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Rabbits will eat many kinds of greens includingvegeta- ble trimmings, carrot tops, and weedsyou pull from the garden. TAIWAN

8 7 87 times rabbits need some legume hay, such as alfalfa, soybean, clover, peanut, and kudzu. The hay should he green, levfy, and fine-stem- med. It should also be free from mildew or mold. Also important are grains like oats, barley, rye, and the grain sorghums. These may be fed whole or milled. Soybean, peanut, or linseed meal also should be added to the diets to make sure rabbits get enough protein foods. Thisis especially important for mother rabbits nursing their young. Regularity in feeding is more important than the number of feedings. Rab- bits eat more at night than during the day, not take as much feed as larger animals. They especially in warm weather. breed and grow quickly and can fill a great Fresh clean water is of the utmost impor- need for meat, particularly in areas where there tance, particularly during the hot summer is a shortage of protein. months. An average doe and her litter will con- Rabbit manure is good for the garden and sume at least a gallon of water every day. Rab- should be collected to use as fertilizer. It is bits also need salt. Put small amounts of salt in easy to work it into the soil. There will be less the feed or where the animals can nibble on it loss of fertilizing elements if the manure is at will. used in a compost pile. A family can quickly learn how to grow rab- Management and Equipment bits. Usually it is best to begin on a small scale with one already-bred female rabbit, called a Rabbits are extremely sensitive to unclean doe, or a pair, a female and a male. Boys and surroundings.Therefore,strictsanitation girls in club work have found rabbit projects a practices must be followed if rabbits are to fine way to make money or furnish meat for grow well and be healthy and strong.Remove manure, soiled bedding, and spoiled fooddaily. the family. Wash water crocks and feed troughs often in Good meat rabbits are generally medium in hot, soapy water. Rinse them in clean water and size, rather short, compact, medium to fine- dry them in the sun. boned, broad and well covered with flesh. Wide Rabbits are easily frightened and should be heads and short necks go with good meat handled with care and gentleness. Rabbit shel- types. The does should be selected if possible ters or pens should be enclosed so dogs and from large litters because the tendency tc other animals cannot get to them. Keep cats produce large litters is inherited. Rabbit skins, and dogs away from rabbit food and bedding. if properly cared for, have some market value. Otherwise the rabbits may get tapeworms. The wool from Angora rabbits can usually be Rabbits should never be lifted by the ears or sold. legs. This may injure them. To lift and carry a rabbit, grasp the skin over the shoulders with Feeds and Feeding one hand. Place the other hand under theani- Rabbits require mostly plant foods. Fresh mal's rump to support its weight. If the rabbit grass, good-tasting weeds, vegetables, and root struggles and scratches, hold it snugly under crops make good feed. Do not feed rabbits cab- one arm. bage, kale, or any strong-fiavored plants. These A rabbit hutch or shelter can be made of greatly affect the flavor of rabbit meat. Such wood, bamboo, or other available material. root crops as carrots, potatoes, turnips, and Provide individual hutches for grown rabbits. beets are especially valuable foods during the A hutch 2 feet high, 2-1/2 feet wide, and 4 to 5 months when there is little green feed. At all feet long is desirable so that a doe and her lit-

88 FOUR 1" HOLES FOR VENTILATION ter may have about 10square feet of floor space. A wire floor through whichthe droppings may fall is best METAL because it can easily be STRIP ON kept clean. 4 FRONT It is important to have It- 6d NAIL 6d NAIL a nest for the mother rabbit. This can bea basket or box kept in the 6d NAIL hutch. Nest boxes shouldbe large enough to prevent crowding and small REAR END enough to keep the FRONT END young together. Clean and disinfectnest boxes METAL HOOP METAL HOOP before using them again.Ask your agriculturist for more informationon breeding rabbits and OPEN raising the young. METAL STRIP Gnawing wood is naturalfor rabbits. Protect FRONT 1" x 6" x 13" wooden parts of thehutch by placing wire bd NAIL DRIVEN mesh on the inside ofthe frame whenyou UNDER METAL HOOP SIDE THROUGH FRONT build it. Use strips oftin to protect exposed wooden edges. Treatingthe wood with creosote protects it as long TOP HEAD as the scent and taste last. REMOVED Placing twigsor pieces of soft wood in the BOTTOM HEAD IN PLACE METAL STRIP hutch protects it tosome extent. Rabbits may chew these instead ofthe hutch. Rabbits that FRONT have access to good-qualityhay and are being fed some freshgreen feed or root cropsare less SECTION likely to gnawon their hutches. Construction details for a nail-kegnest box. Rabbits ,gre very sensitiveto hot weather. Rabbit hutches shouldbe placed where thereis shade during the hotpart of the day, but

Grown rabbits willfight if they arrt kept inthe same hutch. The littercan be kept with tbe doe until they are half grown. These hutches Construction details fora wooden nest box. space needed. in Haiti provide the

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These are easy-to-build hutches and nest boxes. Nest pottery. boxes can alsobemadeoutof clayor where they will get some sunlight during the the hairs of the skin touch the meat. Any ob- cooler hours. Good air circulation isnecessary, jectionable odor associated with rabbitscomes but rabbits should not be kept in strong drafts. from the hair. Move rabbits that seem to be suffering from 3. Wash all the blood off the carcass with the heat to a quiet well-ventilatedplace. Give clean water. Then remove the "insides" by split- th:In a damp sack to lie on. Wettingthe tops of ting the animal down the Iront. Wash and the hutches and the floors of the hcuseson a clean the inside thoroughly. Some people like hot day will lower the temperature.Do not wet to rub the carcass all over witha cut piece of the rabbits themselves. lime or lemon to help removeany wild flavor If grown rabbits are kept out of drafts,cold the meat may have. weather will not bother them much. Young litters need nest boxes and enough bedding to 4. Cut the meat into serving pieces. There keep them warm. are many ways of edoking and serving rabbit meat. Here are two ways : Rabbit Meat and its Use Roll the pieces of meat in flour with salt and pepper. Fry them slowly in fat until I..To kill a rabbit, hit iton the head to they are tender. knock itunconscious. Then stick its throat Brown pieces in fat, then add water and with a sharp pointed instrumentso it bleeds vegetablessuchastomatoes,carrots, well. onions, and potatoes with salt, pepper, 2. Then skin it. Be very careful not to let and any other desired seasoning. go 90 FOOD STORAGE ANDPRESERVATION

There is danger in eating uncookedmeat even though it has been salted andsmoked. Insects and rodents not only destroyfoods, they leave dangerous bacteriaon them. The "fly specks" often foundon food or dishes may have disease germs andeggs of dangerous parasites on them. Store food anddishes in a way to prevent this. Temperature affects food. Foods ripenand spoil more quickly inwarm air. Freezing can ruin the texture and flavor ofsome foods. For example, frozen potatoesare watery and have an unpleasant flavor. Theyare safe to eat though they do not look nice. Moisture is needed to keepgreen leafy vegetables fresh. But too muchmoisture or dampness can cause foods to mold. Crackersand cookies lose their crispnesswhen the air is moist unless theyare in an airtight container. To keep from wasting food andto have it Soggy crackers or cookiesare safe to eat, but clean and safe, people must takecare of it may taste better if they are dried out. properly in their homes. Foods can be spoiled by bacteria, molds,par- Taking Care of Food in theHome asites, insects, rodents,warm air, freezing tem- Different kinds of food must becared for in peratures, light, aad too littleor too much different ways. Certain foods moisture. Some foodsmay look and taste all are very perish- right but still be bad to eat. able and spoil quickly ina warm climate or when kept in a warm place. It isimportant to Bacteria are living thingsso small you can't destroy spoiled foodsas soon as they are found. see them. Many are harmful. Food is unsafe Food generally shows when itis spoiled. when bacteria thatcause disease have gotten into it. Food can Look for these signs : carry typhoid, botulism, tu- slime on the outside of meat berculosis, diphtheria, and t3almonellosis.People bad odors may carry disease bacteria in their bodies and sour taste in bland foods. still appear healthy. Whenthey handle food, the bacteria may geton the food. Fresh meat, poultry, fish., and othersealoods Molds can be harmful. They spoil very easiiy and quickly.They should not grow where it be kept more than a few hours is damp. If meat, cheese,or bread get mold on in warm, damp the outside, cut away the moldy weather. To store them, wipeoff any dirt, part. The rest wrap the food loosely in clean clothor paper, can be eaten. Throw away moldy cannedfood and keep it in the coldest and foods that havegone soft from spoilage. place you can find. Extra care must be taken withpoultry because Parasites such as tapewormand trichina live it often has the germ that in meat animals. The tiny causes a fever sick- eggs of these para- ness. This germ grows very fast ina warm sites are found in the lean partof meat. They place. are waiting to complete their developmentin the human body or Moist leftover cooked foods, especially those son ie other place. Cook prepared with milk, eggs, meat,or fish, spoil meat thoroughly to de3troy theseparasites. easily. They should be cooled quickly,put in 91 91 These two iceless coolers help keep perishable foods Nigerian extension workers. Water from the pan on from spoiling so rapidly. They both work on the princi- top seeps down the burlap sides. The one on the right is nle of evaporation. The one on the left w as built by two made of pottery and was developed in India. covered containers, stored in a cold place, and tightly covered tin box or some other suitable used at the next meal. container with a tight cover. Keep them in a Milk must be stored in clean, covered con- dry place off the floor. tainers in the coldest place possible. Boiling milk not only makes its safe to drink but helps Keeping Foods for a Long Time it keep longer. Store butter and cheese in a cold, clean place. Dried milk powder will keep For good nutrition, people must eat well all for several months, but should be kept dry and year, not only during the growing season or well covered. for a few months after harvest, but every day Eggs should be stored in a cold, dry place. of the year. This means some food should be Remove any cracked eggs and use them first. preserved and stored for use when it is out of Cook them well. season. Some form of food preservation and Fresh fruits and vegetables should be stored storage is almost universal. It is a subject in in a cool place with good air circulation. which there is great interest and generally Bread, cake, and cookies must be stored in a great need for improvement.

92 12

The way foods are stored isimportant. A good storage area is well ventilated, and free of rodents and insects It cool, dry, neat. is clean and Food can be stored in thekitchen in cupboards, on open shelves, ina food safe, or in a closet with shelves. Cellars,caves, and outdoor pits are used insome areas. Storing Grains, Pulses, andNuts Storing grains,nuts, and pulses in the house where the family lives isgenerally not a good practice. There is not enough it is hard to control insects room and many areas, these crops are andkept rodents. In grain storehouses. in special Learn how families storethem in your area. How many familieshave a special storehouse or bin for such crops? Howmany store them in loss of grain by the house where they live?What kind of con- the grain is dry, tainers do they put thegrain in, such as sacks ' silos. or clay pots? How much of eachcrop is destroyed every year byrats, mice, weevils,

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Raising grain storage off theground and using a cover :04 prot--.ct it from rain helpssave grain. Metal shielde on the lege protect this storage againstrodents. aa 98 and other pests? Do they use any insecticide or same one used in the cracks and corners of the poison to get rid of them ? What do the people storage area. Ask your agricultural department think about such food losses ? about such powder and be sure villagers follow You will probably find that those who are the instructions carefully. most successful in storing these crops : Pulses, peas, beans, etc., should be picked as Keep their grains, pulses, and nuts in a soon as they are completely ripe and spread in special storehouse or bin. a warm dry place until they are dried out. Keep rats and mice out of the storage area. They can then be shelled and stored in bags or other containers. Treat them with the mild Use insecticides to keep down weevils. powder as suggested for cereal grains. Clean the storehouse thoroughly before a Some homemakers hang small bags of peas new erop is stored. and beans in the kitchen where the heat and Dry grains and pulses thoroughly to keep smoke from the fire help keep out weevils. Also down molds. to help keep out weevils, peas and beans that Keep the storage place as dry and cool are not being saved for planting can be placed as possible. in a pan and heated slowly in an oven until Store good quality grainsnot broken or they are too hot to touch. They should not be damaged. overheated or allowed to burn. It is good to use storage methods that people Groundnuts should be left inside their shells in your area have found successful. Keep this until they are needed for food. They should be in mind as you suggest improved storage meth- picked when they are mature and spread on ods. drying trays in the sun. When they are thoroughly dried, they can be packed in bags with Prepare the storehouse for each new harvest. some of the mild powder as instructed by your Even one weevil-infested bean or grain of agriculturist. maize left over from last season can start weevil damage in the new grain. The storage area, including every corner and crack, should be Preserving and Storing Fruits and cleaned thoroughly each year before the new Vegetables crop is put in. Then it should be dusted well The chapter on gardening points out the with an insecticide recommended by your agri- value of growing fresh fruits and vegetables cultural department. as much of the year as the climate permits. Remind villagers to follow the instructions Fruits and vegetables fresh from the garden carefully. The insecticide will probably bea taste much better than those that have been strong powder and should not be used on the preserved or stored. grain itself. Many insecticides can make people However, it is not always possible to have a ill if they are on food. continuous supply of these essential foods. For Make the store house ratproof by using this reason, some method of k..leping them metal and strong fine wire. Remember, mice whon they are out of season is important. Vari- can get in through the smallest openings. Page ous methods of preserving and storing include: 98 shows two kinds of good grain storage. storing in Ile field Prepare the new crop. Cereal grains such as storing in a cool, dark place such as a cel- maize, rice, millet, sorghum, wheat, barley, lar, pit, or cave oats, and rye should be cleaned as well as pos- drying Bible. They must be dry. They can be packed in salting and brining clean,suitablecontainerssuchasstrong, bottling. closely woven bags, tight boxes with covers, or clay pots with covers. Field storage In some areas a safe, mild weevil control Certain greens such as collards_ kale, leaf powder is mixed with the grain. It is not the mustard, and some others will stand quite a lot 94 94 of cold and frost. Insome areas, they will stay insulatedthe walls and ceilings should green in the garden for a long time. Rootvege- be protected with strawor other material tables such as carrots, sweetpotatoes,cassava, to keep too much moisture from forming beets, celery, kohlrabi, and turnips can often and dropping onto the vegetables andalso be left in the ground andused as they are to help regulate the temperature needed. How long theycan be kept without well drained. being dug will dependon the amount of rain, Your agriculturistcan help you with recom- drainage con& :;ions, etc. With toomuch rain mendations and instructionson building stor- they would rot quickly. age facilities. A cool, dark place Drying Dry onions, pumpkins, cabbages, androot Vegetables and fruits may be driedin the crops such as potatoes, yams, carrots, beets, sun in warm, sunny climates, but not in rainy turnips and others can also bekept in a cool, or damp weather. It is a suitableway of pre- dark place. Some of these,especially potatoes, serving such vegetablesas green leaves, cab- will sprout quickly inwarm areas. To retard bages, green beans,green maize, potatoes, sprouting, cover the vegetables withsand. sweetpotatoes, pumpkin,cassava, and carrots, Various types of storagecan be built forand such fruits as apples,peaches, apricots, fruits and vegetables. They shouldbe : figs, etc. cool and with little or no light To dry fruits and vegetables: 1. Wash the food. slightly damp so vegetables will not dryout 2. Cut it up if it is big. ventilated to carry off odors andto help 3. Steam it until it is thoroughlyhot. regulate the temperature andamotrit of 4. Spread the food on dampness a clean surface in direct sunlight until it is brittle anddry. Foods

In Iran, a successful drying program helps families She 5s showing them how to makeracks that will keep have a more varied diet. Here thespecialist trains vil- the food clean while it is drying lage workers in the steps to followfor proper drying. product. and make a better

95 95 CHART OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR HOME DRYING OF SOME FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

FOOD PREPARATION STEAMING TIME DRYING TIME Spinach and Select young, tender leaves. Steam 4 minutes Dry until the other green Wash. See that the leaves are or until thoroughly leaves are brittle. leaves not doubled over when they are wilted. placed on trays. Cut large leaves crosswise into several pieces to hasten drying. Tomatoes Select tomatoes of good color. No steaming. Dry until the pieces Dip them in boiling water to are leathery. loosen the skins. Chill them in cold water. Peel. Cut them into pieces not over 8/4" square. Cut small tomatoes in half. Green chili Use full-grown, bright green No steaming. Dry until the pep- or peppers pods. Peel and split the pod, pers are crisp, remove the seeds. brittle, and a medium-green color. Cabbage Remove the outer leaves. Cut Steam 5-6 minutes Dry until the shreds the head in quarters. Remove until wilted. are tough or brittle. the core. Cut the quarters into shreds about 1/8" thick. Green peas Select young, tender peas. Steam them im- Dry until the peas Shell. mediately for 10 are hard and minutes. wrinkled. They will shatter when hit with a hammer. Green beans Remove bad pods. Wash the Steer, the pods Dry until the pods good pods and remove the 15-20 minutes. are brittle. strings. Split the pods lengthwise. 'amen maize Select tender maize. Husk. Steam 5-15 minutes Dry until the or until the milk kernels are brittle. is set. The maize can be cut from the cob or dried on the cob. Carrots Select crisp, tender carrots. Steam 8-10 Dry until the strips Wash, Trim off the roots and minutes. are tough and tops. Peel. Cut into slices or leathery. strips about 1/8" thick. Berries Look the berries over ; remove Steam 1/2-1 Dry until the bad ones. Wash. aliDute. berries are hard. Test by crushing a few to be sure all the moisture is removed. 96 96 can also be driedon racks overa kitchen stove or they may be dried in ber that for home an oven. to be safe theycanned meats andvegetables 5.Protect the food need to be cookedagain until flies by covering from dust, dirt,and hot all theway through before it with thin,loosely woven, they are eaten. clean clothor wire screen. Ofien, even if glassjars with topsthat seal The steaming are available, they helps to retainthe protective stand high are not the kind towith- value in thesefoods and givesthem a better temperatures. Insome countries, color and flavor.It also reduces the cost ofglass jars andtin cans isso great needed for soaking the time that most village the vegetablesbefore cook- families cannotafford them. ing them later. As you thinkabout the needto preserve food and red Tomatoes, onions,and green in yourarea and the possibilities peppers do not needto be steamed, discuss the problem of canning, but otherwisethe process isthe same. with youragriculturalists. When they Are glass jarsor tin cans manufactured are drying food inthe sun,re- where in any- mind villagersto keep racksoff the ground your country? Ifso, are they suitable and away from for use ina pressurecanner ? Does the quality animals. The foodneeds to be need improvement? turned twoor three times each What are thepossibilities dry as quickly day so it will of manufacturingglass jars as possible. Dryingwill take sale at a price or tin cans for several days. Testfor dryness by practical for theaverage village some of the food in squeezing family? your hand. There shouldbe Even if containers no apparent moisture. are available, theaverage It is a goodidea to keep village home isnot equipped forhome canning. large container the dried food ina Could smallcommunity canning for 8 to 10 daysbefore packing veloped where centers be de- it into smallcontainers equipment could beused cooper- used, seal them or bags. If bagsare atively and thecanning be done in a largecontainer to keepout sion? Are under supervi- air and insects.Store them in pressure cannersavailable ata dark, cool place. a clean, dry, practical cost? Are there All driedvegetables shouldbe soaked in commercial plantsin yourarea water beforecooking to reduce that can eitherfruits or vegetables?If so, a Use just enough cooking time. visit to sucha plant would be water to coverthem, and use need to study and useful. You will the samewater for cooking.It will contain investigate allphases of can- protective values the ning beforemaking of the food.Dry green maize this method of any attempt to introduce should be rinsedquickly in cold preserving foodsin theaverage to soak for water and put village. Inaome areas, canning several hours ina small amount of sible for may not be fea- water. It shouldbe cooked many years. water. Add slowly in thesame more water as it isneeded. Bottling Fruit Juices Canning This isa practical method ofpreserving fr.;.it juices andfruit purees usedin many A number of areas. Wine bottlesor soft drink bottles problems must bemet before available in most are home canning ispractical, safeor even possible countries andare within the in many countries.One is the lack means of most families.New caps for suchbot- canning containers of suitable tles must bepurchased, but they and equipment. sive. A small are not expen- Canned foods mustbe sealedairtight and mechanical cappingmachine is free ofgerms if the food is also necessary.Families might to be safe. Almost buy a capping join together to all foods mustbe heated toa very high temper- machine to sealthe bottles. ature if theyare to be safe after Water bathcannerFor bottlingjuices and requires a canning. This purees a water bath pressure canner in whichsteam canner is needed. Thiscan underpressure produces a much be any largemetal container.It must be deep perature than boiling higher tem- enough to havean inch or two of does. The hightempera- the tops of the water over ture kills thegerms. It is importantto remem- bottles. It musthave a cover and a rack tofit in the bottom.The bottles 9797 .4045P

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I. must not touch the bottomor they will break. The rack can be eitherwood or wire. A water bath container shouldhave a loose-fittingcover on it during the processing time. Select ripe firm fruits suchas grapes, berries of all kinds, cherries,etc. Clean the fruit of any trash suchas leaves, small sticks, insects, etc., and then washit in safe water. Heat the fruit slowly toa simmering temperature without water. Simmerit until the fruit is soft. Strain the juicethrough clean cheesecloth or other thinly woven clothwhich has been boiled for 10 minutes.Add sugar if desired-1 cup to a gallon of juice. Reheatjuice to boiling. Wash the bottles andcaps with soap in clean hot water and rinsethem well. Then put the washed bottles andcaps in a container, cover them with hot waterand boil them for 2 to 8 minutes. Fill the hot bottles with hot juiceto Salting and brining within 2 inches of thetop. Place thecap on ale good methods to use inpreserv- and seal the bottle ing foods in eitherwarm or cool countries. Itwas a with a mechanical bottle popular method in the earlyfood preservationprograms capper. Place the filled bottlesin a container of in the United States. boiling waterso that water covers the bottles. Keep the water boiling5 minutes. Removethe bottles, cool them,and store them ina dark, their flavor. Sauerkraut,made by salting cab- cool place. bage, is well knownand widely used inmany Prepare fruitpurees by running washed countries. fruit3 througha sieve or food mill. Heat the Salting or briningmay be apractical puree to boiling. Addsugar to taste. Fill hot method of preservingvegetables in yourarea bottles with hotpuree to within 3 inches of the and one whichyou will want to recommend. top. Place thecap& on and seal the bottles.Pro- The process is notdifficult. It is inexpensive cess them in boiling waterthat comes over the and requires littleequipment. The vegetables top of the bottles for 10minutes. preserved in thisway retain a fair amount of vitamins and most of Bottling Tomato Juice their other food values. or Tomato Puree Vegetables properlypreserved with saltor salt Use ripe juicy and vinegar willkeep formany months in a tomatoes. Wash themwell. cool climate. They will Remove the stem endsand any bad spots.Then time in keep a much shorter cut them into pieces,leaving the skinon. Sim- a warm climate unlessthey can be mer the pieces until they sealed and heat processed are soft. Put the pulp finished. when the brining is through a straineror sieve. Add 1 teaspoonof salt to each quartof juice orpuree. Reheat it For any method ofpreserving vegetables to to boiling. Fillbottles with thehot juice or be practical there shouldbe a surplus,more puree. Leave 2 inches fromthe top flr juice vegetables than the familycan eat when they and 3 inches for are in season. Remember, in puree. Put caps on and seal. is a year-round growing areas where there Process the bottles in boilingwater for 10 min- season, having a con- utes. tinuous supply of freshvegetables in the family garden is betterthan preserving. Salting or Brining Vegetables Before trying to teachsalting or brining, study any methods ofpreserving vegetables al- Vegetables preserved bysalting or brining ready being used in are very popular in someareas. People like your area. Are peoplenow salting or briningvegetables? Ifso, are they 99 99 W7gt-1.. successful? Is the product of good quality? Do Observe these precautions for good results : families like vegetables preserved this way ? 1.Follow directions carefully. Do they fit into their food patterns? Do some 2. Weigh salt and vegetables if scales are methods give better results than others ? Do available. If not, measure both salt and vegeta- families grow enough vegetables to have a sur- bles as accurately as possible. plus for preserving? Can they get the salt ? In 3. Use clean, fine salt. some countries salt is expensive.Do they have 4. Use only clean, safe water for washing large containers suitable for salting? Could vegetables and making brine. you yourself try two orthree vegetables, using 5. Be sure containers and all equipment are the different methods of salting andbrining, thoroughly clean. before you try to show how they are done? 6.See that brine covers the vegetables at You will want to be thoroughly familiar with all times to prevent the top layer from spoil- these methods and the results before you start ing. teaching them to others. 7. Keep the top of the brine free from scum and insects. Equipment and Supplies Needed 8. Boil all salted or brined vegetables except those pickled in vinegar for 15 minutes before 1.Containers such as crocks, glazed pots, or kegs or pails of hard wood. If containers of eating to prevent any danger from botulism. soft wood are used, the food will likely have Method I. For Light Dry Salting the taste and odor of the wood. 2. Covermay be a solid lid made from Vegetables for which this method is recom- hard wood, a latticed wood cover, or a heavy mended : cabbage, turnips, rutabagas, and ten- platewhatever cover is used must fit inside der snap beans. the container so that it can be weighted down Preparing : Wash all vegetables thoroughly to keep the vegetables under the brine. in safe water. If you are using cabbage, remove 3. Weightcan be a clean stone or brick the outer leaves and core, and thenshred the which should be covered with melted wax, or a rest with a sharp knife or cut with acabbage glass jar filled with water. cutter. If using snap beans, cut off the endsand 4.Clean white cloth or clean leaves such as break the rest into short lengths. Scaldthe cabbage. beans in boiling water for 5 minutes.Cool 5. Wooden spoons, a sharp knife, and mea- them quickly. If using turnips orrutabagas, suring cup. trim them well and shred or slice thinly. 6. Pure salt and household vinegar. Salting and Packing : For each 10 lbs. of cab- 7.Scales for weighing (when possible). bage, turnips, or rutabagas, allow 1/44b. or Three methods of salt preservation are de- 34-cup of salt_ Mix the salt well with the scribed in this handbook. Certain vegetables shredded vegetable. For each 10 lbs. of snap like peas, corn, and lima beans contain consid- beans, allow Ih-lb or 1-1/2 cups of saltand 8 erable starch. They require more salt than veg- ozs. or 15 tablespoons ofvinegar. Mix the salt etables Ii7ce cabbage or turnips. Adding vinegar thoroughly into the beans, then add thevine- to the brine for some vegetables insures a bet- gar and mix again. ter product. Pack the vegetable firmly into the container. Several different vegetables are listed under Lay a clean white cloth or clean leaves over each method. This does not mean that those the top of the mixture to completely coverit. vegetables would be mixed together for salting Then place a fitted cover of hard wood or a or brining. Each would beprocessed sepa- thick plate over the cloth or leaves, and weight rately. For a few vegetbbles there is a choice it down with a stone or other suitable weight. of methods. Tie another clean cloth over the top of the con- For fuller instructions and additional infor- tainer to keep insects out. Set the container in mation on salting anl brining, you may wish to the coolest place possible. refer to Homemaking Around the World. In a short time water will be drawn from 100 NZ-VVIT.1151V`Vv7tMerrmkt,..vxr:mrprrrarxr1_,zet.zrAvrxx.,..,,,, ,

the vegetable by the salt.It will forma brine that will rise above the container, cover witha clean cloth or clean cover. Every day or so leaves, and weight down take a look at thebrining process. When following the direc- the tions in Method I. Besure to watch the process brine begins to get low,more will need to be and keep the brine added. It is very importantto keep the vegeta- over the top of the vegetable well covered with ble. To make additionalbrine for these vegeta- brine at all times other- bles, use %-cup ofsalt to 1 quart of safe wise the top layer willspoil. Make more brine water. by dissolving 1 tablespoonsalt to 1 quart of safe water. Fermentation may continuewith these vegetables for a month. The salted vegetablewill soon start bub- in hot water is Repacking and processing bling. Thismeans fermentation has started. not necessary becauseof the heavy salting. Thesevegetables wAl be quite Soon a white scum willform on top. This salty when finished should be removedevery day so. Lift off the and will likely need tobe weights and the drained and soaked inwater overnigl. r before cJver of cloth and leaves. cooking. However, the Carefully remove thescum with a spoon orcup salted vegetable might be added directlyto unsalted eoup stockwith- so that it does not get mixed withthe brine. out soaking. Use 144b. Wash the clothor leaves and the weights in of salted vegetable to2 qts. of soup. All thesevegetables should be safe water, addmore brine if needed, and cooked at least 15 weight the vegetable downagain. It will take minutes before eating. about 2 weeks for thebubbling to stop. Then it Method M. Weak Brine PlusVinegar is likely the fermentationis over. The vegetable then is cured andcan be ased. Vegetables: Beets, carrots, cauliflower,snap beans, turnips, beet tops, mustardgreens, and It should be cookedior 15 minutes before turnip greens. Note that eating. To keep curedvegetables for a longer snap beans and tur- time, repack them ir nips can also be preservedby Method I. to smaller containersthat Preparing: Select tender goodquality vege- can be sealed. These thenare heat processed in tables. Wash well in a boiling water bath 25minutes for pint safe water. If youare tainers and 30 minutes con- using carrots or beets, trimthe tops. Leave the for quarts. If it is not carrots whole without slicingor cutting. Snap possible to heatprocess the cured vegetables, beans can be cut into keep the containerin as coola place as possi- pieces or left whole. ble, and keep the Scald them in boilingwater for 5 minutes. uct is scum removed until the prod- Cool them quickly. Cauliflowershould be cut entirely usedup. Remember if the in pieces. Greens must weather is warm,a cured vegetable be washed several tinies keep a short time may only to remove grit. unless it is heatprocessed. Brining and Packing:Pack the vegetables Me 'hod IL For Heavier firmly in clean containers. Dry Salting . Cover them witha Vegetables: Corn, shelled clean cloth or leaves andweight down as out- peas, shelled lima lined in Method I. Thenpour over them a brine beans, celery, okra. made by dissolving -cup Preparing: Select freshtender vegetables of of salt in 1 gallon good quality. If of safe water and 1cup of vinegar. Be sure the you are using corn,remove the brine comes up husks and silks. Boilit 10 minutes toset the over the weighted cover. Store milk. Cut the kernelsfrom the cob, but not the containers ina cool place. Watch andre- too close. If using move scum as it forms. Addmore brine when peas or lima beans, shell and needed. scald them in boilingwater for 5 minutes. Cool them quickly. If using The fermentation periodis about 10 daysor celery or okra, washthe 2 weeks. Vegetablespreserved this way will vegetables in safewater. Cut them crosswise keep lorger if they into short lengths.Scald celery in boiling can be repacked it. smaller water for 5 minutes and containers, sealed, andprocessed in boiling cool it quickly. water as outlined in Method Salting and Packing: Use1 lb. or 3 cups of I. salt for each 5 lbs. of Before cooking for tableuse they need only veglitables. Mix thevege- to be rinsed wit*eater. They will not need table well with salt.PAN* t firmly into the soaking., , 101 101 CHILD CARE

It is not hard toget parents, government officials, or agencies your own use. Two otherbooklets you should interested in something that have are: affects the well-beingof children. For example, in one small village 1. Care for YourBabyFESAID Sanita- it was a miracle ifa child tion Series #9 survived his secondyear. The village chief told the new village 2.Child Careby Dr. MaryElizabeth Keis- worker, "you are welcometo ter, FAO. work with thewomen if you teach them how to keep our children alive."Her program started right there. Getting Ready for the NewBaby Almost everythingyou teach in home econ- Help women whoare pregnant understand omics affectschildren. Bring childrenand how important it is forthem to do certain their needs intoevery subject you teach : food things before theirbaby comes. A pregnant and nutrition, sanitation,home improvement, woman must think first of herown health. The home management,gardening, clothing, andso surest way for her to havea healthy baby is to on. Consider childcare as part of a totalpro- be healthy herself. gram for improved living. If possible,a woman should go to a doctor, Even the best teachingon child care cannot trained midwife, healthcenter, or dispensary do much good unlessthe home and community as soon as she knows she is goingto have a become healthful placesto rear children. If baby. They will check herhealth, tell her how houses haveno windows, if they are hot, damp, to take care of herself,help her plan for the and unsanitary, ifthere are no latrines, if baby's delivery,and teach her how to takecare water for the family isunsafe andscarce, if of the baby. there are flies andmosquitoes everywhere, You can help teach villagemothers many then you can notaccomplish much byteaching things about takingcare of themselves while mothers betterways of caring for their chil- they are pregnant. Oneof the most important dren. Under suchpoor living conditions, they things a pregnantwoman can do is to eat the would have a hardtime putting the principles right foods. This willhelp her stay well and of child careyou are teaching into practice. have a strong baby. Itwill also prepare her Many peopleare helping to teach childcare: body to make milk tofeed the baby. (See health workers,doctors,trained midwives, page 43.) sanitarians, socialwelfare workers, andschool Pregnant women should bevery certain they teachers. Workingtogether, you and thesepeo- also get plenty of rest,sleep, and exercise. En- ple can havea better and broaderprogram than any oneperson or group can have ing alone. work- This chapter triesto highlightsome of the most important thingsabout caring for bables and children. Adaptmethods toyour area. Every country hasmuch materialon this subject: books, pamphlets,posters,films, and many other teaching aids basedon local needs and resources. You shouldlearn what theseare and where theymay be obtained. Get themfor

A healthy baby likethis one in Basutoland is thedream of every mother. (Photoat left, page 102). Ida 103 courage pregnant women to rest when they are uid (water, tea, coffee, or milk) each day. tired during the day, and to get plenty or sleep If her bowels do not move regularly, she at night. Lying down for a while each day may be helped by eating more fruits and veg- helps keep a pregnant woman from getting too etables. Pregnant women should not take strong tired. If she cannot lie down, suggest that she medicines to make their bowels move or get rid sit with her feet up for a few minutes at least of worms unless the doctor tells them to. once a day. Sometimes a pregnant woman's legs feel Pregnant wonien need moderate exercise. very tired and heavy. It may be because the They can keep on with most of the things they baby is pressing on the blood vessels. This usually do. However, if possible, they should slows down theflowof blood from the avoid lifting, pushing, or pulling heavy things. mother's legs.This is another reason why Doing their normal work around the house or lying down for a few minutes several times a taking a walk each day is enough. day with her legs propped up higher than her A pregnant woman should keep her body body helps relieve discomfort. If a pregnant clean. A clean skin is important to good health. woman has swollen legs or hands, she should Washing her body every day, or as often as see a doctor if at all possible. One important possible, will make her feel more eomfortable thing she can do to help get rid of the swelling and look more attractive. The little pores or is stop adding salt to the food she eats and to holes in the skin can do their work better if stop eating foods that taste salty. dirt and sweat are washed away every day. During the first few months of pregnancy, After the seventh month of pregnancy, she some women feel sick at their stomachs early should take a little extra time to wash her in the morning when they first get up. After breasts well. A small amount of liquid comes the first 3 months, the body gets used to the out of the nipples at this time. If it dries in the changes of pregnancy and morning sickness tiny wrinkles in the skin, the skin will crack disappears. Pregnant women can often avoid and become sore. Germs can enter the cracks nausea if they eat a small amount of dry food and cause infection. The woman can help prev- before getting oilt of bed. If a woman feels ent soreness and cracking by rubbing cocoa sick, suggest that she not drink anything for butter or a mild oil on her nipples. an hour or until her stomach feels all right. Not only the pregnant mother, but also the Later during pregnancy many women have a whole family should be extra careful to avoid hot feeling in their throat or stomach after disease at this time. The health center, the eating.Ifthis happens, suggest that the doctor, or visiting nurse can provide immuniza- woman eat less at each meal, but eat more tions or medication to protect the family often and avoid spicy foods. When a woman is against disease or worm infestation. It is im- pregnant, her stomach has less room in which portant for the new baby to be born in a to work. She will be more comfortable if she healthy family. puts smaller amounts of food in it at mealtime Teach women to keep themselves as comfort- and if she sits and walks around for about an able as possible. A few small discomforts are hour before lying down to sleep or rest. norMal during pregnancy, but women can be A pregnant woman's back may ache at more comfortable if they know what causes times, especially during the second half of her these discomforts and how to relieve them. pregnancy. Flat shoes and a wide band of cloth As a baby grows in size within the mother's snugly tied or pinned around her body where body, it crowds some of the organs that lie the baby i:4 growing will help hold the baby near it.It presses on the bladder that lies and her back. When she is lying down, a small below the womb and makes the mother feel she pillow or folded cloth under the lower part of needs to pass urine more often. She should not her back may make her more comfortthle. You reduce the amount of liquid she drinks unless might also suggest that she ask someone to her doctor tells her to. She will keep in better give her back a good rubbing now and then. health if she continues to drink 6-8 cups of liq- It is very important that pregnant women

104 $ 104 report unusual problems atonce Teach village women to recognize when somethingis wrong. They shouldgo to the health center, if possible, and tell the doctoror nurse about it. Many problems can be correctedbefore they harm the mother's healthor her baby's. Here aresome of the unusual problemspreg- nant women should watchout for and report to a doctor or nurse : swelling of hands, face, legs,or feet dizzy feeling spot: before theeyes a very bad headache that doesn'tgo away a sudden gain of weight (clothesand rings feel tight) vomiting day after day only a small amount ofurine each day pain when passingurine chills and fever blood or other fluidcoming from t he birth canal. If bleeding continuesfrom the birth canal, it may be a sign that a miscarriageis starting. A Fold and store them ina clean place until miscarriageoccurs when the baby is born time for the baby to arrive. before the fifth monthof pregnancy. It is still Have clean clothes ready forherself and the new baby. too small to liveoutaide the mother'sbody. A miscarriagecan sometimes be preventedby When getting ready fora new baby and complete rest in bed, Ifbleeding occurs, advise after he arrives, it isimportant for the mother the woman tosave the discharge,go to bed, and father to givesome extra attention and love and be examinedby a doctoror trained mid- to their other children.Sometimes, older chil- wife at once, if possible. dren may feel theyare no longer loved because the baby needsso much of the parents' time. Prepare a good homefor the baby Clothes for the baby A good home fora baby is one where he is A mother should planto have enough baby wanted, and the wholefanAily is glad he is clothes to keep the babyclean and dry at all coming. A good home isalso one whereevery- times. Baby clothes shouldbe loose and fullso thing is clean and readyfor him. Hereare some the babycan move his arms and legsfreely. things a villagewoman can do to preparea They should be made ofsoft, lightweight mate- good home : rial that is easy towash. Babies often spitup on their clothing. Choose baby Keep the house andits surroundings extra clothing that is clean. cool or warmas needed. Arrange to have clean, Shirts andgowns with openings are the easi- safe water for all est kind to put the family to drinkand to bathe the baby on small babies. Garments that in every day. tie are easier to handlethan those that button. Clothing with a drawstring Prepare a clean, comfortablebed for her- around the neck is self andone for the baby. dangerous. Brum and air themattress or pad. Diapers Wash sheets andblankets withsoap and water and hang them In some countries, babieswear diapers or in the sun to dry. nappies. In otherareas, pads are placed under .1C-- 45 105 floor or ground so it will not get damp or dusty. It must be protected from animals and insects. If mothers use a crib, they should be sure the bars are close enough together so that the baby e:annot get his head caught between them. Bedding Before her baby arrives, each mother should have : A firm mattress or part to put in the bottom of a baby's bed. You can show her how to make one from local materials such as corn husks or dried grasses cut up very fine. Kapok, sometimes called silk-cotton, trees grow in many countries. When the seeds have the baby's bottom. Remind mothers to ekiange a been removed (pulled out by hand), kapok diaper or pad as soon as it becomes wet or makes an excellent fil,er for a baby's mattress. soiled. She should prepare enough to keep the Put the filling in a bag. Make a cover for the baby dry and clean at all times. mattress from heavy, washable material. Re- Diapers and pads need special care in wash- mind her to keep it clean and change the filling ing. Show mothers how to soak wet or soiled when it gets soiled or starts to smell. A folded diapers or pads in a pail of cold water until clean blanket makes a good pad that can be they can be washed. Some vinegar can be easily washed. It is not good to use a pillow added to the water as it will help stop bad for a pad because it is too soft to provide firm smells. The pail should be covered to keep out support for a baby's back. flies. Leaves, cardboard, cloth, or any Eier Waterproof material to protect the mat- material available can be used for a cover. tress or pad. Rubber, plastic, or soft, Diapers and pads should be washed in hot smooth leaves such as banana may be used water with mild soap. Remind her to be sure under the baby to protect the mattress. she rinses all the soap out. Strong soap or soap The baby's skin should never touch the left in diapers will make the baby's skin sore. waterproof covering because he may get After washing, diapers should be hung in the sores on his skin. sun to dry if possible. Otherwise they need to Sheets for the bed should be made from be boiled frequently. Sun or heat help to kill some washable cotton material. A mother germs. should have enough sheets to keep the bed clean and dry at all times. A place for the baby to sb ep Blankets are needed to keep the l xby warm in cool weather. They can be cotton or wool, Tire newborn baby should have his own depending on the weather. place to sleep. When a baby sleeps with his Mosquito netting to cover the baby's bed 1nothyr or some other grownup, he may get if the windows and door of the house are smothered or catch any illness or disease the not covered with screens. Insects can carry adtk may have. However, a mother may want disease. They will also make a baby very the baby in her bed at night to keep him warm, protect him from rats, or make it easier to u ncomfortable. nurse him. She should put him in his own bed as soon as she thinks it advisable. Plan for Delivery Baby's bed may be a crib, basket, or cloth- If her baby will be delivered at home, a lined, padded box. It should be kept off the pregnant woman hhould : Baby beds take many forms aroundthe wol J.

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Make a large waterproof pad to protect ing to be born. The process is called labor, and her mattress from being soiled during de- it usually begins with mild cramps or pains in livery. Pads can be made from rubber, the lower back or lower part of the stomach. plastic,largeleaves, rush matting,or As time passes, these cramps happen more newspaper. She should cover the pad with often, get harder, and come at regular inter- a clean cloth if it can't be washed with vals. Sometimes the bag of water a.ouni the soap and water. baby breaks during labor and there is either a Prepare 12 rags about 45 centimeters or 18 sudden gush or a steady leak of water from the inches square. They should be washed in birth canal. Remind pregnant women that they soap and water, hung in the sun to dry, should be sure to let the doctor or midwife then folded and stored in a clean place. know when this happens. She will wear these until the bleeding Midwives stops after the baby is born. Arrange with the doctor or a trained mid- The care a mother and her baby receivo dur- wife for her delivery. ing delivery is of great importance to the If her baby will be del: vered in a maternity health and well-being of both. If the pregnant center, siie should : woman will use a midwife, help her select one Make arrangements with the center ahead who has received good training. Most countries of time, if possible. now have extensive prcgrmns for training mid- Take clean clothes for herself and the baby. wives. Generally it is no longer necessary to In a maternity center, a pregnant woman use one who is not trained. A trained midwife will have proper assistance and her baby can will : be given expert care in the first hours and days wash her hands well before touching any after birth. This is an important time for both materials to be used during delivery and the mother and the baby. before delivering the baby. A woman will know when her bah- is 4f-rt- cut the co:..d with a clean instrurnmt which

Midwives in Afghanistan receive special traini..g in delivering and caring for babies and mothers.

111

108 108 she has boiled justbefore using. cover the cord stump witha clean, dry cloth, and nothing else. put silver nitrate dropsor penicillin oint- ment on the baby'seyes within an hour after it is born. get help froma doctor if there are problems.

After the Baby Arrives Feeding A baby should bekept clean, comfortable, and contented andhe will grow steadilyand gradually. Theone thing that doesmore than anything else to keepa baby healthy, happy, and gro wing wellduring his firstyear is to be nursed at the breast.Mother's milk is exactly right fer a baby'sneeds. A baby findscomfort and feels safe whenhe is held in hismother's arms for nursing. The mother must eat well This mother in SierraLeone knows how to hold her herself to make 2noughmilk for the baby. baby so he feelssecure while he is being bathed. When Sunshine helps babies she holds him in thismanner he cannot slidfrom her grow strong bones. In hands while he issoapy. some parts of the world,babies alwayswear so much heavy clothingthat they get thedirect rays of the sun only how to wash all thecreases and between the on their faces. In other fingers and toes. I? mind countries, especiallyin the tropics, babiesare them to bathe the always kept inthe shade. These baby in a warm placeout of drafts. The baby babies may should not be put in need some fishliver oil or vitaminD to help a tub until his navel is make their bones healed. Hemay be sponged off withwarm, strong. Refer mothersto clean water for the first your health departmentto learn how toget few weeks. any spccial vitamins theirbabies need. Sleep More informationon feeding babies and children is givenon pages 44-58. A very young babysleeps most of till day and night. His beddingand clothing should be Bathing the Baby clean, dry, and suitablefor the weather. Until a baby is able to turn over by himself, Babies should bebathed every day to he needs them clean and keep to have someone changehis position in bed comfortable. Just beforefeed- from time to time. This isless tiring for the ing is a good time.Warn mothers touse only safe water for baby's baby and more interesting.He also hasmore bath. Have them boilit chances to learn touse his body. for at least 10 minutesand let it cool before A baby sleeps better using it. Everythingthat is used for the when he is not dis- should be thoroughly bath turbed. Thismeans, for example, when he is clean. Mothers should not in someone'sarms or lap or tied to wash their own handsbefore starting to a per- the baby. They bathe son's back. The babyshould be put to sleep ina should use a clean softcloth place where hecan stretch and play when he and mild soap towash the baby anda clean wakes. soft towel to dry him. Teach them topay special attention to the Health care baby's face, hands,and buttocks. Show them Babies should be taken tethe doctor or clinic los 109 11, for regular examinations. The doctor will tell a mother how often to bring her baby to see him. This is the best way for her to be sure the baby is growing normally and learn how to care for him. The doctor will treat any disease or injury a baby may have and give him injections to protect him from some of the serious diseases. Pages 124-127 of this book will tdl you about the diseases that can be prevonted by immunization. Everything that touches a baby sl:vild be kept cleanhis food, water, dishes, cicaing, and beddhig. A baby so.nild have plenty of fresh air and sunshine, but to should not get sunburned.

Babies need protection from flies, mosqui- orn toes, and other insects. These carry diseases. Sick people should stay away from babies. If the baby's mother is sick or has a cold, she '215111111117 should keep her face awa;,, fron, his and not breathe on him. This will help prevent her There is no doubt that this baby in Basutoland knows that he is loved and wanted. Tender loving care helps a from giving the cold to the baby. If she is very baby grow. sick, someone else should care for the baby. The mother will get well faster too if she can rest while she is sick. When a baby plays, he uses his eyes, mouth, hands, and whole body. Let him have many As a Child Grows chances to play and give him things to play with. The best toys for a baby or small child Taking care of a baby and watching him are large, round, or blunt objects that cannot grow and develop can be a delight. Getting break and that can be washed. He should be him off to a good start towa-cl a healthy, able to hold them easily. They should be safe for happy, useful life gives much satisfaction and him to chew on. If the toys or objects are a joy. bright color, he will see them more easily, All children need to feel loved, wanted, and especially when he is very young. Small, sharp, safe. Usually a child's own family, his mother pointed, or breakable playhings should not be and father, possibly with the help of an older given to a child. Keep toys clean. brother or sister, or grandparent, are the people best suited to care for him. A child cared How a baby grows and develops for away from his home may need extra attention to feel safe and secure. Of course, a child A healthy baby grows every day. He grows should always be treated kindly but firmly. heavier and taller. He becomes more skilled in Even when a baby is only a few days old, he the use of his whole body. You will also notice needs love as much as he needs food. He should that he becomes more interested in making be cuddled when he is fed. Talk to him. A baby sounds. He sees and begins to notice people and enjoys being talked to and he learns to talk by things around him. imitating what he hears. Both his parents and Not all babies grow and develop at the his brothers and sisters should show that they same rate. Some grow and develop fast. Some love him by patting him and playing with him grow large. Others grow slowly and never be- not only when he is crying but also at other come very large. The following is about the times. order a baby learns to do things :

- 11 0 110 'MC

.601

to .0 1tia,

This Indian village worker hnlpsthe women check on tin' growth and development of theirbabies. Makes sounds and cries as soon as he is The Second Year born. All over the world too many babies become Begins to look at mother or other familiar sick and often die during their second year. person and smile at about 2 to 3 months. Why ? It is because this is the time a baby is Begins to gurgle and coo and hold up his weaned from his mother's breast. Often the head at about 3 to 4 months. food he is given is not sanitary and also does Reaches for and tries to grab an object, not give him enough nourishment. Whether laughs out loud, and babbles at about 4 the baby lives and becomes strong and healthy months. after he is weaned depends almost entirely on Sits up with support at about 6 months. how his mother feeds him. See page 49 on Sits alone and plays with toys, putting how to feed a child of this age. everythh.g in his mouth ; back, arms and Remind mothers that having everything legs become stronger at about 8 months. very clean is just as important for this little Crawls or hitches along to get across the toddler as it is for the infantfood, dishes, floor, pulls himself up to standing posi- water, clothing, bedding, and his body. Chil- tion, and tries to stand alone at 9 to 10 dren should not sitorliedirectly on the months. ground without a shirt and pair of pants for Tries to walk holding to someone's hand protection. They can get diseases from the dirt. learns a few wordslegs, arms, back, Shoes or sandals help protect th6r feet from and brain much more developed (about 1 picking up infections from the soil. year). This is the time to begin training a child to use the pot or latrine and to begin teaching Begins teethingsometimes at 6 months, him good habits of eating, sleeping, and clean- sometimes at 1 year. liness, such as washing his hands before han- Walks alone and explores everything a- roundpicks upobjectslearns more dling food. wordslaughs and enjoys all members of the familymind and body developing. The Years Before School Works at being a real member of the fam- Sometimes children from 2 to 5 years old are ily (between .irst and second year). neglected by their parents. They are no longer People can help a baby grow and develop by : considered babies, but they are not ready for school. Children this age are not old enough to Holding bright things for his eye to follow look after themselves. They often do not get and for him to try to reach. the attention the children in school get. But Holding, cuddling, talking, and playing these years are highly important to the health with him. and future development of every child. Putting him on his stomach to play and Parents want their children to do well in look around. school. The best way they can help each child Letting him sit up on their lap or a clean is to give him a strong, healthy body. Food mat. continues to be of great importance. See page Propping him up with pillows. 51. These are the years when children have Giving him clean, safe things to handle, the usual childhood diseases. They need plenty play with, and suck on. of the right foods to help them resist these diseases and to rebuild their bodies after illness. Giving him a clean, clear space to crawl in. During this time, children are also growing Holding both his hands while he toddles. fast. They are very active, running and play- Making the house safe for him to explore, ing. They need foods for energy and body talking to him, letting him try to feed building at this time too. himself, giving him lots of praise and Parents should take special care to continue loving attention. training the young child in good habits of eat- or

APP.'

Governments find it hard to reach pre-school children with good nutrition programs. Honduras is expanding its services to this age group at health centers, feeding centers, and nursery schools. Pre-school children are fortunate if there isa local nursery school.

70.

k' ing, sleeping, and cleanliness before he starts to school. Children need firm treatment. Love them and treat them kindly, but be firm, too. Parents should show the child clearly what they want him to do and then see that he does it. If they want him to learn to obey, tney must be sure to follow through to see that he obeys. Parents should never let a child feel it doesn't matter Children must play whether he obeys or not. This may happen if Play helps children's bodies grow. It also they threaten a child with punishment and helps develop their minds and teaches them to then fail to carry it out. Constant threatening get along with other children and with adults. makes it harder to train children to obey. Chil- Time spent in play is time spent learning many dren respond to reasoning, kindness, and love important things. Children learn from playing much quicker than they dc to threats of pun- as well as from working. ishment. Remind parents to praise the child Play is one of the chief ways children use when he does well. Then he will want to do their curiosity and learn to invent and create. well again. Play helps them develop their own individual- ity and find interests, that will be useful to Prevent accidents them when they grow up. It is important for a child to have toys. Toys Most small children are very active and cu- need not cost much money. A child can learn rious about the world around them. They learn from simple things his father or mother can about many things by feeling them and tasting make for him. Building blocks, a cart with them. Because they do not understand which wooden wheels, and stuffed dolls or animals things will hurt them and which will not, par- made from cloth scraps are ,examples. All toys ents must be careful to keep harmful objects should be washable and kept .tlean in case a such as knives, scissors, arrows, pointed sticks, small child puts them in his mouth. Toys and broken glass out of their reach. They can should be too big for a child to swallow and cause painful cuts and even make a child blind strong enough so he cannot pull off small parts if they strike his eyes. of them to put in his mouth, nose, or ear. Chil- dren put everything in their mouths so it is Little children like to taste everything and better not to paint the toys since many paints cannot tell what ...astes good or bad. Medicines, have lead in them. Lead is poisonous and hard soaps, household cleaners, bug killers, kero- to get out of the body. sene, acids, and lye can poison or burn a child It is good for every child to have some pos- if he touches or swallows them. All of these sessions of his own. It teaches him to take care things should be kept in a high cupboardor locked in a box or cabinet where the childcan- of things and to respect the possessions of oth- not get them. The same care should be taken ers. Learning to take care of their own play- with ail poisons or chemicals used in farming. things teaches children responsibility. This is important totheirsuccessinschool and Until he learns about the dangers of fire, through life. road traffic, deep water, etc., a child should al- As children get a little older, they learn to ways be carefully watched by a responsible play with anything available, such as sand, adult or older child to keep him from being shells, sticks, leaves, etc. They also invent their burned, drowned, or run over. They must keep own games. Play helps to make children more him at a safe distance or provide protection ready for school. When they phy, they are from open fires, ovens, hot water, firecrackers, learning by themselves about the real things pools, drainage calals, andopen wells. which they will later read about in books.

114 114 Children in India and Puerto Ricoare the same. They play with whatever is available.

Parents and older children should take a lit- When Children Go to School tle time each day to play withthe small children, talk and sing to them, andtake an interest Children need the help of theirparents and in what they are doing. Parentscan tell pleas- the whole family if theyare to like school and ant stories to their childrenand help them do well in their studies. Themother and father learn to sing little simplesongs. They should must take an interest in whattheir childrenare not tell children storiesthat scare them, and learning ,n school and helpthem in everyway should answer a child'squestions in a kind. in- they can. Children needpraise for studying telligent way. Remember hard and parents should,if possible,arrange a : playing is growing, quiet place for their children learning, and preparingfor school. Playing is to study. Home- for every day. work for school isas important as any other work in the house. These third-grade children and eager to learn. in Afghanistan are alert

44 Sleep right away and carefully follow the advice Like younger children, children going to they give her. school not only need lots of sleep, but they need Mak6 a good home life for children restful sleep. What helps a child to sleep well? a little cot or small bed all his own when Children learn from what they hear andsee this is possible. He should not sleep with around them every day. Parents should realize grownups. that children watch everything they do and clean bedding and a good firm mattress or imitate them. Children want Zo be like thepeo- pad. ple they like and admire. Parents should seta if needed, a net to protect against insects. good example. If parents want their children fresh air circulating around his bed. to behave well, they must tell their' and show a quiet place away from noise, loud voices, them what they expect. If theysay "please" and "thank you", the children soon willcopy etc. them. When parents quarrel, children quarrel. exercise in the fresh air and a nourishing It is not good for children to live in noise, meal before going to bed. disorder, and unpleasantness. Children do best light covering for cool weather. where family members are kind and pleasant loose and dry clothing for sleep. with each other, where parents show interest in their children's growth and learning, and Clothes have regular times for eating and sleeping. It Clean. neat clothing and a clean body give is good for children to havea place to keep theschoolchildself-confidence.Children their clothes, toys, books, and personal belong- should not be sent to school in dirtyor torn ings. Then they know where to find themand clothes. If he has clean clothes that he feels learn to be responsible for them. proud of, it will be easier to get the child to wash or take a bath so he will be clean all over Activities and Visual Aids before he goes to school. Use or adapt these examples in your teach- Encourage mothers to choose cottun mate- ing to make learning more interesting in rials that can easily be washed for their chil- classes for parents. Refer to the "Food and Nu- dren's school clothes. School clothes should be trition" chapter for suggestions simple, not fancy. They should be comfortable on foods. and suitable for play and spurts as wellas for I.Getting ready for the baby the schoolroom. Give demonstrations on : (a) How to prepare a simple, inexpensive Keeping children well meal that meets the food needs of a Mothers should watch their children forany pregnant woman. signs of sickness. If a child feels hot, looks (b) How to prepare clean utensils for stor- pale or flushed, does not want to eator play, ing 13( led water. vomits, or has a bad cough and cold, she should Use a flannelgraph to show the needs ofa seek help. The doctor or nursecan help you pregnant woman : teach mothers the danger signs of illness and good diet,rest, exercise, and reguiar what to do. visits to a health center. A mother should keepa sick child quiet and Use films, filmstrips, slides, or posters when away from other children. She should not force you discuss : him to eat, but perhaps try to give hima little sanitation in and around the house. boiled water. She should not givea baby or child cleaning the house and surroundings. any medicine unless it is recommended by the immunizations and preventing disease. doctor or health nurse. If the child becomes food for healthful growth. worse after several hours or overnight, she Have mothers list things in their houses should go to the health centeror dispensary and yards that might cause sicknecz or 116 Ar),

accidents to babies and children. baby who became sick and weak after Invite a health nurse or doctor to talk he was weaned. Have her tell what foods with mothers about why they should visit a baby needs after he has been taken ofr the health center regularly for checkups the breast. before and after the baby comes, and what Give demonstrations and use visuals to health services are available for mothers show how to guard a toddler from danger. and children. Arrange a display of things that are dan- Exhibit and discuss : gerous to the child such as kerosene, medi- clothes needed for a new baby. cines, sprays, knives, nails, pins, etc., and equipment needed for bathing the baby. that muat be kept out of reach. Show prospective parents how to make Show how to make simple safe toys such baby beds. as spools, blocks, small boxes, beanbags, ILAfter the baby arrives and stuffed animals. Give demonstrations on : Sot up an exhibit of safe, easy-to-make (a) Bathing a babyinclude boiling and toys. cooling water, preparing needed equip- IV.The years before school ment and supplies, etc. Display the different kinds of foods a (b) Washing, drying, and caring for a child needs each day to grow and be baby's diapers and other clothing. healthy. Include energy, building, and pro- Use a fiannelgraph, posters, or films to tective foods. show : Demonstrate how to prepare a nourishing (a) Importance of breast feeding. meal for a pre-school child. (b) Kind of diet nursing mothers need. Use posters, flashcards, film, or filmstrips (c) How a baby grows and develops. to show children practicing such good Invite four or five mothers with healthy health habits as eating a variety of foods, babies of different ages to bring them to sleeping lo ag hours, keeping hair, eyes, a meeting. For example, a baby 2 months nails, and teeth clean, washing hands be- old, a baby of 5 to 6 months, a baby 8 fore eating and after going to the toilet, to 9 months, and a baby a year old. Point and taking a bath. out differences in the stage of develop- Invite a primary teacher or school princi- ment each has reached. You might make pal to tell mothers and fathers how they a record or photograph of each child and, can prepare their children for school and 6 months later, have them bring thesame what the children should be learnitg before babies again to see the changes that have they start to school. taken place in each. Show how to make suitable toys tor in- V.When children go to school fants (such as a rattle from a gourd) and Give demonstrations on : how to provide things to attract their at- (a) Preparing a good nourishing meal for tention (hanging a bright-colored cloth, a child to eat before he starts off to feathers, or ribbon over the baby's bed for school. him to watch.) (b) Preparing 4 simple, nutritious lunch for the child to carry to school. III. Baby's second year Let mothers act out a play or skit about Give demonstrations on : two families with children in school. Let (a) Preparing foods for the baby who is one be a family in which parents do not being wea;led. help or encourage children in their school- (b) How to feed the baby with aspoon or work and the other one where the parents give him milk from a cup. pay careful attention to the child's need for Use puppets to show the mother ofa food, clothing, rest, play, and study. Try healthy baby talking to the mother ofa to bring out the difference in the interest

117 f", 117 and progress the children in the two fami- simple remedies and first aid treatments lies makn in their schoolwork. they can use for accidents and minor ill- Invite teachers to your meetings to talk nesses. to parents. Arrange skits and plays to show : Arrange for a group of parents to visit the school to learn more about the school pro- (a) Two families, one quarrelsnme, noisy, gram. and disorderly ; the other happy, Exhibit a bedroom with a part screened off and well organized. The skit should that a school child can claim for his own. show how children react in each type Show a small homemade bed and home- of home. made storage for a chila's clothes and (b) A family in which parents are not personal belongings. firm with the children, let them dis- Demonstrate how a well-lighted study area obey at certain times, and at other for a school child can be arranged in a times threaten to punish them and village home. then don't do it. Try to show in the Invite health officials to teach mothers how skit the effect lack of discipline has on to recognize that a child is..k and what the children. HEALTH

Many people have never known what it is Also learn what health resourcesare availa- like to feel well and be healthy. ble in your area ; where the clinics,health cen- When a person does not feel like eating,can- ters, and hospitals are located; who the doc- not work, or has a severe pain, hemay take tors,nurses, licensed midwives, sanitarians, medicine, see a doctor, or go to a hospital. He and health education workersAn your area are knows he is sick. Serious sickness isa big and where they are located; andwhat kinds of problem and often a big expense to the family. health programs are carriedon in the schools. But many people have sicknesses suchas malaria, dysentery, parasites, and malnutrition Health Is Your Job that they have lived with all their lives. They do not realize theyare sick or know they can As you work and talk with the peoplein the do something about it. Allover the world peo- village, you willsee and hear about their ple need to understand what good healthis and health problems almostevery day. This will what they can do to make themselves, their give you a chance to help them betterunder- families, and their entire village healthier. stand what causes many of these problemsand People need to understand that theirevery- what they can do. Much of the workyou do in day living habits havengreat influence on the village will be related directlyor indirectly their health. These inclvde what theyeat, how to improving the health of the people.You will they cook and wash dishes, the kind ofwater want to work closely with all the otherpeople they drink, and whetheror not they keep doing health work inyour area. themselves clean and live in a clean house with Some village workers have madea mistake clean wirroundings. They need to learn what by overlooking the "medicine man"or "witch sanitation has to do with good health. doctor". While these menare not profession- ally trained and may not have reliableknowl Health Is a National Problem edge about health, it is wise to recognizetheir influence on the people whogo to them. Some Many people thought to be lazy and shiftless villageworkershaveworkedsuccessfully actually are sick and do not have enoughen- through these medicinemen, teaching them ergy to work. Their thinking is dulled because and giving them correct informationon the they are in poor physical condition. Theydo not kinds of health problems they dealwith. make productive citizens. It is important to remember thatthe medi- Most governments now consider healthas cine man cares about the people inthe village one of the first and major problems to deal where he works and ti. It he is alwaystrying to with in nationaldrwelopment. They know help them. Y may be able to help him do a health: citizens will be happier,able to work "defter job by telling him what isin this chap- better, more energetic, andmore alert. They ter of your handbookor by letting him read it will be better citizens, better villagers,and be- if he can. Anotherway you might help him is ter parents. Most countries havemany kinds of by letting 1-lirn assistyou with some of your dem- health programs. Find out about thosein your onstrations. country. The World Health Organization(WHO) was Safe Drinking Water formed within the United Nations todeal with One of the most importantways you can health problems thatare important to people help village people improve theirhealth is by in all parts of the world. WHOhas many dif- helping them to get anduse safe water. Safe ferent kinds ofprograms. Find out what work water is free fromgerms that csuse typhoid this organization is doingyour country. fever, dysentery, cholera, infectioushepatitis, N . 119 119 Each member of the family should have his own drinking cup. These can easily be made from a tin can, gourd, or coconut shell if cups are not available. Separate cups help prevent the spread of germs from one person to another. Disposal of Wastes Wastes include trash, garbage, used water, human excreta, and animal wastes. Garbage and trash left around the home are food ft:L. flies, roaches, mice, and rats. These insects and rodents often carry disease germs from one person to another. These germs may cause diseases like typhoid fever, dysentery, murine ty- phus fever, rathife fever, food poisoning, and cholera. It may be hard to convince villagers how important cleanliness is to their health. However, keeping the house and yard clean is one of the best ways families can protect themselves This worker in Thailand is demonstrating how to boil against these diseases. Disposing of wastes water to make it safe for drinking. She is checking to see that it is really boiling before she starts to count safely is one of the first steps in having a clean time. house and clean s rro undings. Teach families never to let garbage, trash, and other diseases. Even though water to,.y or wastes of any kind pile up in or around the look clear and clean, it can have disease germs home. Help them to understand that when in it. You cannot tell if water is safe by looking every house and yard in the community is kept at it. clean, everyone benefits. Human waste or night soil is very danger- How many people in your village get their ous. It always carries disease germs. Diseases water from an open well, an irrigation ditch,a that human waste can spread include hook- river, or a stream? Water from such unsafe worm, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera schis- sources will most likely be full of disease tosomiasis(bilharzia),infectioushepatitis germs because people put human excreta in (liver disease), roundworm, and many others. them. Human excreta always has germs in it. Night soil should never be used on the gar- Consult your local health officers about ways den. People should never touch it with their to help people get a safe water supply. A sani- hands. There is no known way to treat night tary well to supply v1ater for a number of fam- soil at home to make it safe. It is responsible ilies or the whole village is pro.Jably flie best for much of the hookworm people have. Both way. This can be one of --our most important children and adults should always wear shoes improvement projects. if they come in contact with night soil because Unless water comes from a source which has hookworm enters the body through the feet. been tested and found safe, boiling is the In most villages, the safest and cheapest way stir( st way to make it safe. Doil water for at to dispose of human waste is the sanitary la- least 10 minutes. Store it in a clean, covered trine. In most countries, the health department contsiner. Always use boiled water for drink- has sanitary inspectors working in rural ars. ing, washing fruits and vegetables to be eaten Ask the sanitary inspector from your health raw, mixing with powdered milk, making ice, dc-partment to help you get people to build sani- and brushing teeth. tary latrines. He can help you choose suitable

120120 OPP

This bamboo latrine has a raised doorwayto make it .-harder for snakes and other vermin toget inside. Garbage containers can be made of many easilyavaila- ble aterials. This honiernaker in Puerto Rico has made one of an old nail keg. She has puta tight-fitting lid on it to keep out flies.

locations. He will also know the best kindsof inexpensive material available and howto build the latrines. Garbage consists of food wastes suchas peelings, scraps, and bones. Every familyshould collect its garbage in a container witha tight- fitting cover. Use garbaF;eas feed for fnrrn animals such as pigs, chickens, andgoats, bury it, or use it for fertilizer. To use garbage for fertilizer, empty it into a pitor trench, sprinkle a thin coat of lime over i1t, and thencover it with about 10 inches of dirt to keep flies andani- mals ovt. Leave it buried `4 to 3 monthsbefore using. The lime helps make thegarbage become better fertilizer to use in your gai:den. Trash such as tincans, old bottles, tasty Newly made sanitary latrine base slabssre dy for nails, broken dishes. 1 *-ags, paper,'c. distribution to villagers in Nicaragua. Thesesl be are placed over a pit and a seat box is fittedover thc open- brush, and other rubt pfovides bre( ' ing. Wooden covers .4re placedover fht- seat opening places for rats. Stagnant puMesAre when the latrine is not in use that holds water can bea brecO., .ee ft.,r ----- _ some of the worst household pests. No one - 1 oi 110.:-...... IOUS - weal...... wants them around. They bite and make a per- ili 010 In:::: GI I ii Ili HMO row PI of 1 son uncomfortable. They carry disease germs. III IONS I I . le 1011 a 11 "MI 1 A /II WW1 111 OH Malaria, yellow fever, and filariasis are dis- ::: : 11 VI /111 WWI i : HUI :VS1 IU1111011 111 I Is VI 1:i au 102 1 11 1 eases carried by different kinds of mosquitoes. 1 11 VI :,: I: I::: 1 H MI 111 Pius . .... Rats and mice are very destructive. They eat I 11111111 a 11 NI i: P. 110110 . : .... 01111_111 In ION. 11 11 food and feed that the family and animals 11 VI 1 11 MI MOO : NI I. :: 11 need. All of these dangerous pests live and HI WM II II' 151 1 l IOUs 11 MI a 11 us 1 4: UM: 11 I 1 breed in dark, dirty, and damp places. They giaN 1 111 WWI I IIIs NI MIMO 11 like places where garbage, trash, and filth pile OE IOUs II us 1 Pu11111 H US 1 IN MU II I: up and where there is stagnant water. 111111 II III:: SI : pa 1011 II 11 MI - e 1 ISM II 1 less :p ill ZasOf I The first step in getting rid of pests is to get ea IOUs :WMme." ussi:. .5 me us 5 Hi MUM U.S. rl ...... 01111% Oiling 0 O IR HMI le HI a the wholvillage to recognize the danger and la HIM; 0 r Molar . ofMt ill HMI 1 111 II ,1311 . 111 HMO r 11 Hs want to control them. Most of these pests go IR lies ::: 11 Ms lII 15 111 1 111131111 111101 8 1 I Ines Soul I ::::: 111114 11::: p from .--- r.c,use to another. One family's efforts l HMS i II Ms a 111 MOS - 11:11:li '111. Ii '1141: - u may not be very effective if the family next ISIS PillsI11 HUM, 111 IMMO s _ _- Is or a 1:11'VII ...-,-all doot does nothing. It takes community action en I1H1 MOil - . 1.-.I.. --..,....olo with people working together. Every family in . 1 . I the village must keep its own house and yard clean and sanitary. Health and other government officials can be most helpful in carrying out a village or com- A homemade fly trap. munitywide program on pest control. They often put on mosquito control campaigns or spray all the houses in a village against mos- mosquitoes. Families should keep trash sepa- quitoes and other insects. They can advise you ra'r.e from garbage. Get rid of it regularly. on the use of insecticides for controlling and Don't letitpile up. Burn all that can be gettin4 rid of pests. bi)rn7.d. Trash like broken dishes, glass, tin Insecticides are now commonly used in most cans, etc. should be buried. Put trash in a con- areas. There are many different kinds. Some tainer with a tight-fitting cover until it can be come in spray form and sozne in dust form. burned or buried. This will help keep it away Some are better for certain pests than others. from insects and animals. Your health officials can tell you the best kind Animal wastes inside or around a house for each pest. Insecticides must be used with make it dirty looking and unsanitary. These care ''=!cause they are poisonous to people and wastes also contain disease germs and they at- animr..11. They should always be kept out of tract flies. Animal manure makes good fertili- reach of children. zer. It should not be allowed to pile up around the house or in areas where animals are kept. Personal Cleanline,is It is much more sanitary to have a special yard or lot away from the house for chickens and Good personal appearance, good health, and farm animals. Wastes in or around the house a happy pleasant personality will help people from pets such as oats and dogs should be to be well liked tnd respected in the village. To cleaned up or covered over and not allowed to look well and feel comfortable and Jiappy, a stand to M tract flies and other insects. person must keep his body clean, wear clean clothing, sleep in a clean bed, and live in a clean house. Household Pests For good personal cleanliness each person Flies,mosquitoes,cockroaches,bedbugs, should : fleas, lice, ants, scorpions, rats, and mice are Bathe every day. ig2 122 41$ 4." "Wk. P '41t .vtr

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Waste water left lyingon the ground attracts insects. The people of this Nigerian ing difficult. Now (below),the women have a place village smoothed thestreet pour their wash water. Also notice to and built a concretedrain down the middleto carry the half-door of the water to a soak pit at theedge of the village. Before house on the right. This helpskeep the animals out of this was done (above), the house. the uneven ground madewalk-

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AO" 4,00 tary pads and change them often to avoid bad odor. Live in a clean place.

Immunization Protection against certain serious diseases can be given by immunization. This is done with vaccines which are injected into thr, dy. A vaccine for one disease will not protec fi om another disease. Sometimes mixtures of vaccines are given in one injection to protect against two or more different diseases. A ll children and adults should be immunized Brush his teeth with safe water when he gets up mornings and before going to bed. When possible, brushing after each meal is a good practice. Keep his hair and scalp clean by washing hair as often as necessary to keep iclean and attractive. For many people, this is 10 days to 2 weeks. Oily hair will need to be washed more often. Comb and brush his hair every daywith his own brush and comb that no one else uses.

Wash his hands with soap oftenbefore Its. eating, before starting to prepare meals or handle fvod, dishes, or cooking utensils, before handling the baby, or after touching a sick person. He should wash his hands 0:61 after each time he goes to the latrine, handles animals, does any farm work, or coughs or sne zes. Have his own towel that no one else uses and wipe his hands dry every time he washes them. Keep fingernails clean. Take good care of his feet. They perspire. Keep them dry. Wash them before going Bk. to bed and oftener if needed. Wear clean clothesunderwear and top ilothes. Dirty clothes can carry disease germs and attract body lice. Sleep in clean clothes and in a clean bed. ill) not sleep in Jriclerwear worn during the day. Wash sheets, blankets, quilts, pnd mattress covers often. Use special ca eduring menstruation. A child needs more than amulets to be protected from Bathe oi' ni hi varin water. Wear sani- diseaee. This one also visits the health center regularly. 124 124 against certain serious diseases if the vaccines are available. For children, many of the immunizations can be started in the firstmonths of life. At the present time, vaccineshave been developedforpolio,smallpox,diphtheria, whooping cough,tetanus,measles,typhoid fever, cholera, yellow fever, and tuberculosis. Sometimes, as noted below, theperson will suffer from fever, headache,a tired feeling, and fussiness (in children) after havingin iections. This discomfort willgo away in a day (Jr two after the injection. It is worthsuffering this discomfort to av id bad illnessor even death from the diseases. fi":" When a person getsan injerdciol, he should ask the doctor what kind of reactiin he might get from it. If he gets this reaction,the person should stay ia bed, drink plentyof fluids such as water, fruit juices, or milk, z.nd eathis normal diet. He cart also take aspirin.The doctor, nurse, or druggist can say how much rspirinto take. The very uncomfortableperson should see a doctor. Smallpox is avery serious disease that causes many deaths, disfiguringscars, and blindness among people of allages in many parts of the world. Aperson who has smallpox gets a rash on his body thatturns into ugly blisters. This disease causes a person to AK, have pain in his head, back,and stomach. Vacci- nation is a sureway to keep from getting smallpox. Many healthdepartmen s havevac- .e cinators who visit villagesevery : ear to vac- cinate the people. Or,people can ask fora smallpox vaccination from theirnearest health cente. or dispensary. This worker in Pakistan has beentrained to Vaccinationisusually given by making give immunizations. small pricks on the arm and placing a small countries, the health department amount of vaccineon it. The site of the vaccine recommends that adults and childrenshould be revaccin- will become red anditchy, form a blister, and ated every then a scab. This will falloff and leave year. Ask your health centeror a small vaccinator what isret ,mmended where you scar. There may also be slight fevefor a few live.In many countries, days. It may takeup to 4 weeks from the time governments are t;-y:ng to get rid ofsmallpcx co,npletely by the vaccine is given until the Scabfalls off. The \MCC nating the entire population. arm should be kept elean and dry duringthis time. Measles is a childhooddisease whi. can be In countries where smallpox very sLious. In some countries, itcauses manV still occurs, chil- deaths and disabilityamong children. This cl;s- dren should be vaccinated at aboutthe age of 3 ease shows itself in months and again at about 18 a rash on the body and months. In some causes a person to have fever,sore throat, and 12r,, 125 a swollen sore neck under the jaws. A vaccine feel weak to him. Sometimes he cannot move at is now available to keep the child from getting all. Not much can be done after someone has measles. This vaccirw should be given to the polio, but it can be prevented. Two vaccines child when he is 9 months old. If this is not pos- have been developed. The Salk vaccine is given sible, he should have the vaccine as soon as in injection. The Sabin vaccine is given by possible after he is 9 months old and before his mouth. Both keep -people from getting polio. sixth birthday. This is because most children x our health department can tell you if po'io get measles before they are 6 years old. Only vaccine is avail:-.ble and how you can get 3.t. one injection is required to protect the child Yellow fever is carried to man by the bite of against measles. It does not have to be re- a special mosquito called At 'es aegypti. It is a peated. very serious disease, but it can be prevented by Some children may get about a week injections of yellow fever vaccine. A person after taking the injection. A few of these chil- who is sick with this disease has fever, head- dren will s.lso have a rt ild rash on the body, ache, and voniiting. Sometimes, the whites of headache, .nd fussiness a few days after the his eyes look yellow. If you live in an area fever star t.s. The.,e reactions MAY last for a where there is yellow fever, ask your health il'ew clays. They will then go away. department about immunizatious. Chaera causes many deaths arid much suf- if the health center or diqpensary in your fering every year in some parts or the world. A area provides measles vaccin,..,, tell the mothers person who has this disease vomits, has a t,eat about it. They m-ty also be abie to get the mea- many watery stools, and becomes very weak. sles vaccine frem teams of health workers that The best way to nrevent the spread of cholera come to the village. Ask your health depart- is by keeping your body clean, getting rid of ment about this. body wastes in a safe way, drinking safe water Diphtheria, whooping cough, and tetanus and milk, eating cooked food, and keeping a are serious diseases that can attack children. clean home and yard. Cholera shots are also Adults can also suffer from diphtheria and tet- available in some c9untries. They help keep anus. A person who has diphtheria has a very people from gettirig cholera. The injection is sore throat, a swollen and painful neck, and given in the arm and may cause some sore- sometimes has trouble breathing. With whoop- ness and, in some cases, a slight fever. You ing cough, a child has fever and a very bad, should check with your health department to noisy, and choking kind of cough. Tetanus find out if these injections are recommended causes a person's jaws and neck to feel tight your area. ane eauses the body to become stiff. To prevent Typhoid fever is a common disease in many diphtheria and tetanus. a vaccine called DPT is ountries. It causes severe sickness and often given to children up to 5 years of age. After death. This disease causes a person to be tired this age, a vaccine for diphtheria and tetanus and feel very bad. He will have a very high called DT is given. These vaccines are exam- fever and severe cramps in his intestines. The ples of immunizations for more than one dis- best way to keep from getting typhoid fever is ease that can be given in one injection. Your to always chink safe water and milk, get rid of health center, hospital, or dispensary will tell body wastes in a safe way, keep home and yard you if they are available. clean, get rid of flies, and keep ;our body The child may have some soreness and swell- clean, especially the hands. ing of the arm where the inj .ction was given. Typhoid vaccine injections give protection Hu may also have some fever and fussiness. against typhoid fever. Ask your health depart- These ronctions may come within a day or two ment if it is available and if it is recommenclE'd after the shot. where you live. Polio, also called poliomyelitis or infantile Tuberculosis is a serious catchilig disease paralysis, can cripple arms and legs tz cause which is still a big problem in many countries. death. The muscles of a person who has polio It causes long periods of sici_ness and disability

-I-AV clr. 126 and many deaths. Most often, the disease af- medicines and hospitalcare when they are fects the lungs, ftcan also attack the skin, sick ;and jobs where theycan earn enough glands, bones and joints, intestines, and other money to take care of their families. organs. In the early stages of tuberculosis, the Governments are making greatefforts to person may not even know he has it because he raise the standards of living of theirpeople. does not feel sick. Later, though, theperson de- They are trying to bring velops a cough, feels more and better ser- very tired, has night vices to the people. These includehospitals, sweats, and somethimes coughs up blood. health centers, schools, housing, To keep from spreading this roads, elec- disease, people tricity, water, and many others. Butthe number should always cover their mouthswhen they of people is growingso fast that many govern- cough. They should not spiton the ground oe ments do not have enoughmoney and resources floor because tuberculosisgerms are coughed to give the people the services theywant and or spit out by a person who has the disease. need. People with chronic coughs should see a doctor Families are faced with thesame problem. and get treatment. If peopleknow someone They often do not have enoughmoney to buy with a chronic cough, they shouldbe careful the things they need. Every that he does not coughor breathe in their new baby makes it faces. harder. More food, more elothing,more living space, more money, and more medicinesare Teach the people inyour village to always needed. Usually, the family getspoorer as it boil milk before drinking it,unless it is pas- gets larger. teurized milk. Milk from tubercular cows will Many mothers and fathers also realize have tuberculosis germs in it. Boilingfor 15 that minutes will kill these germs. haring too many children harms thehealth of Other ways they an keep from the mother. She becomes weak andmay even getting this die. When mothers havemany babies close to- disease are : always eat enough clean,safe, and gether, the babies may be weak the right kinds of food to staystrong; keep anti siali or home and yard clean they get sick easily. The mother's bodyneeds ; keep clothes and body rest between babies to become strongagain. clean; get rid of flies; and try not to sleep Sometimes, the overburdened mother in the same room withanyone who has tuber- is un- culosis. able to carry the baby long enough, thenshe has A vaccine called BCG is available a miscarriage. This means the baby comes be- in many fore it is ready to be born and, therefore,it countries through the healthdepartment. This does not live. vaccine will help protect theperson against tuberculosis. It is generally given inone injection Sometimes women, especially if theyhave to babies and children. After had many babies and feelvery sick and tired, he gives the will use unsafe ways of forcinga miscarriage injection, the doctor mustcheck the person to get rid of the baby starting inside later to be sure the vaccinationdid its work. of them. You should askyour health department if This is called an abortion. Abortionscan be BCG is available inyour area and how you can very dangerous to the mother when theyare get it. not done by a good doctor. The doctorcan do it The health departmentmay also give chest safely, but other people cannot, andso many X-rays. These are used tohelp flnd people who women die. In many areas, abortions are not al- have tuberculosisso they can gat medical treat- lowed because this isseen as destroying life ment and be cured. Askyour health depart- after it has begun. It is much wiserto prevent -inent about this. a pregnancy than to try to stop it once it has started. Family Planning Pa, ents are beginning Lo wantsmaller families so they can enjoya better life. They real- People everywh ez::. want to havea better ize that it is no longernecessary to have many way of life. They want better housing,food, Caildren so a few will live. Many and clothing ; more babies education for their children; and young children livenow because of better 127 127 Ar. =JP4V. 0'.

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The governmr of India is concerned that population family planning institutes. Thia !lc:L(1th worker is show- will grow faster than the food supply. In an attempt to ing village women one way to control the size of their provide a better life for all its people, it has introduced families. living conditions. Many are saved by immuni- also made life much safer, especially for babies zations that protect them from diseases such-, -)F ard young children often died from diar- smallpox, measles, polio, diphtheria, teta, rhea. and whooping cough. Others are saved becaue What is "birth control"? Birth control is a mothers can take them to child 1-0alth clinics way to keep life from beginning. Most people and health centers for regular care. Safe water know that nature requires the sperm from the and safe disposal of human wastes are now man to combine with the egg the woman prod- available to many communities. These have uces. This combination travels down into the

. 4 128 -- , 128 womb where it starts growing toform a baby. Small cuts. Wash Birth control methods stop the a small cut, scratch,or in- egg and sperm sect bite withsoap and clean water. Cover it from uniting and startinga new baby. with a bandage. If Thereare many different you do not have a bandage, recommended cover the cut with a clean clothand tie or tape methods of birth control whichdo not endanger it over the cut. the health of the parents. How ever, usinga Keep cutsor sores covered so that flies and method regularly is important.Using a method dirt cannot only once in carry germs to them. If redness a while does not work even if it is and sorenessappear, show them to a doctor a good method. a dispensary worker. or Many governments have started new pro- Major 'woundsor cuts. if a person hasa large grams to help people learn howto have only wound or cut : the number of childrenthey want. Family Call a doctor immediately planning programs giveinformation and help or take him to through hospitals, the nearest hospitalor dispensary. health centers, maternal Stop the bleeding promptly. and child health centers,and even through vil- To do this, lage shs,pkeepers. press directly on the bleedingpart with a clee a cloth. Ifyou do not have a clean To learn about the birthcontrol methods cloth, use your bareclean hand. recommended and used inyour country, go to a Place finely health centeror family planning clinic. Here woven ciean cloth next to the you can get the information and wound and tieor pin it into place. Raise materials you a wounded arm or leg to helpstop the need to show and explainthe services the clitr;c bleeding. gives to people. Findout what fandly planning Give the injured services are available in person plain -water to your area. Encourage drink if he feels thirsty.The water should the people touse these services. not be hot or cold. If the You may be able wound is in the to arrange fora family chest or abdomen, ifhe is unconsciousor planning workeror a nurse from the health partly conscious, center to come to or if he is sick to his your village to meet with stomach, the injuredperson should not parents. Ask them to discussand explain birth drink at all. control methods and howparents can get help Keep the patient lyingdown and quiet. in planning their families.Or, you mayar- Protect the patient by range for a group of parents to covering him light- visit the family ly with a blanket if it iscool or cold. Do not planning clinic. apply heat, You can also helpparents understand the Burns. If a person's skinis burned, he may importance of havingsmaller families and the get reddening, blisters,or damage underneath number of babies theywant. In this,way, the the skin. Whenyou give first aid for serious birth of everynew baby can be a joyousevent burns, try to lessenthe pain and shock and because the parents wantthe baby andare pre- prevent infection. To do this: pared to take care of it, Wash your hands well withsoap and wa- Agood time to talk towomen about birth ter before handling theinjured person. control is just before theyget marriedor just Cut the clothing fromthe burned area after they have hada baby. rather than taking itoff. This will avoid further injury to the burnedarea by pres- First Aid sure or brushing against the burn. Cover the burnedarea with a clean dry When a person is injured,a family member cloth wraPped lightly or other persor, may have to givesome emer- around the burn five gency care immediately. If it is or six times. This relieves thepain and a serious in- protects the skin from dirtand germs. Do jury, a doctor should becalled as soonas possi- not break blisters. ble. Here are some thingsyou can teach villagers to do in the meantime. If the burn coversa large area, wrap a clean sheet or towel aroundit in addition 129129 to the dry clean cloth. tight enough to stop the blood flow to If the burn is serious and covers a large the arm or leg. Move the band away part of the body, keep the personlying from the place of the bite if the swell- down. If the hand is burned, raise it above ing spreads away from the wound on the level of the body and place pillows the arm or leg. under it. Sterilize a knife blade with a flame and Severely burned patients need fluids.If make small cuts in the skin. Try to make tbe injured person can not get to a doc- the cuts into the place where the snake tor within half an hour, give him ahalf poison went into the skin. Cross cuts, glass of water containing salt and soda about 14-inch long (like this x ), may be every 15 minutes. If the injured personis a made at each fang mark. Make shallow child (up to 12 years old), give him one cuts. Beware of cutting muscles and nerves quarter of a glass of the salt-sodawater of the fingers, hands, or wrist because they every 15 minutes. Put 14 teaspoonof salt lie very close to the skin. and 143 teaspoon of baking soda in a liter (quart) of clean safe water to make the mixture. Take a severely burned person to a hospital or dispensary as soon as possible. Snakebite. If a person is bitten by a poisonous snake from the group called pitvipers, he will feel immediate pain and swelling around the part where the snake poison entered the skin. The skin in the affected part will change color. If the bite is by one of the group of snakes that include the cobra, coral snake, and their relatives, there may be slight burning pain and swelling at the wound, nausea, vomiting, dim- ness of vision, and sweating. Suck with your mouth at the crosscut area. The bite of a nonpoisonous snake gives little The poison is not a stomach poison, but pain and very little swelling. If the snake is you should rinse the fluid from yourmouth. nonpoisonous, first aid is the same as for ordi- Continue suction for an hour or more. Do not suck from the crosscut area with your nary wounds (see section on first aid for mouth if you have an open sore or cut on small cuts). your lips or in your mouth. If a person is bitten by a poisonous snake and you have a snakebite kit, carefully follow Put ice water or ice on the wound if pos- the instructions given in the kit. If you do not sible when you rest from giving suction. have a snakebite kit follow these first aid mea- This will give some relief from pain and sures within an hour after the victim was bit- may slow the absorption of the poisoninto ten: the body. Have the victim lie completely still. He If the victim stops breathing, give him must not walk or move around. mouth-to-mouth artificialrespiration at Tie a band or narrow piece of cloth firmly once. (See section below on how to usethis 2 to 4 inches above the bite if it is on method.) the arm or leg. If the band is properly Take the victim to the nearest hospital or adjusted, there will be some oozing of clinic as soon as possible. In moving the blood from the wound. It shoulAet be victim, keep him lying down. 130 Artificial Rdspiration MIL Certainaccidents andillnesssometimes cause a person to stop breathingeven though he is still alive. In thesecases, artifical respiration may save his life. Itcauses air to flow into and out of the lungs when naturalbreathing stops. If you are not sure ifa person is breathing, place your handson his sides just above the waist. If he is breathing,you will usually be able to feel the movement. Artifical respirationmust bestarted promptly after normal breathingstops. Most persons will die within 6 minutesor less after breathing stops unless theyare given artificial _ respiration. The mouth-to-mouth method isthe best A 11Pc1 Cross worker in Zambiateaches mouth-to-mouth method of artifical respiration.It is used for resuscitation to village workers who all unconscious andnon-breathing victims of the people in their villages. will then teach it to drowning, electric shock, smokeor gas poisoning, drug or chemical poisoning,injuries to the chest, head, neck, and abdomen,convulsions, and choking or strangling. 1.Place the victimon his back immediately. 2. Quickly clear his mouthand throat. If there is foodor other material in the mouth, wipe it out quickly withyour fingers. 3. With one handgrasp the victim's chin. Place your other handon top of his head and tilt the head backward. 4.Place the thumb ofone hand between the victim's jaws. Grasp the lowerteeth and pull the jaw forward.Pinch the nostrils closed with the thumb andindex finger of your other hand. Never let the victim's chin sag. Always keephis head tilted back. 5. Take a deep breath andplace your mouth over the victim's mouth. Keepyour mouth open wide while you breathe out deeply into the victim's lungs. g. As soon as yousee his chest rise, remove your mouth so that the aircan come out of his lungs. Repeat steps 5and 6 every 5 seconds until the victimbreathes naturally. For infants or small children,cover both the mouth and nose withyour mouth. Blow with small puffs of air fromyour cheeks. Puff into

181 131 the child's lungs every 3 seconds. vent sores from developing on his skin. Your first breath into the victim will let you If the sick person cannot leave his bed to use know if there is anything blocking histhroat. the latrine, keep a container in his room that If there is, the chest will not rise. he can use in bed or beside his bed. This If you cannot remove the obstruction with can be a bottle or a pot or pail with a your fingers, quickly placethe victim on his wooden seat onit. A shallow pan can be side. Then giv: him a sharp blow on his back used to slide under the sick person if he between the shoulder blades to free the mate- cannot get out of bed. Keep these containers rial in the throat. With a small child, hold him covered and empty the contents of the bottle or by the ankles with his head down. Give him pan into the latrine after use. Toclean these two or three sharp pats between the shoulder containers, first rinse them with cold water blades. This will generally free the object in and then wash with hot soapy water. Rinse his throat. them and place them in the sun to dry. A sick person may have disease germs in any Sickness ;n the Home material he coughs up. He should cough into a paper or into a tin or gourd that has some sand Often, village people may get sick and be or dry leaves in it. Keep the containercovered cared for by their family in their home. Teach and burn or bury the contents. them the following ways to help the sick per- If the person is seriously sick, he should be son get well and prevent others fromgetting taken to the nearest dispensary or hospital to sick. see a doctor. If the person is too sick towalk, Serve clean food. he can be carried in a chair, on a board, or on a Sei qe safe, clean water. blanket Aretched between two sticks. Bathe the patient once a day in clean water. Teaching Health Care Wash hands in clean water before and after caring for the sick person. Health practices can be made a part of your teaching on almost any subject. Think of ways If possible, keep patient away from other to emphasize safe and healthful ways of doing members of the family if the illness is everyday tasks. catching. Throughout your work in the village you Keep all medicine in a clean place out of will need to keep emphasizing these basic mea- the reach of children. sures so often mentioned in this chapter. Keep the room of the sick person clean and Always drink safe, clean water. tidy, and have plenty of fresh air in the Eat clean, nourishing food. room. Dishes that are used by the sick person Keep your home and surroundings clean. should be washed with soap and hot water and Keep your body and clothes clean- kept separate from dishes the rest of the fam- Keep all food in covered containers. ilyuse. The bedding the sick person uses Keep garbage in a covered container un- should be washed with soap and hot water and til it can be fed to animals or buried. dried in the sun, if possible. Put his bedding in Burn or bury all trash. Do not leave it the sun to air between washings. The sick per- lying around or let it pile up. sc.n's bedding should always be clean and dry. If the sick person can move in bed, he should Keep chickens and animals out of the move to different positions in the bed often. If house, from under the house, and out he cannot move himself, a family member of the yard. should move him to a different position at least Work together to get rid of pests such as four times a day. The family member should flies, mosquitoes, mice, and rats. rub his back at least twice a day. This care Destroy breeding places of insects and oth- wi'l help keep good blood circulation and pre- er pests. 132 132 mmta

reek village workers attenda short course in home equipment can be improvised to make home irsing. The bed has been raisedon blocks to make it easier aod the sick person nursing sier for the person caring for the patient.Other more comfortable.

Do not allow water to collect or stand any- Coy 'ing campaigns. Many villagesuse a where around the house. "clew Use a sanitary latrine. ' campaign as a way of gettinginter- est an -olving all the people in: Use insecticides on the advice ofgovern- ; ment oftc;als. ping cleaner houses and yards. Get protection against certaindiseases by licling diseases. having immunization shots thatare avail- king the village a better place tolive. able where you live. Yo can use campaigns to teachmany other Give the sick person goodcare at home to health practices. For instance, "DrinkSafe help him get well and avoidspreading his Water" or "Saf Water for Our Village"are sickness to other people. slogans around whichyou could start a cam- If a person is injured,give him good first paign on improving t1-.e water supplyfor a vil- aid until he can gettreatment from a lage. doctor. Use birth control methods Health materials. Your Ministry aHealth to have the num- will have good materialson health problems in ber of childrenyou want. your country. The U.nited States/A1D Mission Good 'health is a personal,family, and com- generally located inyour capital city will have, mity responsibility. Thisresponsibility can or can get for you, a scries of simple Extension put into practice when the peopleaccept the bulletins on sanitatior. Thesewere written !a that good health is important tothem ; especially for use in dev?.loping countries.They ien they understand how to get it; and when not only contain basic informationon sanita- !y see good results from new healthprac- tion, but they also suggestmany kinds of dem- es. onstrations to use in your teaching. 13d" sut -Y. These bulletins are the FES-AID Sanitation Make a stretcher. Series : Make and care for an excreta container Drink Safe Water, #1 for the bedridden patient. How to Wash Your CloOtes, #2 Prepare a container for a sick person to Personal Cleanliness, #.7 cough into. Wash Dishes Right, #4 Make containers for garbage and trash. Get Rid of Household Pests, #5 Dispose of Wastes, #6 Build a sanitary latrine. Storing Food at Home, #7 Get the people interested in immunizations Prepare and Serve Safe Meals, #8 by arranging for a group visit to the local Care for Your Baby, #9 health center, dispensary, hospital, or other Make Y our Own Soap, #10 health facility where they can learn what serv- DemonstratiGns. There are many practices ices are available and what immunizations are recommended. If a visit is not possible, ar- that need to be demonstrated before people can range for a person from a nearby health facil- really understand how to do them. You can ity to come to your village and explain about show how to : immunizations that are available and how the Wash and bandage a small cut on a finger. people can get them. Apply pressure and bandage for serious Set an example. If you live in the village or bleeding from the arm or leg. close to the people, remember that you can give Wrap the skin of a seriously burned per- good examples of healthful living by practicing son. the things you teach the people. For example, Treat snakebite. Show where to make cuts when people see that you boil your own drink- in the skin and how to apply suction. ing water, have a well-kept sanitary toilet, and Sterilize a knife. a neat, clean house and yard, they know you are sincere and your teaching is good. Perform artificial respiration. Practice on If you are in the village often, you will a student. Then have students practice on probably have to give first aid at times. Be sure each other. you know what to do in an emergency. Use Bathe the patient in bed. these accidents to teach both first aid and Store medicines out of reach of children. safety precautions.

134 184 HOUSING AND HOMEIMPROVEMENT When a person points with pride to the Where to Start iuse he lives in and says, "This ismy home", can be sure it is more than justa house. Your first; jobmay be to convince yourself he word "home" isprecious te most people. that any homecan be improved regardless oine is something in thehearts of those who how little the family of re in a house. Home is the has. You may alsohave to place where mem- remind yourself thatany family, if theyare rs of a family find companionship,where given some help, ey share love, joy, and will want a betterplace to sorrow. livemore convenient,more comfortable,more A house is nota home until people live init. healthful, andmore enjoyable. does not takea large, expensive houseto As you work in Ike a good home. However, the village, youmiay not talk the kind of house about home improvementas such. But this will d its surroundingscan have a great influence not stop you from the people who live in planting many good ideason it. making the homea better place asyou talk Poor construction, lackof light and ventila- about other projects.For example, whileyou n, crowded sleeping quarters,and unsani- are teaching how to dryfruits and vegetables, condidons do not contributeto health and point out the needfor light and ventilationin isfactory living, inhouses with too few the kitchen. Whenyou talk about the body's ails, there is no privacy. iftoo many people need for good food,also explain the body's together, it iseasy for disease to spread. need for clean air,suns'-ine, and sanitaryliv- ildren cannot get theextra sleep they need ing conditions. Pointout the needfor clean ;hey share aroom with adults who stayup walls and floors,a good place to sleep, andprop- !. Because of lack of storagefacilities, per- er food storage inyour discussions of good al belongingsare kept anywhere. Children health. e little chance to learn torespect the prop- Even on your first r of others. visit to a family,you can encourage home improvementby finding and praising somethinggood they have already ter Housing ConcernsMany done such asa beautiful grapevineplanted against a whitewashedwall, a shelf to holda overnments around theworld want fain- lovely copper vessel,an embroidered hanging to have good houses.They know thatpoor that is like no otherin the village,a woven )1eboth urban andruralsuffer from mat made intoa screen to givemore privacy, housing. Every countryhas some kind of or a well-thatched roof thatgives coolnessas it ect to improve housing.Often other groups protects from the rain.Most famine:, have t as private industry, estates,housing coop- something of which theyare proud. Praising ives, and building societiesare also helping this can lead themto desire furthercomfort, nprove housing for those inneed. Learn beauty, or convenience. t is being done inyour area, To meet the basicneeds of a family,every rery country has housingexperts who have house should: ;ed useful methods for building houses 1. Provide shelter.That iskeep outrain ,d to the climate,the needs, and theeco- and protect the family c resources of the people from heat and cold. who are to live This means the roof,walls, floor, and founda- em. Before you starta home improvement tion should be in ict, learn where the good repair. housing specialists in 2. Protect the healthof the family. This area are located and whattheir program cludes sleeping in- ind out what kindof help you can get space to prevent overcrowding, them. windows and doorsfor light and air, sanitary faciliti.es, drainage,and ways to keepanimals 125 135 out of the house. 3. Be a safeplace. This values, or whatthey want in means steps and probably change life, you will walkways in goodcondition, nothinglying some of your ownideas aboul-. around to trip home improvement.You may be on or fall over, andno sharp first time the seeing for the corners, nails, broken glass,tin cans, or other beauty there isin order, cleanli- safety hazards inor around the house. ness, and lack of clutter. 4. Havesome beauty. Thiscan be added by painting, whitewashing, planting flowersand Many DifferentKinds of Repairsand sheubs, and keepingthe house and Improvements and neat. yard clean In every country, To provide forthe safety andsecurity of houses have beenrepaired family members,certainbasic and improved bysimple methods.There is needed. Think of thingsare much experienceto draw from. the things thefamily does to consider You may wish daily andonce in a while. some of the following inyour area : The houseor the area around itshould pro- The Foundation vkle for: 1. Preparingand cookiag Many housesare built on poor dudes cleaning food. This in- or no founda- up afterward. tions and theybegin to sag. Thefoundation Eating. should be of strong,durable material,prefera- bly stoneor concrete. Often only Sleeping space forall members ofthe corner stones family. or corner blocks are used.The foundation ofan old housecan be repaired or improved 4. Bathing. the house sits so that 5. more solidly andmore nearly Resting, visitingwith friends,relaxing. level. 6. Washing clothes. 7. The Roof-andWalls Storing food,cooking and servinguten- sils, clothing,bedding, and otherequip- Do the houses have ment that is notin use. is the best good roofs? If not,what 8. Sanitarydisposal of garbage way to improve them?They may and human need to be patchedor repaired. Insome cases, a excreta. new roof may be needed. 9. A safe andeasy to reach water Better housing supply. Roofs of thatch,grass, or bamboogo bad must always bea family con-. rapidly andsoon begin to leak. They cern. Even with allthat is beingdone by gov- kept in good repair. should be ernments, the jobis so great that Such roofsmay need re- ilies muststill improve many fam- placing aboutevery 3 years. A thatchedroof their ownhouses. must be thick enoughto keep the rain Many of thesecannot buildor buy new houses. protect the house out and Therefore,improving and from thesun. It needs to house is important. repairing the old qlant enoughso that rainwater easily Thatched roofs runs off. In everyvillage there will are a real fire risk butkeep the who have be some families house cool. made gocd homesfor themselves. There will alsobe those who Roof materialsthat reflect thesun's rays very poor homes. are existing in and arepoor conductors of heat Study the goodones. There will help to may be featuresyou can recommend keep the housecool. Metal roofsare safer from prove housing. to im- the danger offire, but theymake the house Usually these warmer than many othermaterials. changes can bemade by the A gutter pipe villager andhis family. Inhousing, as in other of bambooor metal can be subjects, becareful that fitted around theroof to collect you do not inspire carry it to a tank the water and changes impossiblefor the familyto make be- or where there is gooddrain-- cause of lack ofmoney or labor. age. This helps toprotect the house puddles from and keeps As you getto know peopleand learn their forming in theyard. Collecting rainwatercan be of great helpto the home- .136 136 t , , I ,

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4 4 4.1 On the home improvement worker's advice,this family These Pakistani home economists in Ecuador repaired the -racks in thewalls of tneir are completing a home before they put on a new coat ofplaster. home improvement project by colorwashingthe walls.

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Good walls are vital to home improvement.Workers in Colombia show one method of making blocks.

k maker if water is scarce or a distance from the Steps ho use. Are steps and walkways leadthg into the Are the walls of houses in the village in nouse safe? Are they solid and in good rer air? good condition ? Do they need repair? If so, Many home accidents happen because a step is what is the best way to improve them? There broken or loose or too narrow or too steep. are r.ays to make improved mud or clay plaster for walls. By adding a little cement, cow Floors dung, or straw, villagers can make mud walls Floors should always be smooth and without that do not crack so easily. Many families com- cracks. In many homes, the floors are of earth. pletely remove the old cracked mad plaster, re- Often theae become unever and dangerous to plaster the walls both inside and out, and then walk on. They are hard to clean and care for. whitewash or paint them. A dirt floor can be made level and hard oy mix- In many areas, houses are built of handmade ing a little cement or wood ashes with the dirt. mud bricks which have been dried in the sun. At the end of this chapter is a recipe for using These are more durable than mud-plastered wood ashes. walls. Now a simple brickmaking machine Wood floora wear well, but they may need called Cinva Ram is being used in many parts repair in time. When a board warps or cracks, of the world. It makes bricks of earth mixed it can be dangerous. Bad boards can be re- with a little cement or lime and water. They moved and replaced with good ones. They are are pressed very hard and firm by the machine easier th clean if the wood is finished in some and then dried. Houses made of these bricks way. Your housing specialist can help you are more durable than those built ur handmade learn how best to improve wood floors in your bricks. Mud or brick houses can be very attrac- area. tive when they are painted a pretty color or Concrete floors last well if they are properly whitewashed. made. Many times, however, not enough cement Ask your housing specialist about this mach- is used in making a concrete floor and it soon ine. cracks and needs repair. Windows and Doors Keeping Animals Out of and From Under the House Houses must have light and air to be comfortable.It is hard to work in a dark house. In some villages animals roam at will. You Houses with no light or air are often damp and may find pigs, dogs, chickens, or goats wander- mold grows very easily. Rodents and insects ing in and out of the houses. It is hard to have like dark, damp places. a clean, healthful house with animals init. When there are windows in opposite wals, Screen doors that can be kept shut are good for the air makes a breeze through the house. keeping out animals Pq well as flies and other Also, 1-iing one or more windows reach to the insects. ceiling hdps to take out hot air more quickly. Many families cannot afford screen doors, In many areas, windows are covered with net- but have solved the problem of animals in the ting or screen wire to keep out flies and mos- house by building a kind of gate for the lower quitoes. In Taiwan, where the houses are built half of the door. This can be closcd to keep out solidly of brick, windows have been added in the animals but still allow the air to get into the roof by removing a few tiles and substitut- the house. People may also build a lattice fence ing glass. or fasten wire around the lower part of their Doors should be large enough to take furni- houses to keep animals from getting under the ture in and out. Usually a door at the front of house. the house and one at the back are more conven- Improving the Kitchen ient for the family. They save time and extra Ir many respects the cooking area is the 138 138 .w :,-"..--

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The kitchen of this Fiji home has been greatlyim-- proved stove, fireless cooker, basket for drying fuel, proved. The homemaker is happy with her window,im- and shelves and wall pocket to hold utensils. most important part of the house, yet itis This does not mean a kitchen must be costly. often the poorest. How many houses in your Very simple and cheap equipment and furni- area have a nice looking and comfortable liv- ture can make a good cooking place. ing room to which company is invited, buta What does a woman need in her kitchen? dark, poorly equinped, and unsanitary kitchen Help homemakers think through the jobs they where the housewife has to prepare meals for do in their own kitchens and list what they the family? need to work with. A kitchen needs : Homeimprovementoftenbeginswith Something to cook on. This could vary from kitchen improvement. Gathering,preparing, a small open fire between three stones to a and cooking food for the family means much modern cook stove. work on the part of homemakers everywhere. Something to cook in. The kinds of pots, Many women must also work in the fields, do pans, and utensils needed will depend on the all the family wash, carry water, get the fuel, kinds of fodd cooked, methods of cooking, fam- and look after the children. With all this work ily meal patterns, and kinds of vessels availa- to do, a woman needs a convenient and well- ble in the market. equipped cooking area. Containers to prepare food in. Metal, wood, The kitchen should have light and air. The or enamel bowls, gourds, calabashes, crocks, walls should be a light color, the flooreasy to pails, etc., are needed for mixing or preparing clean. It should be a pieasant place to work. foods. 139 132 - ;27 'or'

Women inmany countries still and an openfire like these cook over threestones backbreaking work women in Sierra Leone.It is because of the smoke.that often resultsin poor eyeEight

Racks andnegsto hold dishes wooden and utensilsand a rap- - water containermake this Nien- 11 more,sanitary. The CookingStove A place to Many womenstill cookon three stones store things.Cooking utensils, an open fireor on a charcoal over dishes, andfood all needto be stored or floor. While pot on the ground place where near the stooping orsquatting to cook they will beused. Brooms,mops, may be comfortablefor some and othercleaning materials others it is women, for many need a place. and equipment tiresome anda waste of energy. A knife rackand wall open fireis always A n used for hanging pegs can be a hazard. Childrenare small equipment. often burnedby anopen fire, and A smooth clothing can a woman's surface to workon. Inis could be easily catch firewhile she is a table, a countertop, a strong ing. The smokefrom an cook- case, or a shelf box or packing the eyes. An open fire is harmfulto attached to thewall. open fire alsowastes fuel. Muchof Containers for the heat islost in theair and does storing waterunless there is cook the food. not help running water.The.-e should tary container be a coveredsani- for drinkingwater and pails A good cookingstove should other vesselsfor water for or prepare better meals help awoman otherpurposes. and reduce firedanger. A place towash dishes. Before you tryto showa new and better drain. Dishpans anda dish give thought stove, and study tothe methodswomen A covered. are now using andlearn how they container tocollect garbage them. For feel about in. example, whatis their fuel?What A place tosit. A stool,chair, or keg, kind of cookingdo they do Frying? Baking? most? Boiling? What utensilsdo theyuse 140 140 tiNANA

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Improved smokeless stoves takemany forms. 142 n the stove ? Do they use an oven inthe yard You may have an engineer or village potter o bake bread or do they joinother women to who could help develop a smokeless stove lake in a common oven? If a woman cooks suited to your area. ver an open fire inside, how does shefeel <4.!, cg llout the smoke? Does she dry fish or other 111N14; 'ood with the smoke? Does she think the moke helps to drive insects out of the house? s the kind of heat she uses for cookingalso bi ised to help keep the house warm? As you begin to learn food patterns and hab- ts, note the differences in the stoves women ise as well as in the ways they cook. As you iisit families and talk with village leaders, you nay find stoves that are new or different. Ex- mine these to find their good points. Look for stoves suited to the needs of the people who use 1) :hem and that do not use too much fuel. This Nill give you a basis for advising women. Adding a door to the firebox of an improved stove saves Consider the kind of fuel families can get fuel. This Taiwanese girl has covered the inside of her most easily and its cost. Chsrcoal, wood, oil, wooden door with tin. zas, and cow dung are commonly used fuels. Ovens The smokeless stove An oven is a great asset to the housewife. A smokeless stove directs smoke away from Modern stoves are often fitted with ovens. Sep- the woman's eyes, saves fuel, and can be made arate ovens which can be placed over a fire or of native clay. This stove made of mud burns over oil or gas burners arc fairly cheap. Direc- wood, coal, or charcoal. The earth may crack tions for making an oil can oven are given at at first, but a few layers of fine red clay mixed the end of this chapter. An oven can be impro- with cow dung will help to prevent cracking. vised by lining a wooden box and its cover with Some of the advantages of this stove are: galvanized iron. Put e pot with live coals en 1.It gives good heat and also saves fuel. 2.It is made mostly with earth. 3.It is simple to build. The average villager can learn to make it. 4. Women generally like its shape and the way it operates. Remember, if a smokeless stove is not made correctly, it may not draw well. The opening to the chimney should always be larger than the pening to thc firebox. This allows all the air nat gets int ) the firebox to go out through the chimney. It is desirable but not essential that some type of closure be put on the firebox. There must be enough draft to draw well and a good damper to control the draft. The eyes or cooking holes must be covered at all times. The stove will work better if the outlet at the top Beehive ovens are used in many countries. This woman in Haiti has pulled the fire out and is putting the bread of the chimney is higher than the highest part in. Note the heavy wooden door she uses to cover the of the house. opening. 142 142 the bottom and place the bakingpans on rods it is placedon top of the hot stoneor brick in inserted through the sides ofthe box above the fireless cooker. The the pot. Close the door tightly. packing material holds the heat inside tocomplete the cooking. Itis A fireless cooker especially good for foodsthat take a long time to cook. If you teachsome sklued man in the Where fuel is scarce village the principleof a fireless cooker,he a fireless cooker can may come up with a plan for help. A fireless cooker isa small container that a better one. fits into a larger containerwith enough space between the twoso that some materialcan be Work Surfaces packed around it. This material might be saw- A woman prepailng mealsmust have a place dust, hay, straw, groundcork, wool, cotton,or to work on. Work finely cut-up paper. The surfaces must provideroom large containercan be to prepare food forcooking and also to wash a small barrel, basket, woodbox, or kerosene dishes and clear, can, but it must have up after the meal isover. a cover. The smaller in- Many women alsouse the kitchen work surface side containercan be a tin can or pail witha for ironing. tight fitting lid. Itmust be large enoughto hold a heating stone and This work surfacecan be a table, a strong the cooking pot. box, or a counter top. The food to be cooked It may have shelvesand should be put ina reg- drawers built aboveor below it. Sometimes ular cooking pot, broughtto a boil, and cooked v-omen use a shelf to work 4 or 5 minuteson the stove or over a fire bet,re on and some women may even work on the flooror ground. Kitchen work surfaces shouldbe up off the flooror ground to keep foodand utensils clean. The height of the worksurface should suit the woman who is to use it. Theaverage height is 32 to 35 inches. Work surfaces shouldbe smooth andeasy to clean. Hard wood isa good material. It should have several coatsof vegetable oil toprotect the wood but it shouldnot be painted. If soft

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A village worker from This Korean womanis showing bu neighbor Fiji demonstrates theuse of the worlc surface in her that this hot box. This one is madeof plaited palm leavesand kitchen is th-s correct heightfor insulated with coconut fiber. the job to be done there.She also points out howshe has improved herstorage. 143148 A ; from rodents, insects, and dust. wood is used, a covering ofsheet metal, lino- the wood and It makes work easier ifdishpans and clean- leum, or oilcloth will protect ing supplies are stored onshelves near the make it easier to clean. washing up. If there areother Sometimes a folding walltable can provide space used for kitchen. This is a shelves or cupboards underneath awork sur- extra work space in a small face, store pots, pans, andlarger equipment on wide board attached to thewall with hinges so hung on hooks folded up when them. Small equipment can be it can be lowered for work and inside cupboard doors orkept in drawers. it is not in use. Dishes and glassware arebest stored on the shelves of a closed or curtainedcupboard. Storage can be made atlittle or no cost, especially where wooden boxes areavailable. At first, women mayfeel that handling ham- mers and saws isnot their work. Soon,however, they willbe enjoying the activity,like the group of Brazilian womenin the picture below.

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This folding wall table inPuerto Rico serves as a door to the cupboard betweenmeals.

Storing Equipment Cupboards may hang onthe wall, *lit on a The kitchen or cooking a reaneeds room to table, or stand on the floor. Shelves may also be used tostore some uten- store : equipment can be hang Pots, pans, and allcooking utensils and sils. Swims and other from hooks put in the underside. equipment. knives, la- Food, including drinkir g water. Simple racks for hanging spoons, dles, etc., can 'oe made of wood,leather thongs, Dishes and utensils use I foreating. bamboo, or other available ma- everything in woven grasses, "A place for everything and terials. its place" is a good saying toteach women as only limit in creat- plan storaee in theirkitchens. Your imagination is your you help them ing storage. For ideas of morethings to make The most importantthing -is to plan so the food and untensils can bekept clean and safe and further directions, see: 144 144 - PP. cot

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Attractive cupboards can be made of bamboo whereit is plentiful. These Thailand workers show drawer, shelf, PERU and sink space in a kitchen unit.

PHILIPPINES SanitationSeries #7Storing Foodat basket for a base. Directions for thisare also Home given in Storing Food at Home. Ideas for South Pacific Kitchers For storing root vegetables andsome fruits, Simple Home Mechanics a simple cupboard can be made of a wooden Housing and Home Improvement in the Car- box with shelves and a door of chicken wireso ibbean air can circulate. A small safe with fine mesh While you are helping women to make stor- wire on three sides will provide good air circu- age equipment for their cooking areas, you will lation and can be used for short storage have many chances to teach them how tocare of foods that spoil easily. for their food and utensils in a sanitary way For storing leafy vegetables suchas spinach and why this is important. and lettuce, which need to be kept cool and damp, use a wooden nail keg lined witha thin Storing Food layer of cement. Put a little water in the bot- Most families store some food in the kitchen tom of the keg. Place the vRefrigerator." Ainther simple cooler can be madeusing a

148 146 Dishwashing Area The village woman needs a clean space to wash dishes, cooking pans, spoons, knives, etc. In most cases, this will mean a surface raised off the ground. She may use the same table or work surface where she prepares food. Or she may have a special place for washing her dishes. In several African countries, women have 4 nmde a table at which they stand to wash dishes. It has a top of bamboo. They use it over a soak pit so that water falling through the bamboo top drains away in the soak pit. Direc- tions for making this table are given in Home Improvement Series #1. In Taiwan many families have made sinks from cement and brick. Directions for making such a sink are given at the end of this chap- A dish-drying rack like the one these Brazilian girls have made helps dishes dry faster and keeps them sani- ter. tary.

In the Philippines a sink is made of an oil tin. A bamboo reed is used for the pipe. This sink can be used to wash vegetables and other foods as well as dishes. Or, it can be used as a place to pour water after washing the dishes. The bambno pipe leads into a soak pit in the TANZANIA ground so waste water is drakled away from the house.

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147 The Eating Area People follow different eating customs in different parts of the world. Iii some places, they simply put food from the cooking pot ;nto eating bowls and sit down to eat wherever they can. In other countries, familiessit down around a table and eat together. In some homes, there is room to eat in the kitchen and the family may like to eat there. In modest homes, one room oftenserves as both a living room and a place for eating meals. In hot climates, amay be more comfortable to eat outside the houre. A shelteror porch may providea place. When members of the family sit together at meals, theycan enjoy each other's company. The mothercan watch what the children eat and how they eat and stored under one another during the day.This train them in table manners. takes up less space in the house andmakes a place to sit during the day. For a family to sit down and eattogether, they will need a table. If this is low,the family may sit on the floor or on low stools. Or the table may be high enough touse chairs, benches, or stools. A table can be made of lumber,bamboo, or metal. Chairs or stoolscan be made of the same materials. Wooden *Imes and small barrels can also be twed to make stools. The top of the table should beeasy to clean. If a cover is usedon the table, it should be of material that can easily be washedor wiped clean. When the family iready to gather around it to eat, the table snouldbe clean and look nice.

The Sleeping Area This nest of beds has been slipcovered. Witha pillow at the back it make,' a couch for daytime use. This portion of the house isvery important. The average person spends aboutone-third of his time sleeping. Unbrokensleep is needed each night if a person is to feel goodthe next day. For this reason, eachperson needs a safe, clean place in which to sleep, Beds Each person should havea comfortable bed. Many families do/iv: have enough beds for every member of the family or enoughspace. One solution is to makea nest of beds. Since This attractive folding bed used in India can be folded each bed is a different height, theycan be and stored against a wall during the day. 148 148 ' : ,..---- bed of canvas or other firm cloth.Directions for making this bed are given inSanitation Se- ries #9 In other countries comfortablebeds for babies are made of local basketsor built of wooden boxes. See the chapteron Child Care, page 107, for pictures of these beds. Ventilation To feel refreshed and to lessen thedanger of catching disease, people need freshair while they sleep. In some places, peoplethink that night air is dangerous. Youmay need to find out what the people think aboutthis before you advise ways to increase the freshair in poorly ventilated homes. Partitions

A mattress such as the one this Boliviangirl made of People who live inone-room houses often corn huzlzs makes a good firm bed that is comfortable want to learn how to make partitionsto sepa- to sleep on. rate the sleepingarea from the remainder of the house. Partitionsor room dividers can be Mattresses made high enough to give privacyand sUll have enough space at the top for In hot climates, a matmay be spread over air to circu- the bed to sleep on. In late freely. A sturdy movablescreen, prefera- many countrier people bly one that foldsup and can be moved during like to sleep on a mattress. the day, is used in In the *United States and countries many small houses. Direc- where tions for making wall partitionsare given at cotton is grown, mattressesare stuffed with the end of this chapter. cotton. In some countries,AS in Brazil, corn shucks are used. In others, riceor wheat Storage for clothing and bedding stxaw, wild hay, or bananaor palm leaves are used. In the sleeping area or other suitableplace Directions for makinga mattress of cotton in the house, there should bea special place are given in Horne Improvement Series#5. protected from dust and insects wherepeople These directions can be adaptedfor use with can hang or store clothes that are not used other stuffings. every day. A closet may be built intoa room or When corn shucks are used, theyshould be a simple one made of boxes or scrap lumber.It dipped in hot water, then shreddedinto small may be only a curtained-off space whereclo- strips by a small hand paddlewith short nails thing can be hungon hangers and kept in in it. The tf-ugh top partof the shucks is then shape for wearing. eut off with a sharpknife and the filling is Suitable storage is needed for: ready to put in the tick. Underwear. Drawersor shelves make the Baby's bed most convenient place for keepingclean underwear. It should be neatly folded when it is not A baby needs a separate bed inwhich to being worn. sleep. He sitould not sleep withany one because he ma3 smother. Out-of-season clothes. Clothes thatare not being worn regularlycan be stored on shelves, In Latin America,women make a hanging in a cupboard, or ina box. 149 149 st.

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Apple crates are being used in many Iranian homes as This is a cutaway view of a Philippine family's bathing kitchen shelves and as cbthes and linen closets. area. The waste water drains into a soak pit. Betiding. Sheets, pilbw cases, etc., that are small private area, no more than 3 or 4 feet used regularly are best stored on shelves where square, inside the house. In either space, a they can be easily reached. Quilts, blankets, ex- common method of bathing is to pour water tra pillows, etc., that may be needed only at over the bodyor improvise a homemade show- certain times can be stored in boxes, on shelves, er. A plan and description of an improvised in trunks, or in cupboards. shower is given at the end of this chapter. Never overlook the importance of storage The bathing space can have a floor of con- space. It is impossible to keep a neat, orderly crete or wood slats, but it must have good drain- house without a place to keep things that are age. A wash basin placed at convenient height net being used. Every house can have some and within easy reach should also be available storage. Many kinds can be made by families with water and soap for washing the face and themselves at little cost. hands. Such an arangement oft' the kitchen or near the back of the house wi;) give people a Bathing Facilities place to w11 up when coming from the fields or the toilet. For the convenience and safety of the fam- In some villages community bathhouses are ily, bathing facilities in or near the houseare used. Cleanliness in these is extemely impor- desirable. In some places people bathe in the tant because they are used by many people. If river. This can be dangerousas river water is you are working in such a village, learn the often polluted. If river water is used for bath- customs regarding bathhouse use. Later, when ing in the home, it should be boiled. you are well accepted, you may want to encour- Some families screen a private place in age a community project to maintain high san- the yard with sackingor bamboo and bathe itary standards in the bathhouse if it seems to outside the house. Other families providea need it. 15 0 150 .1;frifk. 0

solar water heaters in Japan roof and hold it for the catch rainwater from the into the home. sun to heat. It is then piped

The Living Area sit and talk. The Ornate,customs, and needs of People needa place where they can sit down the family willinf. aence the kind ofliving and rest, wherethey can talkamong them- area needed and the place theywill most enjoy selves or withguests, where theycan meditate for their momentsof relaxation. or read. They also needa place to sit and mend The amount and kindof furniture and fur- garments, do handsewing, or knit. Aliving nishings for a livingarea will differ greatlyac- room where the familycan meet forcommon cording to what theindividual family likes and activities helps todevelop a cooperativespirit can afford. But most familiesneed and want: among family members. 1. Something to siton. This may be chairs, stools, a bed that Various rooms of thehouse may be used doubles as a sofa in theday- more than one for time, a bench,or a clean mat spread purpose. The livingroom may floor. on the also be used forsleeping. Outside the the yard under house in 2. A table on whichto place refreslm.ents, a tree may be a morepleasant books, or other things. place to entertaina guest or relax than inside the house. A 3. Light to make theroom cheerful and in- woman may prefer to sitand do viting. Also to provide oer mending on a porch. Thedining area is light for anyone doing frequently combined with handwork, reading,writing, or studying. the livingarea. In 4. Something to add cold countries, the largekitchen with its beautysuch as pic- stove tures, curtains,gay looking pillows, may be the most inviting placein the house to a growing plant, or freshflowers. Beauty is addedwhen 15.1 151 ECUADOR Furniture may be made of local materials.

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ZAMBIA 152 the walls are made pleasing and attractive by can be made waterproof and theyare very du- painting or papering. Light colorson the walls rable. make the room seem not only lighter but also ConcreteThis is the most suitablematerial larger. for the foundation of the In many areas, you house. Reinforced may be able to make concrete blocks are generally cheapand widely chairs and tables of local materials,such as used for building. scrap lumber, barrels and boxes, bamboo,or Brick, tile, and stoneTheselast a long time tree branches. When youuse small branches nf but in some areas theyare expensive. trees, you may need to lace them togetherwith Adobe brickTheseare made of mud, clay, a strong grass or other fiber rather than nail and straw or them. cow dung and generally dried in the sun. They are used widely in dryclimates. Aluminum or galvanizedironThese are Building Materials being used more often thanbefore, especially The kind of materials used to builda house, for roofing. as well as its design and size, varies fromcoun- try to country and from family tofamily. A How to Makean Earth Floor Hard house should be built so itcan be enlarged if Materials needed: necessary. Consider what materials peopleean ashes get, how much they cost, and howwell they earth will last when deciding what typeof house to water build or what to use to repairor improve a shovel house. The followingare commonly used mate- wire strainer rials : trowel or heavy board BambooIn many countries, bamboois used ruler to build or repair any part ofa house except a Instructions : fireplace or chimney. Because of its beautyand 1. Prick the earth floor, moisten, andlevel strength,village workers seekinga cheap it. (If the floor has holes, fill themwith building material oiten turn to bamboo.Differ- pieces of rock or earth.) ent kinds of bambooare suitable for different 2. Evenly applya 1/2-inch thick coat of a uses. Villagers or an agriculturistmay be able well-strained mixture of 2 parts earth, 1 to show you the best kindfor a particular use. part ashes, and enough water tohold WoodWhere wood is plentiful, itis often them together. used to build the entire house. Inother places, 3. Smooth the mixture witha trowel or it may be used only for theframe, or for shin- straight board. gles for the roof. Houses of woodare generally 4. Let this coat dry for at least2 days. painted to protect the wood. Apleasing color S. Evenly apply 1/2-inch thickcoat of a of paint adds beauty to thehouse. mixture of 2 parts ashes and 1part Wattle and daubUsually this earth. (These are the reverse amounts of means a mix- ashes and earth used in the base layer.) ture of mud, clay, straw,or cow dung used as a plaster for the walls ofa house of sticks, bam- They should be mixed with justenough boo, or cane. water to make a very thick paste. 6. Smooth and level this second Grass and thatch--Many coat. different grasses 7. Let dry for at least 3 days. Donot use and leaves are used inbuilding. Learn which the floor during this time. ones in your area are suitable. Somefibers can Special instructions: make strong houses when they are properly 1.Strain the ashes and earth wellto re- handled and used. The leavesor fronds of coco- move all rocks, coals, or other materials. nut can be made into an excellent roofing mate- 2. Mix the ashes and earthvery thoroughly rial by weaving the leavesto make a slat. and slowly add just enoughwater to These slats are placedso they overlap. They make a paste.

153 . 153 Tin snips or old heavy scissors Heavy knife to start cuts Hammer Screw driver Pliers Metal bar or similar item about 8 inches long with square corner Directions: This oven is designed so cans may be joined with either bolts or rivets without solder. Cut the corners carefully as shown in the drawing. Material from this cut provides the doors. If this is not done correctly, the material may require patching or more material must be secured from other cans. Cut the cans on corners away from the vertical seam of the can. This avoids having the seam in the material to be used for the door. Leave a 1-inch edge around the sides of the These women in Zambia are improving their floor with can to provide room for bolting and to reinforce an application of mud and ashes. the finished oven. Turn back 1,4.inch on the edges of the sheet metal (tin) around the door 3. When sweeping the finished floor, add a opening and on the doors. Hammer them flat. little water so that the mixture will not The latch can be made of "tin" folded to "dust off" but become harder. form at least three thicknesses of metal and 4.It is best to finish one-half of the floor flattened. Bend it as indicated. Bolt the pieces before starting the other part. together. 5.If the floor cracks, go over it with the Make a shelf out of the metal from an ordi- second mixture. Fill in the openings and nary can, as shown in the diagram. Bolt or smooth. rivet it to the back of the oven after the sides have been put together. Make a hole in either Oil Can Ovens side of the oven. Slide the iron rod through one hole, pass it through the roll at the front of For Use With Charcoal the shelf, and We it out the other hole. Materials Neeclxcl: Some ovens have the original can bottoms Two 6-gallon oil or similar cans left in place. About an inch of dry, clean sand One or two ordinary cans to provide "tin" is placed in the oven. This becomes heated and for shelf in turn heats the oven. Others have open bot- One light iron rod 20 inches long toms so that heat from the charcoal fire goes Two pairs of light hinges directly into the oven. The ovens with the sand About 2 dozen small stove bolt,. about V8" x probably maintain a more even temperature. If 1" long or same number of soft rivets if an oven is made this way, the bottom can be cans are riveted together. cut out later if the open type oven is desired. Bricks for base (number depends on size) If the oven is not steady, it may be weighted Sand (optional) down with several stones. If a greater heat is Tools Required: desired, some of the burning charcoal may be Measure--ruler or tape placed on top of the oven so that it will be Sharp nail to scratch lines on can and make heated from both the top and the bottom. In holes for bolts cooking some types of foods, it may be desira- 154 154. I .! MATERIAL CUT F ROM CAN DOOR

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le to unscrew andopen thelittl6holes arough which the oilwas originally poured. 'his will create a draft. Experiment withlocal axis to find the best methods ofusing this ven. Thoroughly clean theoven before use. It iould be heated up at leastonce and allowed cool before it is used for baking.Oil will arn off and the fumes would taint any food 3ing baked. This oven is being used successfullyin a amber of countries. Baking androasting are lite effective with this simpleand inexpensive *Hance. 1 Ovens canalso be made from one oil can. The one being used by this Iranian woman works on thesame princi- ple the two-can oven. .15555 the surface of thesink will appearmore smooth and durable, but itwill cost more. The amount of water to beadded depends on the dampn, of the sand and stones.If the sand and stonesare very wet, add just a little water. If they are very dry, addmore water. It is best to a( 1 water gradually.Mix well.

A Taiwan family builta cement sink to improve their kitchen.

How to Makea Cement Sink Tools and materials needed: The tools can be found inany rural home. They include a water pail,dipper, saw, knife, wooden boxes, anda sifter. The materials neededare bricks, cement, sand, small stones, oldor new #8 steel wire, a bamboo tube, and rubberhose. Use a trowel to mix thesand, stones, and cement. It is easier to mix if Remove sticks and othermaterial from the you use a large but sand. Sift the stones toget only the smaller shallow pail. Ifno pail is available, you can ones. mix the materialson the ground. Draw the size and shape Steps: of the sink you need on a large piece ofpaper. Then put bricks Mix 4 parts of sand, 2 partsof cement, and 1 on the lines. Usually a sink isabout 60 cm. part of stones. long, 35 cm. wide, and12 cm. deep.

T he stones supplement Use a bamboo tube about3 cm. in diameter the cement andre- and 10 cm. longas a mold for the sink outlet. duce the cost. Theproportions of materialscan be changed Pour the cement mixturearound the bamboo a little. If more cement is added, tube and inside the brickframe. iSet 156* Use the trowel to make the cement surface Now carefully remove the outside bricksyou even. Be sure to make every part firm and used to outline the size and shape of thesink. eve n. The cement shouki oe about 2 cm. thick. Do not disturb the brickson the cement layer Cut the steel wire into pieces the length of or the sink is apt to leak. the sink and lay them on the cement surface. This strengthens the bottom of the sink.

Again wet the bricks you are using to make the sides. Then cover both the inside andout-

Add one more layer of cement mixtureon top of the steel wire. Make iteven and smooth. This is the bottom of the sink. Have thearea near the outlet lower than the rest of the sink so that the waste water can drain out more easily. Wet the bricks thoroughly, then place them on the smooth cement surface along the outside brick frame. Connect the brick ends witha mixture of 1 part of cement and 2 parts of sand with water. Use no small stones for this. This frame makes the sides of the sink. 157 157 N.1(0=1 side of thesink with of cement a mixture madeof 1 part and 2 parts ofsand. Be Place thesink f the surface sure to make i comfortableworking as smoothas possible. height. Todeterniim e best height, you must wetthe bricks Remember, rmker shoula the home- first to makethe cement gtand aight with stick on. J.side. The her arms by palms Ifhands should Now, the sinkis complete. dr- inside ofthe bottor touch piece of thick Cover it witha is coo high of the sink.If the sink paper, a piece ofdamp burlap, or low, shes apt to get a wooden boardso that the sink or tired easily. directly underthe sun. It does not dry is best to letit dry How to MakeWall Partitions slowly for 4or 5 days. Ifit is good weather, sprinklethe sink drying Materials needed times. If the with waterseveral gunny sacks sink dries toofast, thecement may crack. Thiswould cause cement the sinkto leak, lime powdered glue water pail LJL11.1 handsaw nails (1"long) hammer strainer pieces of wood(any desired brush length) sticks to stirmixture

After thesink is well kitchen. Place dried, takeit to the it on a woodenor brick support made forthispurpose Then of the sink connect theoutlet to the drainagewith ber hoseor bamboo tube. a piece of rub- Then thewaste water will goout throughthe hose, First frame the kitchen and the floorof will be keptdry all thetime. econd frame

Burlap Instructions: 1. Measure the lengthand height of sired partition. the de- 2. Decide whether it willhave E, door--to which side itwill openand its size. 3. Accordingto these pieces of wood measurements, cut4 (h" or 8/4" thickby 1" or 2" wide) forthe frame tion. of the parti- 158 158 4.Nail the frametogether. Use lapjoints. (See diagram.) 9.Nail the partitionin its proper place. 5. Open thegunny sacks. Sew enough of 10. Mixtogether 11/2 parts oflime, 1 part them togetherto make a piecebig of cement, and1/2 part ofpowdered enough tocover the frame. glue. Strain themixture. Stir themix- 6.Nail the sacksto the frame. ture and add 2parts of water, littleby 7. little. If If you want thewall to be finishedon necessary, add more water. both sides, makeanother frame and nail 11. Paint thesacks on both sideswith the it over the firstone on the other side of lime mixture, the gunny sacks.(See diagram.) 12. Always 8. remember to stir themixture In order to stretchthe gunny sacksout while youare using it. Prepare well, place piecesof wood in the only of a large partition. middle enough mixture touse immediately. The Place these pieces mixture is ruinedwhen it hardens. of wood on bothsides of the sackslike 13. Paint the the rest of theframe. wood frame andthe limed gunny sacks if you wish.

An ImprovisedShower A simple showercan be made from an ordinary can. Fasten a strong cordto the handle. Remove half ofthe top of thecan. Punch When using theshower, lift thecan to a several small holeson the other side,a little suitable height bytying the cordaround a below the top. strong tree branchor bar. Attach a wire handle at the top anda hook Let the cordrun through the hook. at the bottom (onthe opposite sidefrom the small holes). Pull the end ofthe cord enoughso that the water maypour through the smallholes.

1591" HOUSEKEEPING AND HOME MANAGEMENT

-- A village woman has much work to do both Jobs that cause other work to wait. Maybe inside and outside her house. As you see the the days she goes to market her evening many jobs she has to do each day, youwill want meal is late. to help her plan ahead, manage her time and Jobs that always make her feel rushed. money, and find easier and better waysof Does she feel in a hurry when she starts doing her work. Every homemaker would like to cook or go to market? to do her work in a simple, easy, quick, and Jobs that are especially hard, dilrty, unsafe way if she knew how. She needs to learn pleasant, or tiresome such as carrying how to do each job as efficiently and as well as water, washing clothes, cleaning the la- she can. Improved work methods will help her trine, or caring for the animals. save time and be less tired at the end of aday. Jobs that are poorly done. The clothes may Housekeeping and home management also help not be clean after they are washed, the determine the kind of home life a family has. floor may still be dirty after it is swept, A well-kept, well-run house makes a more the dishes may be greasy after they are pleasant home and better living for all mem- washed. bers of the family. What are some of the important jobs in Poor use of energy. How does she lift or keeping a house and managing the affairs of carry heavy loads ? Does she stoop over a the home? They include : pan on the ground to wash clothes, stand at a table, or squat? keeping the house and surroundings clean Poor use of equipment. She may use a making beds or storing the sleepirct equip- broom with a handle that is too short or ment when it is not in use she may try to dig in the soil when it is too cooking and serving meals hard. washing dis hes and disposing of garbage keeping things easy to find and out of the Why a Clean House Is Important way To help the women with whom you work un- washing, ironing, sewing, and mending derstand the need for good housekeeping, dis- clothes cuss with them what makes a house seem invit- taking care of children ing and pleasant. Help them to see that it first buying food, clothing, and other things must be clean and orderly. for the house and &luny Emphasize also that a pleasant and inviting simple home repairs home has some beauty both inside and outside. whatever else is needed to keep the family A house whitewashed or painted a pleasing weli and happy. The average homemaker dislikes some of these jobs more than others. Some she finds hard to do. Others are easy. Finding what makes the women's work hard will help you suggest changes to make it easier. To decide which jobs and activities most need to be improved and simplified, help the homemaker look for : Jobs that give trouble. Maybe her wash place is so far from the house that she gets tired walking to and from it. . 160 166'1' color seems more attractive thana drab, un- Why have a clean house? A cleanhouse : painted one. Suitable colorson the inside walls and in furnishings suchas seat covers and cur- makes the homemaker proud of her home tains, pretty pictures makes the family feel good on the walls, fresh flow- helps keep the family healthy ers in the house and yardall these thingsadd beauty to the house. helps things last longer smells better sets a good example for children Keeping the House and SurroundingsClean helps the neighbors have respectfor the Anyone coming to the houseusually comes family into the living room first. Whateveris done to is enjoyed by children and theirfriends. beautify the home is generally donehere. The What is a clean house? A clean rest of the housemay be neglected. The bed- house has : floors with no dirt, garbage,grease, or room and kitchen are often disorderly and trash on them dirty and the backyardmay be littered with trash and rubbish. The realtest of a good walls and ceilings without cobwebsor dust iousekeeper is the cleanlinessand tidiness of furniture without dust, crumbs,or grease her kitchen, the sleepingrooms, and backyard beds that are madeup with clean bedding, as well as the living room and front yard that or bedding or mats stored neatly company sees. clothes washed, ironed, and put Clean surroundings away are as important as a dishes washed and putaway after each clean house. A clean, well-keptyard, 'both meal front and back, brightened with pretty flowers all food covered and shrubbery, and fenced tokeep the animals out adds value and beauty to thehome. A neat, food wiped off table, chairs, andbenches clean porch provided witha comfortable chair after each meal or bench helps to welcome family and friends. all kitchen equipment, pots, andpans with- No matter how fineor how small and humble a out grease, food,or dust on them house is, keeping it and itssurroundings clean no bugs or flies inside the house and tidy will go far towardmaking it an at- no pigs, chickens, goats, sheep,or cows in tractive home. the house no trash inside or around the house a neat yard, porch, and steps a clean toiletwhether it'sinside the house or ritdoors. A house is easier to clean and safer: when things that should beput away are not left lying around whe i the house is kept in goodrepair when everyone does his part when a mator scraper is kept near the door to wipe feet and shoeson when some cleaning is doneevery day when you have goodcleaning tools or equipment. These includea broom, scrub mop, dry mop, bucketor tin pail, cloths or rags, soap, scouring powder,hot water, a box or basket for waste anddirt, and one to hold the cleaning things. 1 161 "' How to Have a Well-Kept House seep in to make the floors wet or damp. It is important to keep earthfloorsfree from All parts of the house should have constant cracks. Occasionally they need to be releveled care and attention. Some cleaning jobs need to and then plastered. be done every day, some need to be done only Concrete floors are hard to clean. They may once a week, and others need to be done only need to be scrubbed or have grease spots and now and then. The following suggestions may stains washed up every day. At least they help you teach good housekeeping practices. should be swept every day. Once a week they The walls will need a thorough scrubbing with a hard brush and soap and water. Use a broom with a cloth tied around it or a Wood floors should be swept or dusted with long handled brush. Dust down the walls and a dry mop daily. Anything that isspilled remove cobwebs. If walls are painted or white- should be wiped up immediately. In sweeping, washed, remove fingerprints, grease spots, or be careful that the wind does not scatter the any other dirt or stain using a clean wet rag dust or trash again. Sweep the dust and dirt with a little soap. Now and then walls may into a pile, take it up in a dustpan, and dispose need washing all over. of it immediately. Do not sweep trash from tbe house into the yard. Piain wood floors may need scrubbing now and then with a stiff brush, warm water, and soap or powder. Scrub only a small area at a time and rinse to get off all the soap. Dry the floor thoroughly with dry cloths or mop. Do not let water soak into wood. It makes it splinter. Linoleum on the floor should be washed with a mop or cloth using warm water with powder or soap, and then rinsed and allowed to dry. How often linoleum floors are washed will depend on the use they have. Linoleum in the kitchen, for example, will need washing more often than in the bedroom. The windows If a house lias glass windows, these need to be kept clean and shiny by washing and polish- ing. Using I/2 cup of vinegar to 1 gallon of Cracks or holes in walls or damage caused water is a good way to wash windows. Dry and by termitesormiceshouldbeiepaired polish them with clean cloth or paper. If there promptly. Keeping the walls ofallrooms are screens, they need to be brushed or dusted painted in light colors brightens them and often. makes them seem cleaner. Once or twice a year it may be necessary to repaint or whitewash The bedrooms walls to freshen them. Bedrooms, or wherever members of the family sleep, are often the most neglected rooms in The floors the house. For healthful sleep it is in, nortant Floors need to be swept, dusted, or scrubbed that sleeping rooms be cleaned every day and every day, depending on the kind of material kept neat and tidy. Children should be taught t'aey are made of. Earth floors should be hard to take care of their own sleeping space. it and must be kept dry. Be sure there is enough takes only a few minutes each day to look after drainage around the house so water cannot the beds and sleeping areas of the house. Hen

162 is a good routine to follow every day: Now and then or every 3 Make the bed. Smooth the or 4 weeks : covers into 1. Put all bedding, includingmattresses and place. Plump the pillow and put it into sleeping pads, in thesun for several place. Last, put on the bedspread ifyou hours. This freshens them and makes use one. them more sanitary. Smooth the top of the bed so thereare no wrinkles or lumps. See that the spread 2. Wash the bedspread if it needsit. hangs evenly and that the bed looksneat 3. Wipe down the walls. and tidy. 4. Wash the curtains and clean thewin- If mats are used, rollor fold them neatly. dows. Sweep the floor if it needs it. Storage places for clothes and bedding If there are floor mats, shake themout- doors and replace them on clean floors. These will include closets, cupboards, shelves, Tidy any tables, dressers,or chests in the drawers, boxes, and other places where clothes room. and bedding are stored. Keep themneat and See that all clothing and belongingsare tidy at all times. Keep clothing eitherfolded or put in their proper place. hung carefully. Keep sheets, pillowcases, and If kerosene lampsare used, clean and re- unused other bedding clean, folded,and put fill them if they need it. away. All storage places for clothing and bed- Leave the room clean, tidy, and inviting. ding must be kept clean and dry. Once a week give the bedroom extraattention. Every now and then, empty storageplaces Change bedding. Bedding usednext to the and check for mold, moths, mice,and other body should be washedevery week. vermin, etc. Clean closets andspray them with disinfectant. Air clothing and beddingbefore Inspect the mattress and bed frameto be putting them back. sure there are no bugs or insects. Ifany are found, immediately use insecticides Bath facilities or whatever remedy is available to get rid of them. If thereare any rips or tears in Tubs for bathing, wash basins,and shower the mattress, mend them. stalls should be cleaned immediatelyafter a Give floors extra cleaning. Move person uses them. A thorough cleaning with furniture scouring powder or fine sand is needed.Put and clean underneath it. wet towels out in thesun to dry. Dust all furniture. The living room Clean, dust, and tidy thisroom every day. Take out any matsor rugs and shake or dust them. Clean the floor witha dust mop or wet mop. Dust the furniture, hangup any clothing, put in fresh flowers. Tidy theroom to make it look pleasing and inviting. If meals are eaten in the livingroom, clear the table of all food and dishesas soon as the meal is over. Then wipe the tabletop with a clean, moist cloth. Once a week give it extra cleaning.Clean spots from the walls, woodwork,and furniture. Give the floors extra attention. Movethe furniture and clean underneath. Nowand then wipe down the walls and wash thewindows, Cur- taint,, slipcovers, etc. .183 163 'he kitchen and labor -s av in g system. To wash dishes right : Special attention needs to be given tothe 1. Wash your hands first. itchen. Unsani tary conditions in the kitchen 2. Get the dishes ready. Put away allusable an lead to sickness and poorhealth. food. Scrape food scraps and grease onto After each meal : leaves or paper and put them in a gar- 1. Cover and put away any leftover food. bage can. Stack the dishes on the dish- 2. Wash the dishes, pots, and pans. When washing table. they are dry, put them away in closed 3. Use two pans, one for washing and the cupboards or shelves. other for rinsing, plenty of hot water (cold water docs not get dishes clean) , 8.Clean the stove, sink, and dishpans. soap or powder, a pan or rack fordrain- 4. Sweep the floor, empty the garbage, and ing, and a brush, dishmop, or clean cloth tidy the kitchen. Once week give the to wash with. kitchen a thorough cleaning. 4. Wash with soap all the dishes from Wash and straighten the cupboards, shelves, which you eat and drink and serve food. ables, and stove. Scrub the floor and clean the Wash them in water as hot as your hands rarbage can. can stand. Then put them in therinse lishwashing pan. Wash glasses and cups first,then knives, forks and spoons, then the dishes, Food tastes better and is safer when dishes and last of all the pots and pans. If sand ire not greasy or do not have stale foodsticking is used to scrub pans, be careful not to o them. Everybody enjoys food morefrom scratch the metal or pottery. fishes that are clean and dry. 5. Rinse the dishes by pouring boiling Not many people like to wash dishes, but water over them. Use a wooden spoon, ;hey might not mind it if they used an orderly tongs, or a stick to lift the dishes out of the hot water. Drain them and let them dry in the air. Air drying, if the dishes are protected from flies and dirt, isbetter than drying them with a towel. If towels are used, be sure they areclean. Rinse the pots and pans and turn them upside down to dry. 6. Put the clean dishes, pots, and pans in a closed cupboard. 7. Wash and dry the dishpans, drain racks, and sink. Washing clothes Doing the laundry for a family requires much energy and time. Not only is it a tiresome job, but where and how the washingis done greatly affects the health of the woman who does it as well as her whole family. Wash- ing in rivers, streams, ponds, swamps, and ditches is unsafe because this kind of water may carry many kinds of disease germs.If safe water is available, use that. If not, it is a good idea to use boiled water. Hot water helps get clothes cleaner also.

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Like this woman in Haiti,women in many countries These Turkish women havea tub deep enough so the have no place to wash their clothesbut in the river. plunger can be used without lifting itout of the water.

This Korean washing machine isa standard model. The deluxe model has a lid, handles, anda drain cock. A woman in Brazil shows howto use a washboard. The board was made from the handlesof worn -out brooms.

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Another type of plunger Is being shown by thisKorean club mqmber. To use the plunger, sheputs it in a tub of wattpep as the plunger case.

165 tion. Keep tin cans, trash, and rubbish picked up each day. Fill up or drain any pools of water that may have formed. Once a week give both the front and back yards and their surroundings a thorough cleaning. Cut the grass if it needs it. Scrub the inside walls, seat, and floor of the latrine with soap, water, and a disinfectant. Keeping the inside of the latrine painted or whitewashed is a good thing to do. Sprinkle lime in the latrine to stop odors and When you use a line such as this made of twisted keep bugs away. If there is a back porch or grasses or ropusi, it is not necessary to use clothespins. steps to the house, scrub them. If two ropes are twisted together and drawn tightly, the tips of the garments can be put in the twists. Management in the Home Management in the home is as important as Clothes should be washed in a container management on the farm. What do we mean by such as a tub, washing machine, basin, or pail. management? For example, a farmer must A good method is to use two tubs on a firm not only do all the physical work of growing bench, high enough so the woman can use a crops and livestock, but also think about what washboard or plunger without much stooping. crops and livestock he should raise, thebest Most wonien use the kind of soap they find time to plant, and what tools he needs. He in the market. Some women save money by must plan on how much labor and money he making their own soap. Get the dirt out by will need, how much money he will make, and rubbing clothes on a washboard or with the how he can save. hands or by using a Dlunger or washing mach- So it is with running a house. The woman ine, not by beating them on a rock or with a must think about what jobs she has to do, how stick. Hot water removes dirt better than cold mid when to do them, what she needs to work water. with, how much time she needs to do house- Wash white clothes first, then colored work, and how much time she can spend in the clothes. Rinse the clothes until they are free of field or doing other work. She needs to think of soap. Hang them up to dry. If you use a fence, how much money she can spend to run the wall, or clothesline to dry them on, be sure it is home and whether she can economize on some clean. A clothesline can be made of grass, rope, things so she will have more money to spend or wire. on others. Ironing For a village woman, management in the The ironing board or table should be well home means running a house, looking after a padded. Ironing kills germs and makes storing family, guiding and directing home and family clothes easier. Clothes look nicer when they affairs, and using what she has to get as much are ironed. Some clothing such as cotton pants, as possible of what she and her family want. slips, etc., and bedding such as sheets, pillow- The things that people have to help them get cases, and spreads can be folded without iron- what they want are called "resources". We all ing. This saves much time. have resources that might be better managed. They are : Disposing of wastes and controlling household TimeEveryone has the same amount of pests time in a day, but each of us uses our time dif- These are an important part of having a ferently. Some people take twice as long to do clean house. They are discussed on pages a job as it would take another person to do ex- 120 to 122. actly the same thing. How we manage our time Give the yard and surroundings daily atten- affects the amount of work we can accomplish. 166 166 EnergyAll of us are born with different her weekly jobs. Each familywill need to amounts of physicalenergy. Our health, the make its own plan. way we feel, and our attitude toward workall affect the amount of 1st dayCollect and sortclothes, bedding, energy we have and what and other things that needwashing. Do we can accomplish. any mending needed. Skin or know-howAlmost everyone has 2nd dayWash the clothes,and hang them some skills. We all know how to dosome- to dry. thing. Some people have many more skills than 8rd dayIron the clothes, others. Skills can be learned. Theycan be devel- fold them and put oped. them away. 4th dayGive the bedroomsan extra clean- KnowledgeThis is the informationor un- ing. derstanding we have. Wecan improve our knowledge by study, by learningfrom others, 5th dayGive the kitchen,including the and by experience. cupboards, a thorough cleaning. AbilityThis means howgood we are at 6th dayGive the livingroom and yard an doing things. Nearlyeveryone has some abil- extra cleaning. ity. The ability to thinkthrough problems and Some womer find pleasurein housework. make intelligent decisions isvery important in Others find drudgery. Oftendrudgery comes good management. Abilitycan be developed from wasted time andenergy. A homemaker through practice and experience. must make every motioncount. She must think about her work and plan AttitudeThis is theway we look at things. how she can save time Our attitudes are often determined and energy. Time andenergy can be used to by the save money and often spending knowledge we have and byour own personal a little money feelings. can save both time and energy. Fit jobs together Material goodsThese include so wich will take a mini- 'lie things we mum of time and labor. For example,when a own such as land, our house, furniture,clothes, etc. woman is taking peelings to the pigsor to the compost heap, shecan stop by the garden on MoneyThis is the amountof money we the way back andgather vegetables. To keep have and do notowe to someone else. the house clean and attractive,give the chil- Community facilitiesNearlyevery village dren the care they need,and have time for or community has facilities that allof the peo- work outside the homerequires careful plan- ple can use. These includehealth, agricultural ning and organization. and home economics services, schools, parks, Arrange equipment and work and playgrounds. Somemay have a community space building or center. The first step in makinghousework easier is Families can live betterwithout more money to arrange things in thehoue to save steps and if they use all of theresources they now have work. in better ways. Howcan they do this? Keep all equipment andmaterials as near as possible to the places where theywill Plan and organize housework be used. For example, keepfuel near the stove, water and food suppliesnear where Any homemaker, afterthinking through all food is being prepared, andcooking pots the jobs she has to doevery day, can judge and pans near the workingarea where about how long it takes foreach. If she plans they can easily be reachedwithout extra to do a few of her weeklyjobs each day, she steps or stooping. can avoid having too much houseworkin one Arrange cupboards day. Then she will know how so that it is easy to to pl...., for other find things in them. Keepdishes and sup- work such as gardeningor work in the fields. plies within easy reach. Here is an example of the way she might plan Arrange tables, work counters,the stove, 167 167 This L-shaped kitchen is conveniently arranged for the rice bin are very near to the preparation and cooking Filipino homemaker. The covered water storage and area. 168 168 0' the sink, and the shelfor stand where water is kept, close to each otherso that a meal can be prepared with as few steps as possible. Arrange and keep laundry equipment, tubs, washboards, etc., asnear as possible to the place where the washing will be done.

Use good body positions A woman should sit to work whenshe can sitting takes lessenergy than st a n din g. Equipment and materials should be closeby so she does not have to jumpup. Such jobs as preparing vegetables, cleaning fish, ironing,etc., can easily be done sitting down. A comfortable chair and a boardon the lap makes it easier to work while sitting down. Not this ....

low surface, squat, don't bendover to get the object. When you do this, asyou stand up, your legs help do the lifting instead of makingyour back and arm muscles do it all. Have work surfaces and shelves theright height How high work surfaces need to bedepends on the height of the woman who uses them. Kitchen tables, shelves, counter tops, thesink, and cook stove should be madeso that the homemaker does not have to bendor raise her arms too high while she works. A good work surface height for awoman 5 feet 5 inches tall would be about 34 inches. Awoman this tall could also reach a shelf about 72 incheshigh without standing on her toes or stretching. Reaching for things on shelves thatare too It is more convenient to standwhen cooking, high adds to the strain of housework. washing dishes, cleaning,etc. When you stand Work surfaces thatare too high or too low straight, you don't get too tired. Standingon a bring on fatigue and require cement or hard floor puts more energy than a strain on the feet those of corre.lt height. Allstoves and cabinets and may cause back pain. Standingon a small should be built with toe mat or rug will lessen fatigue. space underneath so the woman can stand close enoughto them to Some women squat or siton the ground to be comfortable while she is working. work. Because they are t,sed to sucha position, it may not be uncomfortable Homemakers should doas little stooping as or tiring. How- possible; it makes them tired. Stoopingto get ever, standing and bending to the groundto something from a bottom shelf takes11 times work is hard on the back andvery tiring. as much energy as to get it froma shelf with- When lifting something from theground or a out stooping.

169 169 ; Keep from getting too tired cause it is not taken care of. Poor laundry Teach women to plan their work to allow methods, such as beating clothes on a rock, short rest periods in the morning and after- cause clothes to wear out. There are many noon. They should plan their day so they do other wasteful practices around the aver- not do all the heavy jobs one after the other. age home that the family does not even Do a heavy job, then a light job. recognize. There are other good work habits you should Learning to sew and making their own teach. For example, teach people to work clothes saves money. where the lightisgood; working in dark Better buying practices. Women often buy rooms is tiring and hard to do. the cheapest goods on the market. This may Women should let their families help with be false economy. For example, a cheap, all the housework. Let them help to plan and sleazy piece of dress material may fade and give them a choice of the jobs they do. Chil- wear out in a short time. It will not be dren, both boys and girls, should be taught worth what itcost. Planning ahead to how to work in the house. They should learn to save a little extra money so they could keep their own belongings in order, hang up buy a better quality that would last longer their clothes, put away playthings and books, would be a better use of their money. make their own beds, and carry their own Peddlers often go from door to door selling dishes to the dishwashing table after meals. cheap goods. Women are often attracted Good home management provides for the de- by a gaudy color or the salesrnawhip of velopment for each family member. Every the peddler and buy something they do child deserves a chance to develop into the not need. Help them figure out how much finest person possible. Wise home management they spend a week for food, fuel, soap, can help to insure that chance. When children and other supplies and how they can buy are taught how to do househole jobs the right more economically. way, it makes them feel they are contributing Talking over money matters with the and gives them pride in sharing and doing whole family. When members of a family their work well. talk about what they need, what they want, and how much money they have to Use money wisely spend, then decide together what they will Most village families feel that they have so buy, they make better use of the money. little money there is no point in talking about Every member of the family is happier how to use it. They think they buy only what because he feels he has had a share in de- is absolutely necessary and there is no money ciding how the money will be used. Often, left over to buy things they would like to have. the homemaker wants something for the There is truth in this. Village familiesgener- house, the farmer wants a new tool on the ally do have very little money. Butno matter farm, and each child wants something. how little they have, you can help themuse it When a family plans together how to use better. Here are some ways families cansave and The family plans together. make better use of the money they have: Growing more food for home use, instead of buying i. helps them to have money for other things. Taking care of what they have saves money. For example, much food is destroyed by rats, mice, other vermin, insects, etc., because of poor storage. Food is often wasted in the garden or field be- 170 170 their money, they developresponsibility for farmers to and understanding ofmoney matters on grow more food, cow dungmay the part of each family become more importantas fertilizer than fuel. member. This pro- This can affect thecost of fuel for the family motes unselfishnessthinkingabout other people's needs and wants. cooking. Roads andpublic buses may makeit possible for familymembers to ride to work Homemakers inevery country have ideason stead of walking. in- economy. You could collect these Bus fare takesmoney. Can ideas, pass you help families meet thesechanges through them on to other homemakers,and help them better management? to be economy-mindedin little things as well as The government touchesthe economic inter- larger ones. For example,you might suggest est of the family by saving boxes for storage,or making tin cans laws it makes, suchas tax into something useful such laws regarding deeds,mortgages, and notes. as graters, measur- There are inheritancelaws and laws about ing cups, etc. Remember,preventing waste is one of the best economy practices to wills. You should learnabut these so thatyou emphasize can help families understandthem. They all with homemakers. affect the family and There are othermoney matters to consider. their business matters. As economic and industrial Remember asyou work with families that changes come to good home managementmeans that house and your country, household activitieswill be af- family activities fected. If, for example,wood is now used are managed so that family as members cangrow, work, and developas indi- fuel, it may becomescarce. Oil may be more ec- viduals with onomical than wood. With a sense of responsibility toward the increased need their family andcommunity.

2.. 171 171 "."' CLOTHING

From the beginningof time,women have been conscious of girls to sew,or even to knit. This followsthe how they look. Personal basic extensionprinciple of beginning beauty is very important,especially towomen where and girls. The poorest people are with whatthey feel they need.If, woman or the ugliest lit- however, you tle girl in the villagewants to look nice and never do more than teachthem she knows how to sew,you fail to fully useyour opportunity. much pretty clothescan con- Through their interest tribute to herappearance. in sewing,you can This is one teach muchmore than how to cuta garment reason you may find,as you start and make seams. home economics workin a new village, that wing offersmany oppor- the only thing the tunities to getwomen interested in otherbasic women seem interested In problems that theymay not have recognized. learning is how tosew, knit, crochet, orem- You can go fromsewirg to teaching otherbad- broider. This is directlyrelated to their desire ly needed topics. to look their bestor have some touch of bcauty in their home. Itis a normal human desire. Why People Dress We mustnever overlook the effect of clothes as They Do on personality and attitudesof people. Whena Most countries havewell-established habits person feels that he is welldressed and looks of dress. These have nice, he has come about over many more confidence in himself, ismore years or even over centuriesand are closelyas- "outgoing", andparticipatesbetter.People sociated with traditionand well-fixed social who feel theyare not well dressed and donot values. Such valuesare not to be treated look nice tendto shy away from others.They lightly. Theremay be good reasons for people's appear timid and uninterested. choice of clothing. Forexample, vivid colors Women are consciousof style, kind of fabric, such as bright red,green, or yellow may not be and color in theirclothes, and theywant your idea of the most suitablecolor for field "dress up" clothesfor social occasions.Young work in the hotsun. But, bright colorsmay girls want to learnto sew so theycan have satisfy an inner need ofthe person whowears more clothes. them, andmay be a relief from the drabness Creating a blouseor knitting a sweater fora all around. Brightcolors :ay givea lift to the child may providethe self expressionwomen wearer. want. Youmay find a woman whoalready You should understandcustoms and tradi- knows how to dofancy work, butdoes not tions about theway people dress and respect know the first thingabout makinga baby dress them asyou work with familieson their clo- or a shirt for her little boyor her husband. thing problems. Thisdoes not meanyou should Also, manywomen want to learn to not try to bring about practical sew for desirable changes in clo- reasons, such as tosave money. In thing. Often workclothes are notcomfortable. most villages, incomesare low and hiring You may help show lor costs a tai- both men andwomen that money. Women who learnto make they can workbetter in differeutkinds of clothes for theirfamilies have clothes. With spend for other more money to many families the problemis family needs. Somewomen simply having enoughclothes to keep them want to learn tosew for others and increase comfortable in cold, heat,wind, or rain, the family income. when they work. or Even thoughyou may sce other pmblems that seem more pressing or ofgreater impor- Before You Begina Clothing Program tance, youmay be justified in startinga home economicsprogram by teaching Before you starta clothing program, there women and are a number of thingsyou need to know and

172 112

;71 understand. Some of these are: a running stitch, back stitch? Do you knowhow 1. What kind of clothing each memberof to make different kinds of seams?Can you cut the family wears for work and forspe- and put on a facing? Doyou know how to cial occasions. Observe clothingwherever measure to make a pattern or fita garment? you see people: at home, in the field, in Can you put on a patch and darna hole so that the market, at the festival,etc. It will it looks neat? Do help if you record you know It.w to thread a your observations. sewing machine? Adjust thetension? Fill the 2. Who buys clotheF for the family.The bobbin? Oil the machine? Canyou tell the father ? The mother ? Both? Are clothes lengthwise threads ofa piece of material from bought in the village marketor in town? the crosswise? You must be Does a salesman sure of your own go from door to door skills before you start to teachsewing. If you selling ready -m a de garments or yard are not sure, ask your supervisor for help goods? and then practice untilyou know them well. 3. How garments are made. Howmany women make clothes for their families? How many buy most of the clothesal- Some Problems in Home Sewing ready made? Howmany hire someone 1.Lack of sewing equipment is probably else, such as the tailor in the market,to the greatest problem. Womenmay not be able make the family's clothes? to buy sewing machines. Theyare expensive, 4. How clothing is laundered. Isit washed especially those that are electricor operated by by hand or on a boardor is it beaten with a foot pedal. In some areas, sewing machines a paddle or on rocks? Are clothes dried are small and have a wheel with a crank that on a clothesline or on the grass? is turned by hand. Villagers sometimesjoin to- 5. How clothing is cared for in thehome. gether and buy a sewing machinecoopera- Do people hang garmentson a nail or peg, tively. Then they work outa plan so that home- or do they use clothes hangers? ,Do they makers can take turns using it.When nosew- keep clothes in a closetor covered with a ingmachines are available,you will need to curtain? Do theystoreout-of-season plan a program based on hand sewing. clothes in a box or trunk? Individ- 6. How much clothing needs ual families often do not have needles,shears, repair. Do or other small equipment These, too,can be children's clothes have tearsor holes in purchased cooperatively. them? Are fastenersor buttons torn off? 2. Lack.of patterns. In Many Do men's work clothes needpatches, areas there or are the t,sillars turned on shirts? are no readymade patterns of any kind available. Basic patternscan be made at home by 7. What fabrics, thread, buttons,needles, etc., are sold in the local market? taking body measurements and usingthese to 8. What sewing equipment the draw a pattern. Some village workersteach women have. women to rip apart an old garment, suchas a Do they have needles, pins,shears, or blouse, shirt, or pants, and cut scissors? Do they have sewingma- a pattern from chines? If so, howare they operatedby it. Once you have a basic pattern,it can be hand or by foot? pinned together on theperson and made smaller or larger to fit the individual 9.If patterns of any kindare available in figure. the market or nearby town. However, often the lack ofpaper for homemade patterns is alsoa problem. 3.Village tailors sometimesare afraid that How Are Your Own Sewing Skills? teaching village women tosew will threaten their business. They consider makingclothes a Do you, yourself, know the simple,basic man's job. They charge considerableamounts skills you will need to teachwomen sewing? for their sewing and make their livingin this For example, do you know the basicstitches way, However, their trade is usually not hurt needed in sewing by handhow to baste, make when villagewomen learn tosew. 173 118 Making New Garments rial as samples so you can teach the women what to look for to get the most value for their Selecting suitable materials money. First show how, for the same amount An important part of learning to make a of money, a woman can buy a good quality fabric that will wear well and be attractive or new garment is learning how to buy the mate- one of poor quality that will fade or shrink. rial wisely. Local markets may be the only Show how some pull out of shape or wear out place the village family has to buy cloth to quickly and how to look for closely woven ma- make clothes. You may find a great variety of terials that are strong and will wear well. You fabrics in them. You may find, for example, can show them how to look for printed designs that for the same price there may be some that are placed straight on the threads of the firmly woven pieces that will wear well and cloth. Teach them the difference between cot- others that are loosely woven. You may find tons and other fibers. Wash some of the sam- materials made not only of familiar fibers such ples to show those that fade and those that do as cotton, but also some of the manmade fibers not. like rayon, etc. The village woman may not In other words, yon can tearth the village know how to wash and iron these materials. women to be better consumers through a sew- You may want to buy small pieces of mate- ing project. A Woman's Club in Tanzania is meeting for a lesson on discussing the growth and development of a healthy making children's clothing. While the women are prac- child. ticing- their newly learned skills, the village worker is

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AE44 , Begin with something easy the squares to 2 inches across and transfer the markings to your full-size pattern. In many places, it will be wise to startsew- Place the pattern on a lengthwise fold of the ing lessons by teaching thewomen to sew by material with the center back hand. This will not eliminate those who donot on the fold. The have machines they canuse. Any garment in- pattern allows for a 5/8-inch seam. Baste the volves some hand sewing. By patchinga gar- underarm seam and try the garmenton the ment, they can learn to baste and make small baby. Adjust it as is needed. Sew the underarm hemming stitches they will use often if they seam with small running stitches. Makea continue to sew. Beginning this way will give french seam. the women a chance to develop simple skills Baste the edges of the sleeves, bottomof they will need later. Holding a small needle the jacket, the center front opening,and around the neck. Then hem them withsmall and guiding it through cloth may be hard for stitches. Use a small hem.If embroidery the women to learn if they have not done it be- thread is available, the edgescan be blanket fore. stitched over the hems for trimming. In a West African country where evenings Make ties of thesame material and attach get cool enough for babies to needwraps, the them to the front opening at the neck. home economist ber-%v. by teaching the women It another village thewomen began their to make a baby's jaCiret. Thewomen were able sewing by making a blouse. Theyused a to buy the 3/4 yard of cotton flannelneeded for straiOit piece of cloth, folded it inthe middle, this garment, needle, and thread.By making cut a hole in the neck, and sewedup the sides, this garment, the women learned tobaste and allowing for the armholes. The neckand arm- make running stitches, hemming stitches,and holes had to be faced and the bottomof the french seams. All workwas done by hand. blouse hemmed. This simple blousewas quickly pattern for such a jacket is given below.It made and the womenwere pleased with their is simple to make. Touse the diagram, enlarge success.

2 inch squares

175 3.Fold as marked by dotted lines on the diagram. 4.Stitch the "X" seams together.

6.Stitch seam "C". 6. Spread the seam open. Fold the points KOREA back on the garment as shown below. Stitch near the edge to reinforce the Pciaties for a small girl crotch. In Korea, a pattern has been developed for making a pair of panties for a little girl from 1/3 yard of 86-inch material. Here is how it's done: Select a cotton materlal that is soft and can be washed easily. 1. Mark the material into three equal parts and cut it as indicated below:

7. Hem the legs and top. 8. Insert elastic or a drawstring in the waistband. A

2.Stitch the two "A" parts together.

176

176 -

Little girl's dress The easy 3. Sew the sideSls of facings. pattern given herewill makea sim- 4. Lay the right ple, yet comfortabledress for side of thefacings on the girl in a a 4- or 5-year-old right side ofthe dress warm climate. and neck matching. with armholes To use thediagram, enlarge 5. Sew around inches acrossand transferthe squares to3 the armholes,neck, and your full-size the markingsto along the edgesof the openingin the seams on center,ern. The patternallows for back of thedress. front, centerback, sides, 6. Trim thisseam and clip it to shoulders, and forthe hem. facings lie flat. make the After cuttingthe front andback of the 7. Turn the dress, lay the topof both facings to thewrong side. cloth again to pattern pieceson the 8. Sew theshouldersums of the dress. make facings forthe top ofthe 9. Sew theshoulder dress. Makethe facingcome 1 inch below 10. Make ties seams of the facings. armhole. Placethe pattern the for fasteningthe dress. thread of the on the lengthwise 11. Attach theties to bothsides of the materialas you did in cuttingthe neck opening. back dress. You can easily adaptthispattern. By To Make Dress: straightening theside and cutting 1. Sew the waist, you it off at the side seams. can add a gatheredskirt. If this 2. Sew theback seam to done, extendthe back is the neckline. within 5 inchesof waist and opening to belowthe substitute buttonholes or otherfas- teners for theties on theoriginal pattern.

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177 177 Boys' pants In Burma, the women asked a home economist to help them make pants that would fit their small sons. She quickly found their chief problem. They were cutting the front and back the same length, allowing the boy no room to sit down. A Nepalese home economist developed a pattern for boys' pants that is easy to follow. See How To Make Boys' Pants, an AID publication, for directions.

In Turkey where it is cool, long pants are preferred. These, like the others, can be made of sturdy material with strc ng seams and still be attractive.

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178178 Women's underwear The pattern allows forseams of 14 inch. The In many countries,patterns for women'sun- assiere is made doubleso all seams are on derwear suited to theirtraditional outergar- the inside. ments have been developed.For instance, India Cut out the mainpart of the brassiere four has a long sl:pcomfortable towear under a times. This will givea left and a right side for sari. am outside and thesame for the lining. Cut out Instructions for makinga brassiere are the other two piecestwice. This brassiere ties in often requested. Asimple brassiere patternde- the front with twoties. signed in Turkey isgiven below. Sew the center backseam. Press it open. Turkish village workersleave their basic Sew the dartseams. Press them open. training center withthis pattern andmany Repeat these steps forthe lining. others in three diffel-entsizes. The middle size Fold the straplengthwise through thecen- of each is madeup into a garment. Thewomen ter with the rightsides together. Sew 14inch can try on the samplegarment. If it fits, they from the edge. Turnthe strap right sideout. use the middle size pattern.If it is too small, Baste along the edgesto make the straps fiat. they use the larger.If it is too large,they turn Pin one end of eachstrap to the outside ofthe to the smaller. Withthe aid of their village brassiere at the placemarked on tilt pattern. worker, they can makeany additional adjust- Baste. rn:Jnts needed. Put the liningover the outside of the bras- How to makea brassiere siere with theseams on the outside. Matchthe Enlarge the pattern seams. Baste all theway around the outside. as directed. Place the Sew 1/4 inch from brassiere patternon the material with the the edge all theway around marked "lengthwise line except for about 5)ehes on the bottom. thread of material"care- move the basting aiiti Re- fully on the straightlengthwise threads. This turn the brassiere right will make the center side out through the5-inch open space. Press back seam on the bias.If and baste around the the garment is tofit, this is important.See the edge. Make two tiesand illustration below: at:ach them to thefront opening. Try iton and adjust the straps to theproper length. r 2 inch suares attachstrap here

Tiecut 2 .0. e,... attachstrap 0 Strap here cut 2

' L--.. Brassierecut 4 .0, 4.. attachties ...46 here

- 179 Ter

Aprons Aprons are easy to make and help to keep a blend with the type of dress worn in other dress clean. It is easier to wash an apron than countries. a dress. An apron will also help hold afree- In Korea, the basket apron is well liked by Rowing garment in place so that it is safer rural women. It serves to protect the dress working over an open fire. from soil when worn open. When the draw- A home economist Li India developed the string around the edge is drawn up, it makes a sari apron which follows the graceful folds of basket to carry fruit or vegetables. the sari. Aprons could also be designed to

Care of the Sewing Machine

The design of sewing machines and their For ordinary cleaning, carefully wiping the parts varies greatly between brands. parts is enough. Put a drop of oil in every hole, To get the best result from a sewing mach- wipe off the excess oil, and stitch on a piece of ine, it must be given proper care. This consists flannel or other absorbent material to soak up mainly of cleaning and oiling it, and keeping it extra oil. Only after this should you sew on the covered when it is not being used. How often it machine. Otherwise your new cloth will be needs oiling depends on how much it is used. spoiled with oil. Before cleaning the machine, remove the Before starting to sew, make a trial stitch on needle to avoid the danger of sewing into your a double thickness of the material. Judge the finger while you are cleaning it. Then remove sample on the following points : the thread, the bobbin, the case (if this is re- 1.Is the stitch the right length for the ma- movable), the thread plate, and the face plate. terial used ? Coarse material requires a ISO Arm Teaching Other Topics Along WithSewing f Dobbin Winder Renee While women are sewing,you have many Tension St ltehLength Hoe Contsol chances to teach related topicssuch as per- or Here Reread and Reverse Contsof sonal cleanliness, sanitation, andcare of clothing. Sanitation is a natural companionfor a sewingproject.Everyone needsclean hands when theysew if they are to end orer up with a clean garment. The habitof lied washing hands before sewingcan easily be expanded to includewashing hands before handling food, eating, andhandling the baby. Feed 0411. Presser foot A village worker in Nigeriaalways Robbie starts a sewing class byhaving everyone wash her hands. Thewomen in the corn- poimds where she works gotso used to this that they always seta calabash and a jug of water out when shecame. She also helped them to see thata clean place was needed The parts of a sewing machine. to work. Soonthey learned to cleanup the compound to be readyfor a sewing lesson. long stitch, and finer material,a short Personal cleanliness. Ifyou are teaching stitch. the women to makedresses for their 2.Is the thread the righttype for the mate- babies, bathe the baby before thedress is rial? For fine material,use fine thread. tried on because "a cleannew dress goes On coarser material, it isbetter to use on a clean baby." The same ideacan be coarse thread. carried over with adults. Anew dress 3.Is the needle the correctsize? Fine mate- makes any of us want to lookour best. rial requires thin needles.If you usea This means we want clean,neatly combed thick needle for stitchingfine material, it hair and a clean body. Therewill be many will leave large holes.These will spoil places to teach personalcare and clean- the appearance of thegarment. liness in connection withsewing. 4. Do the stitches look the How to wash, iron, andpress garments same on the right to keep them lookingnew and fresh fits and the wrong side of thecloth? If your into sewing classes. machine is stitchingco-rectly, the upper Demonstrations and side and the lower side discussions on how tolaunder clothing of the stitching and improve laundrypractices can easily will both look alike. Theupper and lower be worked in with threads will pull evenlywhen you draw sewing. Many women do not know thatfrequent washing,prop- them away fromyou under the presser erly done, makes clothes foot of the machine. Ifloops of thread last longer be- form on the underside caus mmoves perspiration and different of the stitching, kinds of stains thatinjure the material. either your machine is notthreaded correctly or the Many women do not havean ironing upper tension is too loose. board and somemay not even have a table Adjust the machineuntilyourtest they can use. You swatch looks right. Thenstart sewing on can show how a plain the garment. plank can be paddedand covered for pressing and ironing. Manywomen do not 181 1814 realize how frequent pressing improves Where and how clothes are kept when the looks of a garment. they are not being worn has much to do Mending and repair of clothing may be a with how they look and how long they starting place for a clothing program be- last. Often garments are just hung on a cause it is thrifty and requires no cash nail or peg in the wall. This can cause outlay. In many villages, it is easy to find holes or a bulge where the nail or peg children with torn or worn garments. To touches the garment. Women and girls the great surprise of one village worker, can learn to make clothes hangers of bam- the first thing the women asked her was boo, tree branches, or other available ma- how to mend. She taught them how to sew ter;al. Use a hook of wire or a cord made a patch on a child's dress so it was not of twisted grass to hang -0-1m by. Painting notie.eable. She also showed them how to hangers in gay colors add, to their attrac- add gay and interesting patches on the tiveness. Making clothes hangers is a good outside of garments as a sort of decora- project for a girl's club.

tion, and how to darn worn places. MIL

METHOD DEMONSTRATION ncWi 0

Iranian 4-H girls make dress protectors as part of their clothing preject. A simple cotton bag makes it easier to keep clothing clean. The cotton bag is also washable. Clothes closets protect clothes from dust and dirt and are easy to make out of wood crates or boxes covered with a curtain of inexpensive material. Mildew injures clothes and makes a stain that is hard to get out. It is caused by This worker in Kenya is stressing to village women the importance of patching a garment when a small hole molds that grow in damp, warm, and poor- first appears. ly aired places. Teach women the impor-

182 182 tance of airing clothesin the sun and storing them or class on some otherneeded subject that so air can circulate well women are not particularly the around garments andshoes. Demonstrate such as nutrition, enthusiastic about, how to remove mildewstains by mixing gardening, or housecleaning. lemon juice and Then they let themsew the second hour. salt, spreading itover One village worker the stains, andthen putting thegarment planned a short demon- in the sun to bleach. stration on foodpreparation or nutritionabout midway through thesewing class. She special- Moths and otherinsects are very destruc- ized in showing how tive to clothing, to improve the babies' especially woolenclothes. food. Soon thewomen were talking about They eat holesand cause clothes wanting more help out much to wear with feeding theirbabies. sooner.Before woolensare Other village workershave tried havinga stored, they shouldbe washed, week of sewingand the next week lessons and sprayed with sunned, on a good insecticide. anothersubject.InVietnam,thevillage worker began totake small squares of While womenare sewing by hand, talkabout thread, and needles cotton, some of the abovepr oblem s. Some village with her topass out to the women. Whilethe women practiced workers who findwomen prefer sewing toany new other subject have the stnches she hadtaught them, she talkedwith first hour of a meeting them about care oftheir babies. A man in Ecuador is When the curtains proud of the closet hemade. are pulled across the front,the clothing is protected fromdust. Section IllHowYou WillTeach PLANNING ANDDEVELOPING AVILLAGE PRCGRAM

You have learnedto know the people of the Three kinds of peoplehelp to solve village and howthey live. You havealready every prob. helped some of them lem. Startersare the people (insidersor out- with simple problems. siders) who first You have givensome demonstrations see a problem and feelthat talked over village and something should bedone about it. They problems with thepeople. willing to start are Now you begin to thinkwhat yourprogram something. Approversare the will be. Planning kiiown leaders, thosewhose approval i.6 ahead to knowwhat to do, tial to successful essen- when to do it, andhow it should bedone is es- action. When thesepeople say sential in any kindof work. an idea is good and thatsomething shouldbe You may ask, "Why done, the peopleof the village tendto accept do I need a plannedpro- their opinion. There gram?" may be one or severalap- A planned provers. They may be outsiderssuch as public program is the pictureor "map" officials, or of your work.If you start walkingdown a even more important,insiders such as village chiefs. Spreadersare the people who take the idea toall the peopleof the village. ....ley sell the idea andhelp people see theproblem and whatthey can do about it.These are village people(insiders). Spreaders mayuse several methods toget many pecple to knowabout the problem.They pass on information.They get the peopleto talk about problemsand theways to solve tin. If there hasbeen anemergency, they remind the villagersthat they can keepit from happening again. Theyhelp arrange fordem- onstrations that showwhat to do aboutthe problem. Theymay help plan a tourto a village that has solveda similar problem. Ifpeo- ple complain andargue about new ideas,the spreaders help themto understand and road, you need toknow whereyou are going help. want to and howyou will get there.There may be People can do all other roads branching of this talking andpla- off. You need toknow ning and still not 'solvethe problem. This which one to follow.A planned happen even if can your guide to help program is everyone agrees thatsomething you and the peopleycu should be done. Thepeople must decide work with get whereyou want to go. they will do something that The first requirement about the problem.It is in bringing about a promise that they maketo themselves. change is for twoor more people toagree there is a problem andthat something should be Steps in Planning done about it. Ifthese people livein the vil- a Program lage, theyare "insiders". Sometimes who agree there is the people The people mustparticipate in each a problem are fromthe They need to decide step. state or nationalgovernmentor from a health just what theywant to ae- agency. Then they cornplish, what theirtargets are. What, are considered "outsiders". actly, do they ex- want to have whenthey finish ) 4c/187 18 5 the project (a good, deep well, for example) ? people. There will be many things to do. People What should this include (a suitable location, will be needed to help plan and make arrange- the right kind of drilling or digging, a tight ments, and sometimes to explaiT . People,, work safe top, a way to get water to the surface, animals, and equipment will be needed to do etc.) ? How will it change the lives of the peo- the work, and money will be needed to pay for ple, (safe, clean water, easier to get to the sur- it. Everybody must feel that he has a chance to face, enough water to last all year, etc.) ? help. Help group leaders find the best place for When the people have agreed on their goals, each person to work on the task he knows tae they must decide how they are going to reach most about. Keep working until the job is done them. Sometimes itis harder for people to and the problem is solved. agree on how to do something than to decide to do it. Sometimes each person thinks his way is Planning never ends. Each tinie a project or better. The leaders may need help in deciding part of the program is completed, look back what wili happen if they do it one way and over what has been done just to be sure that what will happen if they do it another way. things are going as they should. This is called Which will be better for the people? Does one evaluation. How well did we do? Did the plans cost more than the other? They must decide work ? Why did we succeed or Why did we fail? which is the better way for their village at this What should we be doing now? What do we do time. next? If we made mistakes, can we keep from Next the village leaders must make a, plan. making them again? This plan will have many parts. They will need If you wait until the job is done to ask these a time schedule. Wnat should be done first, and questions, it may be too late to change. At the what comes next? How much time do they end, ask yourself all of these questions again. need for each job so that each will be done at Did you really get the job done? The last ques- the right time? tion is : "What do we do next to make our vil- The planning group must know what the sit- lage better?" Each time a plan succeeds, you uation is now, and what, if anything, has hap- are ready to move on to something else. pened in the village in the past. Did the people try to do this in the past and fail? Are they against the idea now? Are they afraid to try Kinds of Programs again? Is the need greater now than it was be- The same program will not fit all the people fore? in the village. Villacre people are not all alike. The planners must find out what is needed to They differ in age, schooling, the way they do the job, who can do it, how much it will earn a living, the amount of money they have, cost, and many other things. They must find whether they own or rent their land, their reli- the time, the people, the money, the equipment, gion, the size of their family, the groups to and anything else that is needed. The village which they belong, the people they choose as people must always know what is happening neighbors and friends, and maybe even in their and be asked to help in every way they can. nationality. They need to understand, agree, and want to All people have goals, hopes, standards, and help. values. People want to be happy. They want Village people often look to and need some- good health. They wart to feel that they are one to be responsible for and lead a project. successful. They like to be recognized and ap- They may form an organization. They might preciated. They want to rear their children to turn to the local government. These people be successful at getting along with people and will need your advice and help on their pro- in earning a living. ject. Yet people differ in their kinds of goals and Finally, the people must start the worlc. For standards. The young do not have the same some ,fobs workers will need special skills and goals or ideas as older people. Those who live equipment. Other jobs can be done by village in small villages have different ideas from

188

Vo those who live inlarge villagesor near cities. dence ofpoor health. The peoplehave talked Include different kindsof projects in thevil- about : lage program,. Notall people in the village will How tired thcy want or need thesame kind of help. Somepeo- are all the time ple may wanta village school. Others The number of peoplewho are sick may Babies that die think a well is the7:I-lost important need.Still soon after they are weaned. others may wanta health centermore than You have observedor learned from the people anything else. Manywomen will want to know that : how to feed a growing, hungry familyto keep Fifteen young childrenin the village died them healthy. Youngmothers will wantinfor- last year. mation on caringfor babies. Many childrenare thin and small and People visit withand helpone another. They many have big bellies. go to the same meetings,exhibitions, festivals, The people live mostlyon rice. market days, andother communityevents. Few families havechickens, pigs, rabbits, They meet alongthe road. They or goats for food. what their friends generally do do. You should notask There is a year-roundgrowing season, but them to dosomething that willbring disap- few familiesgrow vegetables. proval or ridiculefrom their friendsand The only milk they neighbors. have is what they buy. There is some fruitin the market, butit People want tobelong to theirown natural is expensive. community made up of people who associateto- You have talked withleaders in the village gether and sharethe same customsand tradi- about the problem tions. It is where of illness,fatigue, and they feel they belong.A natu- deaths ofyoung children. They show ral groupor community may have interest a lot of in- in doing somethingabout it. You aska group fluence. of the leaders and A village a few parents to meet to dis- may have several naturalconunun- cuss the problem and ities. The peoplein one end of the ways to solve it. village may In your meetings,you lead the people to dis- not associate withthe people in theother end cuss why this problem exists. or even know themvery well. Young people are What do these thingsmean? Young children not always atease with older folksnor are are not getting enough of they attractedto the same kind of the right kinds of programs. food after theyare weaned. Some people donot The 15- to 16-year-oldsdo not mix wellwith know that they the 10- to11-year-olds. need different kindsof foods. In some famLlies,the women know howto cook Learn these naturalcommunities. You will just a few things. find it easier andbetter to work with Many do not knowhow to ple in them the peo- prepare food foryoung children. Most families as a group. They will belikely to don't know how toraise vegetables. need and wantthe same things. You and these Help the leaders leaders decide thatthere are of differentgroups to plan, not enough ofthe foods needed work for, and getwhat they need. for good And help health, and thevillagers do not knowabout them get the mostout of what theyalready these foods. What have. Sometimes it are the obstacles, habits, and may take a long time,but attitudes thatnow keep people from growing you can help themsee how to workon one step green and yellow vegetables at a time. ? For example: Encourage various no knowledge, information,or experience groups in the village to no suitable seed work togetheron their common problemssuch as better schools, improved trouble with insects roads, more health not enough water services, a sanitarywater supply, andbetter houses. do not realize valueto health no real interest. For example- as you have been gettingac- You discuss quainted in village X,you have seen much evi- what could be done.Could the village havemore milk, meat, andeggs if the 189 1.86 f't ft

, k '46

rnn

Ns,

a vou will use the same procedure you use with adu:ts the officers of a 4K Club how to develop their pro- when you plan a youth progriun with the young people gram. of a village. This extension worker in Kenya is showing

people knew how important these are? Also set up some goals for this year. These Set up some long-range goals. It may take 5 might be for : years to reach all of them. Some of the goals every family to grow some leafy green and might be for all familie3 in the village tq: yellow vegetables. grow enough vegetables and fruits for every family to understand how good food home use. improves health. women and girls to learn how to prepare keep goats fin milk. food:, for young childrm raise chickens or rabbits. Decide what must be done to accomplisl. the grow more and better feed.for goals for this year,

190 187 Example IOne Way to Write lip a Plan of Action

Goa!s: To have every family in villagegrow somt green leafy and yellow vegetables. To have every family in village understam value of thesevegetables in the diet and bow tt, grow them.

What to do Who will do it Be sure seed, fertilizer, and insecticideare available in the village. Village worker Talk with village leaders about the need for familiesto grow and eat green leafy and yellow vegetables. Village worker Invite everybody to general meeting. Village leaders (a) Exhibit green leafy and yellow vegetablessuitable for the (Write down names so area. eachpersonwill know just what his responsibilityis.) (b) Discuss the vahre of these vegetables in dietsand how to Village worker with save money byrotarlag them. help of local leaders (names) (c) Demonstrate the preparation ofone vegetable. Village worker (d) At the meeting, ask who willagree to grow at least one yellow Village worker and and one leafy green vegetable thisyear. garden lead.. rs Plan and carry out a result demonstrationon growing green Selected family in vil- leafy and yellow vegetables. lage Select the demonstration family and plan eachstep of the demon- Village worker and stration with them. garden leader Conduct method demonstrations for the people ofthe village in Village worker and the demonstration garden at appropriatetimes on: demonstration fami- (a) How to prepare the land and plant seeds. ly (b) How to cultivate, spray, and control Insects. (c) HIM to harvest vegetables. Hold a general meeting at demonstration gardenfor people to Village worker and see results. demonstration family Exhibit same of the vegetables. All people who have grown some in the demonstration Have a series of demonstrations showing how toprepare different Village worker and vegetables for both children and adults. garden leader Make posters to remind people of what vegetablescan do for them. Village worker or garden leader Give a series of radio talks about the importance of eatinggreen Village worker; fami- and yellow vegetrbles, how to raise them and how toprepare ly who conducted them. the result demonstration 191 1.8g How to do it When to do it Plan with village leaders how you will in- Start now. ItN\ ill take time to make the terest the people in raising and eating green plann, demonstrate and grow the crop. leafy and yellow vegetables. Select a family that has been a good co- Who will be helped by the plan operator to carry out a result demonstration. Plan carefully with this family. Everybody in the village who raises the Plan the steps of all method demonstrations vegetables and eats them. to be held in the demonstration garden. In- volve the demonstration family in helping How to measure the value of what you have with the demonstrations on planting, cultivat- done ing, etc. How many families grew enough green Complete all steps in the result demonstra- leafy and yellow vegetables to make a con- tion and plan for the general meeting to see tribution to their diet? the results. How much seed was used? What was the Keep a record of what you did and of the average cost per family? How much fertilizer result. Did you make any mistakes? How was used? How much did it cost? How much many people grew green leafy and yellow would it cost to buy these vegetables in the vegetables? market? Study your record to see if you can do a How many families are likely to continue better job next time. raising these vegetables?

189 192 uoals to have: Every fwnily Every family understand the vah 2 of these vegetables and how grow some green leafy and yellow vegetables. to prepare them. How to measure 1. Why we need to eat lowgrec:kat is vegetablesto Leafy be taught and yel- Illustrated lecture Ho Village worker Who February WhenMarchand MeetingWhere hall Number attendingor evaluateestmeeting shown results and inter- 2. Hind of seeds MethodTalkExhibit to demon- indivi- duals VillageLeaderVillage wori_er worker March InStore homes,the window garden on of marketsstreets, in NumberComments of attending onindividuals exhibitstalked to S. How to cultivate and controlbedsHowWhere to insectsprepareto get themseed- Method demon- discussionstrationPtration and Garden leader ofwith leader assistance First of May In garden demonstratorfamilyto serve -villing as InterestNumberQuestions shown attending asked demonstrationdemonstration 4. How and when to Method demon- Village worker and Number who have recommendedyellowplanted vegetables green and 4ther- vegetables how to cookto save 'nod Exhibit stration,cussion dis- Village worker garden leader LastJune of InAt markethome of demonstrator Number attending 5. be(11,e.aide icz aeiEvAl- 4bat has Group meeting with discussion AgriculturalistVillageDemonstratorLeader worker July June ' Meeting How many familiei participatedA ver- foruatAon next and year .lanning Leader tables?blescookedfamilyHowage planted no. How ofand vegeta- ate many per many veg- tablesbenefited?Howthesewill agree manynextkinds year?people toof plant vege- LOCAL LEADERS ARE IMPORTANT

Vho Are Leaders? As another example, letus take Mrs. Hudan, a member of the homemakers' club in the vil- Anyone in the village or communitymay lage. She grows beautiful tomatoes,but no one )ossibly be a leader. Aperson is a leader when else in the village has muchsuccess with toma- lis ideas or actions influence othersor he helps toes. The other women in the club want to o get things done that the people want. hi learn how Mrs. Hudangrows tomatoes. She ,veryvillagethere are people withsome was asked to tell the club what she did. Shewas :nowledge and experience. When otheipeople timid at first. It was hard for her totalk to the n the group use these abilities, the who group, but she explained as best she could. lave them are put in a leadership position. They then asked if she would showand teach In this book's chapter on "Foodand Nutri- them how to grow tomatoes. Thevillage ion," you will find the story of Samueland worker helped Mrs. Hudan demonstrateeach /Lary. Samuel and Maryare leaders. In the step. She was later invited to nearby villages tory on page 32, Samuel suggested they to tell about herway of growing tomatoes. The Lave another meeting. When Samuel made this village worker taught Mrs. Hudanmore about uggestion, he was using initiative. He wanted tomatoes and helped herprepare for each dem- omething done. He wanted to learnmore. onstration. lary said she wanted her children togrow up Mrs. Hudan had experience, knowledge, and la and stro;:g. Like Samuel, Marywas think- ability in growing tomatoes. Herclub and the g. was expressing her interest in the clubs in other villages used these abilities. As ealth of her children. By speaking out and the village worker trained andhelped her, she howing her own interest, shewas mfluencing gained more confidenceinherself.People he thinking of the others in thegrcup. Later began coming tosee her tomatoes and ask her amuel as/led, "If our childrenare not healthy, questionsabout gardening. Soon shewas /by is this?" Here again, Samuel'squestion no trying out new vegetables and talkingto the onbt niade others in the group wonderwhy club about the need for goodgardens. Mrs. ieir own children were not healthy. Hudan developed intoa garden leader in the Miss Ramero asked ifsomeone would come village. ly the next Saturday to get chairs andhave ie meeting room ready. Samuel vo ereci to Why Leaders Are Important a this. Miss Ramero also asked w1_,) wouldgo round the village to getmore people to come One basic purpose of extension education is ) the meeting. Mary said she wouid. In these to develop people. The extensionway of work- Dry simple ways, Mary and Samuelwere in- Lig with people not only gives them informa- tiencing other people's thinking.They were tion and shows them how to do things, it also Ating them interested in finding outmore gives them responsibilities andchances to use )out their own children's health. Theywerr their talents and abilities inways that help cepting responsibility. They agreed tohave them grow in whaf theycan do. Extension and te meeting place ready and get more people to community development work help people be- am to the next meeting. They were beginning come leaders and more useful and influential show leadership possibilities. Withencour- citizens. rement and help from the village worker, Local leaders can help you inmany ways as Imuel and Mbry developed into useful lea.ders you work in the village. You are just one per- their village. son. You cannot reach everybody. You cannot 191 194 1: Kinds of Local Leaders Local leaders fall into two main groups : (1) Official Leadersgenerally thought of as the formal leaders. These include such people as : The village chief or headman Political appointees 7 Govermental officials School teachers Religious leaders Heads of organizations. Most of these leaders are paid for the work Liberian 4H Club members conduct their own 14eet- they do. They have au Lhority. Often theyare ings. This gives them an opportunity to develop leader- influential and can really help you in your ship and take responsibility. work. Many times programs fail because these formal leaders were not consulted in the beginning. When you discuss any projector pro- do all the work that needs to be done. You need gram with them and get their interest and sup- people in the village who have the respect of port, you are more likely to succeed. Consult the other villagers and are willing to give some these formal leaders often and ask their help. time and effort to help you in your work. (2) Natural Leadersinformal or volunteer Leaders can help other villagers understand leaders. They have no official authority and the work you are doinr. They can help you they do not re.:eive money for their work. They teach. come frAn the people and often have more real Involve the local leaders in planning. With influence thuii the official leaders. The natural their knowledge of the problems and theway leader is one people like and respect, in whom people feel and think, they win make a valu- the, have confidence, and to whom they turn able contribution. Every village isa better when they need help. Natural leaders some- community when local leaders help to plan and times do not know they are leaders. Theyare work. just willing to help whenever they can. A natu- Often you will find young people who are in- z al leader is not always the best farmer or the terested in helping and want to learn. Give spe- ho:nemaker with the finest house. cial attention to them. It is good for boys and It is important that informal leadel_s come girls to be given leadership responsibilities in from different social groupings in the village. their club or in school. Soon they will be men A landlord's wife is not necessarily the best and women and called upon to accept larger re- leader for a tenant's. wife. A merchantor a sponsibilities. shopkeeper could do much to get acceptance of People trust local leaders and may work the program. A young mother may be a better with them more quickly than they will with leader for other young mothers thanan older you. Local leaders understand village problems woman. She would take a more active interest and know what has happened before you came. in a program for children. Every group has leaders. Evenamong animals and birds, leadership is recognized. In some How to Find Informal or Natural Leaders way, an elephant becomes a leader of the herd The first step in finding leadelis to believe or a certain wolf rises to leadership within the in the people of the \Tillage and their capacity pack. Noticc R flock of Ilireelor wild geese to become leaders. It is important to recognLe flying in formatioz.. One bird will be the that village people have the ability to make leader. Leadership from the group is both nat- wise decisions based on the information they ural and np have and the situation they are jn. Whether or

195 192 not they are poor or have little education isno Hoy! Leaders Are Selected for Specific Jobs measure of their ability to learn. Ask several villagers questions such as : Leaders can't be "leaders" in name only. "Who would be good to help plan and ar- They must be leaders of somethingor for some range a meeting for the women of the vil- purpose. Leadership means having responsibil- lage ?" ities and this means a leader must 1depended "Who would be good to help plan and set up upon for cert9in specific kinds of jobs or work. a demonstration garden ?" - One good way to select a leader for a specific "If you were thinking of buying a piece of job is to let the group choose the person they land or opening up a little shop, who would think would IsterA for the particular kind of you go to for advice ?" leadership respousibility their group neads. The names you hear most often in answer to For example, the members of a club gener- questions such as these are likely to be the peo- ally elect the person they think is best suited ple of influence and the natural leaders in the to be president of the club. The members ofa village. arsons that others turn to for help committee often select the person they wish to and advice or speak of with real affection usu- serve as chairman. A group of women may se- ally have the respect and confidence of their lect one member they think would do the best neighbors and are potential leaders. job as a clothing leader. The main requirements for a good leader are : A second way to select leaders is to appoint them. You, the president of the club, or an- Wholesome influence,setting a good ex- other official may appoint or ask a person to be ampk for ,3hers a leader for a specific job. Desire to learn A third way is to let 1,eople voluntr. If the best person is too shy to volunteer, you may Willingness to work need to appoint her if the group does not Being glad to help people, to lend a hand choose her. All of these ways are good. It is " Being fair, honest, and dependable probably wise to use each way sometimes. Liking people and believingin them, having friends among differentgroups, rich and poor, young and old What Kinds of Help Can Leaders Give? Being humble, never bossy or arrogant There are many, many ways leaders can help Having the respect and confidence of peo- you and the program. Ask them for special ple kinds of heip or give them specific jobs to do. Being interested in trying new things, The following are examples of the help leaders wanting change can give: Being interested in and willing to discuss 1. Bring people to meetings. important village problems. 2. Arrange for and find meetings places. 3. Help you reach more people by showing You may not find obvious enthusiasmor peo- and telling others. ple expressing a desire to help others. On the 4.Help people in the village know you and other hand, any evidence of interest, friendli- gain confide: .ce in you. ness, willingness to work, or hearing a per- 5.Give general information about the pro- son's name used often by neighborsmay be gram and help interpret it to the people. your key to a potential leader. 6.Help identify problems in the village and Discovering leaders who might be against decide the best ways to solve these prob- your w rk can be as important as finding fa- lems. vorable leaders. If you know unfavorableones, 7. Help plan and organize programs and give them special attention to try to viin their village activitie9. support and change their efforts from working 8. Give simple demonstratiomz. against you to working withyou. 9.Conduct meetings. 193 196 milMal111 their own homes and the problems in thevillage. The ladder below shows how a person may start by accepting small simpleresponsibilities and move up to larger and moreresponsible jobs until he becomes presiOent ofhis group or a member of the villagecouncil.

Leadership Ladder

11 Member of Village Council This village woman in Liberiashares the information she learned the da:ibefore from her home economics President of village. worker with the the women in her Homcmakers 1 Club various individ- 10. Lead youth groups and 19 Training ual pro;; ects. Other Leaders 11.Interest others in becoming leaders. 12. Help neighbo' s learn skills. 8 Youth club 13. Share information withneighbors. leader 14. Serve as officer-in anorganization or committee. chairman ot 7 Garden Different kinds of leadershipability are leader in club needed to carry out the differentjobs outlined above. Some people have one kindand some another. The different types are: 6 Give demonstration Special know-how leadershiphaving some to group special skill, know-how, or interest. Teaching leadershiphaving abilityto 5Tell and show show or teach others what theythemselves neighbors what learn. was learred Organizational leadershiphaving ability 4 Help to give to lead and guide an organized group. demonstration Opinion, advisory, and influenceleadership having th e. confidence and respectof others so their opinionand advice is asked for and 3 Secure their approval is wanted on importantmat- meeting ploix ters. 2 Bring another Leaders Grow person Leaders grow in many wayp,s they are '.rained and given chances to help with your program. They grow or developin understand- 1 S _t up the ing, in the things they can do, in how much room for meeting they can do, in doing what they undertake better, and in their attitude andinterest towards

197 p 194 The first thing a leader doesmust be simple program successful. Leaders themselves and enough to be a success. A littlesuccess goes a their neighbors will know whetheror not they long way towardbringing moresuccess. do a good job. If theyare ashamed, they will Leadership is growth. It is gradualand contin- not want .;.o try again. uous. It develops step-by-step. The important You can train leaders by: thing is to begin involvingpeople in small ways that start them up the lder of greater Individual visits to the leader's home to p;.rticipation and leadership. discuss and tea oh 1.,r how to do thepar- People agree to take leadershipjobs for dif- ticular job she is askcd to do. ferent -easons. Some wantto help other peo- Leffler training meetingsor schools for ple. Some feel they havea responsibility. Some groups of leaders. feel it is a goodway for them to learn. Many Providing chances for leaders to observe people who like to work withboys and girls other leaders in action. will agree to bea youth club leader when they Involving leaders in planning and helping would not leadan adult group. For whatever with leader training meetings. nason they become leaders, if they are to be Preparing guides for them touse in teach- successful and remain interested,they 2111.161, be trained and they must berecovized and ing (f,ee example at end of this chapter, thanked. page 201). All these ways are /lc -led. Workout a train- Training Leaders ing plan to prepare every leader for hisor her job. Let leaders help plan their training. A leader cannot do what she does-oot know Training in leadership development is far how to do. It is a mistake to askor expect a more than just how to do a job or how to be leader to do something withoutpreparing or good at something. Training should include dis- training her for it. In fairnessto her, you cussion of questions such as: should prepare her foreven the simplest job What are the characteristics ofa good she agrees to do, suchas getting a room ready leader ? for a meeting. She needs tobe shown and told What is the meaning of "responsibility" for how the chairs and tables shouldbe arranged, the room cleaned, etc. the leader ? How should a leader work w'th people? Leader training is continuous andwill cover different things depending How does a leader u 'nitiative without on each leader's being "bossy". needs. Training for specificjobs should include: How does she interest people in tryingnew methods and ideas? 1. Subject matteror what to teachfoe ex- How can she overcome resistance tonew ample, how to grow tomatoesor feed a baby. ideas and programs? 2. How to teachhow to givea demonstra- What are the characteristics ofa good pro- tion, make and use visuals,lead a discussion, gram? make a home visit, preside atmeetings, and appear before groups. Goodtrainingavoidsdifficulties.Local 3. How to explain and get leaders may give wrong information to others people to under- if they themselves lack knowledge and know- stand what exterrion andother village programs are. how. They mai want to do all the work themselves and not share their duties if they do not 4. How to work with peopIebothadults and boys and girls. understand the value of sharing. Other people in the village can become jualousif you do not Carefully teach leaders eachjob step-by- teach lead,,rs how to work withpeople without step. Have them prac-Vce untilyou are sure becoming "bossy". Giving-nany people the op- they can do the iob. This helps theleaders suc- portunity to work as leaderscan help overcome ceed in what they do and helpsto make the jeaJousy and the feeling thatyou have favor- 198 166,Yrr.-

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An adult leader in Guyana teaches an older club member how to give a demonstration.

A Thai extenslon worker teaches local leadLes better ways to make clothes. They will later show these newer methods to other women.

'St;It't ites. Make it easy for the leader to learn. Make things that makea person feel she or he is ap- it easy for her to lead by giving her good train- preciated. You can writea personal letter at ing. the end of theseason to thank each leader and Community or extension advisory councils congratulate her for her assistanceand the are used by many village workers. Organizing good resultsithas brought. Always give various kinds of leaders intoan advisory coun- leaders the credit for whatthey do. You stay cil is an excellent way for them to learlto in the background. work together and to develop leadership.Such a group can help develop and carry out apro- gram in the village. An advisory council will Your Own Leadership Qualities give you many training opportunities. Through Finally, you must ask, "What kindof a trainirg, you help to develop the attitudesof leader am I? How goodam I in training leaders and how they think about theirvillage leaders to help me? How much timedo I :Tend and its problems. with the leaders? How long doesa leader stay a leader? If many leaders say aftera short Recognizing and Thanking Leaders time that they no longer want to helP,what is wrong? Have I been a good leaderfor other Leaders must feel their work ie appreciated. leaders?" We all lik a. recognition and good leadersneed Always keep in mind that,as a professional to be given some special attention. One of the leader, you are a leader of leaders.To train best kinds of recognition is encouragement, others for leadership, be a good example ofit praise for doing a good job, anda heartfelt yourself. The leaders will want tobecome like "thank-you." This cancome, not only fron. you. We teach others to lead by being good you, but also from one of the village officials at loaders. a public meeting. 2he boss drives hismen ; the leader coaches Special attention and trainingcan be given them. by taking leaders on toursor visits to other The boss dependsupon authority ; the :eader villages, government stations,public health on gook. All. centers, libraries, schools, etc. If thevillage The boss inspires fear; the leader inspires has a newspaper of any kindor a board where enthusiasm. news it ms a're posted, you can publicizesome The boss says "I"; the leadersays "We". special work a leader has done. Tellpublic of- The boss assigns the tasks; the leader sets ficials about their work. Give thema chance to the pace. meet interesting visitors whocome to the vil- The boss says "Get hereon time"; the leader lage. Sometimes a Certificateor ribbon or even gets there ahead of time. a small gift is given to leaders in appreciation The boss fixes the blame for the-breakdown ; for thsir services. the leader fixes the breakdown. Making leaders feel they havean important The boss knows how it isdone; the leader -)art-in planning and carryingout a program shows how. in the village is one of the finst kinds of rec- The boss makes worka drudgery; the leader Jgnition you can give them. Askoften for their makes it a game. advice. Treat each leaderas an impo7.taut per- The boss says "Go"; the leader says "Let's son by mmembering the small thoughtful go."

197 200 eader's Guide for DemonstrationMeeting on Drink Safe Water

Prepare for meetingAhead oftime 1. Notify people of the day,time, and place where thedemonstration will be given. 2. Talk with your village worker and health officialsto learn all youcan about: Where people in the villageget water for drinking. What kinds of sickness in thevillage may come from unsafewater. What makes water safe. What should safe water beused for. Dag of demonstration 1. Get ready whatyou need for the demonstration. Container for water before boiling Clean cloth and clean vesselfor straining watei Pot for boiling water Clean covered vessel forstoring water Wood or ether fuel for fire 2. Practice your demonstration. 3. Check the meeting placeto see if there are enough seats, be comfortable. light, and ventilation forpeople to 4. Arrange chairs andyour demonstration equipment. Conduct meeting end givedemonstration 1. Opening the meeting: Welcome the people. Explain your jobat. leader. Explain whereyour information comes from. 2. Discuss the importanceof using safe water in thehome. Talk, ask questions, andget people to talk about: What is meant by safewater. Where people in thevillage get their water forhousehold use. What diseasesor illness may come from using unsafe young children. wateiespecially for babiesand Explain how watercan be made safe by boiling. Discuss the need touse safe water for: Drinking Mixing powdered milk Bathing baby Washing dishes, etc. Wash your hands withsoap. Explain that this is always ing water. . necessary before woi with drink- 128 3. Give the demonstration. important steps Points to emphasize Into clean utensil. (a) Strain the water. Use a clean cloth. Straining will not make water safer but will remove dirt and make it look cleaner. May need to strain several times. (b) Boil the water. Boil it for 10 minutes to make it safe. Wait until the water starts to boil to begin counting time. (c) Cool the water. Let the water cool in the pot used for boiling or other clean containers. Cover it with a clean cloth. (d) Prepare the container to store water in. Wash it in hot soapy water. Rinse it with safe water. (e) Pour water slowly into container. Pouring water from one container to another adds air and makes boiled water taste better. (f) Cover and store water for using.

4. Summarize: Go over the important points again. Ask for questions. Find out how many will agree to start boiling water. Plan for your next meeting.

199

202 . tiL.' TEACHING METHODS

As a teacher, your main job is to helppeople learn and put what they learn into practice. The old saying, "If the learner hasn'tlearned, Action the teacher hasn't taught," calls attention to the importance of good teaching. A good IllConviction teacher finds ways to give information and new Desire ideas so people will want to learn and will get satisfaction from learning. Interest Most teaching methods are one of three typesindividual, group, or mass methods. How effective you are in getting people to ac- Steps in Learning cept new ideas and make needed changeswill depend in large measure on the teaching methods you use and the way you use them. You until the next harvest. Begin your teachingby should know and use many different methods. getting attention to this problem. Helpthem Studies have shown that when several differ- realize their grain is being wasted by rats and ent methods are used more people are con- mice and that they can save their grain if they vinced to change. Choose the ones you use to store it in a better way. To do this, visit homes suit the people, what they want to learn, their to talk about the problem, put up posters,and ages, their educatio 1. and the customsin their set up an exhibit. village. No matter which methods you use, certain STEP H. Getting the learner's interest. steps in planning and organizing your teaching You notice that people are looking atthe willincrease learning. To be a successful posters and exhibits. They start asking ques- teacher of adults, you will need to plan activi- tions. You tell them about families inanother ties to call the thing to be learned to the atten- village who had the same problem andwhat tion of the people. By keeping their attention they did to solve it. They are beginning to on the problem and usingdifferent methods of show interest. teaching, you develop their interest and arouse their desire to learn. As they are given more STEP III. Arousing the learner'sdesire for information and learn the skills needed fo information. solve a particular problem, they become con- As you visit horrs and meet withpeople, vinced they should make the suggested changes they want to know more about keepingtheir and improvements, and they act. grain away from the rats and mice. Youtihow them a film on how to store grain at hometo The Steps in Teaching protect it from rodents and insects.You show them metal cans and tell them aboutmaking STEP I. Getting the attention of the learner. ratproof storage bins. They ask about the cost Village families are not always aware of of materials. They want to know howthey can some of their most pressing problems orhow kill rats, mice, and insects. You havemade these problems can be solved. For example,in them want to learn. They are sayingthey some villages the food grains grownfor home would like to do something to keep theirgrain use are generally stored insacks and kept in)from being wasted. They now have adesire to the house. Much of it is destroyed by ratsaatstry a different storage method if itwill help mice, so the families do not have enough to last them to have more grain. 200"8 STEP. 117. Convincing the learners to act. better way than she is now doing it. You want to help her. You will be denionstrating as yoa The people are sure that much of their grain show and ten her why the new way is better is being wasted, but they aren't quite ready to than the old way. spend the money to buy materials for better storage. Have them put some grain in a pan bo- Home and Farm Visits. side where the grain is stored. If they do not use any from tLe pan for the family, they can Visiting a woman in her home or where she see how quickly it disappears. The rats and is working in -the field is one of the most effec- mice eat it. Now they are convinced that much tive methods of teaching if it is done well. It is of their grain is being wasted. They are ready effective because you are helping the woman in to try a different method of storage. the natural setting of her activities. You can help her apply her nt.rw knowledge at once to STEP V. Teaching the learners what to do. do some everyday activity in a better way. You can correct mistakes at once. It is a flattering Before people can act they must know what method because it shows the viPage woman to do and how to do it. They must learn the that you thought enough of her to visit her in skills needed to make the improvement. You her home or where she worked. now give them more information and show To beeffective,a home visitmust be them how to make ratproof storage bins, con- planned. A home visit is not just casually call- trol insects in grains, and keep down rodents. ing on a family. You go for a purpose. Don't go You tell them where they can get L'he mate- unless you have a reason. rials. You give them more informCion on There are many reasons for maki.: g home costs. You get them to agree to try one of the visits. Your first visits wil! be to get informa- recommended storage methods. You have made tion and to get acquainted. Others will be to it easy for them to act. give information or in answer to a request for help. Still others may be to ask a woman to STEP VI. Making certain the learners receive serve as a leader or help with a meeting, or to satisfaction from their action. follow up on a new practice you have taught. There are many other reasons for making a As you visit families to check on their prog- home visit. The important thing it to know the ress in improving storage methods and control- purpose for each visit. ling insects and rodents, you find they are You must prepare for home visits just as pleased because their grain does not seem to you would get ready to teach a class. Prepare disapp, 1.as fast as before. They realize they for the purpose you have selected and also pre- will have more grain and not need to buy su pare for emergencies. It often helps to have ex- much. You know they are receiving satisfac- tras to show a woman. For example, one vil- tion through this improved storage. lage worker carries a basket in which she has If learning of any kindis to occar, the several things to show the women. In this way, learner must go through these six steps. Re- she gets attention and rouses their interest. If member them in your teaching! she is teaching the women to make loose comfortable clothing for the baby, she may have a Individual Teaching Methods baby's shirt in her basket. If she is teaching the youth club girls how to make a blouse, she You will probably start your work in a vil- willcarry a sample blousetoshow the lage with individuals because you will still be methers. She may take a small sample shelf getting acquainted. You will be talking with homemakers can add to their kitchen walls or individual women in their homes, on the road, an improved cooking utensil they can buy in in the maiket, or wherever you meet them. As the market. She tries to have something new you talk with a woman, you will often see a and different from time to time to show the chance to show her how to do something in a women. In this way she continues to hold their 201 204 Jar

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/ I L A home economics extension agent in Taiwan visits village women to show them home improvements they can make. interest and they begin to want some of the tial. Remember your reason for being there. thinrrs she shows them. Before you leave, be sure thatyou and the fam- Make the visit pleasant. Remember thatyou ily understand each other and thatyou all un- are a guest. Be friendly and sympathetic. Al- derstand any plans you have made for the fu- ways find something to praise. Every family ture. Writing down such actior isa good way has some pride. Start the conversation about to help you and the family remember. Besure the family and its activities. Call the members you show your appreciation for the opportu- of the family by name. Be a good listener and nity to visit the home and know the family. close observer. Be interested in what the fam- Itis generally not wise to make written ily members have to say. Try to get the confi- notes while you are at the home, unless it is dence of the family, then be sure that you al- something that you and the family have agreed ways respect their confidence in you. ICep ev- together to do. Stop along the road and write erything you learn about the family conficlen- clown _the things you want to remember from 202 205 the visit. A family record like that shown can you learn that will help you when you visit an- be most helpful. Think about the visit while other family? When you ask yourself these you remember the detailsclearly. How do quetAions, you are evaluating your visit. youfeel about it? Were you able to do 'The last part of the visit is the follow-up. If what you planned? What did you accom- you promised to send any materials or infor- plish ? How do you think the people feel mation, do it promptly. If there is to be a meet- about your visit? Were they really enthusias- ing in the area, send the family an invitation. tic or just courteous? What w-3uld you do dif- If you promised to make another visit, do so at ferently if you could do it again? What did the time you and the family planned.

FARM AND HOME VISIT RECORD Name Address Date Family Membere Ages I. The Visit: 1. What I ptanned to do. 2. What I accomplished. 3. What the family agreed to do. 4. What I promised to do for follow-up. II. The Situation: Special Problems Special Interests

III. Materials or information promised:

IV. Proposed date of next visit:

2.0s 206 ready to learn. The people willnot come if they do not believeyou can help them. Show them you are glad theycame and that you want to help them. As soon as you can, seta time and place where the people cancome to you. Let them know when you will be there.For example, you could plan to stay in the officeor in your home one morning or afternoon a week for people to visit you. Encourage them tocome to you with their problems. If you havean office or demonstration room where women cancome, you can use posters and exhibits to give additional information. Village workers in many nations stop tovisit with Make your visitors welcome. Be friendly. women wherever they are. It is a good chance to re- Answer all questions courteously,no matter mind them of meetings. how unrelated they mayseem or how busy you are. When people come to see you, take time to give them the information they ask for. Casual Village Visits After the visitor leaves your officeor demonstration room, record her Visits with women in the market, in the field name, the purpose of her visit, the help you gave,any follow-up you where they are working, at the well when they promised, and ether informationyou find help- are getting water, or along a stream where ful. Just as in the home visit, they ma:- be washing clothes will be similar to you must not re- a home visit. In these places, however, there peat confidential information about the family. will usually be more thanone woman and the visit will not be as intimateas when you go to a home and talk with one homemaker alone. This kind of visit can bevery effective for getting information, talking abouta coming meeting, and discussing problems. You will learn very quickly whereyou can find groups of women in ornear a village. You can then plan to use visits at this location for particular purposes. Because thewomen will often be occupied, you may need to make such visits brief, although at times thewomen may welcome an interesting interruption. Plan for such visits, carry them out, record, and follow up just as you do for home visits. Office Calls Sometimes the village people willcome to you for information or help. If you havean office or demonstrationroom, they can come there. If not, they may come toyour home. These visits are called office calls. Office calls are important. The woman who -A:Village woman in United Arab Republic visits the seeks you out and asks for help is usually demonatration room to get help with a problem. 2 207 /' o./ ;

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A village woman in Kenya is planting spinach under the been invited to watch and will come back aFrain to see supervision of her extension agent. Her neighbors have the results of this demonstration.

Result Demonstrations the tomatoes in both. They could see how many The result demonstration is one of your very more tomatoes came from the patch that was best teaching methods. It proves that a new fertilized. They would believe what they saw. way of doing s nnetning can be better than the Next season many people would use the new old way. For example, you are recommending method. the use of fertilizer to grow more and better This is called a "result demonstratior" be- tomatoes. Select one family and get their coop- cause everybody can see the result of it.It eration in growing tomatoes to be used as a takes time and the steps must be followed care- demonstration. With your help and supervision fully. Somebody must write down what is done they could mark off one patch of ground on from day to day, exactly how many tomatoes which to try the fertilizer. Show them each came fromeach pat -.2h, how muchthey step in planting and fertilizing the tomatoes. weighed, and whether the tomatoes in one On another piece of ground nearby, exactly the patch were better than those in the other. Re- same size, they could use the old mcthod. They sult demonstrations can be used to teach many and their neighbors could watch the growth of kinds of improvements. An improved kitchen 205208 or smokeless ,ve makes an effective result Group Teaching Methods demonstrate . Individual methods are effective, and people Sometimes there is no way to show the old like the personal attention. Asa result they and new ways side by side. Then you must help may encourage you to continue them when you the people remember how it was before. This could use other methods. As soon as you feel would be true of mosquito control after the you can gather people together, you should do mosquitoes are gone. as much teaching as oossible to groups. Keep A result demonstration not only teaches the in mind that your objective is to teach many individual family, but others as well. You work people. with one family, planning and helping them to carry out the demonstration. But you try to Method Demonstrations have as many people as possible see the result and learn from it. You may want to take This is one of the best extension methods. groups of people to see it. You can use the re- Along with farm and home visits and result demonstrations, it will be one you can depend sults for exhibits, posters, and other teaching on to bring results. A method demonstration is methods. showin,g how to do something. Don't just tell anyone how to do something when you can Letters show her how. If you think ovet your program you will see many places to demonstrate. Personal letters are of two types. One is tl,e You will use this system over and over. You letter you write in answer to a letter you re- can show a woman in her home how to do some ceive. Letters of this type will usually be to an- simple housekeeping skill or you can stand be- swer a request for information. Answer these fore a large greup and demonstrate how to requests at once. Give correct and full informa- prepare a meal. You are demonstrating in both tion. Make your letter neat and attractive. cases. You are showing how to do something, Your letter is a part of you. Make it picture At the same time, you are telling why you do you as a friendly, reliable person who gives it. Try to show how so clearly thatanyone sound information. watching you can do it also. You may write a second kind caf letter to a If your program is aimed at improving diets few selected individuals. You may send these in the village, demonstrate how to plant a gar- letters to say you appreciate a person's leader- den to raise much needed food, how to cultivate ship or to ask a natural leader to help with to keep the w eeds down, how to spray to con- some project. It may be satisfying to the vil- trol insects, how to select the best vegetables lage chief to know you seek his cooperationor for family use, and how to prepare the vegeta- to a homemaker to have you especially invite bles. In a program on smokeless stoves,your her to a meeting.. demonstrations could include how to select the A woman likes to receive a letter written to place for the new stove, how to build a smoke- her personally. Even in a society where few less stove, how to use the new stove, and how adults read, the woman who receives your let- to care for the stove. ter will find someone to read it to her. A letter Method demonstrations have many advan- sent home with a schoolchild to a parent who tages. People can see, hear, discuss, and take doesn't read can be very effective. The child part in a method demonstration. This makes takes pleasure in reading the letter to the par- them learn more completely than if they just ent. sit and listen to a lecture. Demonstrations can be given anyplace that Personal letters can be costly in time and is convenient and comfortable. This may bea money. Probably you will limit yourself to public meeting place, a school,a home, the sending only a few. Find out, if you can, if market place, in a field, or under a tree. Select your letters are received and understood. a place suited to the subject being taught. If 206 209 7 . haft LOW .14:440

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A local worker in Basutoland shows the village women vantage of a method demonstration is that wonivn can how to prepare food to save its nutritive value. One ad- ask all the questions they want. you are teaching how to plant a garden, give Be timelyfor example, treating seed for the demonstration in a garden.If you are disease is useful only when itis done showing how to whitewash a wall, the best just before planting t:me. place will be a family's house or a room in a Be given with available eouipmentdo...t. home or some other building, food prepara- demonstrate how to can fruits when people tion demonstration can be given anyplace you have no jars or cans. Don't show how to can put a clean table and people can see. This use a sprayer if the farmers can't get ene. may be in a home, at a clinic, at ;,-; dispensary, Don't use kinds of pots and pans in a cook- or even in the market. ing demonstration that the women don't Select the right demonstration. It is impor- use at home. tant that you select a practice that will be good A simple demonstration that shows a small for the people in the area. The demonstration improvement over the method now being used you choose should : may be of greater value thri a long demon- Teach a sound practicesomething you stration of a more difficult practice that people know is right. may be afraid of. Have a wide application---be usable to Plan carefully. Good demonstrations don't many people in many ways. just happen, they are carefully planned. 207 210 ' t ;lee `1AFAIlml, Aihr-

A village woman in Turkey washes clothes using a new method her extension worker has just shown her.

Before you give a demonstration : List the key pointsThese are the 1. Think about you: total pfogram and what things that must be done at each step skills you will need to teach as a part of if that step is to be successful. For it.For example, plan weeks ahead tu example, in cooking cereal: demonstrate using vegetables from the garden. Step 2. Plan when and where you will give your Add cereal to water. lemonstration. Ken Points 3. Plan publicity to reach the people you Water must be boiling. Stir contin- want to attend your demonstration. uously. Make posters. Assemble your equipment. Talk with key people. Practice. Ask village leaders to tell others. Practice is very important if you are to give Use the wall newspaper or bulletin a successful demonstration. Even the most ex- board if there is either. perienced demonstrator practices before ap- 4. Plan your demonstration. pearing in front of an audience. Practice ex- Outline it step-by-step. This is your actly the way you plan to give your dernonstra- framework. tion. sI`% 208 211 Before the audience comes on the day you give the demonstration : Arrange your equipment and supplies neatly. Check all equipment to be sure it works properly. Be sure your audience will be comfortable and able to see and hear every step of your demonstration. The Demonstration 1.Introduction. Explain the need for this demonstration. Keep it short and clear. A homemaker in Paraguay proudly points out the fea- tures of her new stove. Being hostess to a tour makes a 2.Demonstrate. woman feel proud of her accomplishments. Make it look easy so people will want to try it. Be enthusiastic. Be yourself. Talk to your audience. Look at them as much as ilies may have planted gardens the way you you can while you work. Never talk with recommended. When these arc growing well your back to your audience. and show the advantages of the new practice, a Be sure the people understand you. Speak tour to show these gardens to many people will loud and clear so everybody can hear. If 1-elp spread the use of the practice. A kitchen you use new wordsexplain what they tour may show new smokeless stoves in use, or mean. Follow your outline. a rice-growing tour may visit a number of 3. Encourage questions. fields where a new variety of rice is being Answer them sincerely ar grown. Ask some of your audience t People like tours. They like to see what often es you can. This gives I ,ce someone else is doing. "" ,urs are the natural to take part. Ask some to demonstrate back companions of result demonstrations. Often a to you some of the steps that may be diffi- group tours completed result demonstrations. cult. This helps them learn. Repeat a step if For example, they may visit a crop at harvest people don't seem to understand. time so that people can see the extra yield due to use of an improved practice. 4. Summarize. Like all other methods, a tour must be well Review the important steps and key planned to bring results. Decide on the purpose points briefly at the end of your demonstra- of the tour an plan it as a part of your year's tion. Tell the people where they can get ma- work. Select the places to be visited, plan your terials and equipment if anything is new. route, and work out a time schedule. Decide Hand out any materials. Make clear what where the group will assemble and publidze you will do next and what you expect from the time and date. Help each family that will the people. If this demonstration is one of a be visited prepare to tell about their project. series, te1' them when and where the When your group has assembled, explain the one will iven. purpose of this tour, what they are to see, the places they will visit, and the importance of Tours keeping together. At each stop, the host family A tour is a plann 4 trip by a group to see re- should first be introduced. They then guide the sults or situations related to specific problems_ group around and explain what they have You can use tours to show villagers a new done. There should be time for questions and practice in use. For example, four or fain- answers. 209 212 At the end of the tour, review what wasseen body else has already used the practice and and how it was done. Then give the peoplea succeeded. chance to talk about how they may apply what You will think of other ways to illustrate they have observed and to ask questions. your teaching. Remember it takes time to pre- Meetings pare these materials They must be carefully planned to fit what you want the people tore- You can hold many kinds of meetings ina member. You may find people in the village village. Some things can best be taught in who can help you make visual aids. They will small groups and others are good for large be pleased to have a part inyour meeting and meetings. in turn make their neighborsmore interested A general meeting is good for teaching in the project. something of importance to many people. You can teach subject matter and answer questions. Involve the people. This will n,ake meetings The people can take part in a general meeting, more interesting. Here are some ways to have too. people participate: Lecturing is one of the commonest methods Have a farmer or village woman reporton used for teaching in a meeting and, alone, it is a successful project. one of the poorest. When you lecture, you hope Have a group act out some activity. people learn from just hearingyou say some- Use songs to reinforce teaching. In Sierra thing. If you can also give thema chance to see Leone, women put the key points of P and take part, you make learning much easier. meeting to music. They all sing them to- Visual aids also make meetingsmore interest- gether. This helps make learning easy. ing. These will be discussedmore fully later. Use discussion. People like to talk. First the A good meeting is carefully planned. Outline group may listen to you discuss something your talk if you plan to give a lecture. Then new. Then they may talk about it, giving their think how you can emphasize each pointvisu- ideas. In a greup discussion, eachperson lis- ally. tens to the ideas of others even if he does not For example: like them. He has a chance tosay what he Show actual objects whenever possible. If thinks, too. You may load the discussion at you are talking about how much ricero- first. After the people have some practice, let dents eat, show bags with holes chewed in some of them take turns leading discussions. them. To plan and lead a good discussioi., prepare Draw simple sketches on chalkboard. You for it. Study the problem you are going to talk might compare the number of bags of rice about. Think about it and about the people. Cet the farmer harvests, the number he and his all the reference material you can find. Have family eat, and the number the rats and pictures, charts, and other aids. insects destroy. Make the group comfortable. People think Use flip charts. You may better if they are comfortable. Finda good prepare flip meeting place. Set a time that suits people and charts ahead of time to illustrateimpor- tant points about the loss of rice to rodents start and end the meeting on time. Know the and insects and turn thepages as you talk. names of the people who come. Make a series of posters. Eachposter Seat the group in a circle. Be sure that each should iHnstrate onlyone point so it will person can see the faces of the others. Keep the be simple and easy to understand. meeting friendly. Give everybody a chance to talk. Use flashcards to tella story. Let the people tell what the problem is. If they Use a flannelgraph. With thisyou can com- do not agree about the problem, try to ask the bine pictures or drawings to emphasize kinds of questions that will help them under- points you want to makeas you talk. stand and agree. Your job is to find out what Show pictures or a fihnstrip of howsome- they think, not tell them whatyou think. ; /4 218 - 210 Discourage speechmaking. There may be a Women's Clubs person in the group who wants to talk all of Someone has said, "There is no greater force the time. This may spoil the meeting for the than woman's force, one it has been orga- other people and keep them from talking. One nized." Women's organizations of many kinds way to stop him is to say, "Let's hear what exist around the world. In moFt countries rural somebody else thinks about the idea." women as well as city women have organized Help all to take part. Sometimes the best groups. thinking is done by people who are too shy to There are many kinds of organizations to talk. Ask questions that will get them to talk. which both men and women belong. Farm or- Show that you think their answers are good. gan;zations, for example, often include both Never laugh at anybody's ideas. Group discus- men and women. In some areas, women are sion is a big conversation. The leader keeps it members of village councils, extension advisory moving but does not drive it. committees, and other community organiza- Guide the discussion to group action. Help tions. Generally, both boys and girki belong to the people decide what they want to do and youth clubs where they work together on dif- plan how they will do it. This may be the hard- ferent kinds of projects. est part. It is easier to talk about the problem Rural homemakers' clubs are developing than to decide what to do about it. It is easier rapidly in many areas. Women want to learn to talk than to do what is needed. how to have better homes and a better living. Help the group find technical information These homemakers' clubs not only provide a and help. Sometimes the problem will be so big systematic way of teaching women, they can be that the villagers will need help from outside. very influential in getting things done. The You may have to help them understand that cooperative spirit developed through club work they need this kind of help. Then they will be provides an excellent opportunity to teach that willing to ask for it. It is important that they "we", the women of the village, are responsible get the habit of learning all about a problem citizens, and, working as a group and with our before deciding what they will try to do. At husbands, can provide for many of our own times, you will need to help them think back needs and desires. over what they have said so they do not forget When a group of people form themselves anything important. into an organization, it means they are begin- At a meeting of a women's club in Tan:ania, the they have to show them how to do it. St-- if- women learn better methods of food preparation. The main points on a blackboard to help village worker not only tells them, but uses the utensils bor. ning to recognize the value ofworking together to g,3t what they want. Have the drama at a time when villagepeo- An organized ple can come. If you let everybodyknow about group of responsible citizenscan stir a whole it, you should have village to action. a large crowd. Talk about the reason for theprogram before the drama Songs begins and between the acts. At theend of the show, answer questions andexplain anything Village people like to singand dance. In that the people did notunderstand. Let them every village there will be somebodywho can talk about it. Thank thepeople who took part sing and make up wordsto go with the music. in the show. Ask these people to makeup songs about ihe subjects you want to makepopular. The words Role Playing to a song may bea story of what happens Role playing is an informalph*. Group when people do what isright and what is members imagine a situation.Then they act wrong. 7...ley may sing the story toa tune they out what people would do in thesituation. This already know. It iseasy for villagers to learn might be used to show hewdiTerent people the words even if theycannot read. feel about a problem andwhat they are likely The lesson is learned bestif the song is to think should be done. about just one thing. Youmay need te explain Too much advance coachingor rehearsing is what the song is aboutbeforeit If is sung. likely to deaden the nerforr.ance. The role therearequestionsorifthepeople players might meetM. ce to figure out what want to talk about itafter the song, give points they should tr. Itoput across. They de- them plenty of time. Theywill want to talk cide which characters will bestdramatize the about the meaning of thesong. issue, assign the partstry a quick test-run to This is a way to showthat working and get the feel of it, ano let itgo at that. Audi- learning can be fun.Songs might besung ences like spontaneity and the players'imagi- about: nations will work bet+er if givena free reign. The village that didn't By semi-experiencinga situation, the actors have a well. understand and feel The sick children whobecame healthy when more completely. So do they got enough good food. the people who watch. The village boy who wentto school. Role playing shouldnever go on for a long The house with anew window. time, and it should befollowed by a group discussion of how people felt a.ldacted, why, and Drama what the issues reallywere. New,- use it in controversial issues where feeli.gs might be Drama is not ascommon in the village as hurt. song, but it does entertain andteach. You can include several people ina drama, maybe even Puppet Plays some from another village. Mpstpeople like to act. They like to play thc Puppetry is especially suited tovillagers. It part of someone else. amuses all people. It is an inexpensive art It may not beeasy to find people who that can can be easily learned. Even crudely madepup- write the drama. Thevillage teacher may be pets, when played with able to help or hemay know people in the vil- a lively sense of drama, lage who can do it. Sometimes can keep the audience interested. Puppetscan you can find cop- teach homemaking, health,agriculture, or lit- ies of one-act plays thatyou can change to fit eracy. what you want to teach. There are several kinds of Any open space witha little raised ground puppets. The or platform is a good place to glove or hand puppet is the simplestto make use for a drama. and the easiest to use. It is likea three-fingered The village carpentercan make a simple stage. glove. The first finger is inserted Or you mayuse school benches to hold inside the stage. up a head to move it. The middlefinger and thumb fit into the arms of the pup,)etand move them. 212 21.5 AL 17; it%101*-74r:4rv r 4tiS , AR, "."93*- A zito, flip '4(1' ,..____4,.___,.2s...i..___4.....,,ari.....6d

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A puppet showdraws large crowds. used to teach Puppets can be India is on family lessons in manysubjects. Thisone in planning. The puppet'sdress covers arm. One person your hand and fore- most dramatic can operate twopuppets at part of theshowvictory, loss, a time, one on eachhand. joy, andsorrow. For an effecti7re Choose charactersthat stand son you want topuppet play, choosethe les- phasize their out. Thenem- teach. Writedown the most main characteristics.The bad important thingsyou want people must be very bad.The good must ber. Do not try to remem- Have no silent be very good. to teach toomany things inone pauses. Keep thedialogue show. clean-cut andlively. Have short Use a story short sc,enes with speeches and to illustrate thepoints youse- lots of action.The amount of lected. Thestory must have action willdepend on theskill with which T.le lessonyou want to teachdramatic value. handle thepuppets. you should be the Even if the play is a tragedy,bring insome 213 216 wit and humor at fittingmoments. Music, easy to understand. Be songs, or short poems can be repreated very sure that your inat instructions are exactly rightbefore you give tervals to drive the lessonhome and to help the them to the villagers. Practice audience remember it. Useeveryday people and writing your familiar situations in the play. leaflets so they can be usedin literacy programs where people are just learningto read. Take the audience intoyour confidence.Do Men and women will be not try to preach They willnot listen. They more interested in have come to be entui tained. learning to read somethingthey want to know than in reading books thatwere written for children. Mass Teaching Methods Mass teaching methods reachmany people. Circular Letters In using individual or group methods, you have A circular letter is duplicatedso copies may personal contact with the peopleyou are teaching. In mass methods, be sent to many people whowant the same inyou do not ha ve this di- formation. For example,you may want to tell rect contact, butthese methodscan make your them about something other work more effective. new that will help to Use mass methods to: control mosquitoes. You wantthem to know about this vi:ry soon,so you send each family a Repeat your mes'sage to thoseyou have copy of the letter. Even if some of themcannot contacted personally. read the letter, they will find somebodyto read Interest people ina new way of doing it to them. The best circularletters are short, something or a newprogram. simple, arwritten about justone thing or Tell the public aboutyour program. Many idea. Be s that what you have writtenis people can get to knowyou through mass easy to understand. If you do not havea ma- methods. chine to make copies ofyour letter, ask the village teacher to help you. He mightlet students Leaflets copy your letter and give copies to the villagers. A leaflet can helpyou teach a special skill or kind of knowledge. Itmay be a single sheet of Newspapers paper, printed and folded. It usually tells about just one job or one smallproblem. You may Newspapers can be a great help in getting use leaflets that somebody else has writtenor information to people. Youcan write about the you may write your own. They shordd bevery demonstrations you want people simple, with short sentencesand short para- new ideas that village people are trying.. You graphs. Use drawingsand pictures that are can tell about meetings that you and village leaaers are planning. Many of your storieswill tell how to do something. Talk about what some local villager did and how he succeeded. - Wall Newspapers and Bulletin Boards In every village thereare places where people meet their friends and talk. Theseare good places to put wallnewspapers. The people who can read will read to others. Then they will talk abeut the idea or the plan for the meeting. When they go home, they will tell their families and neighbors. Your idea spreads through the village very fast. When the peoplecome to the meeting, they have thought aboutyour idea and are ready to listen. Theyare also ready to 217 914 women gather. Outdoor bulletin boards should be protected with a small roofor some kind of cover. Radio In many villages people meet to listen to the radio. If you have a radio, have it wherethe people can come and listen each day. Theymay meet at the same time each day. After theprogram is finished, they will probably talk about what they heard. They often learn aboutsome- body outside the village whocan help them or of something another village did well.Pome- times you yourself may bevited to be on a radio program. This will please the people of talk. Sometimes village workers work together your village. to write a wall newspaper. Besure that you put it where many people willsee it and where it is safe from wind mid rain. Bulletin boards can be mounted inyour office, in the demonstrationroom, beside the well, near the znarket, orany place where

Television In some countries, television is becominga mass teaching method that can reach into many villages. People meet to watch television as they do to hear radio programs. Then they discuss the program. The audience has the advantage of being able to see as wellts hear. If A protected bulletin board like 1iiisone in Korea is a good place to put a wall newspaper, vAices ofmeet- the program is well presented, theycan under ings, new bulletins, posters, and'anything else that stand quickly and will be interested in trying would be of interest to the women. the new idea. 215218 .

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Public judging is a good educational technique foryou to use at fairs and exhibitions. Peopb can hear youex- plain why a product is of good quality or poor and, at Fairs, Exhibithms, and Festivals the same time, can see the product itself. INDIA Everybody likes to go to fairs, exhibitions, and festivals. Although the peoplemay think possible that the results of some xesult demon- of them as entertainment,you will find many strations couia ht. brought for exhibit. Any-- ways to teach at ti-cl same time. This isa good thing that people may "try out" for themselves place for an exhi,which will attract people will be of great interest. as they walk by. A fair or exhibition is alsoa good place for Campaigns demonstrations. Villagers who areskillful Many problems, are village-wide and cannot might demonstrate foryou. Their neighbors be solved by individual ;amilies working alone, will be more impressed by theirdemonstra- for example, mosquito e,,mtrol, village water tions than by yours if they do them well. Itis supply, etc. Everybody in the village must help, so a campaign is needed. Ina campaign, you use every teaching method you can to arouse interest, involve everybody, and get ac- P.4.11P tion. An educational campaign is an attempt to get many people to use one or morerecom- mended practices that will help solvea particular problem. However, not all problemsare adapted to the use of a campaign. A problem selected for a campaign must be one thatmany people recognize as important. A campaign should deal with onlyone problem at a time. It is best to emphasizeone important practice that will do a lot to solve the Women in Colombia visit an exhibit ofa model kitchen problem. The practice selected should beone and discuss the improvements with their friends. the people will accept. A well-plannedcam- c. . 216 219'-' paign does not try to teach more than people and publicize individual success stories. can learn at one time. 4. End the campaign dramatically. Set a defi- A campaign is an intense effort for a limited nite time to end the campaign. Feature the time. To have a successful campaign you must : final day qo the people can share the satis- 1. Plan your campaign carefully with village faction of completing the project. This is a leaders. good time to report results to the people. Decide what you wish to accomplish. Set This day, like the starting day, is a time to the goals so everybody can understand. invite an important person. Dinners, picnics, Decide how to invoive the people. or rallies will encourage all the people who Plan the activities and methods you will took part in the campaign to come and re- use, such as demonstrations, tours, radios, joice in its success. This is an occasion to home visits, a fair, exhibits, etc. recognize community leaders for their work. Plan who is to do each method. 5. Fvaluate your results. Ask yourself these Plan a schedule of events. questions : Set a starting and ending date. What changes did you expect in knowledge, Plan for any materials and supplies need- attitudes, and skills ? ed. What evidence do you have that the chang- Choose a recognized problem that is imes were made ? portant to a larg o. number of people. Who is carrying out the practices recom- Offer a solution the people can and will ac- mended in the campaign ? cept. Use several ways to collect information from Emphasize one idea at a time. the people, such as personal interviews on farm and home visits, a show of hands at 2. Begi 1- campaign on the date set. Open the campaign with some kind of dramatic meetings, and questionnaires. Try to find meeting to explain the problem and the goals. out not only the number of families who Make it fun for everyone as well as a learn- adopted the recommended practices,but ing experience. The program might also inwhich campaign methods worked best. Ask clude other aciivities to attract interest and the leaders and membersathe campaign attention such as : committee for their opinions on the effec- A parade of young people with campaign tiveness of the campaign and for suggestions banners. on how to improve future campaigns. This A film or filmstrip. Often the Ministry of help you to avoid making the same mis- Health or Agriculture has films suitable takes in future campaigns. for this kind of meeting. The following campaigns have been success- Some songs about the subject of the cam- ful in various countries : paign. Better Rice Healthy Chicks el A skit on what to do. Clean Up Grow More 3. Carry out all activities as planned. Keep Malaria Control Vegetables the interest and attention of the village fo- Improved Kitchen Healthy Baby cused on your campaign. Demonstrate the Floors Improved Stoves practices you are recommending, for example : Community Cemers Burying night soil in pits and dusting the In many rural villages, finding a place large pits. enough for people to meet is often a problem. Whitewashing walls of houses. This dem- The school is sometimes used as a village hall onstration might be followed by a con- or general meeting place. But the school build- test on whitewashing houses. ing is occupied for much of the year, and gener- Building latrines. ally there is no other suitable place. It is better Make follow-up visits to encourage families to have a special place where village groups 217 220 tz. know they can come any time to meet together. The women and girls made much of the furni- The step-by-step development of a commun- ture. The men and boys helped with thecar- ity center in one village shows how to begin house with furnishings suitable for theirown where the people are and lead them forward to homes and within their ownmeans. The men new concepts. also liked this idea. Accordingly,every piece of In this small rural community, incomes were furniture was made by tl.a people themselves. low and living conditions were about thesame pentry and borrowed a fence-making machine as in other communities in the area. The local from a nearby large plantationowner to make village home economics worker had been work- the wire fence around the yard. Themen im- ing in the community for abouta year and she proved the road to the center. knew every home. She had taught thewomen When the center was finished, the kitchen individuallyintheir own kitchens and in demonstrated a well-built stove, simple home- groups under the trees. She had organized a made cupboards, shelves, and workspace. The girls' club which now met regularly andhad light, airy bedroom showeda homemade bed secured the interest and cooperation of thepeo- and a mattress of corn shucks,a baby bed, a ple. simple wardrobe, and a dressing table madeof As the women continued tocome together to wooden boxes. The living room furniture in- learn, they became interested in organizinga cluded a homemade sofa withcorn shuck mat- club. This was a new experience for them. tress which could be used for both sitting and Meetings were held in the yards, for hardlya sleeping,asimpla homemadechair,wall home was large enough foran inside meeting, shelves, and a table with bamboo legs. All the and there were no chairs to siton. The school furniture was painted and made attractive. could not often be used for daytime meetings The furnishings were of durable and inexpen- because there was no space when schoolwas in sive materials, but they were colorful. session. They began to wonder if they couldget A sanitary toilet, protected water supply, a place where they might meet togetherregu- clean and attractive yard with grass and flow- larly more easily. ers, and a vecetable garden in which plants They asked the advice and help of their hus- and seedlings were gro-Nn for distribution to bands and the local agriculturist and helda the people were important parts of the total joint meeting in the school building tosee what demonstration. could be done. Some of thegroup knew of two The center became a busy- place. In addition or thine houses in which no one was living. to the women's and girls' clubs, other village One of the larger vacant houses hadone rather organizations held their meetings in it. Demon- large room and two smallerrooms. The owner strations were given and classes conducted for agreed that the community coulduse the build- women and girls, farmers, and school boys and ing for 5 years, rent free, in exchange formak- girls. Because of the great need for furniture ing needed repairs The house needed much in village homes, popular classes in carpentry work before it could be used. taught young and old to make the furniture The committee that had contacted theowner they admired in the center. Baby beds, dress- suggested raising money to buysome of the ing tables, and good corn shuck mattresses material needed to fix the house. The women's were made by the dozen. club sponsored a festival. Other co.nmittees, Homemakers would drop by to use thecom- including the boys and girls, helped plan and munity sewing machine which the women's arrange fo the festival. It was quite a success. club had raised money to buy. A farmer would With the n, oney they raised and the labor they come to help his wife or son or daughter with donated, the villagers put the house ina usable a piece of furniture they were making. A club condition. boy or girl might come by late in the afternoon The women's club thought it would be helpful to get some plants to set out in his homegar- if the house served not only as a village center den. or village hall but also as a demonstration A pre-school program was begun at thecen- 221 218 ter. From 30 to 40 children came each morning When the village workers were making indi- for about 2 hours. They were given milk pro- vidual farm and home visits, the centerwas vided by the Ministry of Health. They were kept open by a club member. The women's club taught simple health practices and how to do took responsibility for upkeep of the center for themselves and play together. Often the and equipment and asked help from the other local doctor 01' public health nurse gave exam- village people. This center provided not onlya inations. place where group activities could becon- The mothers volunteered their services each ducted, but also a chance to develop community morning to help the home economics worker interest and a feeling of belonging.It also prepare the food and care for the children. In demonstrated how people could work together this way, they learned food preparation, sani- to do things for the beenfit of all, that no one tation, better care for their children, and the person or family was able to do alone. values and satisfaction of participating in a This established meetng place, where the community enterprise. It was easy to get their people of the village knew they were welcome cooperation and help in work which benefited to come to work, learn, plan, andcarry out their children.It was the first community their plans, became an important addition to work for most of them. the village.

219 222 TEACHING AIDS

Some people will come to a meeting just to Real Objects hear you talk. Many others will stay at home unless you do something to make the meeting Use real objects in your teaching whenever more interesting. Those who do come will learn possible. If you are talking about foods needed more easily and remember more if you have something for them t9 see as you talk. There are many kinds of visual aids for you tsuse. You can make many ot them yourself. There are posters, photographs,pictures,flannelgraphs, flip charts, flashcards, bulletin boards, IG-34-81 filmstrips, and slides. You may think of others. Remember that. a poor visual aid is worse than mu* maim" none at all. It must be large enough foi the audience to see it well. Village people can help you do these, and it will please them to be asked. Ifyou have a chalkboard or blackboard, you can writeon it as you and your audience talk about their problems. This is a way to help everybodyremem- ber the important points as you talk. All of these things help people to understand andre- 4:141111 - member what you want them to learn. "--Of

Portugal uses a mobile unit that conta;ns an improved kitchen. With this kitchen-on-wheels they can reach women in even the more isolated areas. .wI

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The village workers in Liberia are teaching village women the foods they should eat to be healthy. The use:-'- of real foods makes learning easier for the women. 220223 40 VP**wow"*ft "VITA ,""' 141.

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_ This Brazilian worker is using a model of an improved clothesline to teach village women. The model ia easily An agent in Paraguay teaches how to draft men's carried from place to place. pants by drawing a sketch on the blackboard and out- lining the steps. This makes it easy for all the women to follow instructions.

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2 22 225 AisT afiggirpTilh" '11*-

A flannelgraph has the advantage of flexibility and gives the group members a chance to take part. A Burmese worker makes her meeting more interesting by using one to show the three kinds of food that should be eaten in addition to rice. In some countries workers are given sets of flannelgraph figures like this book from Kenya.

Flashcards like this set frorn India can be used to tell a story to small groups.

SIMPLE IMPROVEMENTS THE HOME

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2234 Pieces of flannel, felt,or sandpaper will the story is long and the peoplebecome tired. stick on the flannel. Justpress the pieces Study your talk and pick out the main ideas against the flannel on the board. They willstay that you want the villagers to remember.Make until you take them away. Ifyou paste scraps one picture for each idea that you want to of flannel or sandpaper to the back:of photo- stand out. grarhs, other pictures,or papers, they will You must know yc 4-ory very well and stick to the flannelon the board. Flannelgraph know just what you v:nt tosay with each pieces will stay on better if the board istipped card. Use simple words that thevillage people back slightly. know best. Use thenames of village people To prepare a flannelgraphstory, place the when you can. Hold the cards againstyour title of your story in large lettersat the top of body, not up in the air. Turnyour body from the flannelgraph. For example,CHILDREN one side to the other, so everybodycan see. As NEED A GOOD DIET TO BEHEALTHY. you tell your story, point to important objects Then prepare your story in drawings,photo- in the picture. Besure your hand does not graphs, or printed pictures.Cut these from cover the card. Enjoy telling your story. You their paper background andpaste piecel of flannel or sandpaper will if you know it well. on their backs. Medium or Stack the cards in order. Asyou finish with coarse grain sandpaper is better than thefine each card, slip it behind the others. grain. Keep the story simple.The pictures They will should be big and hold. Arrange then be in order for the next time. Asyou be- the pieces in come skilled in telling your story, let thepeo- the order you will placethem on the board. ple have a part in it. If somebodyis good at Number them on the back. Eachpicture and telling it, let him take the cards anduse them the words you use with it shouldtell one step with other groups. of your story. The flannelgraphis good for a "build-up" story. Youcan keep your audience wondering how the story will end untilyou put Flip Charts the last piece on the flannel. A flip chart is a stack of largesheets of plain paper fastened together at thetop. Write Flashcards on them with a crayon before your meeting. Be sure you write large enough for the audience Flashcards can bea series of pictures that to see. Use each page to tellone part of your tell a story. They help ifsome people in your story. As you finish witha page, turn or flip it audience cannot read. Your storymight be that over so the next page may be seen. At the end "Babies Need Safe Waterto Drink." Or it of your story, turn thepages back and the could explain the steps ofmosquito control or chart is ready to use again. show how to clean dishes.Almost any simple You may also use the fiip chartas you would lesson can be taught withflashcards. If most a chalkboard. Write on it withcrayon or char- of the people can read,you may want a few coal as you talk to your audience. Ifthere is a words on each card along withthe picture. wall to fasten themon, you can tear the sheets Flashcards should be usedin small groups, from the flip chart so the audiencecan see all not more than 30 people. Thecards should be of them at one time. In thisway, the flip chart large enough for everybodyto see. For 30 peo- is better than a chalkboard,which must be e- ple they should be 22 by28 inches in size. Use rased when it is full. At theclose of the meet- simple line drawings, cartoons,or photographs ing, you can pick up the sheetsin order and illustrating local situationson the cards. They have them to read later. should apply to the villagein which you are working. The pictures shouldbe in black and white, or have plenty of colorif you can get it. Films Keep the number of flashcardsfor one story down to 10 or 12. If there People who will not attendany kind of meet- are too many cards ing will go to see films. Forthis reason, fihns 227 are a good way to get peopleinterested. Good Exhibits films help you give facts in an interesting way Exhibits can be used many places. Large ones and show new ways to do things in a short can be set up at the agricultural fair.Yo,-an time. Because everybody can understand some- put a small exhibit in your office or demonstra- thing from the pictures, they help teach people tion room. Look for other places in the village who cannot read. You will want to make a where you can set up an exhibit. short talk before showing the picture. Explain Often a storekeeper is glad to havei ex- the reason for the meeting and the picture. hibit in his window. It attracts attention to his After the picture, give the people a chance to store. In one country, a village worker was ask questions and talk about the picture. The loaned a window in a building on a main street. most effective films are those that show prob- She kept an interesting exhibit in it all the lems, customs, and ways of living that are fa- time, changingitfreouently. Another was miliar to the people who see them. given a corner in the Farmer's Cooperative building. The agricultural officer helped her build a permanent display frame. She used this Filmstrips and Slides way to tell the farmers about the women's pro- _zram. A filmstrip is a series of still pictures on one You can use Ln exhibit to : roll of film. They may tell a story or they may 1.Get attention. It must seen to say "Stop ! explain the steps of an improved practice. To Look !" show filmstrips you must have a filmstrip 2. Arouse curiosity and hold attention. projector. Some projectors do not need electric- 3.Create a desire to know more about the ity. subj ect. This is a good way to teach because the 4.Convince the people that something can machines are simple to operate. You can hold a be done. picture on the screen as long as you need to 5.Tell a simple story at a glance. talk about it. Filmstrips have another advan- To havea good exhibit you will needto de- tage. You can show a complete process, like cide: growing rica, in one short meeting. 1. Who is your audience? Who do you want If you have a camera, you can take pictures to reach with your exhibit? of good ways to do things right in your own 2. Why arc you exhibiting? What is your village and have them made into a filmstrip. goal? This is not expensive. The people like these 3. What will you exhibit? What subject? pictures very much because they or their 4. Where will you show the exhibit? neighbors may be in them and they show fa- 5. How will you make the exhibit? What miliar scenes. They can take part in the discus- will be its design and what will you use? sion about them. A good exhibit has one central idea. It may Some filmstrip projectors have an attach- tell a story. But it should be simple, attractive, ment for showing slides. There are also special uncluttered, and easy to understand. slide projectors that are easy to operate. You can use slides almost as you do filmstrips. The difference is that slides are single pictures, Posters usually in color. Each slide is mounted in a A poster will help get people interested so cardboard frame. The newest automatic cam- they will come to your meeting, but it cannot eras now available in many places make taking teach very much by itself. It will help remind good color pictures almost a certainty. How- people when the meetiag will be held and ever, color film is expensive, so you need to where to come. A poster is also good to remind practice until you know what makes a good people to carry out a recommended practice picture for a slide talk. such as using well water, not river water. 228 225 are a good way to getpeople interested. Good Exhibits films help you give facts in an interesting way Exhibits can be used many places. Large ones and show new ways to do things in a short can be set up at the agriculturalfair. Yo,'an time. Because everybody can understand some- put a small exhibit in your office or demonstra- thing from the pictures, they help teach people tion room. Look for other places in the village who cannot read. You will want to make a where you can set up an exhibit. short talk before showing the picture. Explain Often a storekeeper is glad to have ex- the reason for the meeting and the picture. hibit in his window. It attracts attention to his After the picture, give the people a chance to store. In one country, a village worker was ask questions and talk about the picture. The loaned a window in a building on a main street. most effective films are those that show prob- She kept an interesting exhibit in it all the lems, customs, and ways of living that are fa- time, changingitfreouently. Another was miliar to the people who see them. given a corner in the Farmer's Cooperative building. The agricultural officer helped her build a permanent display frame. She used this Filmstrips and Slides way to tell the farmers about thewomen's pro- A filmstrip is a series of still pictures on one You can use nn exhibit to : roll of film. They may tell a story or they may 1.Get attention. It must seen to say "Stop ! explain the steps of an improved practice. To Look !" show filmstrips you must have a filmstrip 2. Arouse curiosity and hold attention. projector. Some projectors do not need electric- 3.Create a desire to know more about the ity. subj ect. This is a good way to teach because the 4.Convince the people that something can machines are simple to operate. You can hold a be done. picture on the screen as long as you need to 5.Tell a simple story at a glance. talk about it. Filmstrips have another advan- To have a good exhibit you will need to de- tage. You can show a complete process, like cide: growing rica, in one short meeting. 1.Who is your audience? Who do you want If you have a camera, you can take pictures to reach with your exhibit? of good ways to do things right in your own 2. Why arc you exhibiting? What is your village and have them made into a filmstrip. goal ? This is not expensive. The people like these 3. What will you exhibit? What subject? pictures very much because they or their 4. Where will you show the exhibit? neighbors may be in them and they show fa- 5. How will you make the exhibit? What miliar scenes. They can take part in the discus- will be its design and what will you use? sion about them. A good exhibit has one central idea. It may Some filmstrip projectors have an attach- tell a story. But it should be simple, attractive, ment for showing slides. There are also special uncluttered, and easy to understand. slide projectors that are easy to operate. You can use slides almost as you do filmstrips. The difference is that slides are single pictures, Posters usually in color. Each slide is mounted in a A poster will help get people interested so cardboard frame. The newest automatic cam- they will come to your meeting, but it cannot eras now available in many places make taking teach very much by itself. It will help remind good color pictures almost a certainty. How- people when the meetiag will be held and ever, color film is expensive, so you need to where to come. A poster is also good to remind practice until you know what makes a good people to carry out a recommended practice picture for a slide talk. such as using well water, not river water.

228 225 ever, be the types commonly ke7-tas pets. This tends to arouse too much syrt,pathyfor the badly fed ones. Different anima'3 are prized differentcultures.In some countries,ret-1 would be considered disgustingbut guinez pigs, rabbits, or chicks would be acceptable.If

= rats are acceptable, theyare extremely suitable as they are small, grow rapidly, and their food requirements resemble those of people. White rats can often be obtained from localbiological laboratories. You will need at least two ratsto show the results of the experimental diet andtwo to be Posters cost less than large photographsand they are just as effective withgroups. This worker in Iran uses fcd the normal diet for comparison.Try to get a poster to help summarize a meetingon selecting and a male and female in each pair. Youmay be preparing vegetables fora balanced diet. This helps the recommending the addition of dry skim milkto women relate the demonstration to theirtotal food needs. She has extra copies she willgive to the women the diet of small children. Feedone pair of to use in teaching their neighbors. Thewomen may also rats the regular fooda child receives. The put them up in their kitchens for theirown use. other two can be fed thesame diet with the milk added. Soon the people willsee a difference in their development. A poster should be read ata glance. Your You can make rat cages of wirescreening. poster should have justone idea : for example, to kill flies. Use just One village worker carried two guineapigs a few simple words so with her from village to villageand took them people will get the idea quickly.Make it big so to meetings where people couldsee the differ- it is easy tosee. The words and pictures should ence in their growth. not be crowded together. Placeit where it will be seen by the intended audience. Museums Demonstration Animals A museum can providea permanent place for you to keep your teaching aidsand refer- Animals can be used effectivelyto teach nu- ence materials. Village people can trition. When people come to look can see the effects of cer- whenever it is convenient for them. Aschool, tain foods on the growth anddevelopment of an agricultural extension office,a health cen- animals, they will be impressed. ter, or a church may be able to providea room The animals used in teachingmust not cost for this purpose. At first,you may need only much, be easy tocare for and handle, and come enough wall space fora few display shelves. from healthy stock. Small rapid-growingani- In some countries,museums like this are mals are bestas they respond quicklyto called "collections". They changes in diet. may contain models, preserved specimens, living plantsor animals, The animals should beattractive enough to graphs, charts, photographs, andother visual have popular appeal. Theyshould not, how- aids.

227

230 ever, be the types commonly ke7-tas pets. This tends to arouse too much syrt,pathyfor the badly fed ones. Different anima'3 are prized differentcultures.In some countries,ret-1 would be considered disgustingbut guinez pigs, rabbits, or chicks would be acceptable.If

227

230 Conversion Tables

U. S. Measure Weight Avoirdupois 1 ounce =28.3495 grams 16 ounces =1 pound =453.59 grams 2,000 pounds =1 ton =907.18 kilograms Liquid Measure 1 fluid ounce =29.573 milliliters 8 fluid ounces =1 cup =0.2366 liter 2 cups =1 pint 0.4732 liter 2 pints =1 quart =0.9463 liter 4 quarts 1 gallon =3.7853 liters British Imperial gallon (4 Imperialquarts) = 4.546 liters Dry Measure 1 pint =33.60 cu.in.= 0.5505 liter 2 pints =1 quart = 1.1012 liters 8 quarts =1 peck = 8.8096 liters 4 pecks =1 bushel = 36.2383 liters 1 British dry quart=1.032 U.S. dry quarts Cubic Measure 1 cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters 1,728 cubic in. =1 cu. ft. = 0.0283 cubic meter 16 cubic feet =1 cord foot (for measuringfirewood) 8 cord feet =1 cord = 3.625 cubic meters Linear Measure 1 inen = 2.54 centimeters 12 inches =1 foot = 0.3048 meter 3 feet =1 yard = 0.9144 meter 5, 'SO feet =1 mile = 1,609.3 meters Square Measure 1 square inch = 6.452 square centimeters 144 square inches =1 square ft. = 929 square centimeters 9 square feet =1 sq. yard = 0.8361 square meter 43,560 sq. ft. WM 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare 640 acres =1 sq. mile = 259 hectares ---- 2.59 square kilometers

229 .B.V28B The Metric System Weight 10 grams = 0.3527 ounce 1 kilogram ------2.2046 pounds 1 metric ton = 2,204.6 pounds Capacity Measure 1 centiliter = .338 fluid ounce 1 liter = 1.0567 liquidquarts or 0.9081 dry quart 1 decaliter = 2064 gallons or0.284 bushel 1 kiloliter = 264.18 gallons or 35.315cubic feet Volume Measure 1 cubic centimeter 1 milliliter = .06102 cubic inch 1 cubic meter = 35.314 cubic feet (the unit is called a stere in measuring firewood) Linear Measure 1 centimeter = 0.3937inch 1 meter = 39.37inches T.= 3.28 feet 1 kilometer = 0.621mile Square Measure 1 square centimeter = 0.15499 squareineh 1 square meter 1 centiare = 1,549.9 sq. in. or1.196 sq. yds. 1 sq. hectometer = 1 hectare = 2.471 acres 1 sq. kilometer = 100 hectares= 0.386 square mile Bibliography

FFICE OF INTERNATIONAL sions in Latin America.Reprinted by EXTENSION Federal Extension Service. ederal Extension Service Home Improvement Series .S. Department of Agriculture Soak Pit with DishwashingTable, No. 1 rashington, D. C. 20250,U.S.A. How to Makea Baby's Play Pen, No. 2 Extension DevelopmentAround the World Make a Calabash Washstand,No. 3 Guidelines for BuildingExtension Or- Making a Cotton Mattress,No. 4 ganizations and Programs Low Cost Beds Made atHome, No. 5 Rural Youth Clubs Aroundthe WorldA Sanitation Series Handbook for Developing Programs Drink Safe Water, No. 1 Guide for VillageWorkersExtension Meth- How to Wash Your Clothes,No. 2 ods, ESC-562 Personal Cleanliness, No.3 Issued by Government ofIndia, Ministry Wash Dishes Right, No.4 of Food and Agricultureand the Com- Get Rid of Household Pests,No. 5 munity Projects Administration,in co- Dispose of Wastes, No. 6 operation with Indian Councilof Agri- Storing Food at Hone, No.7 cultural Research, New Delhi.Reprint- Prepare and Serve Meals,No. ed by Federal ExtensionService. Care for Your Baby, No.9 Method Series Make Your Own Soap, No.10 Seeing Is BELIEVINGHowto Con- Home Curing FishAGide for Exten- duct a Result Demonstration sion and Village Workersin Mamy Countries Showing HowThe Demonstration Teaching Method Sun Dry Your Fruits andVegetables Farm and Home Visits Home Canning of Vegetablesby Salting or Educthtional Tours Brining, FES ER&T-95(4-58) Educational Campaigns Information adapted fromFarmers Bul- letin 1932 by Mrs. NazifaDajani, Hash- Result Demon,strations Guide and emite Kingdom of Jordan. Checklist, FES ER&T-154(9-61) Reprinted by Role PlayingA Teaching Federal Extension Service. Method Simple Home Mechanics,FES ER&T-23,1 Clean House Series, PacketC (12-6E) Postwre in Housework, PA-186 Published by the University How to Teach SewingMachine Use and of Puerto Care PA-701 'Rico. Reprinted by FederalExtension Using Visuals in Agricultural Service. Extension Housing and Home Improvementin the Programs, ESC-561 Caribbean Published by InternationalCooperation Administration; reprinted by Elsa Haglund, FAOHome Economist. Federal Reprinted by Federal ExtensionSer- Extension Service. vice. Make Those Ideas StickWith the Flannel- gra/ph Extension Teaching Methods,Circular 495 Experiencr with HumanFactors in Agri- Published by the ScientificService, In- cultural Areas of the World ter-American Institute ofAgricultural Six Keys to EvaluatingExtension Work, Sciences, OAS, as part ofthe Agricul- PA-371 tural and Home EconomiktsInformation Conserving the Nutritive Services to the US/AID Operations Values in Foods, Mis- Home and Garden Bulletin90

231 Bibliography

231 Visual Aids in Nutrition EclueationA Legumes in Human Nutrition, No. 19 Guide to Their Preparation and Use W. R Aykroyo and Joyce Doughty, Alan C. Holmes, FAO Consultant Department of Human Nutrition,Lon- Our FoodsA Handbook for Education- don School of Hygiene andTropical ias in West Africa, H. and M. Dupin Medicine, Great Britain Human Nutrition in Tropical Africa Learning Better NutritionASecond Michael Latham, Professor of Interna- Study of Approaches and Techniques, tionalNutrition,CornellUniversity, No. 20 Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.; formerly Medical J.A.S.Ritchie,Department of Officer 1/e, Nutrition Unit, Ministry of Human Nutrition, London School cf Health, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Great Poultry Keeping in Tropical Areas Britain Werner Thomann, Poultry Production FAO Nutrition MeetingsReport Series Specialist,AnimalProductionand Calcium Requirements, No. 30 Health Division Protein Requirements, No. 87 World Food Problems Requirements of Vitamin A, Thiamine, Protein at the Heart of the World Food Riboflavin, and Niacin, No. 41 Problem, No. 5 RiceGrain of Life, No. 6 Miscellaneous The State of World Fisheries, No.7 Encouraging the Use of Protein-Rich Freedom From Hunger Foods John Fridthjof, Food Promotion Nutrition and Working Efficiency,No. Ex- 5 pert, Nutrition Division Education and Training inNutrition, RED CROSS No. 6 Copies of Red Cross publicationsmay be ob- World Food Program Studies tained by requesting them throughyour local Food Aid and Education, No.6 Red Cross. FAO Nutritional Studies Home Nursing Textbook Rice and Rice Diets, No.1 Nursing Services, American National Maize and Maize DietsANutritiontd Red Cross Survey, No. 9 First Aid Textbook Calorie Requirements, No.15 American National Red Cross

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