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IDL-18339.Pdf RICE-FISH CULTURE in CHINA EDITED BY Kenneth T. MacKay INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH CENTRE Ottawa • Cairo • Dakar • Johannesburg • Montevideo Nairobi • New Delhi • Singapore Published by the International Development Research Centre PO Box 8500, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1G 3H9 June 1995 MacKay, K.T. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing CN Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Wuxi CN Rice-fish culture in China. Ottawa, ON, IDRC, 1995. 276 p.: ill. /Rice/, /plant production/, /fish production/, /mixed farming/, /cultivation systems/, /China/ — /appropriate technology/, /ecology/, /economic aspects/, /on-farm research/, /case studies/, /conference reports/, references. UDC: 633.18:639.2(510) ISBN: 0-88936-776-0 A microfiche edition is available. Material contained in this report is produced as submitted to IDRC Books. Unless otherwise stated, copyright for material in this report is held by the authors. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Contents Preface vii Introduction Wang Hongxi ix Part I: Review and Outlook Rice-Fish Culture in China: The Past, Present, and Future Cai Renkui, Ni Dashu, and Wang Jianguo 3 Rice-Fish Culture in China: Present and Future Chen Defu and Shui Maoxing 15 Scientific and Technological Development of Rice-Fish Culture in China Zhang Rongquan 23 Development of Rice-Fish Farming in Guizhou Province Shi Songfa 31 Reforming Rice-Fish Culture Technology in the Wuling Mountains of Eastern Guizhou Province Chen Guangcheng 37 The Development of Rice-Fish Farming in Chongqing City Xu Shunzhi 43 Development of Rice-Fish Farming in Jiangsu Province Xu Guozhen 49 Rice-Fish Culture and its Macrodevelopment in Ecological Agriculture Yang Jintong 55 Value of the Rice-Fish Production in High-Yielding Areas of Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province Cao Zenghao 63 Developing Rice-Fish Culture in Shallow Waters of Lakes Wan Qianlin, Li Kangmin, Li Peizhen, Gu Huiying, and Zhou Xin 67 iii iv RICE-FISH CULTURE IN CHINA Part II: Patterns and Technology Different Methods of Rice-Fish Farming Nie Dashu and Wang Jianguo 77 New Techniques for Raising Fish in Flooded Ricefields Wan Banghuai and Zhang Qianlong 85 Methods of Rice-Fish Culture and their Ecological Efficiency Wu Langhu 91 Ridge-Cultured Rice Integrated with Fish Farming in Trenches, Anhui Province Yan Dejuan, Jiang Ping, Zhu Wenliang, Zhang Chuanlu, and Wang Yingduo 97 Development of Rice-Fish Culture with Fish Pits Feng Kaimao 103 Techniques Adopted in the Rice-Azolla-Fish System with Ridge Culture Yang Guangli, Xiao Qingyuan, and He Tiecheng 107 Semisubmerged Cropping in Rice-Fish Culture in Jiangxi Province Liu Kaishu, Zhang Ningzhen, Zeng Heng, Shi Guoan, and Wu Haixiang 117 Rice-Azolla-Fish Symbiosis Wang Zaide, Wang Pu, and Jie Zengshun 125 Economic and Ecological Benefits of Rice-Fish Culture Li Xieping, Wu Huaixun, and Zhang Yongtai 129 Cultivating Different Breeds of Fish in Ricefields Wang Banghuai and Zhang Qianlong 139 Rice-Fish Culture in Ricefield Ditchponds Luo Guang-Ang 147 Techniques for Rice-Catfish Culture in Zero-Tillage Ricefields Chen Huarong 153 Demonstration of High-Yield Fish Farming in Ricefields Cai Guanghui, Ying Yuguang, Wu Baogan, He Zhangxiong, and Lai Shengyong 163 Rice-Azolla-Fish in Ricefields Chen Defu, Ying Hanquing, and Shui Maoxing 169 CONTENTS V Part III: Interactions Material Cycles and Economic Returns in a Rice-Fish Ecosystem Ni Dashu and Wang Jianguo 177 Fish Culture in Ricefields: Rice-Fish Symbiosis Xiao Fan 183 Ecological Effects of Rice-Fish Culture Pan Yinhe 189 Ecological Mechanisms for Increasing Rice and Fish Production Pan Shugen, Huang Zhechun, and Zheng Jicheng 195 Rice-Azolla-Fish Cropping System Liu Chung Chu 201 Effect of Fish on the Growth and Development of Rice Li Duanfu, Wu Neng, and Zhou Tisansheng 209 The Role of Fish in Controlling Mosquitoes in Ricefields Wu Neng, Liao Guohou, Lou Yulin, and Zhong Gemei . 213 A Comparative Study of the Ability of Fish to Catch Mosquito Larva Wang Jianguo and Ni Dashu 217 Ability of Fish to Control Rice Diseases, Pests, and Weeds Yu Shui Yan, Wu Wen Shang, Wei Hai Fu, Ke Dao An, Xu Jian Rong, and Wu Quing Zhai 223 Distribution and Residue of Methamidophos in a Rice-Azolla-Fish Ecosystem Xu Yinliang, Xu Yong, and Chen Defu 229 Residue and Application of Fenitrothion in a Rice-Fish Culture System Lou Genlin, Zhang Zhongjun, Wu Gan, Gao Jin, Shen Yuejuan, Xie Zewan, and Deng Hongbing 237 Part IV: Economic Effects Economic Analysis of Rice-Fish Culture Lin Xuegui, Zhang Linxiu, and He Guiting 247 Economic Research on Rice-Fish Farming Jiang Ci Mao and Dai Ge 253 Ecology and Economics of Rice-Fish Culture Quing Daozhu and Gao Jusheng 259 Ability of Fish to Control Rice Diseases, Pests, and Weeds Yu Shut Yon,59 Wu Wen Shang,59 Wei Hal Fu,60 Ke Dao An,™ Xu Jian Rang,61 and Wu Quing Thai62 From 1985 to 1987, a series of tests on rice-fish culture were conducted in Shangyu, Xiaoshan and Huangyan Counties, Zhejiang Province, to determine if grass carp, common caip, and nile tilapia could be used as biological control agents in ricefields. Material and Method Field Arrangements A suitable ricefield was selected as the test plot. Before the field was ploughed, the border dikes were raised to 40 cm, and earth dams were built to separate the different test plots. Space for fish ditches and pits was left when the seedling were transplanted. After the rice was transplanted, fish ditches and pits were dug and a fish screen was installed at the outlet. Selection of Fry and Breeding Fish Fry that had a body length of 3-4 cm and were able to swim against the current were selected. Healthy, strong fish with shining body colour, no injuries, and a body weight of 20-50 g were chosen as breeding fish. Rice Cultivation Fish were stocked in the test plot 7 days after the early rice was transplanted. The fish were moved into the fish ponds before the early rice was harvested and returned to the test plot after the late rice was transplanted. Fish were harvested just before the late rice was harvested. In the test plot, water was kept at a depth of about 10 cm, and basal fertilizers and top dressing were used. No pesticides, seed treatments, or herbicides were used. 59 Agricultural Department of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. 60 Agricultural Bureau of Shangyu County, Shangyu, Zhejiang Province. 61 Agricultural Bureau of Huangyuan County, Huangyuan, Zhejiang Province. 62 Agricultural Bureau of Xiaoshan County, Xiaoshan, Zhejiang Province. 224 RICE-FISH CULTURE IN CHINA Fish-Farming Treatments Six different treatments were carried out in Shangyu County in 1986, and each treatment was repeated three times. The treatments were: (1) grass carp (5 250/ha), (2) common carp (5 250/ha), (3) nile tilapia (5 250/ha), (4) grass carp (600/ha) and common carp (3 000/ha) together, (5) long-term deep-watering for fish-farming, and (6) normal water irrigation for fish-farming. In 1987, three different species of fish (grass carp, common carp, and nile tilapia) were raised. For polyculture, 1500 fish of each species were used per hectare. For pure cultures 4 500 fish were raised per hectare. The control plot was the same as in 1986. No comparisons between fish and no-fish plots were made in Xiaoshan and Huangyan. Survey Methods Twenty clumps in the small plots and 50-100 clumps in the large plots were inspected for rice planthoppers, 500 clumps were examined for rice borer, 40 clumps in the small plots and 100 clumps in the large plots were examined for rice leafrollers, and 50 clumps in the small plots and 200 clumps in the large plots were examined for rice sheath and culm blight. Weeds were sampled at five locations (0.11 m2 each) in the ricefield, and records were kept of variety and fresh weight. Results and Analysis Control of Diseases, Pests, and Weeds Control of rice planthoppers. The raising of fry in early ricefields provided poor control of rice planthoppers; however, raising breeding fish provided good control. As the fish grew in size during the growing period of late rice, they provided good control of rice planthoppers. A survey on 10 July 1985 in Xiaoshan showed that there were 1900 rice planthoppers (third generation) per 100 clumps in early ricefields with fry, a decrease of 34.5% compared with 2900 rice planthoppers per 100 clumps in the early ricefield without fish. In ricefields with breeding fish there were 1030 rice planthoppers per 100 clumps in the early ricefields, a decrease of 64.5% compared with ricefields without fish. A survey on 20 September 1985 indicated that there were 2410 rice planthoppers (fifth generation) per 100 clumps in the late ricefield with fish, a decrease of 734.3% compared with fields without fish. Different varieties of fish had different effects. Investigations from 1986 to 1987 at the test plot in Shangyu showed that there was a relatively large difference (Table 1) in the control of rice planthoppers during the peak season. The ricefields in which only grass carp were raised showed the best control of rice planthoppers. The fifth and sixth generation planthoppers were decreased by 40.5% and 74.2% in 1986 and by 57.3% and 59.4% in 1987, respectively, compared with the control field. Polyculture of the three varieties of fish was less effective than pure cultures of grass carp. INTERACTIONS 225 Table 1. Effect of different treatments on the number of rice planthopper nymphs per 100 clumps in late ricefields. Fourth Generation Fifth Generation Sixth Generation 3 Sept 8 Sept 23 Sept 26 Sept 12 Oct 26 Oct Treatment 1986 1987 1986 1987 1986 1987 Normal watering 233 548 1273 8228 1147 10390 field without fish culture Deepwater field 237 340b 1220 6123" 690b 8755* without fish culture Deepwater field 190 215k 753* 3513k 290" 4220b with grass carp culture Deepwater field 123b 260b 526b456b 4750b6728b with common carp culture Deepwater field 53b 305b 840*390" 5100"6938b with nile tilapia culture Deepwater field 167* 218b 567b530" 4013"4625" with mixed-fish farming * Significant difference.
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