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Familias De Microcontroladores

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Familias De Microcontroladores INTRODUCCION Un microcontrolador es un circuito integrado tiene en su interior todas las características de un computador, es decir, programa y circuitos periféricos para CPU, RAM, una memoria de entrada y salida. Muy regularmente los microcontroladores poseen además convertidores análogo - digital, temporizadores, contadores y un sistema para permitir la comunicación en serie y en paralelo. Se pueden crear muchas aplicaciones con los microcontroladores. Estas aplicaciones de los microcontroladores son ilimitadas, entre ellas podemos mencionar: sistemas de alarmas, iluminación, paneles publicitarios, etc. Controles automáticos para la Industria en general. Entre ellos control de motores DC/AC y motores de paso a paso, control de máquinas, control de temperatura, tiempo; adquisición de datos mediante sensores, etc. HISTORIA El primer microprocesador fue el Intel 4004 de 4 bits, lanzado en 1971, seguido por el Intel 8008 y otros más capaces. Sin embargo, ambos procesadores requieren circuitos adicionales para implementar un sistema de trabajo, elevando el costo del sistema total. Los ingenieros de Texas Instruments Gary Boone y Michael Cochran lograron crear el primer microcontrolador, TMS 1000, en 1971; fue comercializado en 1974. Combina memoria ROM, memoria RAM, microprocesador y reloj en un chip y estaba destinada a los sistemas embebidos.2 Debido en parte a la existencia del TMS 1000,3 Intel desarrolló un sistema de ordenador en un chip optimizado para aplicaciones de control, el Intel 8048, que comenzó a comercializarse en 1977.3 Combina memoria RAM y ROM en el mismo chip y puede encontrarse en más de mil millones de teclados de compatible IBM PC, y otras numerosas aplicaciones. El en ese momento presidente de Intel, Luke J. Valenter, declaró que el microcontrolador es uno de los productos más exitosos en la historia de la compañía, y amplió el presupuesto de la división en más del 25%. La mayoría de los microcontroladores en este momento tienen dos variantes. Unos tenía una memoria EPROM reprogramable, significativamente más caros que la variante PROM que era sólo una vez programable. Para borrar la EPROM necesita exponer a la luz ultravioleta la tapa de cuarzo transparente. Los chips con todo opaco representaban un coste menor. En 1993, el lanzamiento de la EEPROM en los microcontroladores (comenzando con el Microchip PIC16x84) permite borrarla eléctrica y rápidamente sin necesidad de un paquete costoso como se requiere en EPROM, lo que permite tanto la creación rápida de prototipos y la programación en el sistema. El mismo año, Atmel lanza el primer 41 microcontrolador que utiliza memoria flash.5 Otras compañías rápidamente siguieron el ejemplo, con los dos tipos de memoria. ARQUITECTURAS CISC: (Computador de Set de Instrucciones Complejo). Disponen de más de 80 instrucciones máquina en su repertorio, algunas de las cuales son muy sofisticadas y potentes, requiriendo muchos ciclos para su ejecución. Una ventaja de los procesadores CISC es que ofrecen al programador instrucciones complejas que actúan como macros. RISC: (Computador de Set de Instrucciones Reducido). En estos procesadores el repertorio de instrucciones máquina es muy reducido y las instrucciones son simples y, generalmente, se ejecutan en un ciclo. La sencillez y rapidez de las instrucciones permiten optimizar el hardware y el software del procesador. SISC: En el micro controlador destinado a aplicaciones muy concretas, el juego de instrucciones, además de ser reducido, es "específico", o sea, las instrucciones se adaptan a las necesidades de la aplicación prevista. Esta filosofía se ha bautizado con el nombre de SISC (Computador de Juego de Instrucciones Específico). 2 FAMILIAS DE MICROCONTROLADORES A continuación se muestran algunas de las empresas fabricantes de microcontroladores mas importantes y se mencionan algunas de las familias correspondientes según el numero de bits. Empresa 8 bits 16 bits 32 bits Atmel AVR (mega y SAM7 (ARM7TDMI), tiny),89Sxxxx familia SAM3 (ARM Cortex- similar 8051 M3), SAM9 (ARM926) Freescale 68HC05, 68HC08, 68HC12, 68HCS12, 683xx, 68HC11, HCS08 68HCSX12, 68HC16 PowerPC,ColdFire Intel MCS-48 (familia MCS96, MXS296 8048) MCS51 (familia 8051) 8xC251 National COP8 Semiconductor Microchip Familia 10f2xx PIC24F, PIC24H y PIC32 Familia 12Cxx Familia dsPIC30FXX,dsPIC33 12Fxx, 16Cxx y 16Fxx F con motor dsp 18Cxx y 18Fxx integrado Philips 80C51 XA Cortex-M3, Cortex- M0, ARM7, ARM9 Renesas 78K,H8 H8S,78K0R,R8C,R32 RX,V850,SuperH,SH- C/M32C/M16C Mobile,H8SX Texas Instruments TMS370, MSP430 C2000, Cortex-M3 (ARM) , TMS570 (ARM) Zilog Z8, Z86E02 41 MICROCONTROLADORES FREESCALE Familias de MCU's de 8 bits Familia HCS08 HCS08 es una extensión de la familia de 8 bits HC08 con el aumento de funciones de rendimiento y depuración.,, hasta 62K de memoria Flash y RAM de hasta 4K. Características: • Rangos de voltaje de operación de 1,8 a 3,6 y 2,7 a 5,5. • 164 instrucciones; una mas que la familia HC08. • Tecnología de 0.25µ. • Un generador de reloj interno programable con compensación de temperatura y voltaje, diseñado para comunicaciones fiables, rápida puesta en marcha y la reducción de costos del sistema. • hasta 20 MHz velocidad de bus. • CPU desde 8MHz hasta 40MHz dependiendo de los niveles de voltaje • Interfaz de detección Touch. • Desde 0.5 KB hasta 4KB de memoria RAM. • Desde 2 KB hasta 62KB de memoria FLASH. • Hasta 256B de memoria EEPROM. • Módulo de comunicaciones seriales asincrónicas (SCI). • Hasta cuatro puertos de comunicación serial. • Módulo de comunicaciones IIC. • Convertidor análogo-digital de 12 bits con hasta 16 canales. • Desde 8 pines DFN hasta 64 pines QFP. • Comparador análogo con entradas positivas y negativas. Miembros y principales aplicaciones: S08P: Aplicaciones en electrodomésticos e industriales como iluminación, control de motores eléctricos y de sistemas de temperatura. S08AC: Similares aplicaciones a la familia S08P además de equipamiento médico. 4 S08AW: Aplicaciones Industriales y automotrices. S08D: Aplicacsiones Industriales, automotrices, médicas y marítimas. S08EL: Aplicaciones con sensores y redes de control industrial. S08FL: Electrodomésticos y potencia. S08GB: Instrumentos y productos potables. S08GT: Dispositivos mobiles y ZigBee. S08GW: Medición industrial. S08JE: Aplicaciones Médicas. S08JM: Periféricos de PC, industriales y médicas. S08JS: Conectividad USB y aplicaciones medicas. S08LC: Control de LCD. S08LG: Automotriz, de consumidor e industrial. S08LG32: Industrial y médica. S08LH: Mediciones inteligentes. S08LL: Mediciones industriales y ZigBee; de muy baja potencia. S08MM: Instrumentación médica e industrial. S08MP: Aplicaciones con motores. S08QA: Juguetes y pequeñas aplicaciones. S08QB: Dispositivos de control remoto; de muy baja potencia. S08QD: Automotrices e industriales. S08QE: Mediciones médicas e industriales. S08QG: comunicaciones inalámbricas y pequeñas aplicaciones. S08R: Aplicaciones de consumidor. S08RN: Automotrices. S08SC4: Control industrial y automotor. S08SE: Suministro de energía industrial y de dispositivos de consumidor. S08SF: Control de motores y pequeñas aplicaciones. 41 S08SG: Automotor e industrial en altas temperaturas. S08SH: Sensores y maquinas eléctricas. S08SL: Sensores y actuadores en red. S08SV: Aplicaciones industriales y de consumidor. Familia RS08 El núcleo RS08 es una versión reducida del la unidad S08 de procesamiento central (CPU) que ha sido específicamente diseñado para ser más eficiente y rentable para los pequeños microcontroladores de memoria de tamaño hasta 16 KB de espacio direccionable. Características: • Rangos de voltaje de operación de 1,8 a 3,6 y 2,7 a 5,5. • Drivers para LCD integrados. • 256B de RAM y hasta 12KB de FLASH. • Una instrucción mas que la familia HC08. • Módulo de comunicaciones IIC. • Módulo de comunicaciones seriales asincrónicas (SCI). • Convertidor análogo-digital de 10 bits con hasta 12 canales. • Modulo SPI. • Comparadores analogicos. • Moduladores PWM. Miembros y principales aplicaciones: RS08KA: Mediciones médicas en industriales. RS08KB: Aplicaciones industriales e instrumentos portables. RS08LA: Mediciones médicas en industriales y control de LCD's. RS08LE: Mediciones médicas en industriales, control de motores y LCD's. 6 Familia HC08 Características: • Rangos de voltaje de operación de 1,8 a 3,6 y 2,7 a 5,5. • Drivers para LCD integrados. • hasta 64KB de memoria FLASH. • Módulo de comunicaciones IIC. • Módulos de comunicaciones CAN y LIN. • Módulo de comunicaciones seriales asincrónicas (SCI). • Convertidor análogo-digital de 10 bits con hasta 12 canales. • Modulo SPI. • 163 instrucciones. • hasta 8 MHz velocidad de bus. Miembros y principales aplicaciones: • 68HC08LT8: Propósitos generales con driver LCD incorporado. • HC08AB: Propósitos generales con almacenamiento de datos en las memorias EEPROM y FLASH. • HC08AP: Propósitos generales. • HC08AS-AZ:Propósitos generales. • HC08BD: Sistemas de monitoreo digital. • HC08EY: Propósitos generales. • HC08G: Aplicaciones industriales con periféricos. • HC08GZ: Propósitos generales. • HC08JB-JG-JT-JW: Propósitos generales. • HC08JK-JL: Propósitos generales. • HC08K: Propósitos generales. • HC08LD: Propósitos generales. • HC08LJ-LK: Aplicaciones que requieran mediaciones de tiempo. • HC08LV: Propósitos generales con driver LCD incorporado. • HC08MR: Aplicaciones industriales y automotrices de potencia. • HC08Q: Propósitos generales. • HC08SR: Propósitos generales. • MC3PHAC: Unidad de control de motores. 41 Familia HC05 La familia HC05 ya no es producida comercialmente
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