Todor Stojanovski Sustainable cityscape
Sustainable cityscape Future study of one neighbourhood in the city of Skopje with a story and three essays
Todor Stojanovski
Master of Science Thesis SoM EX 2007-30
Stockholm 2007
Supervisor: Nils Viking Co-supervisor: Tigran Haas Examiner: Göran Cars
Department of urban planning and environment Division of urban and regional studies Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan
Abstract This Master of Science thesis is about the cities and the attribute sustainable. It is a brainstorm on the future of the cities through an example of one neighbourhood in the city of Skopje in Macedonia. The sustainability is evaluated with indices that are radically simplified, quantified and approximated. The indices quickly survey the cycles of water, food, air, soil, energy, necessities, luxuries and ideas in the neighbourhood. Sustainable in this thesis means self-sustainable, without imports or wastes. I have designed an exhibition of scenarios displaying various futures and I have evaluated how sustainable the neighbourhood in each scenario is. The results of the evaluation of the exhibition of scenarios shows that our neighbourhoods as they are built today are unsustainable and there is a need of a change in the way how they are designed, built and upgraded in the future. There is a need of experiments. In the end there is a need of a change in our lifestyle, a change that is sensible and depends on the stakeholders and a change that needs to be discussed in the society. Experimental urban concepts, participatory design and consent of the stakeholders is seen as a way toward designing and living in sustainable cities in the future.
Keywords: urban design, future cities, scenarios, sustainable cityscape, city archive, participatory design, sustainable development, indices, sustainable cities
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Table of contents Abstract ...... v Preface ...... xiii Introduction...... 1 Problem formulation...... 1 Purpose...... 1 Theoretical framework...... 2 Research front review...... 2 Methods...... 7 Summary of the results...... 7 Organization of the thesis ...... 7 Methods...... 9 The story ...... 9 The future study...... 9 The scenarios...... 10 Baseline [Bs]...... 12 Building code scenarios [Bcs & ebcs] ...... 13 Old building code scenarios [Obcs & eobcs]...... 13 ‘City of towers’ scenarios [Cts & cthgs] ...... 13 Skyscraper and Manhattan scenario [Ss & Ms]...... 13 Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss]...... 14 Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs & hNAs]...... 14 Ecovillage scenario [Evs]...... 14 Arcology scenario [As]...... 14 Mole and termite city scenario [Mcs & Tcs] ...... 14 Sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs]...... 14 The indices ...... 15
Oxygen index [Io2]...... 16 Weather index [Iwt]...... 17 Purified water index [Ipw]...... 18 Rainwater index [Irw]...... 18 Water index [Iww] ...... 19 Soil index [Isl]...... 19 Noise index [Isn]...... 19 Wildlife index [Iwl] ...... 20 Housing index [Ihh]...... 20 Food index [Ifd] ...... 20 Energy index [Iep] ...... 20 Necessities index [Inc]...... 21 Luxuries index [Ilx]...... 21 Pollution index [Iop]...... 21
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Assets index [Iat] ...... 22 Maintenance index [Imt]...... 22 Development index [Idv] ...... 22 Aesthetics index [Iae]...... 22 The essays...... 22 City ...... 22 City archive...... 22 Sustainable cityscape...... 23 Essay: City ...... 24 Introduction...... 24 City ...... 24 Discussion...... 27 Conclusion ...... 30 Essay: City archive...... 31 Introduction...... 31 City archive ...... 31 Discussion...... 33 Conclusion ...... 34 Essay: Sustainable cityscape...... 35 Introduction...... 35 Sustainable cityscape ...... 36 Discussion...... 40 Conclusion ...... 40 Future study of one neighbourhood in the city of Skopje ...... 41 Introduction...... 41 My story...... 42 The past...... 42 The present...... 45 Background...... 47 The city of Skopje...... 47 The neighbourhood ...... 51 Problems, stakeholders and objectives...... 58 Problems ...... 58 Stakeholders ...... 62 Objectives...... 66 The indices ...... 67
Oxygen index [Io2]...... 67 Weather index [Iwt]...... 68 Purified water index [Ipw]...... 68 Rainwater index [Irw]...... 68
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Water index [Iww] ...... 68 Soil index [Isl]...... 68 Noise index [Isn]...... 68 Wildlife index [Iwl] ...... 68 Housing index [Ihh]...... 68 Food index [Ifd] ...... 68 Energy index [Iep] ...... 69 Necessities index [Inc]...... 69 Luxuries index [Ilx]...... 69 Pollution index [Iop]...... 69 Assets index [Iat] ...... 69 Maintenance index [Imt]...... 69 Development index [Idv] ...... 69 Aesthetics index [Iae]...... 69 My story continues (the future study)...... 70 Results (the exhibition of scenarios)...... 70 Baseline [Bs]...... 70 Wilderness scenario [Ws] ...... 72 Building code scenarios [Bcs & ebcs] ...... 73 Old building code scenarios [Obcs & eobcs]...... 76 ‘City of towers’ scenario [Cts & cthgs]...... 78 Skyscraper and Manhattan scenario [Ss & Ms]...... 81 Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss]...... 83 Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs & hNAs]...... 85 Ecovillage scenario [Evs]...... 87 Arcology scenario [As]...... 89 Mole city scenario [Mcs]...... 90 Termite city scenario [Tcs]...... 92 Sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs]...... 93 Summary ...... 97 Discussion...... 103 How acceptable the scenarios are? ...... 103 Baseline [Bs]...... 104 Wilderness scenario [Ws] ...... 104 Building code scenarios [Bcs & ebcs] ...... 104 Old building code scenarios [Obcs & eobcs]...... 105 ‘City of towers’ scenarios [Cts & cthgs] ...... 106 Skyscraper and Manhattan scenario [Ss & Ms]...... 106 Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss]...... 107 Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs & hNAs]...... 107 Ecovillage scenario [Evs]...... 108 Arcology scenario [As]...... 108 Mole and termite city scenario [Mcs & Tcs] ...... 108 Sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs]...... 109 ix
Role of the city archive in the acceptability of the scenarios...... 110 Critique to the idealizations in the exhibition of scenarios...... 111 Ludic critique to the exhibition of scenarios...... 112 How sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are?...... 114 Critique to the subjectivity of the indices ...... 115 Critique to the approximations and short-sightedness of the indices...... 116 Conclusions and recommendations...... 117 Summary...... 121 List of abbreviations...... 121 List of tables...... 121 List of boxes ...... 123 List of charts...... 124 List of photographs...... 125 List of sketches...... 126 List of drawings ...... 126 References ...... 128 Appendices...... 135 Appendix: Statistics of the city of Skopje...... 135 Appendix: Stakeholder analysis...... 143 The planning phase of the development...... 143 The construction phase of the development...... 146 The grouping of the stakeholders ...... 151 The relations between the stakeholder groups ...... 151 Appendix: Baseline ...... 153 Site plan and site analysis table...... 153 State of the buildings ...... 153 Ages and extensions of the buildings...... 153 Landmarks...... 154 Footprint plan...... 154 Ecological footprint...... 154 Land use and population projections ...... 154 Assets, investments and profits ...... 155 Indices...... 155 Appendix: Wilderness scenario...... 168 Site and footprint plan...... 168 Ecological footprint...... 168 Land use and population projections ...... 168 Assets, investments and profits ...... 168 Indices...... 168 Appendix: Building code scenarios...... 173 Site plan and site analysis table...... 173 Footprint plan...... 174
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Ecological footprint...... 174 Land use and population projections ...... 174 Assets, investments and profits ...... 175 Development plans ...... 175 Indices...... 175 Appendix: Old building code scenarios...... 194 Site plan and site analysis table...... 194 Footprint plan...... 194 Ecological footprint...... 194 Land use and population projections ...... 194 Assets, investments and profits ...... 195 Development plans ...... 196 Indices...... 196 Appendix: ‘City of towers’ scenarios ...... 214 Site plan and site analysis table...... 214 Footprint plan...... 214 Ecological footprint...... 214 Land use and population projections ...... 214 Assets, investments and profits ...... 215 Indices...... 215 Appendix: Skyscrapers scenarios...... 228 Site plan and site analysis table...... 228 Footprint plan...... 228 Ecological footprint...... 228 Land use and population projections ...... 229 Assets, investments and profits ...... 229 Indices...... 230 Appendix: Noah’s Ark scenarios...... 251 Site plan and site analysis table...... 251 Footprint plan...... 251 Ecological footprint...... 251 Land use and population projections ...... 251 Assets, investments and profits ...... 252 Indices...... 253 Appendix: Ecological cities scenarios...... 267 Site plan and site analysis table...... 267 Footprint plan...... 267 Ecological footprint...... 267 Land use and population projections ...... 268 Assets, investments and profits ...... 268 Indices...... 269 Appendix: Underground cities scenarios ...... 284 Site plan and site analysis table...... 284 Footprint plan...... 284 xi
Ecological footprint...... 284 Land use and population projections ...... 285 Assets, investments and profits ...... 285 Indices...... 285 Appendix: Sustainable cityscape scenario ...... 301 Site plan and site analysis table...... 301 Footprint plan...... 301 Ecological footprint...... 301 Land use and population projections ...... 301 Assets, investments and profits ...... 302 Development plans ...... 303 Indices...... 303 Appendix: Summary of the exhibition of scenarios...... 330 Site analysis table...... 330 Population projections table ...... 330 Indices table ...... 330 Assets, investments and profits table ...... 330
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Preface Before I became an architect I was a child that is fascinated by stories. I used to read a lot. With the same child fascination I walked these two years in the libraries in Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan and Stadsbiblioteket in Stockholm searching for books for this thesis. I wrote this thesis with daydreaming about the future in my room. My room has a view on a several trees, on a streetlight and a bus stop. The seasons changed several times and I extended all the time limits and the number of pages. I wanted to reflect on sustainability both theoretically, with concepts, and practically, with designs. I started this thesis with a try. I started to write an essay on houses and I saw my child sketch of the house and family. The house on the sketch has walls, red roof, a window, a door and a chimney, the family is holding hands, there is tree, flowers and sun. My mother still keeps my and my sister’s sketches from kindergarten and it is really interesting to see them twenty and more years after. I asked my mother to go in my kindergarten in Macedonia and ask the teachers to give the same assignment to the children to draw sketches of house and family. They created wonderful works of art, a true exhibition of houses with many shapes and colors. The same symbols of the house, especially the red roof, occur on most of the sketches. The interesting thing is that the red roofs are more rarely used today, but they occur on most of the sketches, the same image of the house that is imprinted in my mind. The houses are powerful image symbol, as it is the city. I believe that the image of the city is imprinted in our minds analogical to the image of the house and the breaking of these images is not easy. I tried sometimes in this thesis to break them and think of cities in another way, as imitations of the topography, cities as hills, rivers or forests, cities as works of nature. The creation of a river or lake, a forest or a hill or mountain is slow, too slow for the eyes of the people and no one recognizes the planet Earth as creator. I do not think of the planet from theological view, but of the planet Earth as the conditions of the ecosystems. The people are imitative, writes Vitruvius (1931:79-81), pointing out that when they were firstly building their houses they imitated the nests of swallows and their methods of building. If the planet Earth is understood as creator that could be imitated the design of the future cities can go in that direction as well. In this thesis however I did not break the four walls and a roof image of the house. It would have been interesting to pursue another house image, an image of open nest, an image of open space in the nature where our skin or our clothes are our only shelter, but that notion to be honest brings fear in my bones and I left that idea for the future.
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In the end I like to give my thanks to the people and institutions that made this thesis possible. I am grateful especially a lot to the Swedish Institute for the stipendium for my postgraduate studies. I also want to say big thank also to Christina Ek, for recommending me for the stipendium. I thank Nils Viking, my thesis supervisor, for saying the right words in the right time, for leaving me to chase my daydreaming and for keeping scientific touch on my sometimes chaotic thoughts. I will like to thank also Tigran Haas, my thesis co-supervisor, for his help and advices and thank my examiner Göran Cars for his comments. In the end I want to thank to everyone, to my family and friends, who were inspiring me and to say my biggest thanks to my father, mother and sister for all their support and love.
Todor Stojanovski
Stockholm 2007
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Introduction The future of the humankind is threatened by its inability to fit its doings in the pattern of the planet Earth, the pattern of clouds, oceans, greenery and soils is written in the Our common future report (WCED, 1987:1). This thesis deals with the future, the future of one neighbourhood in the city of Skopje.
Problem formulation The problem field in this thesis is sustainable development and the problem area is the urban challenge in the concept of sustainable development or the cities. The urban challenge in the Our common future report is described as an effort to improve the situation in the ‘world cities that have a global reach and draw their resources and energy from distant lands, with enormous aggregate impacts on the ecosystems of those lands’ (WCED, 1987:241) as well as the situation in the cities that face problems of deteriorating infrastructure, environmental degradation, inner-city decay and neighbourhood collapse (ibid, 1987:241-2). I found a very interesting checklist from Wells (1981:34-40; at Restany, 1998:59) that rates how the architecture fits in the wilderness. He observes that the buildings today use water, food, air, soil, energy, resources and they do not clean their own wastes, they do not produce food, they pollute and they destroy the wildlife. The research question in this thesis arises from there. How to build cities that fit in the ecosystems on the Earth and how to find ways to improve and make the cities sustainable? The research question is divided on small questions and applied in reality on one neighbourhood in Skopje. Therefore, this thesis explores several questions, on what the city is, what sustainable means, how to fit the city in the ecosystems on the Earth, how to improve and make the neighbourhood in Skopje sustainable and how to solve the problems that are identified. These problems include deteriorated infrastructure and buildings, environmental damage, congestion problems, problems in urban planning that cause illegal construction of buildings and malversations.
Purpose Nieuwenhuis (1980) writes that ‘urban planners must, at least theoretically, start looking at alternative forms of urbanization’. The purpose of his thesis is to debate about the future of the cities through an example in the city of Skopje, to highlight the creative and unconventional thinking in urban planning, to look for new urban concepts and images of cities that are neglected or forgotten, and to put an emphasize on the self-sustainability of the cities and the search for a design of city that has no imports and produce no waste. I also want with this thesis to draw attention to the problems that are important in the concept of sustainable development and are fairly 1 shadowed in the everyday life in Skopje and to offer practical solutions for the identified problems in the neighbourhood.
Theoretical framework Popper (1999) believes that our knowledge is not absolute and it should be criticized because it changes when parts of our knowledge are found false.
Box 1: Popper’s scientific theory models ‘Our three-stage model’ (Popper, 1999:7) Problem Attempted solutions Elimination Popper’s knowledge cycle or ‘four-stage model of scientific theory’ (ibid, 1999:14) The old problem Formation of tentative theories Attempts at elimination through critical discussion, including experimental testing The new problems that arise from the critical discussion of our theories
He writes that ‘all life is problem solving’ and that we should search for different solutions, try them and be critical. He replaces the problem solving path of problem, attempted solutions, elimination, with a cycle that includes problem, formation of tentative theories, attempt of elimination through discussion and new problem that emerge as critique of the theories (ibid, 1999:3-22). In that cycle our knowledge is affirmed or falsified. This thesis follows Popper’s knowledge cycle and it does not delimit the solutions on a single theory, but forms many that should be discussed. The result in the end is exhibition of scenarios where every scenario is designed to improve the living conditions in the neighbourhood and every scenario is designed to be tried and the city archive, as a stage for critical discussion of the scenarios. The exhibition of scenarios corresponds to Popper’s formation of tentative theories stage, whereas the city archive is a building that shelters the discussion in Popper’s attempts at elimination stage.
Research front review Since I, personally, have tendency toward searching and daydreaming and toward unconventionality, I set a wide research front for this thesis. In the library, on Internet and in my daydreaming I was looking for architectural and urban concepts that can be tried in reality as solutions. The usefulness of the concept as possible solution is the most important criterion that I found relevant in my search. The first line of research is chronological, in history, where I use the data from old and existing urban plans of the neighbourhood. Skopje has long 2 history and it changed through the ages. Skopje in the history existed as several Neolithic settlements, as classical, medieval, neoclassical and modern city, and now it is changing into post-modern city. The chronological research is nevertheless delimited on the urban plans in the last hundred years and on the images of the neoclassical, modern and post-modern Skopje. Skopje is the only European capital where the historical landmarks and paths were replaced with modern buildings and boulevards that completely changed its image. The city was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1963 when most of the historical city core was bulldozed and redesigned by modern architects. The neoclassical Skopje, the Skopje from the beginning of the last century, or old Skopje as the people use to call it was a star-like city of triangular, trapezoid and rectangular urban blocks with large square in the centre. The dominant axis, the main street in Skopje, had south-north direction. The modern Skopje was linear city of square and rectangular blocks that are surrounded by boulevards. The dominant axes in the city, the parallel boulevards, have east-west direction. The modern Skopje was an compromise of the futuristic Skopje that was proposed by Tange, one of the most famous Japanese architects, in the Plan for Skopje from 1965 (Tange & Kultermann, 1970:262-81) and the design of the different international and local architects and urban planners that worked in Skopje in the 1960s. In Skopje today, the post-modern Skopje, there is a try to connect these two confronting cites into one. In the look toward a future there should always be a turn back, especially when the past experiences are as different and rich as in the case of Skopje. Therefore, the chronological research is done. The second line of research is in architectural and urban theory. Since Tange, was involved with urban planning for modern Skopje I researched his work and urban designs in the 1960s and I open a research front in architectural and urban theory of the modern architecture. He proposed a radical redesign of the cities and he proposed designs for two cities in the 1960s, Tokyo and Skopje. His Plan for Tokyo in 1960 is a milestone in the urban design in the 1960s and the Plan for Skopje from 1965 is the continuation and application of his ideas. The neighbourhood in reality was not redesigned by Tange’s futuristic Skopje, but the same design concept can be tried as solution and it is used in the ‘city of towers’ scenario. The research front in modern architecture is concentrated mainly on Le Corbusier and the translations of his two most important books, Towards a new architecture (Le Corbusier, 1998a) and The city of to-morrow (ibid, 1998b) and the skyscrapers. Le Corbusier is probably the most influential and controversial figure in architecture and urban planning in the last century. Some of his concepts are revolutionary, like his futuristic cities from the 1910-1920s, his urban schemes from the 1910-20s, the ‘town build on piles’ 3
(ibid, 1998a:59) or the ‘garden-city housing scheme’ (ibid, 1998b:202-6) and his Five points on architecture, his flexible concept in architecture, but some of his concepts, like the ‘surgery’ methods, the method of bulldozing the existing buildings and environment and building on clean site, and the ‘uniformity in detail’ (ibid, 1998a:74-80), the industrialization of architecture and urban planning, can be disastrous. The demolition as method was and is often used in city renewal, but Le Corbusier wanted to destroy everything to make the building site clear and flat. His concepts were both openly accepted and heavily criticized. But in this study his urban concepts are seen relevant as tried solutions for improving the conditions in the neighbourhood. This study refers to the schemes of ‘a city of towers’ (ibid, 1998a:16-7) and of a city that has ‘streets with setbacks’ that were often copied and multiplied throughout the world with random results and to ‘garden-city housing scheme’ that was never tried as solution in reality. The scheme of ‘a city of towers’ is used in the design of the skyscraper scenario, the ‘streets with setbacks’ scheme in the ‘city of towers’ scenario, whereas the ‘garden-city housing scheme’ in the ‘city of towers’ scenario with hanging gardens. The skyscrapers are the core of Le Corbusier’s ‘city of towers’, but they were invention and gemstones of the Chicago school of architecture in the late XIXth century. The architects and engineers in Chicago did not write on the skyscraper as urban concept, but they were designing and building them because there was a demand for tall office buildings. Sometimes they placed the skyscrapers very close one to each other. The random and dense placing of skyscrapers as it was the case with Chicago and New York in the last century is used as urban scheme in the Manhattan scenario. In this thesis there is also reference to two branches in skyscrapers theory, the experimental Nagakin capsule tower by Kurokawa and the arcology theory by Soleri. Kurokawa designed and built the experimental capsule tower in 1972 in Tokyo. The capsule tower had core to which capsules with various uses are attached. The capsules are detachable and replaceable making a changeable skyscraper. Kurokawa never repeated the experiment with the capsule skyscraper, even more Nagakin capsule tower is set for demolition in 2007 (Solomon, 2007, April 30th), but the idea worth exploring and trying. It is extrapolated and used in the design for the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario. Soleri’s arcology theory is not completely covered since his books are rare. I only found his Sketchobooks (Soleri, 1971) in the library and I used the resources from the Arcosanti website. The arcology theory is rather vague. Soleri’s writings and sketches mystified the theory. His sketches have high detail and are fairly fictional. The arcology theory is further mystified by the interpretations. In the computer game SimCity® the arcology is bell glassed building with high population density. My interpretation follows that direction and an arcology is a building that will unify a whole city and enclose
4 one ecosystem. No arcology in reality was ever constructed, but the idea is used in the arcology scenario. The second research front includes the urban and architectural theory of the post-modern architecture. If the modern architecture deals with universality, uniformity and simplicity, the post-modern deals with uniqueness, diversity and complexity, as critique of the modern. The research focused on the early critique to the modern and the Letterist and Situationist international, on Hundertwasser philosophy, on Rapoport and Turner and their research in vernacular and informal architecture and on Poetics of space by Bachelard. The Letterists and Situationists (Chtcheglov, 1953; Nieuwenhuis & Debord, 1958; Nieuwenhuis, 1974; 1980) criticize the order, uniformity and simplicity of the modern cities and made a concept of a free man called Homo ludens, a man who plays, who is free of all work because they thought that in the future the work of human will disappear when the society will become automated. The concept of Homo ludens is very idealistic, but the freedom in the critique is understood as flexibility, freedom to choose a way to live, a freedom to choose a house as you like, a freedom to paint your house as you like. Hundertwasser describes this freedom in his Mould manifesto against rationalism in architecture in 1958 as ‘in architecture, the fundamental freedom, to produce any sort of creation and subsequently display it, which must be regarded as a precondition for any art, does not exist, for a person must first have a diploma in order to build. Everyone should be able to build, and as long as this freedom to build does not exist, the present-day planned architecture cannot be considered art at all’. Bachelard emphasizes the uniqueness and complexity of the house as symbol and the dreams around it, ‘If we look at it intimately, even the humblest house has beauty’ (Bachelard, 1994:4). The urban theory today, within the post-modern paradigm, defines the city as complex and avoids urban schemes and design and concentrates on the choices of the people, as Hamdi (1995:i) describes it in the title of his book, it deals with participation, flexibility and enablement. Rapoport and Turner research the ways how the people choose their houses and what are the reasons for their choices. In their conclusions the choices of the people depend on their culture, their customs, beliefs and traditions (Rapoport, 1969), and by the usefulness, or the gains that they can have from the houses (Turner, 1976). These results can not be repeated, they are site and time locked and rather toward a design scenario the focus turned into search for a concept for enabling people participation and people choices. Geddes is the father of the participatory design in urban planning. He converted the Edinburgh’s outlook tower in city gallery and describes it in his book Cities in evolution (Geddes, 1919; 1949) as place where the people can see and discuss issues about the city as scientists and where the scientists can speak with the people as people. The outlook tower concept is used to develop
5 the city archive in this thesis. The city archive is prerequisite for participatory design and the sustainable cityscape scenario. The last front in architectural and urban theory includes environmental concepts, like ecovillages, earth-covered architecture, building hanging gardens and arcologies. These concepts are rather revived then new and they refer often to vernacular architecture, where self sustainable communities, cave buildings and hanging gardens often occur. The ecovillages correspond to the green city concept described by the European Commission as city of many self sustainable and decentralized communities. The earth-covered architecture is promoted in Wells’s books Gentle architecture and Earth-sheltered house as concept of building underground. The concept originates from the cave dwellings in vernacular architecture where the buildings are subtracted so the top soil will remains undamaged. It is concept that is seldom used in architecture and was never used in urban planning, even though with the present technology it is possible to build underground cities. The hanging gardens also originate from vernacular architecture, but in reality they are often avoided. Le Corbusier in the ‘garden-city housing scheme’ (Le Corbusier, 1998b:202-6) suggests building of terrace gardens, as well as in the last of his Five points of architecture where he suggests building of roof gardens. In reality none of the buildings that are designed by Le Corbusier have hanging gardens as he conceptualized them. On the other hand the hanging gardens as motif exist in all the buildings that are designed by Hundertwasser. Hundertwasser in 1973 made a concept of a ‘tree tenant’ (Restany, 1998:31) together with ‘humus toilet’ concept. In his manifesto The sacred shit Hundertwasser writes ‘Shit turns into earth, which is put on the roof where it becomes lawn, forest, garden. Shit becomes gold. The circle is closed, there is no waste!’ (Restany, 1998:30). Hundertwasser’s designs are shiny examples of the hanging garden architecture, even though the concept itself is ancient. The third front researches the concept of sustainable development. It includes the Our common future report and various resources in the sustainable cities debate in the European Commission concerning the ecosystem approach and the green and compact cities (EC, 1990; 1996; 1998; EC & ACE, 1999). Since there is no blueprint on sustainable development, or definition forcities, a set of indices is designed inspired by Wells’s (1981:34-40; at Restany, 1998:59) checklist to indicate how sustainable the cities are. The sustainable development is also researched from another side, toward a design of self-sustainable city or city that supplies all the people needs. In the research I refer to the only outmost essential, the need for food for designing a self-sustainable city in the Noah’s Ark scenarios. The research front includes Kropotkin’s book Fields, factories and workshops tomorrow, Howard’s book Garden cities of tomorrow and Internet search on Wright’s Broadacre city. 6
Methods The thesis explores, describes and explains various questions and problems, and aims to be problem solving and prescriptive with setting up practical objectives and designing scenarios and indices. It is both field and desktop study where different techniques, like survey, interviews and forecasting, are used. Unfortunately, the thesis lacks resources to enable neighbour participation in the design of the future solutions and to follow the noble way of participation and enablement (Hamdi, 1995:i). Instead this thesis is done hypothetically. The past experiences with urban designs and forecasting did not always show the expected results in reality and this thesis is meant to be rather a beginning, an initiation of a discussion and a brainstorm toward finding solutions. The results and recommendations should be seen critically and be discussed further on in regard to the Popper’s knowledge cycle.
Summary of the results The neighbourhood today consumes water, food, air, soil, energy and resources, while they do not clean their own wastes, they do not produce food, they pollute and they destroy the wildlife! These observations by Wells are obvious by the negative results of the baseline. Today’s urban concepts, the tried ones, like skyscrapers, or city blocks show unsustainable results. The ecovillage is the only tried city concept that shows improvements, but again the results are negative and they show unsustainable neighbourhood. The conclusion from the results in this thesis is that there is a need for a complete new way, a change in the way how the neighbourhoods and the cities are built, and there is a need of a change in the lifestyle of the people. The search for the new way of designing houses, neighbourhoods and cities, the brainstorming and experiments with new designs should be emphasized in the future.
Organization of the thesis The thesis is organized in a complex format due to the various questions and approaches. The format entangles a story in the IMRAD format. The thesis consists of introduction chapter, methods chapter, three essays and a future study chapter. The introductory chapter summarizes the research questions, theoretical framework, the methods used, the organization of the thesis and its findings and reviews the research front. The methodology chapter explores in depth the methods and techniques that are used in the thesis. The future study chapter consists of a future study of a neighbourhood in Skopje and my story. The future study explores the buildings, the life of the people and the future of the neighbourhood, while my story describes them
7 from my viewpoint, what I think, what I feel, what I prefer. I use first person in the writing of the story. The story is a metaphor that corresponds to the life of one person in the city and emphasizes the neighbour view. The future study, regardless of the embedded story follows the IMRAD format where the subjectivity and the sensibility of the story and the scientific format coexist and fulfil each other. The language in the future study is intentionally non technical to make the study closer to its intended readers. The technical details in the future study, the more complicated formulas and tables are included in the appendices or in the methods chapter. To further explain general definitions and concepts, for example the question on what city is and the theory building concepts, the sustainable cityscape and city archive concepts, three essays are added in the thesis. The essays have a linear structure consisting of introduction, body of description of the arguments, discussion and conclusion.
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Methods This chapter explains how the problems are studied and gives detailed description about the structure and about the approaches and techniques that are used in this thesis. The thesis has complex structure and it consists of essays and future study with embedded story. Different methods are used in each part of the thesis and they are further described below.
The story The story is personalized. It is my story and I try through the story to describe the life in the neighbourhood. The story uses descriptive and explanatory methods that follow a qualitative research tradition where confessional approach is used. In the confessional approach I am in the neighbourhood, I am visible in the narrations and the story is written in first person. In the story I describe the neighbourhood as I have perceived it, as I perceive it now, I describe the problems and I am explaining the causes of the problems. The story grasps the customs, beliefs, impressions, hopes or the preferences of the neighbours as I see them. The customs, beliefs, impressions, hopes and preferences are subjective. They are different for different people and they change in time. If they are generalized there is always possibility that they could be outdated or false. I generalize in my story that today the people in Skopje are interested only in money and momentary economical gains. That might change in the future With more and continuous field studies, through discussion, these generalizations can be affirmed or falsified further on. If more stories from the neighbours are included there would have been a clearer view on the people’s preferences, hopes and desires. The story also accents the personal in the city, it provides a qualitative background of the future study and it describes the past and the present, whereas the future study shows the possible continuations of the story.
The future study The future study is the central part of the thesis and it has linear structure that corresponds with the IMRAD format. Regardless of the scientific format the future study is written with non-technical tendency, where the technical descriptions are separated and included in the appendixes. The future studies examine the possible, probable, preferable and wildcard futures (‘Futures studies’, n.d.). This future study explores and describes the history of the neighbourhood and the city of Skopje with a focus on the building construction traditions and urban planning. It identifies, describes and explains the problems, identifies and describes the stakeholders in the development of the neighbourhood today, sets objectives and designs various futures of the neighbourhood and evaluates them. The analyses of
9 the problems, stakeholders and objectives in the future study are structured with the help of the LFA1. The future study itself is developed with scenarios that correspond to formation of tentative theories step in Popper’s knowledge cycle (1999:3-22). The scenarios reflect existing and old plans, various urban theories and utopias and even imitations of the houses and cities of animals, like termite mounds or mole burrows. I also design an urban scheme that I named sustainable cityscape which I also use as solution. The scenarios are designed using various methods and are further described below.
The scenarios The scenarios are the central part in the future study. They are prescriptive and describe and display images of the neighbourhood in the future. Some of the scenarios derive from extrapolating the past and the current trends in the neighbourhood, for example by extrapolating the building construction trend in the 1970s and 1980s or by foreseeing the building construction trend in the 2050s. Some are extrapolated from various urban and architectural concepts, fads and trends, for example from the trend of building skyscrapers, ecovillages or cave buildings. Some emerge by daydreaming and some combine different urban concepts to create new. The scenarios are drawn using ArchiCAD®, computer software for drawing architectural and urban projects. The data of every scenario is analyzed with the same method. The areas of the buildings, plots, green areas, paths and streets in the site plans of each scenario are measured in ArchiCAD® with the Zones tool. The Zones tool measures the area in m2 and the data of the measurements is exported as a scenario.html file in Microsoft Excel®, where the data is further used. The results are displayed in the site analysis table in the appendices for each scenario and they include:
A Plot [A]rea a Floor [a]rea of the building Ta [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings G [G]reenery area P [P]arking lots st Area under [st]reets pt Area under [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Amax Total [A]rea of the neighbourhood.
1 Logical framework approach [LFA] is management and planning tool used in the design, monitoring and evaluation of development projects (‘LFA’, n.d.). It is objective oriented tool that identifies and characterizes the stakeholders that are involved in development projects and assesses their capacity, identifies the key problems, constraints and opportunities, develops objectives as solutions to the identified problems and identifies strategies to achieve the objectives (EC, 2004:60). 10
Other values in the site analysis are observed and approximated in the field study, or they are prescriptively set for the scenarios. They are:
H Building [H]eight F Number of [F]loors (storeys) in the building E Erker2 [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building R Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings C Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings S Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings.
The last set of calculated values from the data in the site analysis includes:
Σa Total floor [Σa]rea of a building bc% [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [bc%=a/A*100] far [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [far=Σa/A] V Buildings [V]olume [V=a*H+a*E*(H-4.5)] v Building [v]alue [v=A*vA€+Ta*vS€+(R*vR€+C*vC€+S*vS€)*75%].
The bc% and far are indicators used in urban planning that show the relation of the floor area of the building and the plot area. The first indicator, bc%, shows the percentage of the covered area by buildings in regard to the whole plot area, while the second, far, shows how much floor area is used or gained in regard to the plot area. The building volume is calculated without the roof space as multiplier of the total floor area and the storey height. The building value has been calculated on the market values for 1m2 of a plot area in [€]uros (1€≈61MKD≈9.3SEK), vA€, market values for m2 of net area of the buildings depending of their use in €, vR€, vC€, vS€. It is assumed that the net area of the building is 75% of the gross area that is measured. Each scenario includes assets and profits analysis. The assets are calculated as the sum of the buildings market values. The assets in some scenarios are calculated by the market values in Macedonia in the period of 2006-2007, whereas the assets in the skyscrapers scenarios are calculated by average values of the skyscrapers world wide. The details of the market values for m2 of net area of the buildings depending of their use in €, vR€, vC€, vS€ in each scenario are included in the appendixes. The profits are calculated on direct investments and on credit loans for one, three and ten years in Macedonia. The interest rates are selected from one of the three biggest banks in Macedonia. The interest rates were 8.75% for a
2 Erker in Macedonian and German, oriel in French, is extension outward in a façade of a building. Since there is no single word in the English dictionary and I am using the original word in Macedonian in italics. 11 one year loan, 9.00% for a three year loan and 9.25% for a ten year loan. The interest loans from the other banks have from -0.5% to +5% variance. The population, jobs and vehicle projections for the scenarios are based on the statistics for the city of Skopje from 2002 (SSOM, 2005). The tables of the statistics are put in the appendix Statistics for the city of Skopje. The research front and the methodological approaches for each scenario are explained below, since they are different for each scenario.
Baseline [Bs] The baseline shows the existing situation in the neighbourhood. In the drawing of the baseline the official digital municipal data is not used. The municipal data is not open for the public and there is ongoing debate in Macedonia on whereas should the data be open for public or not. When I started to work on the baseline I used scans of printouts and photocopies from the DUP3 for Bunjakovec 1. Bunjakovec is the urban quarter where the neighbourhood is located. The site plans for the baseline is copied from the background plan of the printouts that were scaled to fit. Later I received additional photocopies from the DUP’s for Bunjakovec 1 and 2 and the official text for the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 (DUP, 2003) and the official digital data of the GUP4 for the city of Skopje 2001-2020 (GUP, 2002). The official digital data of GUP for the city of Skopje includes geodetic survey map on which zones were assigned. The map was scaled and rasterized. Since an uncertain scaled to fit method is used to draw the baseline, the area for the building (3.5.5) is measured and compared with the conditions for building5. The comparison showed error in area of 2m2 from the conditions for building. Further on I compared the baseline with the map in the GUP for the city of Skopje. The baseline needed a scale correction with ~96%. The error was 4.2% in area. It gives a possibility of error of 5% in area. Since it is a future study, that error is acceptable. The other source for data is Internet and Google™ Earth and the satellite images from DigitalGlobe© are used to draw the footprint plan, the greenery and the trees. The data for the state and the age of the buildings and the periods when buildings were extended and upgraded are collected in field survey. The age and the periods of extending and upgrading are determined by the used
3 Detailed urban plan [DUP] is plan of an urban quarter in municipality in Macedonia. The urban municipalities in Macedonia are firstly divided on urban quarters, then on urban blocks and in the end on plots. 4 General urban plan [GUP] is plan of an urban municipality in Macedonia or plan of the city of Skopje which is consisted of 10 urban municipalities. 5 Conditions for building is municipal document that is issued to the owner of a plot on request. The conditions for building include excerpt from the DUP and information about the planned development of a plot, like information on the maximum height, setbacks and ratios of the building that is planned on the plot. 12 architectural style and in conversation with the people that live in the neighbourhood for the buildings before 1991 and by my memories for the period after 1991.
Building code scenarios [Bcs & ebcs] The site and footprint plans for the building code scenarios are copied from the foreground of the photocopies from the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2 (DUP, 2003), without any changes. Additionally the conditions for building that I received for the building (3.5.5), the house of my grandparents, were used as data. The building code scenario follows exactly the building code from the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2 (DUP, 2003). The ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario is designed following the trend of realization of the DUP by the so-called ‘urban mafia’.
Old building code scenarios [Obcs & eobcs] The foreground of the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2 is used as data in the old building code scenarios. The further data for the plan includes also the conditions for the building (3.5.5), the house of my grandparents, from 1992 from the old GUP from 1985 for Skopje. In the site plan the buildings that were above three storeys are preserved, whereas the other buildings are extended to three storeys in the old building code scenario and up to seven storeys in the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario. The old building code scenario blindly follows the old building code, while the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario is done according to the ‘urban mafia’ realizations of the building construction projects in the 1990s.
‘City of towers’ scenarios [Cts & cthgs] The research front for the ‘city of towers’ scenarios are Tange’s Plans for Tokyo and Skopje from the 1960s and Le Corbusier’s ‘cities of to-morrow’. The ‘city of towers’ scenarios tend to reproduce Tange’s Plan for Skopje from 1965. The design of the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario is enriched with the ‘garden-city housing scheme’ (Le Corbusier, 1998b:202-6). In the ‘scheme’ he inserts hanging gardens inside the apartment houses of the ‘garden-city’. In the scenarios the hanging gardens are inserted both in the towers and in the apartment houses.
Skyscraper and Manhattan scenario [Ss & Ms] The research on the skyscrapers scenarios includes searches in literature and Internet about the history of the skyscraper, about the Chicago school of architecture and Le Corbusier ‘cities of to-morrow’. The skyscraper scenario is designed in free interpretation of Le Corbusier scheme of ‘city of towers’ (1998a:56-57) where he places one skyscraper in one park. 13
The Manhattan scenario reproduces the Manhattan urban pattern and the practice of the Chicago school of architecture to build skyscrapers close to each other.
Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss] The pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario follows a fad in architectural history, the design of Kurokawa’s experimental Nagakin capsule tower in 1972. The Nagakin capsule tower experiment is conceptualized in an urban scheme and extrapolated in the scenario. The towers rise to skyscrapers height.
Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs & hNAs] The research front for Noah’s Ark scenarios is wide. It included internet searches on agricultural utopias and books by Kropotkin, Howard, Wright, Bachelard, Rappaport and Turner. The scenarios are designed by the agricultural areas needed to supply for the demand for food of the people and by the freedom to build a dream house and live freely.
Ecovillage scenario [Evs] The ecovillage scenario is designed following the stereotype urban scheme of raw houses that is used in the practice of building ecovillages. The ecovillage Understenshöjdens (‘Tale of Understenshöjdens’, n.d.) in Stockholm is used as design example.
Arcology scenario [As] The research front for the arcology scenario includes Soleri’s writings and sketches. Since his arcology theory lacks details and it is rather mystified and open for interpretation the arcology scenario is designed by daydreaming.
Mole and termite city scenario [Mcs & Tcs] The mole and termite city are wildcards scenarios. They do not follow any trend in Skopje, but follow a fad in architectural theory, the work of Wells and his proclamation to build underground. They are designed by daydreaming and imitation of the ‘houses’ and ‘cities’ of the moles and termites.
Sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs] The sustainable cityscape scenario combines different scenarios and ideas with daydreaming about the future Skopje in the search for a neighbourhood that will clean its water, use its waste, produce its own food and energy, fit in the landscape and in the people’s city images.
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The indices The indices evaluate how sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are, they are subjective, site and time locked and they quantify the objectives in the future study. The background for the indices is Wells’s (1981:34-40) checklist on rating architecture based on wilderness. In the checklist he uses bad and good notes, like house consumes food and house produces food, and he rates the houses with never (I=0), seldom (I=±25), sometimes (I=±50), usually (I=±75) and always (I=±100) (Wells at Restany, 1998:59, Wells, 1981:34-40). The same design is used for the indices, only the rating is not done by observation, but it is calculated by formulas that show quantitative trends or ratios in the city, for example the ratio of used water and purified water in m3. There is another change from the Wells checklist. In his checklist the wilderness always provides human habitat and he idealizes the wilderness. In the indices the city is idealized, a city that has economy without import and exports, self-sustainable city that is like the Noah’s Ark where all the plants and animals are kept and all live together. The indices show the quantitative flows in the neighbourhood or in the city, like the flows of water, food, air, soil, energy and resources, and the qualitative attributes, like aesthetics, luxuries and ideas, which are related with quantitative values measured in the scenarios. For example, the necessity index provides a relation between the floor area of the commercial, industrial and institutional buildings, like shops, offices and industry buildings, with the floor area of the residential buildings, showing if the neighbourhood or the city can supply for its needs or it will need imports of necessities. The sum of the indices in the end shows how sustainable the neighbourhood is. The formulas in the index design are approximated to fit mathematical curves or functions that describe a certain trend or flow in the city. The functions are related with measurable values of the built environment, like areas or volumes.
Ixx=f(a1, a2, ... an)
I Index xx Designation f Function a1-n Values of the built environment.
The indices are balanced with equation coefficient ixx to fit the value (I=±100). These equation coefficients are approximated by chance, but they work with quantitative data and can be experimentally tested in the future for more precise approximation.
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Holmberg in his book Socio-ecological principles and indicators describes similar but more complex design of indicators on theoretical level, without applying them. I found his book (Holmberg, 1995) after the indices was designed.
Oxygen index [Io2]
Io2 is an index that shows the equilibrium of O2 and CO2 in the environment comparing the volumes of the natural and built environment, where the volume of the natural environment is sum of the volume over the area under greenery up to 1m height and the volume of the trees where 1tree=150m3, whereas the volume of the built environment is any indoor space that is calculated as sum of all the volumes of the buildings in each scenario.
Io2=(io2*Vbe/Vne-1 )*100, if Io2*Vbe 3 io2 Quotient of produced O2 by 1m of natural environment and 3 consumed O2 by respiration in 1m of built environment, in this case equals 1 Vbe Volume of the built environment Vne Volume of the natural environment. The inspiration for this index comes from the Wells’s (1981:34-40) notes. In his checklist he uses note for created and destroyed pure air. -O2 If working hard or training If sitting or reading h 8 6 10 24 8 14 2 24 met 0.7 1 5 0.7 1 3 t/y 0.0601 0.062 0.47260.5946 0.0601 0.1446 0.0576 0.2623 +CO2 If working hard If sitting or reading h 8 6 10 24 8 14 2 24 met 0.7 1 5 0.7 1 3 t/y 0.0694 0.065 0.6548 0.7892 0.0694 0.1518 0.065 0.2862 Table 1: Weights of -O2 and +CO2 by daily activity by ASHRAE (2004) By the data of ASHRAE (2004:35) on human physiology the weights of 3 consumed O2 is set to an average of 0.39t/pop/y of O2, or 0.00533t/m /y 3 while the data of produced O2 by 1m of natural environment is estimated to 3 be a same. The average of produced CO2 is 0.47t/pop/y, or 0.00641t/m /y. The production of in O2 in the plants is difficult to be measured in the natural environment, since the plants thrive on abundance of CO2 and environmental conditions. The index has no positive value since the higher percentage of O2 in the natural environment causes stagnation of the growth of the plants. 16 Weather index [Iwt] Iwt is an index inspired by Wells’s (1981:34-40) note for intensifying or moderating of local weather. The index includes the air pollution by people and vehicles, and the coverage of the built environment as causes for the changes in the weather. Iwt= Iwp+Iwv [2] Iwp=-(Wpm/Wpx)*17-(abe/Amax)*33 [2a] Iwv=-(Wvm/Wvx)*16 [2b] Wvm=vh*Wmv [2c] Wvx=(Amax/avh)*Wsv [2d]. Iwp Index of intensifying or moderating by the people Wpm Measured weight of particles or gases Wpx Sustainable weight of particles or gases =1.6t/pop CO2eq abe Area of the built environment Iwt Index of intensifying or moderating by the vehicles Wvm Weight of particles or gases by vehicles vh Number of vehicles Wmv Weight of particles or gases by one vehicle per year Wvx Sustainable weight of particles or gases by vehicles 2 avh Sustainable area for one vehicle per year =295.2m Wsv Sustainable weight of particles or gases by one vehicle per year. Skopje has lot of sunny days and the concrete and asphalt of the built environment rises the temperature in the city to +58˚C, it is the highest temperature that I remember on the thermometer. The temperature rises so much that is possible to fry an egg on the asphalt in July. In the winter the fogs caused by the air pollution prevent the sunshine to reach the ground in Skopje, lowering the temperature in the city sometimes to -20˚C. The weather index consists of two separate indices, the weather indices by the people and by the vehicles. The weather index by the people has two values, for air pollution is weighted with 16% of the weather impact and for built environment is weighted with 33%. The air pollution by the people is measured for Macedonia for 1998 is 15085.77kt of CO2eq of or 7.44t/pop where CO2 emissions weight 10211kt or 5.03t/pop (MOEPP, 2003:46) which is 3% in CO2eq and 2% in CO2 emissions lower then the levels in 1990. The Kyoto Protocol unfortunately does not set sustainable weights of air pollution in regard to CO2, but tendencies to lower the emissions to level of 1990. In the indices the sustainable weight of air pollution particles or gases is set to 1.6t/pop CO2eq. The weather index by the vehicles is weighted with 17% of the weather impact. When calculating the weather index by the vehicles the capacity of the area to accumulate the air emissions is set to 295.2m2 for one vehicle per 17 year, which corresponds to area needed to produce ethanol for one vehicle in a year. The number of vehicles that represents sustainable level is calculated when the area is divided with the accumulation area. To reach the sustainable weight of particles or gases by vehicles [Wvx] the number of vehicles is multiplied with the targeted exhaust of CO2 for one vehicle per year which is 120g/km. The weight of particles or gases by vehicles [Wvm] is calculated when the number of vehicles is multiplied with the exhaust of CO2 for one vehicle per year. The exhaust of CO2 for one vehicle per year differs for different scenarios since different lifestyles are assumed and the details how much is the exhaust of CO2 for one vehicle and how many km will pass is included in the appendixes of the scenarios. Purified water index [Ipw] Ipw is originally by Wells’s (1981:34-40) note for created and destroyed pure water. It shows the relation of sewage water and purified waste water. Ipw=((Qpw-Qww)/Qww)*100 [3]. Qpw Volume of purified waste water Qww Volume of the waste water. The sewage water is 79.8% of the clean water used or 71.9m3/pop/y. The overall production of clean water in the city of Skopje is 188.3m3/pop/y, where the average use is 90.1m3/pop/y and the losses are 52.1%. The average use of water by the households is 54m3/pop/y. (GUP, 2002d:139-142) A survey of average use of water in one apartment with four people showed use of 32.8m3/pop/y and of one house with two people 68.5m3/pop/y. In the city of Skopje there are no waste water treatment plants and no sewage water is treated today. Rainwater index [Irw] The rainwater index Irw shows the ability of the city to store and use the rainwater and is also inspired by Wells (1981:34-40). Irw=((Qsr-Qrw)/Qrw)*100 [4] Qsr=Qrw*(G/Amax) +Qrs [4a]. Qrw Volume of the rainwater Qsr Volume of the stored rainwater Qrs Volume of the reservoirs. It shows the relation of the volume of the used rainwater and the capacity to store and possibly use the rainwater in the area. The volume of the rainwater 18 is calculated by the precipitation for the city of Skopje which is measured between 500-600mm (GUP, 2002d:21). The area under greenery is where the rainwater is stored with addition of other possible reservoirs, like ponds and gray water treatments. Water index [Iww] Iww is an index that shows the dependency on water in the area. It shows the relation of the volumes of the used rainwater and purified water in regards to the used water, to the water needs. Iww=(Qur+Qrr-Quw)/Quw*100 [5] Qur=iur*Qsr [5a] Qrr= irr*Qpw [5b]. Qur Volume of the used rainwater iur Quotient of rainwater use, in this case equals 1 Qsr Volume of the stored rainwater Qrr Volume of the used purified water iur Quotient of purified water use, in this case equals 1 Qsr Volume of the purified water 3 Quw Volume of the used water, in this case by the DUP is 182.5m /pop/y Soil index [Isl] Isl is an index of destroyed or created rich soil by Wells’s (1981:34-40) notes. The index shows the area of the rich soil in the built environment in the city in relation with the whole area before anything was built. Isl=((Asl-Amax)/Amax)*100 [6]. Asl Area of the rich soil available for agriculture or greenery. Noise index [Isn] Isn is an index of destroyed and created silence by Wells’s (1981:34-40) notes. The noise coefficient is connected with the number of dwellings, vehicles and jobs in the area. Isn=((LOG(d,Amax)+LOG(pop,Amax)+LOG(job,Amax))/3 +LOG(vh,st))^8 [7]. 19 Wildlife index [Iwl] Iwl is an index of destroyed wildlife in the area by Wells’s (1981:34-40) notes. It shows the relation of the volume of the natural environment in the city with the possible volume of the maximal natural environment. Iwh=(Vne-Vnemax)/Vnemax*100 [8] Vnemax=Amax*1+Vtree [8a]. Vne volume of the natural environment Vtree volume of all the trees. Vnemax volume of the natural environment in the wilderness scenario. Housing index [Ihh] Ihh is an index of housing in the area by Wells (1981:34-40). In this case it shows number of households on 1ha=10000m2. Ihh=h/Amax/10000 [9] Food index [Ifd] Ifd is an index of produced food in the area by Wells (1981:34-40). It shows the food production in the area in relation to the population. Ifd=(As-ifd*pop)/(ifd*pop)*100 [10] As qrea of the rich soil available for agriculture or greenery ifd quotient of needed agricultural area in relation to supply the demand 2 for food of one human. ifd is assumed, ifd=632.3m /pop of agricultural area according to Howard’s (1946) assumptions. Energy index [Iep] Iep is an index of produced energy in the area in relation to the energy needs. Originally Wells (1981:34-40) used only solar energy. In this case it is overall production and use of energy. Iep=(Qep-Qed)/Qed*100 [11]. Qep produced energy in the area in kWh Qed used energy in the area in kWh. The average consumption in the survey is 248kWh/y/m2, where 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity with average price of 0.043€ (2.6MKD) per 1kWh and 150kWh/y/m2 with average price of 0.031€ (1.9MKD) from the district heating. 20 Necessities index [Inc] Inc is as index of the other needs of the people including services, except water, food and energy. It shows the relation of the floor areas of social and economical amenities with the housing or the residential floor areas. Inc= inc(ΣC+ΣS)/ΣR*100 [12]. inc quotient showing the relation between the floor areas of the commercial, industrial and institutional and the residential buildings. The assumption is that there a balance between the number of factories, shops and offices that supply the needs for necessities of a certain number of people. inc is approximated, inc=1 in the current evaluation. The index is related with the lifestyle in the area. The necessities are all social and economical amenities that are necessary for survival, like clothing, shelter and healthcare. Luxuries index [Ilx] Ilx is an index of the luxuries. When all the necessities are fulfilled, the city will enter in time of prosperity and welfare. On opposite if the people lack their necessities or just fulfil them, the city will enter in time of decay or stagnation. Ilx=3*Inc if Inc>0, Ilx=-100 if Inc≤0 [13]. The luxury is the second index in relation with the lifestyle. The luxuries include all the products and services that are not necessary for survival, but are important, like education, culture and technology. Pollution index [Iop] Iop is an index of solid waste usage, inspired by Wells (1981:34-40). The production of energy, food, necessities and luxuries makes solid wastes. The unused solid waste is pollution. Iop=(Wtw-Wow)/Wow*100 [14]. Wtw weight of the treated or used waste Wow weight of the waste The waste in the city of Skopje is disposed in landfill, averaging 0.33t/pop/y solid waste (GUP, 2002d:101). None of the solid waste currently is recycled or incinerated. 21 Assets index [Iat] Iat is index showing the assets in the area. It is connected with the commercial value of the area and the population density. The reference scenario for +100 assets is the Manhattan scenario. Iat=(ΣR+ΣC)/Amax*10 [15] if Iat>100 then Iat=100. Maintenance index [Imt] Imt is an index of the ability of the area to maintain itself, from Wells (1981:34-40) notes. The index shows the ability of the area to clean the pollution and maintain the assets in relation to the available energy. Imt= Iep+Iop+Iww+Iar-Iat*3% [16]. Development index [Idv] Idv is index of ability of the area for development. The development is related with energy, luxuries and assets. The development also could occur by chance, but this index is excluding the chance. Idv=Iep*50/100+Ilx*50/100+Iat*50/100 [17]. Aesthetics index [Iae] Idv is index of beauty originally by Wells (1981:34-40). He writes that ‘...when architecture draws its lessons from the wild, beauty will no longer have to be applied’ (ibid, 1981:40). The beauty is subjective, but this index is related with three indices: the index of luxuries, as prerequisite for human made beauty, with the index of wildlife as nature made beauty and with pollution as human made ugly. Iae= Ilx*50/100+Iwl*50/100+Iop*50/100 [18]. The essays City The essay about the city is a theory building desktop study that uses explorative, descriptive and explanatory methods to find the answer to the question what the city is. The essay uses a wide research front in literature and Internet about the city, its origin and urban theories. City archive The essay about the city archive is desktop study that uses prescriptive methods to create stage in the city where the past, present and future of the 22 city and the problems in the city are discussed among the various stakeholders in the development of the city. The research in the essay is concentrated on Geddes’s book Cities in evolution, on Nieuwenhuis’s writings in Situationist international and the theory of Homo ludens, the man who plays, and on Hamdi, to build the theoretical framework of the city archive. Sustainable cityscape The essay about sustainable cityscape is theory building empirical study that prescribes flexible design of self sufficient neighbourhood or city. The essay refers to my practice as house design architect and my idea about the future of the houses in the city and takes in consideration the practice and theory of many architects in the history and today. 23 Essay: City In the city, silence, time passes, tick, tick, tick, It’s too long, unvarying, in the city. On the streets, few people, In the city, it’s dark. The clouds are here tonight, And they often pass through. To wash the blood of the streets, And, The moon is also here tonight, Lonely knocks on every door. ‘There is no one here’, The frightened voices behind the doors say. ‘There is no one here’, In the city, it’s dark. Introduction A façade and a street, a crowd, a tree, a bus stop, trash cans and streetlights, a buzzing noise, parked cars and locked bicycles. It’s a city. The man jumped from the bike. ‘Damn!’ he thought, ‘That car was splashing water everywhere’. He rushed in the office. It is 10am and it’s cosy there. The shiny screen, the cup of coffee and he thinks about the work today. ‘Hmmm.’ he looked through the window. We are in the city. The city is simply made of façades, squares and streets, of people, the city is in the traffic, in the parks and gardens, in and around the houses, theatres, stadiums, factories, markets, offices, with thousands of noises and smells. This essay explores the complex truth about the city, what is it, and it describes the simple images of the city in my mind. The city, what is its origin, what is it, has been discussed in all the ages in human written history. I searched in the library and on Internet for various books from various ages, but firstly I searched about the city in my language and tradition, in the stories that I know. City In the stories and songs in Macedonian language the city stands contrary of the village. The city is good, the village is evil. The city is evil, the village is good. Whereas the village lives in cycle rhythms, rhythms of the day and the night, rhythms of the seasons of the year, rhythms of the generations, the city has no rhythm. Whereas the village is isolated, traditional in its beliefs and self sustainable in its essential needs, the city is accessible, fashionable and parasitical in its artificial needs. Whereas the village life is monotonous, 24 fruitful, lucid and trivial, the city life is vibrant, unique, mysterious, decaying, sterile and changing. Whereas the villages vanish and occur randomly in their variable ephemeral rhythms, the cities are lasting and immortal. Box 2: The story about the Macedonian villages ‘It is true that they have no money, but on the other hand they have no artificial wants. Their material life is in all essentials that which their ancestors led a thousand years ago. From the civilized world they ask only Russian petroleum, the cheapest of German cutlery, English sewing cotton and coarse calico, cigarette papers from France, Austrian sugar, and coffee from Asia. All else the village makes for itself. The staple food is bread made from a mixture of wheat with rye or maize, the flour coarsely ground by water-power by the local millers. Meat the peasant seldom touches, except on the greater feast days, nor does he make much use of milk foods. His favorite relishes are red peppers, garlic, onions, and haricot beans, and with the aid of these he is content to subsist on a monotonous diet of bread. It is the cheapest food which one could well imagine. For clothing, both men and women rely on the magnificent homespun cloth, made from the wool of their own sheep, carded, spun, and woven with primitive wooden instruments made in the village itself. A costume will last for half a lifetime, and in some districts the women’s garments are embroidered with singular taste and skill from traditional designs. Each village has its own unvarying fashion, and there is little room for diversity either in quality or kind. Every detail of life is regulated by customs which have probably varied only in minutiae. Generation after generation the women sew their garments in the same pattern, the potter kneads his clay at the wheel into the same graceful shapes, and the gipsy smith hammers out the same spades, the same bridles, the same pruning hooks and sickles. For feast days there is a crude red wine, and for daily use a white brandy, raki, mastic, or ouso, made from the skins and twigs of the grapes. Each Sunday the young folk gather round the same tree in the centre of the village and dance the same dreary and monotonous step in one long file to the same tuneless music of the flute, and the same unvarying rhythm of the drum. The calendar, with its endless feasts and holidays, its long fasts and its appointed abstinences, gives all the variety which the peasants crave. It is a simple life, laborious and limited, but not without its homely joys and its rude luxuries. It asks nothing from the outer world. It is untroubled by the march of artifice and progress. It might be happy in its simple materialism were it not for the incessant menace of violence and fraud’ (Brailsford, 1906:53-54). The city of Skopje, where I was born, is an example of the city immortality and change. It was ravaged in the history, completely burned and destroyed by earthquakes and wars, but it was always rebuilt. There are several villages near Skopje that were also destroyed or abandoned. They were never rebuilt and today no one really knows exactly where their location was. The thoughts on the city and the village within my tradition are subjective, reduced, beautifully naïve and antiquated, and also derive from my manner of overstating, but some theorists of city agreed upon the artificiality, the unnatural and parasitical ways in the cities opposite of the natural ways in the villages. Mumford (1984:38-39) argued that the city with its lasting motifs, the need of mastery, struggle and conquest, is adversarial to the isolated prudence of the village. The mastery as city motifs exists today also. In Our 25 common future report is written that the ‘world cities have a global reach and draw their resources and energy from distant lands’ (WCED, 1987:241). The mastery entangled in the city is all about human excellence. That excellence drives us to explore, struggle and conquest and create. ‘Stadt luft macht frei!’ was written on the gates of the Hanseatic cities in Europe in the XIIIth century. ‘The city air makes you free!’ Box 3: The story about the Macedonian city of Ohrid ‘If its towns were typical of Macedonia it would indeed be a land of insoluble riddles and inextricable confusions. They have no character save an infinite charity for the obsolete of all ages, a tolerance which rejects no innovation and shrinks from no anachronism. One seems in such a place as Ochrida to move in a long pageant of strange and beautiful things which has no more reality than some symbolical procession. The straggling town is built on the shores of a great lake, and the mountains that enclose it shut out the modern world and banish civilization. The fishermen put out upon it in prehistoric boats, great punts with platform poops, balanced by rudely chiseled logs nailed on to their timbers at haphazard, and propelled by oarsmen who insist on rowing entirely from one side, while an old man or a boy stationed in the stern works hard to prevent them from revolving in a circle. But in Ochrida one could long for a wave of mere material prosperity and a generation of busy and resolute spirits. There is no more melancholy city in Europe. The great lines of its fortress and its walls tell of a glorious past. But the modern town is a place of ruins peopled by orphans. Every second house is an unterminated skeleton of crumbling beams’ (Henry Brailsford, 1906:77-79). The Chinese characters for a city are 城市. The first sign 城 is consisted of two signs, a sign for mud and a sign that means successful done. The second sign 市 means market or city. A naïve and pictographic translation of the Chinese characters is that the city is consisted of successful doings or it is creation and it is centre of commerce and power. Lefebvre (2000:100-1) argued the cities are works of art6 of the people who build them. The people living in the Hanseatic League were mastering trade and craftsmanship and their cities echoed with tales of wealth and luxury. Their cities were imprints of their stories. Castells (1977:77) defines the city as ‘a permanent localization, relatively large and dense, of socially heterogeneous individuals’ with dimension, density and heterogeneity as three essential characteristics. The today’s urban theory defines the city as complex. ‘The contemporary city is a variegated and multiplex entity, a juxtaposition of contradictions and 6 Lefebvre (2000:100-1) gives example with the cities in the European Middle Ages that were dominated by merchants and bankers. These cities are their works of art. The merchants and bankers acted to promote exchange and generalize it, to extend the domain of exchange value. But their city has much more use value than exchange value. Therefore the historians can not consider these cities as a simple object of commerce, a simple opportunity for lucre, since these merchants of Italian, Flemish, English and French cities loved their cities. 26 diversities, the theatre of life itself. The city is not a unitary or homogeneous entity, and perhaps it has never been this’, argue Amin & Graham (1997:12) in their paper The ordinary city. Discussion It is very difficult to generalize or define what the city is. In Macedonian language there is no difference between town and city and a single word grad, град, is used describing any human settlement that has image of a city. The city is rather an image then a definition. The image of the city includes city walls, shops, public buildings like markets, baths, inns, theatres, but it doesn’t exclude activities as agriculture, fishing or forestry. In the English language today the city is town with significant size and population (‘City’, n.d.). The words city and village came into the English language from Latin, civitas and vicus, whereas town and borough, or burrow, burgh, are from old English burg, meaning a fortified settlement, and tun, meaning an enclosed piece of land (‘Town’, n.d.). The city is a town which has been known as a city before the time of the English legal history, before the year 1189 and the beginning of the reign of Richard I, or which has received status by royal letters, which are normally granted on the basis of size, importance or royal connection. The traditional test for a city was whether the town had a cathedral or not. I found the differences between the types of human settlements interesting and I had a short questionnaire about the city and the human settlements for this essay. I questioned several of my friends who spoke different languages. I also research the human settlements in two ancient and dead languages, Latin and old Egyptian. There was large uncertainty and a bit of confusion what the true translation of what city is. In different languages the human settlements are figured differently and finding similarities was not easy as I expected. In the Latin language there are several types of human settlements. Vicus is a haphazardly grown up settlement. Civitas is a Roman administrative and market settlement with a basilica and forum complex. Oppidum is a defensive and fortified settlement with local population. Municipium is an existent settlement that has political authority. Coloniae is a Roman settlement of retired legionnaires, whereas urbis, or Urbis Romae is the capital Roman settlement. In Chinese language there are also several types of human settlements, xiāng, 乡, small settlement of families with same last name, cūn, 村, small agricultural settlement, zhèn, 镇, larger settlement where some manufacturing and metals processing occurs, chéng shì, 城市, large market settlement. In some languages the difference between the human settlements is by population and importance setting a hierarchy, as in English language, from village, town, to city and metropolis. In Italian language it is the same villaggio, paese, città, metropoli, as well as in Romanian, catun, sat, oras, municipiu, in 27 Spanish, aldea, pueblo, ciudad, in Greek, chorio, χωρίο, poli, πόλη, protevousa, ,دﻩ ,deh ,ﻗﺮﻳﻪ ,πρωτεύουσα, in Turkish, köy, belde, kasaba, kent, in Persian, ghariyeh .ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ,paytakht ,ﺷﻬﺮ ,khahr ,روﺳﺘﺎ ,roosta In some languages there are only two types of human settlements, as in Macedonian, selo, село, and grad, град, or village and ville in French, or dorf and in Arabic, or fshat, or its ,ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ,and madina ,ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ,stadt in German, or karya synonym katund and qytet, in Albanian, or by and stad in Swedish, or a wieś and miasto in Polish. In the Swedish language there is another settlement besides by and stad, a settlement with a market, a köping, but the use was abandoned. In the old Egyptian only one hieroglyph is used for any type of human settlements making no distinctions between them. In the UN the term human settlements was accepted in with The Vancouver declaration on human settlements (UN-Habitat, 1976). In the later debate, for example in the conference in Istanbul (UN-Habitat, 1996a; 1996b), the distinction of village, town and city, deriving from English language, as well as duality between rural, villages and urban, towns and cities, was emphasized with an accent of the towns and cities as engines of growth and incubators of civilization besides the term human settlements.7 It is very difficult to generalize or define what the city is. The differences between the town, city, civitas, oppidum, municipium, coloniae, urbis, zhèn, 镇, chéng shì, 城市, città, metropoli, municipiu, ciudad, poli, πόλη, protevousa, πρωτεύουσα, ,qytet, stad ,ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ,grad, град, ville, stadt, madina ,ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ,paytakht ,ﺷﻬﺮ ,kasaba, kent miasto, are often too large and the only similarity is the population and density. The differences between the rural settlements in the various languages, vicus, villaggio, village, sat, xiāng, 乡, cūn, 村, by, wieś, selo, dorf, karya, .are often even larger ,روﺳﺘﺎ ,roosta ,دﻩ ,deh ,ﻗﺮﻳﻪ ,fshat, köy, ghariyeh ,ﻗﺮﻳﺔ In the oldest writing on architecture in the Ist century B.C. Vitruvius wrote about the imitative nature, the teaching ability and the inventiveness8 of the people when they are building their houses and settlements. The different cities in the languages can have similarities if they are connected by history, by geography or by language, or if the people who build the cities have the same preferences and images as Lefebvre (2000:100-1) argued. 7 ‘Cities and towns have been engines of growth and incubators of civilization and have facilitated the evolution of knowledge, culture and tradition, as well as of industry and commerce. Urban settlements, properly planned and managed, hold the promise for human development and the protection of the world’s natural resources through their ability to support large numbers of people while limiting their impact on the natural environment’ (UN-Habitat, 1996b). 8 ‘They began, some to make shelters of leaves, some to dig caves under the hills, some to make of mud and wattles places for shelter, imitating the nests of swallows and their methods of building. Then observing the houses of others and adding to their ideas new things from day to day, they produced better kinds of huts. Since men were of an imitative and teachable nature, they boasted of their inventions as they daily showed their various achievements in building’ (Vitruvius, 1931:79-81). 28 The images of the European Middle Ages city spread around the states of Europe and the European colonies, these historical cities are even today adored, kept and adapted in Europe. The image of New York skyscrapers spread among the cities worldwide symbolizing prestige, power and intensive commerce. The New York skyscrapers are imitated because the people who build them live the same lifestyle of commercial and population intensification as the people in New York when the first skyscrapers were built. In the other ancient story of a city, Plato (1961:381-383) writes about a foundation of a colony on Crete9. A different life is described there, of cosmology and numerous divisions to make the city dividable according to its needs. Plato’s city has 5040 plots, a number that could be divided with 59 quotients, including all the numbers between 1 and 10. Duany (2000) pragmatically developed a concept of transect or cut that is unconcerned with settlements types and images and cuts the environment on pieces by population density. Even though he agrees that not all environments fit his cut, he prescribes building codes for those that fit. These building codes (Duany, 2006) are catalogued and show different environments to be chosen from. The choices and catalogues represent the tendency in the society today toward consent and free market. I remember the change in Skopje from socialism to free market economy in the 1990s. The city change dramatically. The façade colours changed and the lights in the city as well. From uniformed grey city of modern buildings, Skopje changed to Vegas-like city where all the buildings are coloured, advertised and spotlighted. The cobblestones on the city square and the one hundred years old wild chestnut trees there were replaced with flat concrete 9 ‘The planner must first plant his city as nearly as possible in the center of the country, choosing a spot which has all the other conveniences also which a city requires, and which it is easy enough to perceive and specify. After this, he must divide off 12 portions of land, when he has first set apart a sacred glebe for Hestia, Zeus and Athena and circle it round with a ring wall. Starting from this he must divide up both the city itself and all the country into the 12 portions. The 12 portions must be equalized by making those consisting of good land small, and those of inferior land larger. He must mark off 5040 allotments, and each of these he must cut in 2 and join 2 pieces to form each several allotment, so that each contains a near piece and a distant piece, joining the piece next the city with the piece furthest off, the second nearest with the second furthest, and so on with all the rest. And in dealing with these separate portions, they must employ the device we mentioned a moment ago, about poor and good land, and secure equality by making the assigned portions of larger or smaller size. And he must divide the citizens also into 12 parts, making all the 12 parts as equal as possible in respect of the value of the rest of their property, after a census has been made of all. After this they must also appoint 12 allotments for the 12 gods, and name and consecrate the portion allotted to each god. And they must also divide the 12 sections of the city in the same manner as they divided the rest of the country; and each citizen must take as his share 2 dwellings, one near the center of the country the other near the outskirts. Thus the settlement shall be completed’ (Plato, 1961:381-383). 29 tiles, fancy streetlights and Japanese cherry trees. I am nostalgic and I adored the cobblestone city square and the uniform and grey Skopje, but the people like the new colours in Skopje, even the new look of the square. And the city is all about what the people like, not what I or any person likes. Only the collectively liked parts of the city stay and live. Conclusion As Lefebvre (2000:100-1) argued the cities are works of art of the people who build and live there. The cities are collective artworks. The cities are twofold, of stories and of body that is changing by the stories. It is so easy to describe the city with an image, a poem or a story, simply because they are art works. All the artworks have the capacity to store images. Being an artwork, the city metaphorically is a story, a story of millions stories, a presence, a gravity, a story of the past, the present and the future, a gravity that attracts. He likes when the clouds are coming, In the city, He likes those days. Then he sees the raindrops forming. Just in front of his window, Thousands of raindrops, Falling three hundred storeys down, On the medieval tower, Somewhere down on the bottom, In the everlasting fog of the old city. He likes those days. He likes when the clouds are coming. 30 Essay: City archive Introduction This essay describes the city archive concept. In most part the city archive is paraphrased outlook tower from Geddes book Cities in evolution (1915), but it also refers to advances in computer technology, to Lefebvre who argued the cities are works of art of the people that build them (2000:100-1). The city archive, most shortly, is building that merges an archive and a gallery, it collects, stores and exhibits past, present and future images and stories from the city, with a forum, a place where the people and other stakeholders discuss the development of the city. The concept concentrates on the choices and deals with people’s participation, flexibility and enablement as Hamdi (1995:i) describes it. City archive Geddes writes in his book Cities in evolution that ‘every city needs to have its own gallery even palace’ (1915:269). He (1915:321-328) describes the outlook tower in Edinburgh as an example of a city gallery. The outlook tower is a not only gallery, but also an outlook of the city. In the outlook tower the city and its evolution from the past to the future is summarized and exhibited in relation to the world, the language, the region and the city. The exhibition in the outlook tower is not only a display of past and present cities, but it is also place where scientists and artists educate the people. It is place where the people are the experts and students, while the experts, the scientists and artists, are people. Geddes (1915:323) writes that the experts must return, to discuss the applications of the science or art to the experts as people and to the people as experts. The city archive paraphrases Geddes’s outlook tower and expands it in regard to computer and communication technology today. The advances in computer and sensor technology, especially advances in photogrammetry, remote sensors and line recognition software can lead into automated building and continuous upgrade of the city as 3D model in the future. The city archive being a city gallery, should store these 3D models. Even more these 3D models should be interactive and playable. The technology used in computer gaming uses same 3D models that are inserted in the games and driven by game engines. If the game engines were modified for city modelling the city archive can host an interactive game of city modelling based on the real 3D city model where the people can give suggestions and ideas about the future developments of the city. The data storage ability of the computers today is also progressing rapidly. Massive amounts of text and images can be stored on different storage devices, enabling the city archive to become virtual library of people thoughts, 31 stories and images. Further on these thoughts, stories and images could be communicated among the people in the city. The city archive main role is in the urban planning and development. The urban planning is multidiscipline that should lie on collective creativity as the Situationists (Nieuwenhuis & Debord, 1958) argued in The Amsterdam declaration10. The city consists of many persons and every person has its own thoughts, stories and pictures. The city archive must store all of them that want to be communicable and there the compromises should be made between the collective and personal. The urban planners today work predominantly with plans where the 3D model is developed when height is added to the plan following the Le Corbusier words: ‘Mass and surface are determined by plan!’ (Le Corbusier, 1998a:47). With photogrammetry software the mass and surface can be captured and turned into a 3D model without any plan where all the city edges, roofs, façades and streets can be captured and turned into a 3D model using aerial or ground photographs. The textures from the photographs are automatically assigned to the surfaces in the 3D model of the city and both the model and textures are editable. There is a distinction here between 3D urban planning where the models come from the plan and the 3D urban modelling where the models are generated by photogrammetry computer technology. The 3D urban modelling has several advantages. The method is based on manipulation of photographs and the advantage is that the photograph is very detailed information. The 3D models therefore can be very detailed, even breathtaking photorealistic. I did a photogrammetric model of a face of my friend and it was almost identical copy of her. She was a bit scared when she saw the model which looked so realistic in the computer. When I was rotating the model of her face she was even terrified because a real copy of her was doing a basic alive movement, without her will. Another advantage in the 3D urban modelling is the image quality of the photographs. I myself remember photographically and I think that most of the people do the same. In that sense a model of the city that has textures same as the mental images is very easy to recognize and manipulate. In that 10 An excerpt from the The Amsterdam declaration (Nieuwenhuis & Debord, 1958): ‘5. Unitary urbanism is defined as the complex, ongoing activity that consciously recreates man’s environment according to the most advanced conceptions in every domain. 6. The solution to problems of housing, traffic, and recreation can only be envisaged in relation to social, psychological and artistic perspectives that are combined in one synthetic hypothesis at the level of daily life. 7. Unitary urbanism, independently of all aesthetic considerations, is the fruit of a new type of collective creativity. The development of this spirit of creation is the prior condition of unitary urbanism. 8. The creation of ambiances favorable to this development is the immediate task of today’s creators. 9. All means are usable, on condition that they serve in a unitary action. The coordination of artistic and scientific means must lead to their total fusion.’ 32 direction not just the 3D model, but the images of the city can be stored in the 3D model as well. After the city is captured and stored in the city archive as 3D model, it can serve as background for simulation. Since the same 3D modelling is used in computer games, the game could be modified to enable playing and editing with the 3D model of the city. The people can play with the city, assigning buildings, textures to the buildings, designing development scenarios. The 3D urban modelling can also promote spatial real-estate properties. The real-estate properties, like apartments or offices in multi-storey buildings today can’t be presented on the plans. The real-estate properties as volumes can be presented if a 3D model of a city. The city archive makes a 3D upgrade to Lynch’s (1961) decomposition on the city on paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks, adding vertical paths or vertexes and inclined paths or inclines. This assumption is that in the future there will be situation where edges, nodes, districts and landmarks can have different heights and angles in the city, or they could be placed in the space above or in underground. The paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks in the 3D model are replaced with the analogous elements of the 3D design computer programs. Discussion The city archive is theoretical and generalized concept that deals with open access to the knowledge about the city and its development and equality in the decisions about the future developments in the city. It has daydreaming element, as fireplace in the city around which all the people gather and tell their stories. The reality, especially in Macedonia, is completely different then the daydreaming. Macedonia lives in a free market society where everything has price, the information costs and it is kept confidential until it is paid for. In these circumstances in Macedonia the city archive will grant open access to the urban planning and development and will act as scientific and artistic ‘watchdog’ of developments in the city. The urban planning in Macedonia is confidential and decisions about the development of the city are done by privileged groups of people. With the open access the privileges to possess the confidential information will be lost. That will not be accepted easily by the people who are privileged in the current situation. The prerequisite for a functioning city archive is high technological and open society. The city archive requires expensive and advanced technology and qualified people to work with it. 33 Conclusion Writers and theoreticians like me often forget about the real life, and they prescribe different theories. Learning and accepting new technologies might not be a favourite choice of most of the people. We are not living a perfect life of people gathering around the fireplace of the city, and discussing their future, neither our society is perfect and will enable that, but the city archive is an interesting utopia, having its ground on humanism and progressive thinking in a hope for a better future. 34 Essay: Sustainable cityscape Introduction This essay describes what sustainable cityscape is. Wells (1981:34-40; at Restany, 1998:59) observes that the houses consume water, food, air, soil, energy and resources, whereas they do not clean their own wastes, they do not produce food, they pollute and they destroy the wildlife. The sustainable cityscape is a method in architectural and urban theory that looks for solution for these problems. It is a method that most simply tries to exchange parts of the city with parts of nature, exchanging apartments, shops, offices roofs and balconies, with landscapes, but also tries to keep the buildings and façades that give the image of the city. It tries to imitate the nature on the planet Earth or the way how the nature is building and maintaining the geography. The sustainable cityscape has a few meanings. Cityscape comes from painting. Cityscape is a painting of city life. Symbolically cityscaping in urban planning concerns practice to search for urban design from the collective images of the city life on the site. The second meaning of cityscaping comes from merging of city and landscaping in regard to environmental, ecological or green design. The environmentalism in urban planning and architecture has deep roots. ‘By leaves we live!’ writes Geddes (1949:216), Hundertwasser (at Restany, 1998) developed ‘the five skins’ philosophy where the five skins of the people are epidermis, clothes, house, identity and the Earth, and ‘the tree tenant’ concept where the trees are sharing the tenancy in the apartment with the people, Wells promotes earth-covered architecture. The sustainable cityscape concept is continuation of these teachings. The attribute sustainable emerges from my postgraduate studies and the courses that explain the concept of sustainable development. The people agreed that their future is threatened by their inability to fit its doing in the pattern of the planet Earth (WCED, 1987:1) and the concept of sustainable development was introduced as agenda for change in 1987 as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within two concepts, the concept of needs, in particular meeting the essential needs of the poor or disadvantaged, to which overriding priority should be given and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and society on the environment ability to meet present and future needs (ibid, 1987:43). It is a concept of challenges and endeavours further, challenges in the report Our common future is used as areas of actions that are overlapping, and they include population and human resources, food security, species and ecosystems, energy, industry and the urban challenge (ibid, 1987:40-41). The sustainable attribute in sustainable cityscape means self-sustainable, no extra imports and no wastes and is based on setting sustainable limits to fit in the ecosystems of the planet Earth as simple ratios of use and return to the environment. 35 Sustainable cityscape My idea for sustainable cityscape started with a drawing for a sustainable neighbourhood in Uppsala (See Minderman et al., 2004). Sketch 1: Sustainable neighbourhood in Uppsala The drawing combined the Hundertwasser’s ‘tree tenant’ concept with a design of a neighbourhood that will produce water, food and energy and clean its own waste, by the good notes11 for the houses by Wells. For the group project a closed perimetrical urban block was designed where various units, apartments, offices, hanging gardens and shops, could be inserted by the preference of the people. A network of towers, bridges and corridors was created to which the various units will be attached and will close a sustainable Swedish urban block. Inside the urban block, the idea was to capture the rainwater and wastewater in the hanging gardens, to produce energy by solar photovoltaic cells and some quantity of food by gardening. The hanging gardens were also planned to be used for composting, biomass production and treatment of wastewater. The wastewater and rain water should start their path from the top garden and end it in the underground reservoir as clean and ready to be reused water. The underground storey was planned to be used for final waste and water treatment including small biogas production, for biomass and biogas power generators, burning of the produced biogas by waste treatment and biomass of the gardens and for storage and parking. The critique, the professor from Uppsala, argued rightly that the urban block will suit better Stockholm then Uppsala, because of its height. It was a mistake in height rather then in image, since the height was induced from Stockholm’s inner-city. 11 The good notes for the house include creation of pure air, pure water, storing of rainwater, production of its own food, creation of rich soil, use of solar energy, storage of solar energy, creation of silence, consumption of its own wastes, maintaining itself, matching nature’s cycles, provision of wildlife habitat and human habitat, moderation of local weather and beauty (Wells at Restany, 1998:59). 36 The sustainable cityscape concept was also used for the energy and power supply project for Rapa Nui (Easter Islands) (See Belode et al., 2005). The site for the project was an island with 3000 inhabitants with unique culture heritage, isolated in the centre of the Pacific. The objective was to make a project for a power plant for the needs of the inhabitants. Instead of building separate power plant I proposed in my group a different approach, to solve the energy within the existing houses and neighbourhoods and to propose plan for new Rapa Nui sustainable neighbourhoods for the future. The centre of our project was the establishment of educational centre which will act as sustainability knowledge base and our aim was to create energy independent, without energy imports, and green energy, using renewable energy only, houses and neighbourhoods on the island. The designs for sustainable Rapa Nui neighbourhood and sustainable Rapa Nui single house embodied several images of buildings, the Polynesian house, the Rapa Nui stone house and South American stone pyramid. Instead of making a vertical network, in Rapa Nui the network spread horizontally with a focus in the high technological pyramids. The pyramids were planned to purify the water, clean the waste and store and produce energy and they were consisted of two parts, of underground and ground pyramid. The underground pyramid was planned to be used for the neighbourhood water and waste treatment and biogas production, whereas the ground pyramid was planned to be used for energy storage as hydrogen cells, for photovoltaic collectors, for biogas and biomass power generators and for commune gatherings. Sketch 2: Sustainable house in Rapa Nui (Easter Islands) 37 Sketch 3: Sustainable neighbourhood in Rapa Nui (Easter Islands) 38 The sustainable cityscape concept is about flexibility and incorporating the nature in the city fabric. The flexibility means that it enables many choices in architecture on a plan level and on the vertical. Le Corbusier revolutionary developed the free plan and façade in his Five points of architecture and the sustainable cityscape concept expands the flexible design with free verticals. The free verticals are achieved with multilevel nodes. The multilevel nodes are flexible combinations of stairs and elevators that enable connections to the vertical on different height levels on a single storey. For example, if we have three existing buildings that have differences in floor heights with one multilevel node these three buildings can be connected. If the floor of one of the buildings needs to be raised or lowered the multilevel nodes can be modified to fit the change, whereas the other parts of the buildings will remain the same. When the free verticals are achieved it is possible to edit and redesign the whole buildings, including their heights, for example, when there is a need to insert a hanging garden in the body of an existing building. In 2006 I worked on a competition for the upgrade of Asplund’s library in Stockholm where I designed vertical paths with single, two and three levels multilevel nodes to make the connection between the annexes, the main library and the new library. All of the buildings had different heights. The design connected the annexes and enabled flexible and changeable floor heights in the extension of the library. Sketch 4: Single, double and triple multilevel nodes on one vertical showing the exits on different levels from the Asplund’s library in Stockholm proposal The sustainable cityscape method of flexible urban scheme and insertion of the nature in the buildings in the city is used in this thesis. A scenario is designed for a neighbourhood in Skopje inserting vertical paths with multilevel nodes, inserting hanging gardens and imageability analysis. In the sustainable cityscape scenario for the neighbourhood in Skopje these vertical paths are used to access the space above the existing buildings. 39 Sketch 5: The two doors elevators showing exits on different levels from the Asplund’s library in Stockholm proposal Discussion Even though Le Corbusier developed the free plan of a building almost hundred years ago it is seldom occurring even today. The free plan is rather seen as unfinished. The people are not always willing to have flexible or changing building and environment. That is a setback in the flexible architectural and urban concepts and there lies the setback of the sustainable cityscape concept. It is always easier to demolish a building and construct new building, then change it, renovate it or repair it. The other setback of any prescriptive or theory building method is the possibility of failure. The people are sensible. If the people decide to live on a prescribed way there is a chance of successful urban design. In all other cases there is possible failure. Conclusion Why working on urban concept that is possibly leading to a failure? Nieuwenhuis (1980) wrote that ‘urban planners must, at least theoretically, start looking at alternative forms of urbanization’. The sustainable cityscape concept is a brainstorming step in that direction. It is progressive idea that might be interesting or forgotten in the future, all depending of people who will accept it, modify it or simply neglect it and see it as utopia. 40 Future study of one neighbourhood in the city of Skopje Introduction In the heart of the Balkans exists a city with many names, a Macedonian, Скопје, Skopje, an Albanian, Shkup, a Greek, Σκόπια, Skópia, a Latin, Scupi, a Serbian, Скопље, Skoplje, and a Turkish, Üsküb. Skopje is today a capital of Macedonia, a small European state, and it has a long history, a history of decays, earthquakes, plagues, fires, floods, wars, and a history of rebuilds and prosper (‘Skopje’, n.d.). Skopje was destroyed three times in the history by earthquakes and each time the city changed its location in the valley. With its forgotten and buried predecessors, Skopje is like a phoenix bird that keeps its passed away lives on its skin. The oldest settlements marks of Skopje are the remains of the Neolithic temples and houses are found in the valley. The antique city of Scupi with its ruined streets and roads, Roman houses, insulas, public baths, thermas, theater and public buildings, basilicas, is covered with weeds and slowly its subberbs disappear under the new neighbourhoods of the growing city. The medieval fortress and towers that are spread through the valley, the churches and the mosques, the Old Bazaar, Stara Carsija, Стара Чаршија, with its public baths, hamams, traveler inns, hans, and the covered luxuries bazaar, Besisten, Безистен, and the oriental neighbourhoods stand as proof of prosperous times. The neoclassical city, its forgotten neighbourhoods and its ruined old railway station decay slowly under the boulevards, béton brut buildings and new railway station of the future city designed by the famous Japanese architect Tange. More then half a million people live today in Skopje and everyone breaths the same sweet and polluted air every day. Skopje lives in its colourful and grey neighbourhoods, depending on their age. The Macedonian word for neighbourhood is maalo, маало. The neighbourhood means both a district of a city or village and a community. The neighbourhoods are bordered with the houses or apartments of the people that live there, that know each other or just say ‘Hi!’ or ‘Good afternoon!’ when they meet. The neighbourhood borders are relative and differ in size and time depending on the people that live there. The neighbourhoods usually have places for gatherings where the kids and young people sit, chat, play backgammon, basketball, football, or place where the pensioners rest, talk and play chess. This future study explores the buildings and the life of the people of one neoclassical neighbourhood in the centre of the city of Skopje. The neighbourhood is known as Mlin Balkan, Млин Балкан, a name that comes from a mill that was located there around hundred years ago. The area of the future study is bounded by the edges of the streets that enclose the urban 41 blocks12 that exit on Apostol Guslarot Street, Апостол Гусларот. It is consisted of nine urban blocks. The neighbourhood Mlin Balkan has ordinary life. Every morning the people rush and go by their work. In the free hours the young and the older people gather from time to time on the edge of the kindergarten on Kiro Krstevski - Platnik Street, Киро Крстевски - Платник. When I was kid, my uncle and his friends used to meet on the basketball field in the end of Apostol Guslarot Street, which today turned into parking lot. The gathering places in the neighbourhood move around with every generation. The cities in Macedonia besides on neighbourhoods are divided by the urban planners on wider districts, or urban quarters. The neighbourhood Mlin Balkan is part of the urban quarter of Bunjakovec, Буњаковец. Bunjakovec is the name of the local vegetables and fruit market. The urban quarter of Bunjakovec as the neighbourhood Mlin Balkan is part of the neoclassical city in Skopje and it was settled in the beginning of the XXth century. My story I grew up in the neighbourhood Mlin Balkan with the stories and the songs of my grandparents, my parents, their friends and my friends. In Macedonia it is customary to tell stories and to sing songs. That storytelling tendency still remains. My parents wait eagerly for my children to be born so they can tell them their songs and stories. It is how the knowledge transfers, changes and enriches through the generations. Since I was brought up in this wonderful tradition of storytelling, I used it often. I have used it in my practice when I worked as architect and I am using it here. This future study begins with my story of the neighbourhood. The past The neoclassical Skopje is called old Skopje by the people. I grew up with many stories about old Skopje. I refer to the period before the earthquake as old Skopje and the period after as new Skopje. Skopje suffered a terrible earthquake in 1963 where only 19.7% of the buildings were undamaged or slightly damaged (Petrovski 2004:4). The neighbourhood Mlin Balkan was settled right after the Balkan Wars in 1912-13 in the time when Skopje was growing. Before that the land was used for agriculture, for vegetables and fruits gardens. My grandfather’s father was a gardener. He had two sons and two daughters and he owned a garden plot in the neighbourhood Mlin Balkan. In the 1920s he built a brick house in the garden. My grand grandfather’s house was on the edge of the city then. 12 An urban block is unit in urban planning in Macedonia. It is a district in the cities that is encircled by three or more streets or paths. 42 His first son, my grandfather, had a daughter, my mother, and a son. He built also a brick house in the end of the 1950’s when the garden plot was divided in two when Apostol Guslarot Street was laid. The house survived the earthquake in 1963 and it is in good state today. My grandfather brother had only one daughter and in the 1980s he destroyed the old brick house he built new modern house instead. Old Skopje was just a small city. The people then enjoyed many things, the afternoon walks on the korzo, корзо, or the main street in the city that spread from the old railway station to the Old Bazaar. They enjoyed the wins on the football matches on the city stadium, the beaches on the river Vardar that flows quickly through the city, following the latest fashion of dressing up, visiting the countless cousins and friends, the hanging outs on the cobblestone or dusty streets in the neighbourhoods and the endless talks with the neighbours and the friends. The life in the stories of old Skopje seemed good then. My grandfather celebrated the day of St. Demeter. By the old stories it is the day from which the winter starts. In Macedonia it is customary to have a day of the house. Many people, family, neighbours and friends used to come to visit my grandparents on the day of St. Demeter. I still remember the dough sculptures on the feast bread, pigeons, fruits, grapes and hands holding together as a ring around the bread and the priest that used to come to say the prayer for good health and prosperity. People in old Skopje respected these important days. In the life of a family in Skopje exist also other important days, like child births, graduations from school, weddings. For every important day my grandfather used to buy and bake a whole young pig, young goat or lamb or several of them depending of the importance of the day, while my grandmother used to prepare pies and different kinds of pastry. She would have taken the pies and the pastry to all the neighbour houses for a try of her specialties. My first memories of the neighbourhood were when I was going in kindergarten. We used to walk around the neighbourhood and look at the vegetables and fruits in the gardens nearby. The neighbourhood had a strong gardening tradition. My grandfather was tinsmith. He did not follow his father profession as gardener, but he was happy when he worked in the small gardens around the house. He was proud of his onions, lettuces, spinach, tomatoes and the big cherry tree in the back garden. My grandfather stopped planting vegetables one day. It happened after the Chernobyl disaster, it was everywhere on TV, the radiation dust that makes the vegetables and fruits poisonous. Everyone washed the vegetables and fruits for couple of minutes, as they said on TV. Washing the fruits and vegetables were measures to fight the radiation dust. After the Chernobyl disaster my grandfather was not happy about the gardens in the city. The city also got polluted more and more by the cars, theirs numbers grew dramatically, so he decided to buy a plot of land in a village near Skopje. He 43 enjoyed in that garden and passed away there, preparing fodder for four pigs and one calf. After the Chernobyl disaster many things changed in Skopje, not just the number of cars. I became teenager and everyone started to take the TV very seriously. The wars on the TV started, first the Kuwait war, then the wars in Yugoslavia, in Slovenia, Croatia then in Bosnia. Yugoslavia, the state where I lived broke down. I saw that again on the satellite TV, where they showed a broken flag of Yugoslavia. When Macedonia went out of Yugoslavia and became sovereign state the people were both happy and wary. People were happy because they believed in better future. The position of Macedonia in former Yugoslavia was not as good as people wanted or expected. People thought that Macedonia was often forgotten in the developments in former Yugoslavia and there was the difference in salaries. The average salaries in Macedonia were lower then in the other republics, except in Montenegro where the salaries were lowest. The people were also wary then. Macedonians are people that try to avoid conflicts. In that time the wars in Slovenia and Croatia begun, when the former Yugoslav army was trying to get the control in the republics that went out of Yugoslavia. So the people expect the same thing to happen in Macedonia. Instead of attack on Macedonia the former Yugoslav army withdrew to Serbia, taking all the equipment and weapons from the army buildings. Even the light switchers and electric plugs were pulled out in the army buildings. The people thought better be robbed and healthy then be in a war and possibly be dead. In that time in Macedonia no one really expected that Yugoslavia will break up and people were caught in the moment. With high hopes and enthusiasm and without predetermined strategy Macedonia entered a transition toward a free market economy. It opened its market and suddenly thousands of Coca Cola, Pepsi, Marlboro, luxury cars, faces of politicians, hot lines and top models billboards grew everywhere. In the transition the privatization started as well. Some of the public companies bankrupted, some were bought and as consequence many people became unemployed. The unemployed turned to the black market that occurred then. Usual features in Skopje today are the street salesmen and the informal stands and bazaars that occur randomly. In the transition all the social values disappeared and only 1 value was promoted, the money. Since the 1990s in Macedonia it is usual to see children who sale things on the street or beg, employees work informally, they work more hours, sometimes even the employees are not paid at all. The people became divided. A part of the people was barely surviving, while a part of people was prospering and living in luxury. New luxury houses were built in Skopje, fancy cars occurred on the streets. The neighbourhood Mlin Balkan in the transition became attractive place to live in. The neighbourhood was isolated and silent, with many ruined and 44 small houses that were part of the old Skopje. It was away from the noisy boulevards and in a walking distance to the city centre. The demand for apartment houses attracted various building ‘entrepreneurs’ that started to contract the construction of new apartment houses instead of the old small houses. The building ‘entrepreneurs’ quickly made a network that besides the construction companies included municipality officials, building inspectors, urban planners, black marketers. This network that was developing Skopje in the 1990’s was in the media called ‘urban mafia’. The so-called ‘urban mafia’ worked on black, but it worked very efficiently. In the transition the new apartment houses grew in Skopje with the same speed as the billboards. The wars from the TV in the 1990s came closer and closer. The buzzing street life of Skopje stopped one day when the NATO alliance bombarded targets in Kosovo in 1999. Virilio (2005:56) wrote of a ‘city of panic’, of new fashion that exists, of live presence and of live media idolatry, of fear, of intimidating global dominance, power and proximity, of the watchful US bureaucracy with its warfare politics and the ability of immediate war and peacekeeping interventions. The people were living in panic then, stockpiling reserves of food and drinks during the day and in the night all the TVs were switched on and thousands of eyes and ears were waiting for the news if there is going to be a war. The war did not come those days, but the wariness stayed. In 2001 Albanian insurgents entered Macedonia from Kosovo. The insurgency spread in all the regions where Albanians lived and the ‘war in Macedonia’, as it was presented on CNN begun. Was that a true war? I am not sure. Except of occasionally gunshots and explosions nothing changed dramatically in Skopje, the same gunshots and bomb explosions are happening today, but there is no war today. In joke the people say what was said in the media during the ‘war in Macedonia’ that the noise is not gunshots and bombs, but fireworks and wedding celebration shootings and there is nothing to be worried about. The present Macedonia is today a free market economy. I am not sure that the transition to the free market ended, or it turned into a lifestyle, but I am sure that in Macedonia there is only one value, the money. People do everything, they lie, they do malversations, pillaging, stealing, and really everything to get money and no one really cares how they will do that. No one care for anyone in the process and suddenly the values of old Skopje disappeared. If someone falls on the street, people often pass by without turning their heads. In the news from Skopje 13 year old pupil drowned himself in a school visit to a pool in Skopje while three professional swimmers were training in the same pool (Geteva, 2007, April 24th). The news continues that no one will be 45 hold responsible for the drowning case. Accidents happen unfortunately, but the insensibility was not usual. People in Skopje are known for their hospitality, helpfulness and kindness, but the banditry and pillaging in the transition and the run for the money took its toll. The people are pressured to run. There are billboards everywhere. There are luxury houses, Hollywood stars, fancy cars, wars, poverty on the TV. The people are pressured to run between the images of a Hollywood star and a garbage can bump. People are pressured to run because there is maybe new ‘war in Macedonia’. Who knows? But the money can solve everything. There is an interesting story of a thievery and money rush. Few years ago the pollution and garbage was described with the amount of plastic bottles that were lying everywhere in the city. The plastic bottles were floating constantly in the river Vardar. There was one bottle on every few meters of the river and Vardar is river that flows really quickly through Skopje. Some company started campaign to buy off the plastic bottles for a minimal price of 1MKD which corresponds to ~0.016€=0.14SEK and today there is not a single plastic bottle in Skopje, even though the other garbage stays around. The campaign to buy off recyclable materials included all the metals, and unfortunately the people started to steal the metal covers over the sewerage shafts on the streets and now it is dangerous to walk or drive in Skopje, since these shafts can be few meters deep and invisible in the nights. In addition to the insensibility and the run for the money of the people, the billboards are the new and shiny features in the culture of Skopje. Sometimes when I walk on the streets in Stockholm I wonder what I miss. A moment after I remember, there are almost no billboards in Stockholm, except the small bus stop posters. When I walk on the streets in Skopje I always get surprised of the number and the variety of billboards. They are everywhere, large and small, shining or not. I find them very pretty and captivating, especially the neon billboards in the night. Skopje turns into city with thousands and thousands of colours. When I remember Skopje from the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s I see an image of a dark, often foggy, two coloured city. The streetlights were white and orange and together with the white neon lights in the storefronts and the car lights they were making the city almost monochromatic. But now that changed. The life in Skopje is not so bad today by the attractive and shiny billboards. The other change is the number of cars that were on the streets 24 hours. Up to five years ago maybe more, Skopje was famous for its nightlife. The nightlife in the 1980s and 1990s often ended in the burek shops in the early mornings. Burek is a greasy pie on the Balkans that is usually eaten with yogurt for breakfast. Then the number of cars that were on the streets in the nights equalled the number of cars during the day. The city was thriving with people 24 hours in a day. The government in the 2000s voted a law and made a campaign to close the night clubs in 1:00 a.m. in the weekdays and 3:00 a.m. during the weekend. 46 The law was respected unquestionably, all the night clubs close in 0:30 a.m. and 2:30 a.m. Today there are few cars driving and people walking in the nights and the streets are left to the billboards and the stray dogs and cats. It is amazing how in this seemingly time of insensibility and disrespect in Skopje the nightlife law is respected. I think that the reason for respecting the law was the consensual ‘Yes!’ against the nightlife that existed then. The people who partied grew older and tired of that lifestyle, the other people were tired of the 24 hour noise on the streets and the government wanted to show that it is capable to enforce the laws. When all agreed on the law, all of them respected the law. The thug lifestyle, the insensibleness and the billboard culture did not avoid the neighbourhood. Everything is left as it is. The streets and sidewalks were dug up when the new buildings were constructed and they are not repaired since. Cars are parked everywhere, street corners are covered with garbage and some of metal covers over the sewerage shafts have disappeared. The so-called ‘urban mafia’ besides the efficiently and profits, does not care about the other consequences of the building construction developments. There is overcrowding and shadowing of the small houses. Some houses are rebuilt, some are decaying. Some people wished to develop their plots and contracted a construction of new tall buildings, some people invested in rebuilding. The neighbourhood has rather chaotic look. The urban blocks are consisted both of small houses that have up to three storeys and new apartment or office buildings that are up to eight storeys tall. The new apartment houses usually are painted in different and recognizable colours, while the façades on the existing buildings have earthy colours and are often damaged. In the contrasts of the city, under the neon billboards where the efficient ‘urban mafia’ rules, among the hasty and untrustful faces of the people, among the garbage and the street holes this is a study about the future. Background The city of Skopje The Skopje valley was settled in the early Neolithic period or the Stone Age. Today there are several archaeological sites from the Neolithic period in the valley, but they are distant (~10km) from the neighbourhood. The early Neolithic settlements in the Skopje valley belongs to culture that had economy that was based on cultivating wheat and barley and that had predominance of sheep and goat husbandry over cattle. The culture was characterized by fine monochrome red and brown ceramics with distinctive and complex white ornaments. The most interesting findings on the archaeological sites in the Skopje valley are the terracotta goddesses. The goddesses are composed of two parts, an upper part, which is a representation of a woman and lower part, which is representation of house. 47 The cult of the Great Mother was dominant during the Neolithic period. The Neolithic settlements were small, consisting of 20 to 30 houses and located on mounds in plains. The houses were made out of wood poles that were put in the ground and the walls were made of wooden scaffold coated with mud mixed with cattle manure as binding material. The houses were covered with thatched roof of light structure, presumably of a pitched type. The width of the houses was normally 5 to 6m, their length measuring up to 10m. Similar building technique was used in the villages until the XXth century in Macedonia for barns and domestic animal shacks, stables and sties (Garasanin, 1989:25-32; Zdravkovski, 1990:51-56; Gambutas, 1992:19-22, 241; ‘Tumba Madzari’, 2006; Kolistrkoska, 2007). The settlements in the consequent Eneolithic period or the Copper Age were smaller, with a less number of houses, situated on higher spots with strategic positions (Kolistrkoska, 2007). The peace will soon change in the turmoil of the warring Bronze and Iron Age. The human settlements will be fortified and built on hills for better defence. Kale, the medieval fortress in the centre of Skopje, was built over a fort from the period of the Bronze Age. Currently a late Bronze Age house dated around 1100 B.C. was excavated on the archaeological site (Jovanovska, 2007, May 17th). The research on the human settlements in the Bronze and Iron Age in Skopje valley is undergoing and there is not much published information about them, but in relation to the other research from this period in Macedonia it is assumed that in IV-III century B.C. the first urbanization occurred in the valley. The Neolithic buildings made of wood poles and wooden scaffold coated with mud were replaced with classical buildings on stone foundation with walls of mud brick that were covered with tegulas (Mitrevski, 2005). In 168 B.C. the Romans conquered Macedonia. Presumably on the place where the camp of two legions existed after the conquering, the classical Skopje or Scupi, grew up as colony of Roman legionnaires in the time of the emperor Domitian in 81-96 A.C. Scupi was important Roman city on the Balkans. Christianity spread to Scupi very early and after the Edict of Milan (Constantine, 1897) in 313 A.D. that gave the Christians free and unrestricted opportunity of religious worship, Scupi became an Episcopal see. In the following centuries Scupi was ravaged two times, in 269 A.C. by the Goths and in Vth century A.C. by the Huns, and finally in the year 518 A.C. it was completely destroyed by an earthquake (Korakevik, 2002). When I studied architecture I worked on two projects in the archaeological site Scupi and the quality of the building materials was amazing. The red brick pipes in the public baths that were lying in the ground for around 2000 years looked like they were freshly made when they were excavated. The buildings in Scupi were made out of stone and red bricks that were inserted in the walls, using the classical opus mixtum masonry technique or they were built out of stone. 48 After the earthquake in 518 A.C. Skopje moved to a location where is now, under the fortress Kale. The moving and rebuilding of Skopje is often connected with the legendary city Justiniana Prima. Justiniana Prima is a city founded by Justinian I, a famous emperor who reigned with the Eastern Roman Empire in 527-565 A.C. It is believed that the village Taor, a village near Skopje is Taurisium, the birthplace of Justinian I. In the description of Justininiana Prima by Procopius (1940), the historian of Justinian I, there are some similarities with medieval Skopje, like the fortress Kale, the Old Bazaar with its shops and the aqueduct which still exist as landmarks in Skopje. Even though these assumptions can not be affirmed the fact is that Skopje turn in an important city on the Balkans in the dawn of the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages Skopje was conquered by many passing armies, empires and kingdoms, it was mostly part of the Eastern Roman Empire, for a short time it was part of the Bulgarian Empire and it was conquered by the Serbs in the end of the XIIIth century. In 1346 the Serbian tsar Stefan IV Dusan was crowned in Skopje (‘Skopje’, n.d.). In 6th of January 1392 Skopje fell under the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans imported Islam in Skopje and transformed lot of churches into mosques, built many new mosques and other typical Islam buildings like hamams, public baths, hans, traveler inns, tekkes, dervish monasteries. Skopje was the second city in the Ottoman Empire until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. In year 1555 Skopje was again stroked by an earthquake, but it soon recovered and prospered under Ottoman rule (‘Skopje’, n.d.). The population moved between 4091 in 1455, 4901 in 1468, 4045 in 1529, 6061 in 1544 and 10525 in 1569 (Isbasi, 2004), while the city grew further and increased nearly to 60000 in 1683 (GUP, 2002d). When Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi visited Skopje in the 1660-1668 he noted that the city has 10060 houses, made out of solid material roofed with red tiles, in 70 neighborhoods. Celebi describes the hamams, hans and mosques, and especially the fort Kale and the Bazaar, Carsija, where he notes that there are around 2000 shops (Kocevski, 2005). Skopje was finally burned down by the Austrian general Engelberto d’Ugo Piccolomini in 1689, apparently to eradicate an outbreak of cholera (‘Skopje’, n.d.). By order of the general Piccolomini, Skopje was set on fire, and the conflagration lasted two days, on October 26 and 27. Many houses and shops were destroyed, but the worst damage was in the Jewish quarter where almost all the houses, two synagogues and the Jewish school were destroyed (‘A brief account to the history of Skopje’, 2006). The story that is told by the people in Skopje says that the general Piccolomini was crying the day when Skopje was burning. After the fire until the middle of the XIXth century there is no demographic data because there were changes in the Ottoman censuses. In this dark period 49 the population shrunk drastically and moved between 5000-6000 people (GUP, 2002d) up to 7305 people in 1841 (Inbasi, 2004). Muslims Non-Muslims Kibti/GypsiesJews Σ Urban 5080 1475 500 250 7305 Rural 5380 11910 500 0 17790 Σ 10460 13385 1000 250 25095 Table 2: Skopje’s demographics in 1841-42 (Inbasi, 2004). The railway intensified the growth of Skopje in the end of the XIXth century and it reached population of 32000 in 1905. Skopje and the north part of Macedonia was annexed to Serbia after the Balkan wars in 1913 and from 1918 Skopje is part of Serbia, as part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and later as part of Yugoslavia, until 1941. The city of Skopje had population of 47384 in 1914, 40660 in 1921 and 68334 in 1931 (Pencic, 2005). In another source the population was 37000 in 1913, 41066 in 1921 and 64807 in 1931, to around 80000 in 1941 (Inbasi, 2004). During the Second World War Skopje was occupied and was part of fascist Bulgaria in 1941-1944. Skopje was liberated from the fascists in 1944 and became capital of People’s Republic of Macedonia in 1945 as part of Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. In 1963 the state changed the name from People’s to Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The population grows steadily until 1963. On the 26th of July 1963 early in the morning Skopje was destroyed by an earthquake. Damage to existing buildings was tremendous. In the earthquake 1070 citizens died and more than 3300 persons were seriously injured. Damage to existing buildings was tremendous, 80.7% was destroyed or heavily damaged and about 75.5% of the people were left homeless (Petrovski, 2004). 1948 1953 1961 1971 1981 1994 102604 139211 197341 312980 408143 444760 Table 3: Skopje’s demographics in 1948-94 (GUP, 2002d). The Socialist Republic of Macedonia did not have a predetermined immigration policy so the settling was not prohibited or limited by the authorities. Therefore, the settling was done in a rather chaotic manner, resulting in the creation of residential areas that were neither planned nor urbanized (Gaber & Joveska, 2004). Skopje had intensive economical growth after the earthquake and migrants flow in the city doubling the population after only 15 years (GUP, 2002d). On the 8th of September 1991 the people in Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia and under the name Republic of Macedonia 50 it became sovereign state with Skopje as capital. The population in 2002 in Skopje by the latest census was 50692613 (SSOM, 2005). The neighbourhood The neighbourhood Mlin Balkan does not exist on the map of Skopje from 1893 (A.H. 1310) (Isbasi, 2004). It was settled when Skopje was annexed to Serbia after the Balkan Wars in 1912-13. The name Mlin Balkan originates from the mill that existed there then. Later a hospital with a same name was built instead of the mill. Before the Balkan Wars the area under the neighbourhood was used for agriculture, for vegetables and fruits gardens. The area is flat with fertile soil and the tradition for growing vegetables lasted until the 1980s, while even today there are planted fruit trees on the plots. From 1912-13 until today there are several changes in politics that influenced the development of the neighbourhood. But not always the changes in politics caused changes in the way of building. The buildings in the survey of the neighbourhood are roughly divided in three periods in reference to the architecture style. Photograph 1: Neoclassical and early modern building (4.6.1) The first period started from 1913 and with several changes in politics, between occupation, monarchy, democracy and socialism, existed until the earthquake in 1963. There were several urban plans in 1914-1941, but most notably the first from 1914, by Dimitrija Leko, Димитрија Леко, and the 13 In the statistics for Skopje until 2002 the municipality Saraj was included in the borders of the city of Skopje. The municipality was added in the city of Skopje in 2004 and it numbered 35408 people. Skopje would have had 471518 people without municipality of Saraj. The demographics from the GUP of the city of Skopje 2001-2020 (GUP, 2002d) exclude the municipality Saraj. 51 fourth from 1929 by Josif Mihajlovic, Јосиф Михајловиќ, which extended Skopje on the other side of the river Vardar. The urban plans from 1914 and 1929 extended Skopje and created a city with star-like network of streets and large square with buildings up to four storeys tall along the streets. The neighbourhood Mlin Balkan was on the edge of the neoclassical city in the 1920s and was attractive place for development (Pencic, 2005). In that period until 1941 in the neighbourhood mostly small private houses were constructed on the garden plots. Together with the small private houses a school (4.4.1), a public apartment house for the railway workers (4.6.1) and one private apartment house (3.5.7) were constructed and the streets were laid in the 1930’s. Photograph 2: Neoclassical and early modern building (4.5.7) Some buildings, usually the temporary buildings and poorer houses, were constructed with materials as sun dried mud bricks, plitar or kerpic, плитар or ќерпич, in Macedonian, wood and stone, whereas most of the buildings were built out of red bricks, stone and concrete. All the buildings were roofed with red tiles. It is interesting that similar building construction technique of sun dried mud bricks is found in the Bronze Age houses in Macedonia, almost three thousands years ago. Nevertheless the buildings in the neighbourhood that remain today from the period before 1941 are made with red bricks, in stone and in concrete. The houses from that time display a local style of neoclassical and early modern architecture which sprung in that time. 52 The period of 1945-1963 could be regarded as separate period, since there was major change in politics to socialism, but there were very small change in the architecture of the city. In the urban planning the zoning was introduced. The local style of architecture matured slowly into local style of modern architecture and several public apartment houses (4.5.2, 4.5.2a, 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 3.1.10, 3.5.7, 0.1.1, 0.1.3, 0.1.11, 0.1.13), a hospital, a kindergarten (3.5.8) and a high school of fine arts (3.3.1) were constructed in the neighbourhood. They were made with red bricks and concrete. The building with sun dried mud bricks was abandoned and regarded as backward, whereas reinforced concrete structuring was promoted as new construction technology. Photograph 3: Local modern architecture buildings (4.6.*9, 4.6.*11) Photograph 4: Local modern architecture buildings (4.6.*11, 4.6.*12) 53 The second period in reference to the architectural style started after the earthquake in 1963. A restricted competition was organized by the UN for a reconstruction plan for Skopje where Kenzo Tange, the famous Japanese architect, won 60% of the prize. The reconstruction plan for the whole district of Skopje was done by the Greek firm Doxiadis and the Polish group Polservice, except the city centre that was designed by Tange’s team. Photograph 5: International modern architecture building (4.4.1) Photograph 6: International modern architecture building (4.4.1) Tange’s team firstly designed a future city that included city wall of 20 storeys buildings around the remains of old Skopje. The wall was later compromised in six storeys apartment houses interrupted by fifteen storeys towers with apartments (Tange & Kultermann, 1970:262-81). The city beyond the city walls developed linearly as in Tange’s Plan for Tokyo from 1960 (Tange & Kultermann, 1970:112-49) following the old railway line using clear functional zoning with several residential zones around one local centre, a zone with 54 community function, with industry zones on the end and the sides of the linear city. The reconstruction plans had nothing with the older plans and the existing situation in Skopje. A new Skopje was designed over the old. The reconstruction plan was realized with high optimism and international funds. In the 10 year period 1963-1973 980,000,00014US$ were spend for rebuilding (Petrovski, 2004). Skopje after the earthquake was proclaimed as city of solidarity and open city and migrants flow in Skopje in the 1970s. Photograph 7: International modern architecture building (3.3.6) The optimism unfortunately lasted shortly and ceased in beginning of the 1980s with the depletion of the funds and the poor results compared to the expectations. The new Skopje was never built completely and parts of old Skopje remained in decay whereas the city doubled the population. In the optimism most of the landmarks of old Skopje were bulldozed. The area of the future study, the neighbourhood Mlin Balkan is one of the parts of old Skopje that was on the edge of the city walls. The whole urban quarter Bunjakovec was zone not marked for bulldozing, but it was crosscut with the boulevards. In this period the streets in the neighbourhood were asphalted, a new hospital (3.3.6), new school (4.4.1) were built because the old ones were damaged, the private small houses were rebuilt depending of the damage by the earthquake. In that period one public apartment house (4.5.1, 4.5.1a.) was also built. Under the influence of the international experts, the local style of modern architecture completely disappeared and an international style of modern architecture replaced it. After the earthquake in 1963 the reinforced concrete 14 The 980,000,000US$ are equivalent of 2,500,000,000-3,000,000,000US$ today by Petrovski (2004). In another estimation, compared to the Sears Tower in Chicago that was constructed in 1973 for approximately 175,000,000US$ at the time, which would be equivalent to roughly 950,000,000US$ in 2005, (‘Sears_Tower’, n.d.) the funds for reconstruction of Skopje have equivalent of 5,200,000,000US$. 55 became the only reliable building construction technology and regulations for aseismic construction were established. The steel construction was also promoted in this period, but it was occasionally used. The overture for the third age of buildings begins with the collapse of Yugoslavia. The self managed economy of Yugoslavian socialism resulted in uneven development of the state and consequently in localism. That localism turned into nationalism that resulted into Balkan Wars in 1991-2001. Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia, but it inherited the regulation from the self managed economy and in the same time promoted free market economy. The expectations were that the free market economy will bring better efficiency, more jobs, prosperity and in the end better life. Skopje as city inherited large construction industry which developed in the 1960-80s during the reconstruction of Skopje. The market of the construction industry shrunk with the collapse of Yugoslavia and without subsidies the large construction companies dismissed lot of their employees. A black market within the construction occurred from the dismissed employees. The high expectations, the gap in regulations, the black market and the abundance of workforce with the emergence of the private building ‘entrepreneurs’ and the high demand for apartments in the centre of Skopje caused ‘building fever’ in the 1990s, especially in the urban quarter of Bunjakovec. The abundance of workforce, the self managed urban regulation made suddenly the construction of apartment houses very profitable business. The rates of return were of up to 500% for a period of one year and the demand for apartments was high. In the ‘building fever’ of the 1990s and 2000s ten apartment houses (4.6.5, 4.5.9.10, 4.3.12, 3.1.6, 3.4.3, 3.4.5, 3.4.14, 4.6.*2, 3.3.3, 3.3.10) were constructed. Photograph 8: Local post-modern architecture building (4.6.*2) . 56 Photograph 9: Local post-modern architecture building (3.4.8) Photograph 10: Local post-modern architecture building (3.3.3) Last few years the ‘building fever’ calm down since the market stabilized itself. The prices of apartments fall down due to the lower demand, whereas the prices of building costs rose up and the contracts lost their profits value. There were also series of bankruptcies and scandals among the private building ‘entrepreneurs’. But still there are two building construction in progress (3.1.3., 3.4.4) and the building (3.4.6) is starting its construction. The architecture style in the neighbourhood changed a lot in this period The buildings display a local post-modern style of architecture, a mix of all the styles. The choices are done by the preferences of the ‘entrepreneurs’. The styles vary dramatically from a building to a building and often include strong and different colours and sculptures on façades. The unique mark of the style is borrowed from the traditional Macedonian architecture. All the buildings have erker extensions, extension outward of the body of the building starting from the first to the top storey. The extension could reach up to 1.5m outward of the façade and over the street. These erker extensions 57 are made to raise the gross floor area of the buildings, which meant extra profits for the ‘entrepreneurs’. Problems, stakeholders and objectives The problem, stakeholder and objective analyses are done following the LFA. The LFA is planning and management tool that is used to identify and characterize the major stakeholders that are involved in the development process and assess their capacity for development, to identify the key problems, constraints and opportunities and draw problem tree, to develop objectives as solutions to the identified problems, draw objective tree and identify strategies to achieve the objectives (EC, 2004:60). Sketch 6: Problem tree Problems There are several sources that are used to identify the problems in the neighbourhood. The official source is the DUP for Bunjakovec. The people noted in the inquiry for the DUP for Bunjakovec (Andreevska, 2002:20-21) the need for respect of the private ownership and they stated the parking 58 problem in the urban quarter. In the notes they also showed willingness to join the plots for further development of the neighbourhood. In the DUP for Bunjakovec (Andreevska, 2002:18-20) there is a list of bottlenecks or constrains for the development of the urban quarter, like the various quality, age and heights of buildings, the lack of green areas, the narrow and substandard streets and sidewalks, the lack of parking area, especially with the new buildings, the inadequate infrastructure, the multiple owners of a single plot and minimal possibility of further divisions of the plot to the owners, the disrespect of the building ‘entrepreneurs’ for the regulations of the building code. Photograph 11: Damaged sidewalk and parked cars everywhere Photograph 12: Damaged façades 59 Photograph 13: Stolen metal covers of the sewerage In the field study the same problems are identified in the neighbourhood, like deteriorating infrastructure, dug up streets and sidewalks and damaged façades, the uneven heights of the buildings, shadowing of the smaller houses, shadowing of the streets with the erker extensions. Zdravko Snajder Street that is 6-7m wide was almost completely shadowed when the two buildings with over 1m erkers were constructed on both sides of the street. Photograph 14: The erkers over the Zdravko Snajder Street Most of there problems were caused in the last period of building in the neighbourhood and are caused by the realizations of the so-called ‘urban mafia’. The building ‘entrepreneurs’ from the beginning of the 1990s managed to overstep, ignore or misinterpret the DUPs and the other laws to gain maximum profits. The realizations of the building construction projects were discordant with the building code where additional storeys are added, 60 the erkers were extended above the limits, the sidewalks and streets were damaged and the parking lots were forgotten. Because the building construction projects were realized both legally and illegally, there was no insurance if the buildings will be finished or not. Some building contractors bankrupted and left the buildings unfinished, the case with the apartment house (3.4.8) in the neighbourhood which was patched and half completed by the people who owned the property before and the people that bought the apartments. In the worst cases of manipulations and frauds of the so-called ‘urban mafia’ in Macedonia is scandal which includes multiply sales of a same apartment. In another neighbourhood in Skopje 56 apartments were sold 156 times, some apartment was sold to six different buyers in the same time (Jovanovska, 2006, September 16th). The usual scandals include illegal building construction works or constructing buildings without building permits, briberies to building inspectors and municipality officials. The law for spatial and urban planning (OGM, 2005a) was amended and changed continuously and additional law for construction (OGM, 2005b) was enacted to cure the situation, but the law is not enforced and there is not much progress in legalizing the so-called ‘urban mafia’. In the articles 121-123 in the law for construction (OGM, 2005b:34-35) is written that the building that is or was constructed without building permit or without building construction project should be removed from the plot. When there was a try by the government to remove the illegal buildings in one of municipalities in Skopje the mayor stopped it and stated that instead of using the money for bulldozing the buildings it is better to use the money for legalizing the illegal buildings. The mayor from another municipality in Skopje stated that it is a shame and sin to destroy the illegal buildings, since they are built with the money of the people. (Jovanovska, 2007, January 8th) In the current situation it is difficult to make cut and prosecute the so-called ‘urban mafia’, since the people trust the building ‘entrepreneurs’ and fund the illegal buildings and the trend of illegal construction is not falling. These illegal buildings are built for profits, quickly and easily, with or without project documentation and the owner try to legalize them after they are built. The administrators, the government and urban planners, try to go with the flow and amend the laws and urban plans by the situations that occur. In this study the strong focus is put on several environmental problems that are identified in the neighbourhood. No solid waste is treated and no water is purified, there is no energy production, there is no food production, the air is polluted, there is no resource or energy saving campaigns or recycling. These problems are seen as secondary by the people who rush for profits, but these are the major problems that the sustainable development as concept tries to solve. 61 Stakeholders The stakeholders in the future study are analyzed by the role in the development process of the neighbourhood with the help of LFA (EC, 2004). The development process has planning and construction phase. The detailed description of the stakeholders and the detailed stakeholder analysis matrixes of both phases are put in the appendix Stakeholder analysis. To simplify the stakeholder analysis they were grouped by their preferences and tendencies and are joined in three groups. The people close a stakeholder group. They are heterogeneous group that includes the owners of the real-estate properties and the small businesses that are in the neighbourhood. Their influence in the planning phase is restricted since the urban plans are confidential and the urban planning is predominantly approached from top to the bottom, even though there is limited public participation. Because they are excluded out of the planning phase the people are distrustful to the administrators, especially to the local government. In the construction phase the people are the major stakeholder that decides if their property will be developed or not. The people are sensible and they can change the characteristics and preferences. Rapoport (1969:47) researched the vernacular architecture15 and concludes that ‘the solutions or adaptations of the houses do not occur simply because they are physically possible, but they are chosen through the taboos, customs and traditional ways of the culture. Even if the possibilities are many, the actual choices may be severely limited by the culture’. Turner (1976:51) observes that ‘the willingness of people to invest their energy and initiative and their savings or other material resources depends on the satisfactions they experience or expect as a result’. The people in the inquiry for the DUP for Bunjakovec showed willingness to join the plots for further development of the neighbourhood (Andreevska, 2002:20-21), but I as neighbour will never join my grandfather’s plot for further development. The people are sensible and not always willing to do as the planners assume. 15 ‘Given a certain climate, the availability of certain materials, and the constraints and capabilities of a given level of technology, what finally decides the form of a dwelling, and moulds the spaces and their relationships, is the vision that people have of the ideal life. The environment sought reflects many socio-cultural forces, including religious beliefs, family and clan structure, social organization, way of gaining a livelihood, and social relations between individuals. This is why solutions are much more varied than biological needs, technical devices, and climatic conditions, and also why one aspect may be more dominant in one culture than it is in others. Buildings and settlements are the visible expression of the relative importance attached to different aspects of life and the varying ways of perceiving reality. The house, the village, and the town express the fact that societies share certain generally accepted goals and life values. At the same time, house forms, more than other artifacts, are influenced and modified by climatic forces, choice of site, and availability and choice of materials and construction techniques’ (Rapaport, 1969:47). 62 The administrators group is the major stakeholder in both phases. The group is consisted of stakeholders that make the laws, design the plans and strategies, decide on social preferences and control the development. The administrators include the government with the ministries responsible for urban planning and construction, the mayors and the local government, the municipal officials, the urban planning firms and enterprises, the building inspectors. Lefebvre (2000:83-85) writes that the administrators have preferences toward technocratic and systematized planning that tends to neglect the so-called ‘human factor’. The administrators have the power and political influence to make the changes, but in reality the administrators in Macedonia enjoyed that power and preserved it without motivation for change. The administrators are not affected by the developments, except indirectly where the government that can loose or win the elections if the people are not satisfied with the work. In the history of Macedonia the governing party has always lost the elections after big dissatisfaction of the people and every four years there is a shift between the two leading parties. These predictable changes in the elections in the pass gave additional comfortability to the politicians, which were changing in the eyes of the people between the villain today and the future saviour. The government that was elected in 2006 tries to assess the people wishes and it is favoured by the people in the resent telephone polls (Hadispirkovska, 2007, April 21st), but nevertheless the other governmental institutions and the local government enjoy the power and have no current motivation for change. The non-political and technical administrators, like the spatial and urban planners, architects and engineers show the tendency toward scientific planning, with analyses and projections, in a way that is described by Henri Lefebvre, but they again enjoy the comfortable position of power to hold back the information, since the urban plans are confidential for the public. Their work is done either formally, without clear development strategy, with power to hold back the information and with intention to keep the people unaware, as it is the case with the GUP for the city of Skopje, or toward the preferences of the developers, as it is the case of the DUPs for the urban quarter of Bunjakovec. The administrators are in most part unconcerned stakeholder in reality, without preferences or they are shifting their preferences toward the developers or the people, depending of the conditions. The developers are the major stakeholder in the construction phase and they can influence the planning phase. The group is consisted of the building entrepreneurs, construction companies, the so-called ‘urban mafia’ and the black marketers. The developers have no social or any other preferences besides profits. The new building code largely fits the preferences of the developers. The influence and lobbying of the developers to the 63 administrators is obvious. The developers cooperate with the people as well and are often trusted. The developers are nevertheless constrained by the power to invest. The total amount of yearly investments in the municipality of Centar for 2005 is 30,903,430€ which is around 10% of the yearly investments in whole Macedonia which are 292,751,495€. (SSOM, 2006a, 2006b) There are additional 55 buildings that are built illegally in the municipality Centar in 2005 besides the 140 buildings considered in the statistics. (SSOM, 2006c) Seen in a time frame of three years with the additional illegal percentage the maximum power for investments of the developers would be between 90,000,000€ and 150,000,000€. In the traditional Macedonian songs and stories it is usual to personify the geographical features and celestial bodies. In these personifications it is common to have a dialog with the Sun or the Moon. The planet Earth, with its pattern of greenery, rivers, seas, oceans, rocks, clouds, as it was described in the Our common future report (WCED, 1987) is personified as stakeholder in this future study. The environmental concerns of the concept of sustainable development were recognized as preferences of the planet Earth. To refer to the environmental concerns I quote a part of Geddes (1949:216-7) lecture: ‘How many people think twice about a leaf? Yet the leaf is the chief product and phenomenon of life: this is a green world, with animals comparatively few and small, and all dependent upon the leaves. By leaves we live. Some people have strange ideas that they live by money. They think energy is generated by the circulation of coins, whereas the world is mainly a vast leaf- colony, growing on and forming a leafy soil, not a mere mineral mass: and we live not by the jingling of our coins, but by the fullness of our harvests.’ These environmental concerns are negligible in Macedonia where the free market economy in blooming. In reality the other stakeholder groups are not concerned with the planet Earth. In this future study I am also a minor stakeholder, a neighbour. My grand grandparents and grandparents used to live in the neighbourhood on the Apostol Guslarot Street, in the house number 19 (3.5.5), I spend my childhood, I used to go to the kindergarten in the neighbourhood, I used to the school in the neighbourhood and in 2003 I founded an atelier for architecture on the ground storey of the house. 64 Table 4: Stakeholder analysis matrix for the stakeholders groups Stakeholders and their Interests and how Capacity and Possible actions characteristics are affected by the motivation to bring problems changes People • Want to develop • Can not be • Organize and Around 600 their properties generalized, some motivate the people households and 100 • Want to solve the people have • Raise the awareness businesses, decision problems like capacity some not, of the environmental makers, unorganized, parking, damaged some are motivated, and social problems uninformed streets some are not • Put political pressure • No environmental • Limited political for public concerns influence participation in the • Distrust the local urban planning government and fear of the developments without their consent • Affected by the problems Administrators • High concern • Have the power • Organize the other Government, local about the public and resources to stakeholders to meet government, municipal image make the change and debate about the officials, urban • Unaffected by the • High political problems planning firms and problems directly influence enterprises, highly • Some • There is low influential, decision environmental current motivation makers, development concerns oriented, possibly • Some networked with the developers Developers • Profits • Have the • Establish the CLAE Construction • Lower interest resources to make • Control the companies, building rates in the banks the change developments entrepreneurs, black • No social or • Big potential to marketers, members of environmental lobby the so-called ‘urban concerns • Trusted by the mafia’, highly • Unaffected by the people influential, not problems directly • There is low networked, persuasive current motivation Planet Earth • Environmental • Incommunicable • Promote By the concept of concerns stakeholder environmental lifestyle sustainable development 65 Sketch 7: Objective tree Objectives The future study aims to give solutions to the identified problems in the neighbourhood. The objective tree has been drawn in regard to the problem tree, where every objective is negative statement of the problem following the LFA. If there is a parking problem in the problem tree the objective on the objective tree is the parking needs are fulfilled. To solve the identified problems the future study uses scenario method and makes exhibition of scenarios. The scenarios follow the tendencies of the groups of stakeholders. Some follow one tendency, like profitability or high population density, some environmental concerns, some social concerns, some scenarios combine tendencies. The future study is done with an aim to make the neighbourhood more sustainable and the indices are designed to evaluate the sustainability of the scenarios. 66 The indices The indices are designed to quickly survey and follow up the objectives. The food index is designed to follow up the production of food, the energy index, production of energy, the soil index, use of land. They show the flows and uses of water, nutrients, air, energy and land in the city. They also show the assets, luxuries, ideas, possibility of development, aesthetics in the city. If one index is negative, then the city consumes, destroys and has no capacity for development. If one index is positive then the city produces, preserves, shelters, develops. If an index is 0 then the city makes balance. The sum of all the indices shows how sustainable the neighbourhood is. The background for the indices is Wells’s (1981:34-40) checklist. In his checklist he rates the wilderness, abandoned farmland, suburban research lab, Manhattan skyscraper, ecologically sound building and typical modern building. The checklist has bad notes like the building destroys pure air, destroys pure water, wastes rainwater, produces no food, destroys rich soil, wastes solar energy, stores no solar energy, destroys silence, dumps its wastes unused, needs cleaning and repair, disregards nature’s cycles, destroys wildlife habitat, destroys human habitat, intensifies local weather, is ugly, and good notes like the building creates pure air, creates pure water, stores rainwater, produces its own food, creates rich soil, uses solar energy, stores solar energy, creates silence, consumes its own wastes, maintains itself, matches nature’s cycles, provides wildlife habitat, provides human habitat, moderates local weather, is beautiful and he rates them with never, sometimes, usually and always (Wells, 1981:34-40; Wells at Restany, 1998:59). Most of the indices are designed following Wells’s checklist, but there are additional economical and social indices. The range of the indices (I=±100) is also inherited from Wells’s checklist. The difference is that the rating is not done by observation, but it is calculated by formulas that show trends or flow ratios in the city. There is also another change from the checklist. In the checklist Wells observes that the wilderness always provides human habitat and he idealizes it. In the design of the indices I idealized the city, the city that has self-sustainable economy without import or wastes, a city that is like a spaceship or Noah’s Ark where all the plants and animals are living together. The design of the indices is site and time specific. It is made to follow the objectives for the neighbourhood in Skopje. Oxygen index [Io2] Io2 is an index that shows how much O2 is used by the people and turned into CO2 and how much CO2 is consumed by the nature in the city. The oxygen index can not be positive, because the plants in the nature stop growing when there is abundance of O2. 67 Weather index [Iwt] Iwt is index that shows how the city affects the weather and climate. People in the city emit gases that influence the weather and climate. The weather index sets a sustainable limit of gas emission that will not affect the weather and climate. The oxygen index can not be positive. Purified water index [Ipw] Ipw is index that shows how much water is purified or not in the city. The purified water index can not be positive. Rainwater index [Irw] Irw is index that shows how much rainwater is used in the city. The rainwater index can not be positive. Water index [Iww] Iww is index that shows the dependency on water in the city. It shows how much water is used including the rainwater and purified water in regards to the water needs. The index sets a sustainable limit of water use. The water index can be positive. Soil index [Isl] Isl is index that shows how much rich and fertile top soil exists in the city in relation to the situation before anything was built. The soil index can be positive. Noise index [Isn] Isn is index that shows the noise in the city caused by the number of dwellings, vehicles and jobs. The noise index can not be positive. Wildlife index [Iwl] Iwl is index that shows how much plants and animals can live in the city in relation to the situation before anything was built. The wilderness scenario represents that situation. The wildlife index can be positive. Housing index [Ihh] Ihh is index that shows how many families and households live in the city on a fixed area. The housing index can not be negative. Food index [Ifd] Ifd is index that shows how much food is produced in relation to the population needs. The food index can be positive. 68 Energy index [Iep] Iep is index shows how much energy is produced in relation to the population needs. The energy index can be positive. Necessities index [Inc] Inc is index of the how much of the other needs of the people including services, except water, food and energy are fulfilled in the city. The necessities index can be both positive and negative. Luxuries index [Ilx] Ilx is index of the luxuries in the city. When all the necessities are fulfilled, the city will enter in time of prosperity and welfare. On opposite if the people lack their necessities or just fulfil them, the city will enter in time of decay or stagnation. The luxuries index can be both positive and negative. Pollution index [Iop] Iop is index that shows how much pollution is produced out of the solid waste in the city. The pollution index can not be positive. Assets index [Iat] Iat is index showing the assets in the city. It is an index of economic power. The assets index can not be negative and can not be higher then +100. The Manhattan scenario is reference scenario for calculating the maximum assets index [Iat] and has value +100. Maintenance index [Imt] Imt is index of ability of the city to maintain itself. The maintenance index can be both positive and negative. The maintenance index for the skyscrapers cities is weighted and has added value of -300 due to the high maintenance of the skyscrapers. Development index [Idv] Idv is index that shows ability of the city for development. The development index can be both positive and negative. Aesthetics index [Iae] Iae is index of the beauty in the city. Beauty is subjective and this index is related with the index of luxuries, as prerequisite for human made beauty, with the index of wildlife as nature made beauty and with the pollution as human made ugly. 69 My story continues (the future study) My story continues with what might happen in the future. The city of Skopje has a history of rebirths and it is very hard to predict what might happen in the future. In the next rebirth Skopje might look as it is today, as it was in the past or might look completely different. I tried to approach a future without constrains, including the apocalyptic and wildcards scenarios, when I designed the exhibition of scenarios. Each scenario represents a possible future of the neighbourhood. The scenarios are inspired by the stories and trends in the neighbourhood, by various concepts in architecture and urban planning, by daydreaming and by combination of inspirations. They are developed also in regard to the major stakeholders, the people, the developers, the administrators and the planet Earth. Some of the scenarios are realistic, some are fictional, futuristic or archaic, some are utopias, some very profitable, some are apocalyptic. The realistic scenarios assume that the city of Skopje will have a future that is related with the present trends. These scenarios are designed in regard to the background and the story in the future study, since the assumption is that if our knowledge about the past and the present is wider, there is higher chance to foresee the future. The fictional scenarios acknowledge a future different then the past and the present. There is always a chance for a future beyond our expectations. Leonardo de Vinci drew underground streets, Francis Bacon wrote of Atlantis, a city of caves 600 fathom deep and towers half a mile high, the Russian constructivists drew flying cities. The scenarios are results of both continuance and of chance. They are an exhibition of past, present and future cities, in regard to the past and present and in disregard. Results (the exhibition of scenarios) Baseline [Bs] The baseline summarizes the background of the future study. The baseline itself represents a scenario, since the administrators have power to freeze the neighbourhood and forbid any further development. The buildings in the neighbourhood have various age and heights. Most of the buildings, 56 of 103 were constructed from 1913-1963, 19 buildings are from 1963-1991, 19 from 1991-2005 and 9 are currently constructed or are completed from 2005 onwards. 70 8.74% 18.45% 1913-1963 1963-1991 54.37% 1991-2005 After 2005 18.45% Chart 1: Age of the buildings in the neighbourhood by periods The people as owners show both tendency to make contract with the building ‘entrepreneurs’ for a construction of a new building and tendency to invest by themselves in upgrading and extending an additional storey. There are 15 extended buildings and 13 contracts for new buildings from 1991. Currently there are negotiations for two more contracts. Most of the buildings in the neighbourhood are in good state, but several are in bad state. They have damaged façades, they are left unfinished or they are abandoned. Some buildings are assigned in the baseline as landmarks. These landmarks are assigned based on their imageability. Imageability is defined as quality of a building to evoke a strong image in the observer (Lynch, 1960:8). The assigned landmarks are buildings by which people orient and buildings that have historical and architectural value for the neighbourhood. The architectural value is very subjective and changes in time. For example, the neoclassical and early modern architecture of old Skopje was regarded as poor and backward in the reconstruction of Skopje after the earthquake. Then many of these buildings were destroyed. But in this future study the early modern architecture, the architecture of the 1920s and 1930s, is seen as inseparable part of Skopje and of the neighbourhood. Further on, inseparable part of old Skopje is the local modern architecture from the 1950s and 1960s. The institutional buildings the school, the kindergarten and the hospital are points in the city by which the people orient and that are also landmarks. By the population projections in the baseline 1858 people live in the neighbourhood and there are 342 jobs. The assets of the buildings in the baseline are 63,383,459.25€. 71 2500 2000 1858 1604 1500 1000 705 500 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Chart 2: Population and jobs in the baseline In the baseline the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. The sum of the indices is -1559. The plans, tables and charts are included in the appendix Baseline. In the plans and tables the plots, buildings and urban blocks are numbered. The urban blocks numbers are designated with two numbers, whereas the plots have one number that is added to the urban block number. For example the plot (5) in the urban block (3.5) is designated as (3.5.5) in the text. Wilderness scenario [Ws] The wilderness scenario is apocalyptic, where the nature took over the city and only one temporary building exists. The people are in the nature without the technology. In his book Wells (1981) writes a story about what will happen if all humans disappear from the Earth. In that story the wildlife reoccupies the entire environment returning the balance of the disturbed rhythms. The story of the nature as sanctuary from the buzzing and dirty cities, wonderful as it is, in its undisturbed rhythms is told in the wilderness scenario. The wilderness scenario has value +100. It is reference scenario showing the undisturbed natural conditions in the neighbourhood. 72 2500 1858 2000 1604 1500 1000 705 500 342 10 9 44 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Wilderness scenario Chart 3: Population and jobs in the wilderness scenario The population projections estimate that 10 people will live in the neighbourhood and there will be 4 jobs or -99.46% and -98.90% from the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 0€. 80 € 63.38 € Millions 60 € 40 € 20 € 0.00 € 0.00 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Wilderness scenario Chart 4: Investments and assets in the wilderness scenario compared to the baseline The sum of the indices for the wilderness scenario is +100. The appendix Wilderness scenario includes the plans, tables and the index charts of this scenario. Building code scenarios [Bcs & ebcs] The building code scenarios are done accordingly to the building code from the DUP for Bunjakovec. The building code designs a city with perimetric apartment houses or office buildings. The apartment houses can have shops and offices. The building heights extend from 4.5 to 21m where the storeys heights are 3m, meaning that 18m high building have six storeys. It is allowed to make erker extensions outwards of the façade up to 1.5m on height 4.5m above the street. The parking problem is solved in the DUP for 73 Bunjakovec with building underground parking garages (Andreevska, 2002:31-39). The building code scenario reproduces the design scheme of buildings of the DUP for Bunjakovec, where the ground storey is used for offices and shops and the rest of the storeys are used for apartments. There are two underground storeys in the buildings that are used for parking. 3500 2907 3000 2510 2500 1858 2000 1604 1500 1103 1013 1000 705 342 500 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Building code scenario Chart 5: Population and jobs in the building code scenario The population projections in the building code scenario estimate that 2907 people will live in the neighbourhood or +56.44% of the baseline and there will be 1013 jobs or +195.77% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 115,496,366€. In the building code scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. The sum of the indices is -1488. The ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario follows the interpretation of the building code of the DUP for Bunjakovec by the so-called ‘urban mafia’ in Skopje. The scenario largely fits the 0 alternative, since in reality the DUP for Bunjakovec is realized by the ‘urban mafia’. The entrepreneurship of the ‘urban mafia’ uplifted the building construction in Skopje, but with one intention, quick profits. The buildings were and are constructed to be sold quickly and with maximum profits. Often without any assets the building ‘entrepreneurs’ preferred small building construction projects, only one building construction on one or two or more joined plots. The ‘entrepreneurs’ make a contract with the owners, collect the money from the buyers, take a bank credit, clear the plot, quickly construct an apartment house and quickly sell the apartments. The ‘urban mafia’ from the 1990s managed to misinterpret and overstep every administration regulation for higher profits. The building heights were extended, as were the floor area ratios [far], the parking lots are not always 74 constructed, storeys and roof storeys were added and the erkers are extended even wider then their maximum. The‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario by the ‘urban mafia’ realizations of the building construction projects include maximum erker extensions, additional two storeys in the roofs and additional one storey for every five due to lowering the storey heights and adding +1m to the maximum height regulated by the building code. The only objective of the building ‘entrepreneurs’ is to produce more m2 for sales and earn higher profits. In the scenario for 15m building in the building code is estimated 16m building with eight storeys and for 18m building is estimated 20m building with nine storeys. The ground storey of the buildings is also presumed to be used for offices and shops and there are two underground storeys for garages. 6000 4737 5000 4090 4000 3000 1858 1798 1739 2000 1604 705 1000 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline ‘Enterpreneur’ building code scenario Chart 6: Population and jobs in the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario The population projections in the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario estimate that there will 4737 people and 1739 jobs or +154.97% and +407.79% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 152,230,016€. 180 € 152.23 € 150 € Millions 115.50 € 120 € 90 € 63.38 € 73.52 € 60 € 46.60 € 30 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Building code scenario ‘Enterpreneur’ building code scenario Chart 7: Investments and assets in the building code scenarios compared to the baseline 75 In the scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. The sum of the indices is -1504. The plans, tables and the indices charts for both scenarios are included in the appendix Building code scenarios. Old building code scenarios [Obcs & eobcs] The old building code scenario is done accordingly to the conditions for building before 2002 that are regulated by the old building code. In the reconstruction of Skopje after the earthquake in the 1963 the urban quarter Bunjakovec was zoned as housing and the existing small houses were repaired. The old building code tried to preserve the neighbourhood as it is. The height of the buildings was set on GS+2, a ground storey plus two storeys, in a situation where many of the existing buildings had three or more storeys. In the old building code scenario the height of the building is set on 9m with three storeys and only renovating and extensions up to three storeys are allowed, while all the buildings that are over 9m and three storeys are preserved. In the scenario a mixed use of the buildings in assumed where the ground storey is used for offices and shops, whereas the other two storeys for apartments, since most of the houses had shops and offices. 3500 3000 2500 2235 1858 1930 2000 1604 1500 849 1000 705 342 506 500 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Old building code scenario Chart 8: Population and jobs in the old building code scenario In the old building code scenario there will be 2235 people that will live in the neighbourhood or +20.31% of the baseline and there will be 506 jobs or +47.71% of the baseline. The buildings footprint is 40% of the plot area and the assets of the buildings are 78,034,582€. In the old building code scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. The sum of the indices is -1537. 76 The ‘entrepreneur’ old building code shows what happened in reality in the 1990s when the building ‘entrepreneurs’ received their building permits with excerpt of the plan and designation GS+2, a ground storey plus two storeys. It shows how the so-called ‘urban mafia’ realized the buildings with misinterpretation of the old building code. The building construction projects with building permits with maximum GF+2 were designed with souterrain storey, ground storey, mezzanine storey, plus two storeys and two roof storeys, a total of seven storeys. These building construction projects were not illegal, just misinterpreted due to lack of regulation, and none of the building ‘entrepreneurs’ from the 1990s was prosecuted. These buildings caused discontent and revolt of the people whose buildings were shadowed or did not have place to park their vehicles. Therefore the new building code was brought and the laws changed. In the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code the site plan is same as in the old building code scenario. The difference is that the buildings have seven storeys and 13m height instead of three storeys. No parking garages are planned in the scenario. 5000 3647 4000 3149 3000 1858 1604 2000 1385 1230 705 1000 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline ‘Enterpreneur’ old building code scenario Chart 9: Population and jobs in the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario The population projections in the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario estimate that 3647 people will live in the neighbourhood or +96.29% of the baseline and there will be 1230 jobs or +259.19% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 115,622,383€. 77 180 € 150 € Millions 115.62 € 120 € 78.03 € 90 € 63.38 € 60 € 43.34 € 30 € 18.11 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Old building code scenario ‘Enterpreneur’ old building code scenario Chart 10: Investments and assets of the old building code scenarios compared to the baseline The water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production or conservation. The sum of the indices in the scenario is -1534. The plans, tables and charts of the scenarios are included in the appendix Old building code scenarios. ‘City of towers’ scenario [Cts & cthgs] ‘City of towers’ is phrase that was used by Auguste Perret to describe the cities of tomorrow by Le Corbusier (Le Corbusier, 1998a:54) and the modern urban planning in the 1910s and 1920s. Le Corbusier is probably the most famous architect of the last century and the loudest promoter of the modern movement in architecture. The term urbanism as science for planning the cities was coined and promoted in his book The city of tomorrow and its planning or originally in French Urbanisme in 1924. He developed scientific urban planning on ‘pure geometry’ of straight lines or the ‘human way’ opposite of the curves of the ‘pack donkey way’16 and on scientific analysis. He denounced any historicism and ornaments and promoted architecture and urban planning that are functional, pure in geometry and uniform in detail or industrial. ‘We must build on clear site!’ writes Le Corbusier (1998a:220). He was the loud promoter of the ‘surgery’ method, a method to bulldoze the old buildings, clear the obstacles in the nature, flatten the building site and build new buildings. Even though the modern movement started in the beginning of the last century it reached its worldwide acceptance in the years after the World War II. 16 ‘Man walks in a straight line because he has a goal and knows where he is going. He has made up his mind to reach some particular place and he goes straight to it. The pack-donkey meanders along, meditates a little in his scatter-brained and distracted fashion, he zigzags in order to avoid the larger stones, or to ease the climb, or to gain a little shade. He takes the line of least resistance’ (Le Corbusier, 1998b:276). 78 In 1963 in the peak of the modern movement Skopje survived a terrible earthquake. In the earthquake most of the buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged and many people were left homeless. After the earthquake an international restricted competition for reconstruction plan for Skopje was organized where Tange, one of the most famous Japanese architects, won the 60% of the prize. Tange proposed a Plan for Tokyo in 1960 and the Plan for Skopje in 1965 was application of the Plan for Tokyo ideas. His Plan for Skopje radically changed the city, even though it was partially built. Most of the old landmarks and paths were destroyed and the new concrete modern buildings were not favoured by the people. Even though the Plan for Skopje is masterpiece of the modern architecture and urban planning its realization failed in reality. Regardless of that failure, the ‘city of towers’ scenario is designed with reproduction of Tange’s Plan for Skopje from 1965 and additionally it draws inspiration from the cities of tomorrow by Le Corbusier from the 1910s and 1920s. In the ‘city of towers’ scenario the old and existing buildings are bulldozed and a new city of towers and apartment houses is designed as it happened in Skopje in the 1960s. The towers have 30 storeys high that are used for offices, shops, apartments and parking lots. The apartment houses are six storeys tall and are connected with bridges with the towers. The ground storey of the towers and apartment blocks is free and it is used for temporary tradesmen, artisans and craftsmen shops, kindergartens, schools, parking lots, gardens, whereas the rest of the area is planted with greenery. The free ground storey was the main motif in Le Corbusier’s (1998a:59) ‘city on piles’ where the buildings are elevated from the ground on piles and the land is left almost untouched by buildings. 5000 4000 3213 2774 3000 2517 1858 1604 2000 1220 705 1000 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline ‘City of towers’ scenario Chart 11: Population and jobs in the ‘city of towers’ scenario The population projections estimate that 3213 people will live in the neighbourhood by the ‘city of towers’ scenario or +62.71% of the baseline and 79 there will be 2517 jobs or +634.93% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 163,988,196€. The sum of the indices is -1501. In the ‘city of towers’ scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production or conservation. In the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario the difference is that 25% of the apartments and offices in the towers and apartment houses are replaced with hanging gardens. The hanging gardens are conceptualized by Le Corbusier as crucial element of the modern architecture, but in his practice and in the modern architecture they were almost always avoided. In this scenario the hanging gardens are obligatory for each building. Le Corbusier (1998a:225-265) designed ‘freehold maisonettes’ as apartment houses that have terraces with greenery and roof gardens. The towers and apartment houses in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario are designed as his ‘freehold maisonettes’. 4000 3000 2318 2487 1858 2001 2000 1604 880 1000 705 342 0 Total population Population in Active population Jobs working age Baseline ‘City of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario Chart 12: Population and jobs in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario The population projections estimate that 2318 people will live in the neighbourhood by the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario or +24.76% of the baseline and there will be 2631 jobs or +626.17% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 167,214,620€. 80 240 € 200 € 167.21 € Millions 143.64 € 163.99 € 160 € 137.69 € 120 € 80 € 63.38 € 40 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets ‘City of towers’ scenario ‘City of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario Chart 13: Investments and assets of the ‘city of towers’ scenarios compared to the baseline The sum of the indices is -977. In the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. In scenario the hanging gardens are not used for food production, even though there is a possibility that can additionally improve the sustainability. The plans, tables and charts of both scenarios are included in the appendix ‘City of towers’ scenarios. Skyscraper and Manhattan scenario [Ss & Ms] The skyscrapers are invention of the Chicago school of architecture, a group of architects and engineers that worked in Chicago in the end of the XIXth century, in the time of intensive colonization of United States. The city of Chicago was founded in 1837 and in the late 1860’s it had already 300000 citizens. The skyscrapers scenarios are designed for a future that asumes economical or population boom in the neighbourhood. The skyscrapers today are constructed in cities that want to intensify their economic activity, to achieve higher prestige and to attract more people and businesses. The skyscrapers are expensive buildings and their operation and maintenance cost a lot. The skyscraper scenario follows the urban scheme for ‘city of towers’ by Le Corbusier (1998a:56-57). He made the urban scheme inspired by the works of the Chicago school. Instead of following their example of closely and randomly constructed skyscrapers, Le Corbusier designed urban scheme of skyscrapers surrounded by parks that he multiplied them orthogonally. In the skyscraper scenario all the existing buildings are removed and a 500m high skyscraper with 150 storeys is constructed instead. In the skyscraper 50 storeys are used for offices, 30 storeys for services and parking, while the rest of the storeys are used for apartments. The skyscraper is surrounded with park and covers only 2% of the total area of the neighbourhood. 81 5000 4000 3183 3360 3000 2748 1858 1604 2000 1208 705 1000 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Skyscraper scenario Chart 14: Population and jobs in the skyscraper scenario The estimations are that 3183 people will live in the neighbourhood in the skyscraper scenario or +71.30% of the baseline and there will be 3360 jobs or +881.18% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are estimated to be 657,550,620€. In the skyscraper scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. The sum of the indices is -1515. The Manhattan scenario is inspired by Wells’s (1981:34-40) checklist where he rates the skyscrapers in Manhattan and the pursuit for a city with high population density. Today Manhattan is the most densely populated area in the United States and Manhattan’s urban pattern of free and dense placing of skyscrapers is used in the scenario. The Manhattan scenario designs a city with closely constructed skyscrapers. In every urban block 500m tall skyscraper with 150 storeys is constructed. In the skyscrapers 50 storeys are used for offices, 30 storeys for services and parking, while the rest of the storeys are used for apartments. 40000 35000 28646 30240 30000 24733 25000 20000 15000 10875 10000 5000 1858 1604 705 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Manhattan scenario Chart 15: Population and jobs in the Manhattan scenario 82 In the scenario 28646 people live and there are 30240 or +1441.74% and +8730.66% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 5,032,323,397€. 8,000 € Millions 5,806.5 € 6,000 € 5,030.0 € 4,000 € 2,000 € 615.23 € 657.55 € 63.38 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Skyscraper scenario Manhattan scenario Chart 16: Investments and assets of the skyscraper and Manhattan scenario compared to the baseline In the Manhattan scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production or conservation. The sum of the indices is -1662. The plans, tables and charts of both scenarios are included in the appendix Skyscrapers scenarios. Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss] The pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario is inspired by Kurokawa’s Nagakin capsule tower. Kurokawa designed the experimental tower in 1972 and no similar building has been built like that since. The Nagakin capsule tower has two towers of 11 and 13 storeys to which 140 metal capsules are attached, each containing an office or a small apartment. Each capsule is 4m long by 2.5m wide and has only one circular window (Sacchi, 2004:172). The capsule tower had core to which capsules with various uses are attached. The capsules are detachable and replaceable making a changeable skyscraper. Kurokawa’s design was probably influenced by Tange’s Shizuoka office building (Tange & Kultermann, 1970:256-61), but he expanded it into a completely changeable building. In the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario a network of changeable skyscrapers is designed. The skyscrapers are connected with bridges on different levels and are made out of pylons and capsules that are attached to the pylons. The pylons are entrances and vertical communications that rise to height of 350m or have 90 storeys. To make better connection between the pylons that are far, additional vertical nodes are added to the design. The capsules are used as apartments, offices, shops. The capsules can also be used as hanging gardens, but that option is not regarded in this scenario. 83 12000 9797 8459 9000 8073 6000 3719 3000 1858 1604 705 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario Chart 17: Population and jobs in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario There will be 9797 people that will live in the neighbourhood in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario or +427.29% of the baseline and there will be 8073 jobs or +2257.56% of the baseline. The assets are 1,118,114,820€. 8,000 € Millions 6,000 € 4,000 € 2,000 € 753.4 € 1,118.1 € 63.4 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario Chart 18: Investments and assets in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario compared to the baseline The sum of the indices is -1617. In the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario the water is not purified, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is no food or energy production. The plans, tables and charts are included in the appendix Skyscrapers scenarios. 84 Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs & hNAs] Like in the space ship, the people in the Noah’s Ark scenarios supply all their needs from the available land in the neighbourhood, without any imports. The Noah’s Ark scenarios follow the ‘hut dream’. The ‘hut dream’ is the essence of inhabiting17 as Bachelard (1968:6) describes that the benefit of the house is that ‘it shelters daydreaming, it protects the dreamer, and it allows one to dream in peace and the values that belong to daydreaming mark humanity in its depths.’ In the Noah’s Ark scenarios everything is based on daydreaming. The houses are built to fulfil the dreams and needs of every person in the neighbourhood. The Noah’s Ark scenarios are designed by the capacity of the land in the neighbourhood to supply for the food needs of the people. Kropotkin surveyed the food production in England in the XIXth century and he describes self-sustainable community based on his research. The community is consisted of 200 families, each with five members, living on 1000 acres, almost 40 times wider then the neighbourhood. From that area, 340 acres are used for growing the cereals like wheat, oats, barley, 400 acres are used for all the green crops and fodder required to keep 30 or 40 cows for milk and butter and 300 heads of cattle for supply of meat, 20 acres of the area should be used for growing vegetables and fruits from which 2 acres under glass, half an acre is attached to each house for hobbies and amusement, like poultry keeping, or any fancy culture, flowers, and in the end they will have some 140 acres for all sorts of purposes, like public gardens, squares, manufactures (Kropotkin, 1976:104-106). The Noah’s Ark scenario follows the ratios of Kropotkin community with one difference; the number of families is doubled since the neighbourhood lies on a very fertile soil. It is a scenario of isolated and self sustainable community of 10 to 11 families, or 50 to 60 people. All the buildings are bulldozed and instead 11 houses with three storeys are built together with several one storey commercial, industrial and institutional buildings. 17 ‘The hermit’s hut is an engraving that would suffer from any exaggeration of picturesqueness. Its truth must derive from the intensity of its essence, which is the essence of the verb to inhabit. The hut immediately becomes centralized solitude, for in the land of legend, there exists no adjoining hut. And although geographers may bring back photographs of hut villages from their travels in distant lands, our legendary past transcends everything that has been seen, even everything that we have experienced personally. The image leads us on towards extreme solitude. The hermit is alone before God. His hut, therefore, is just the opposite of the monastery. And there radiates about this centralized solitude a universe of meditation and prayer, a universe outside the universe. The hut can receive none of the riches of this world. It possesses the felicity of intense poverty. Indeed, it is one of the glories of poverty; as destitution increases it gives us access to absolute refuge’ (Bachelard, 1968:31-32). 85 3000 2500 1858 2000 1604 1500 1000 705 342 500 46 40 17 36 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Noah’s Ark scenario Chart 19: Population and jobs in the Noah’s Ark scenario The population projections estimate that 46 people will live in the neighbourhood by the Noah’s Ark scenario or -97.52% of the baseline and there will be 36 jobs or -89.49% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 22,078,279€. In the Noah’s Ark scenario the water and the solid waste are reused, all the food and energy is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices is +30. Howard and Wright later on researched and designed self-sustainable communities. In their estimation the amount of agricultural land needed to supply the food need is lower. Howard estimates five times smaller agricultural area then Kropotkin. Kropotkin assumes 3083.74m2/pop of agricultural land. In the 6000 acre garden town Howard (1946:50-7) assumes 5000 acres to fulfil the needs for a city of 32000 people or 632.19m2/pop. Wright in Broadacre city designed 761 dwellings on four square miles without assigning the agricultural land. If the people used all the land for agriculture the figure will be 2722.75m2/pop, but the Broadacre city includes other land uses so around 2000-2500m2/pop or 70-90% of that land probably will be used for agriculture (‘Frank Lloyd Wright’, n.d.). The high Noah’s Ark scenario is also designed by the ratios in Kropotkin community, but the highest level of food production is assumed, almost 30 times higher, 2933% which is the highest possible level, then his projections. The assumption is supported by the development of agricultural technology in these hundred years and the fertile land in the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood in the high Noah’s Ark scenario is isolated and self sustainable community of around 140 families with apartment houses and other buildings with five storeys. 86 3000 2500 1858 2000 1604 1500 1000 630 544 705 342 500 239 199 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline High Noah’s Ark scenario Chart 20: Population and jobs in the high Noah’s Ark scenario The population projections estimate that 630 people will live in the neighbourhood by the high Noah’s Ark scenario or -66.10% of the baseline and there will be 199 jobs or -42.02% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 49,856,196€. 120 € 81.71 € Millions 90 € 63.38 € 67.39 € 60 € 49.86 € 30 € 22.08 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Noah’s Ark scenario High Noah’s Ark scenario Chart 21: Investments and assets in the Noah’s Ark scenarios compared to the baseline In the high Noah’s Ark scenario the water and the solid waste are reused, the food and energy is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices is +40. The plans, tables and charts of both scenarios are included in the appendix Noah’s Ark scenarios. Ecovillage scenario [Evs] The ecovillage scenario is realistic Noah’s Ark scenario. The people can not fulfil all their needs from the neighbourhood where they live, there must be some imports, but they can fulfil big portion of their needs through different techniques. The ecovillage scenario has conservation and environmental friendly lifestyle, including waste water treatment on the site, energy and water 87 conservation, use of rainwater, food production, renewable energy production, green sign products consumption. The new houses are designed in rows with height of two or three storeys. In the houses with three storeys the ground storey is used for shops or offices. The network of streets from the baseline and the landmarks from old Skopje are preserved. In the ecovillage scenario 90% of the solid waste and waste water is treated on the site. The water treatment includes ponds that can store the waste water. The energy usage is lowered. In the scenario 17% of that energy is produced by solar collectors. There is also a vegetable and fruit production that is ~10% of the food needs of the neighbourhood. 3500 3000 2500 1858 2000 1604 1500 1041 899 1000 705 572 395 342 500 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Ecovillage scenario Chart 22: Population and jobs in the ecovillage scenario The population projections estimate that 1041 people will live in the neighbourhood in the ecovillage scenario or -43.95% of the baseline and there will be 572 jobs or +67.05% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 54,832,225€. 90 € 75.33 € Millions 63.38 € 60 € 54.83 € 30 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Ecovillage scenario Chart 23: Investments and assets of the ecovillage scenario compared to the baseline 88 In the ecovillage scenario most of the water and the solid waste are reused and some of the food and energy is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices is -727. The plans, tables and charts of the ecovillage scenario are included in the appendix Ecological cities scenarios. Arcology scenario [As] In the 1960s Soleri18 coined the term arcology as fusion of the words architecture and ecology. The term arcology was mystified later both by Soleri’s writings and sketches and by the interpretations. In a simple interpretation the arcology is a building that with the increase in complexity and with miniaturization will unify a whole city under one roof and enclose one ecosystem where ‘the built and the living interact as organs in a highly evolved being’ (Soleri, n.d.b). An arcology would need about 2% of the land that a typical city covers with similar population (Soleri, n.d.c). Soleri applied his arcology theory on an experimental city project in Arizona in 1970. He named the project Arcosanti and it is ongoing (‘Arcosanti’, n.d.). In reality Arcosanti looks more like ecovillage then as the technological wonder that is found in his early writings and sketches. In the arcology scenario the mystified technological wonder is pursued and the experiences of the Arcosanti project are set aside. The arcology scenario is a skyscraper scenario. The design compressed one city into one building, a 500m skyscraper with 100 storeys that closes one ecosystem. The arcology has spaceship economy like the Noah’s Ark scenarios, without imports and like the ecovillage scenario has environmental friendly lifestyle. The handicap of the scenario is the monumentality and the present area can produce just 3% of the food needs for the arcology. By the calculation for food production based on Howard the arcology would need area of 3km2 to fulfil all the food needs for its population. 18 ‘In nature, as an organism evolves, it increases in complexity and it also becomes a more compact or miniaturized system. Similarly a city should function as a living system. Arcology, architecture and ecology as one integral process, is capable of demonstrating positive response to the many problems of urban civilization, population, pollution, energy and natural resource depletion, food scarcity and quality of life. Arcology recognizes the necessity of the radical reorganization of the sprawling urban landscape into dense, integrated, 3D cities in order to support the complex activities that sustain human culture. The city is the necessary instrument for the evolution of humankind’ (Soleri, n.d.a). 89 14000 12000 10643 10000 9189 8000 6882 6000 4040 4000 1858 1604 2000 705 342 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Arcology scenario Chart 24: Population and jobs in the arcology scenario The population projections estimate that there will be 10643 people that will live in the neighbourhood in the arcology scenario and there will be 6882 jobs or +472.82% and +1909.69% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are estimated to grow to 2,480,323,972€. 3,000 € 2,480.3 € 2,178.0 € Millions 2,000 € 1,000 € 63.38 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Arcology scenario Chart 25: Investments and assets in the arcology scenario compared to the baseline In the arcology scenario all the water and the solid waste are reused, some of the food and all of the energy is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices is +211. The plans, tables and charts of the arcology scenario are included in the appendix Ecological cities scenarios. Mole city scenario [Mcs] The underground city is idea that is described or sketched occasionally in the history, Leonardo da Vinci sketched underground streets, Francis Bacon described the underground city in New Atlantis, and Wells promotes underground building or earth-covered architecture. Underground dwellings 90 also occur in the vernacular architecture in China and in the Mediterranean countries. The mole city scenario is inspired by the underground city idea and as the name says by the moles and their burrows. The mole city is consisted of underground streets and buildings and light shafts. The underground streets are like the tunnels burrowed by moles, they are without sunlight. Every building has one dark façade that faces the street and one façade that faces the light shafts and stripes. The mole city is designed with three storeys or 13m deep in the underground while the whole city is covered with 3m layer of soil. The ground soil is used for agriculture, for cereals and vegetables. 3500 3000 2500 1858 2000 1604 1500 1214 1048 1000 1000 705 461 342 500 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Mole city scenario Chart 26: Population and jobs in the mole city scenario The population projections estimate that 1214 people will live in the neighbourhood in the mole city scenario or -38.50% of the baseline and there will be 1251 jobs or +229.30% of the baseline. The assets are 139,228,350€. 160 € 139.23 € 122.76 € Millions 120 € 80 € 63.38 € 40 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Mole city scenario Chart 27: Investments and assets of the mole city scenario compared to the baseline The people in the mole city scenario have environmental friendly lifestyle. Some of the water is purified, some of the solid waste is reused and some of the food 91 and energy is produced in the neighbourhood and the number of vehicles is reduced in the underground streets. The sum of the indices shows -514. The plans, tables and charts of the mole city scenario are included in the appendix Underground cities scenarios. Termite city scenario [Tcs] The termite city scenario is the second underground city scenario and it is inspired by the termites and by how they construct their mounds. The termite mounds as fascinating construction works. Some can be quite complex and can reach height of 6m and the usual height is 1-2m. The termites build ventilation shafts and underground tunnels to control the temperature in the mounds within a narrow temperature range which is only ±1C°. Some species cultivate fungi in their mounds (‘Termite’, n.d.). The termite city scenario has a network of underground streets and mound walls up to 30 storeys height where houses, shops, offices are located. The mound walls are open only on the inside whereas on the outside they are covered with soil. The ground is used for agriculture whereas trees are planted on the outside walls of the mounds. The underground storey is used for shops, offices, parking lots. 3500 3000 2667 2500 2302 1858 2000 1604 1500 1012 851 1000 705 342 500 0 Total Population in Active Jobs population working age population Baseline Termite city scenario Chart 28: Population and jobs in the termite city scenario The population projections estimate that 3399 people will live in the neighbourhood in the termite city scenario or +72.17% of the baseline and there will be 801 jobs or +110.80% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings are 200,401,575€. 92 240 € 200.40 € 200 € 174.00 € Millions 160 € 120 € 80 € 63.38 € 40 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Termite city scenario Chart 29: Investments and assets in the termite city scenario compared to the baseline In the termite city scenario the people live environmental friendly. Some of the water and the solid waste are reused and some of the food and energy is produced. The sum of the indices is -526. The plans, tables and charts of the termite city scenario are included in the appendix Underground cities scenarios. Sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs] The sustainable cityscape scenario is influenced by Wells’s observations and searches for a neighbourhood that will clean its water, use its waste, produce its own food and energy, will fit in the landscape and will fit the people city images. The design itself combines different scenarios from the exhibition and it is inspired by many people and ideas, notably by the motif of a cloud city in Macedonian stories and songs, cities that are built on the clouds by fairies and dragons, by the images of the vernacular and urban architecture in Macedonia, by Viktor Pajvanski’s ‘Solar Projects’, by Hundertwasser’s philosophy and architecture, Kurokawa’s experimental Nagakin capsule tower and Lynch’s imageability. The sustainable cityscape concept most simply tries to exchange parts of the city with parts of the nature, even exchanging apartments and roofs with landscapes, but also tries to keep the buildings and landmarks that give the image of the neighbourhood. The scenario is realized in two stages, aiming to make intensive development in two periods of time and with that the life in the neighbourhood will not disturbed continuously. The development of the buildings is approached plot by plot to respect the private ownership and the buildings are divided for their tendency for development on preserved buildings, unprofitable and landmarks, and on buildings that could be developed. The design of the neighbourhood is simplified and presented on two levels with the site and the upper storeys plan, or the plan for the cloud city. The design of the neighbourhood consists of network of paths, vertices and bridges, 93 and perimetrical grids with height of 19m where apartments, shops, offices, industries, hanging gardens are inserted by the owners. The perimetrical grids also embody the existing buildings. The network of paths is public space and enables every volume of the perimetrical grids to be accessible by all the people. It consists of vertical and horizontal paths, vertices and bridges. Multilevel nodes are formed on the connection of the vertical and horizontal paths. The multilevel nodes are consisted of elevators and stairs and they bridge the neighbouring vertical paths regardless of height of the storeys. The heights of the storeys of the buildings could be raised or lowered if there is space for that and it will not effect the connections, just stairs will be added or took out in the multilevel nodes to reach the height of the wanted bridge or floor. The multilevel nodes give the vertical paths the same priority as the paths and streets in the neighbourhood and it enables complete flexibility on the vertical. The network of paths also enables the owners of the plots to cut volumes above and from the perimetrical grids and manage them as spatial real-estates. These spatial real-estates are independent of the ground plot since the network of paths enables access to them and they become spatial plots. The inserted apartments, hanging gardens, offices are therefore independent real-estates from the ground plot. In the design on the site plan one vertex is added on two or more ground plots. Through the vertices the people reach the upper storeys. The perimetrical grid over the ground storey is regulated with the plan of the upper storeys. The erker extensions are not allowed in the upper storeys, even more the façade of the upper storeys is moved back to highlight the existing buildings. The tendency in the sustainable cityscape scenario is to insert hanging gardens in the spatial plots in the upper storeys. The targeted ratio of the hanging gardens is 30% of the total built area of the upper storeys. The hanging gardens should connect a water cycle and bring the rainwater and waste water through the buildings to the water treatment ponds in the urban blocks. In the beginning stage of the scenario the buildings that could be developed are constructed together with most of the vertices and some of the water treatment ponds. 94 4000 3049 3000 2632 1858 2000 1604 1623 1157 1000 705 342 0 Total population Population in Active population Jobs working age Baseline Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Chart 30: Population and jobs the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario In the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario 3049 people will live in the neighbourhood or +64.09% of the baseline and there will be 1623 jobs or +373.91% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings after the beginning stage will be 130,168,294€. In the beginning stage of the scenario some of the water is purified in the water treatments, the solid waste is taken out of the neighbourhood and left on a landfill, there is some food production and no energy production or conservation. The sum of the indices will be -1375. The end stage comes with the next generation in 30 or more years. During these years the technologies of growing food in the hanging gardens, of purifying water and solid waste treatment, of production of renewable energy like solar, bio-fuels and biomass, should be promoted, applied and researched in the neighbourhood. The environmental lifestyle should also be promoted and accepted by the owners and users. The buildings that were assigned for preservation as unprofitable in the beginning stage are renovated and extended to height of 19m in the end stage. The rest of the vertices and bridges are constructed and the network of paths is completed. The public buildings in the neighbourhood are removed and completely replaced with new more compact buildings are constructed instead of the old ones. The water treatment ponds are built in every urban block. Additional parking houses are added in the neighbourhood. The scenario assumes that the number of private vehicles will not decrease regardless of the environmental lifestyle and that the people will always prefer to have private vehicle, but the use of the private vehicle is halved. If the people drove averagely 5000km per year in the beginning stage, in the end stage they drive 2500km. 95 4000 3180 3000 2746 2132 1858 2000 1604 1207 1000 705 342 0 Total population Population in Active population Jobs working age Baseline End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Chart 31: Population and jobs the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario The population projections estimate that 3180 people will live in the neighbourhood in the end stage of the scenario or +71.16% of the baseline and there will be 2132 jobs or +522.51% of the baseline. The assets of the buildings after the development will be 173,658,805€. 200 € 173.66 € 160 € Millions 120 € 82.35 € 80 € 63.38 € 40 € 0 € Baseline Investments Assets Sustainable cityscape scenario Chart 32: Investments and assets in the sustainable cityscape scenario compared to the baseline In the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario most of the water is purified, most of the solid waste is used or recycled and there is food and energy production to the ecovillage levels. The sum of the indices is -705. The plans, tables and charts of the both stages of the sustainable cityscape scenario are included in the appendix Sustainable cityscape scenario. 96 Summary The exhibition of scenarios is summarized so the results of the scenarios can be easily compared. 500 211 100 30 40 0 -500 -514 -727 -526 -1000 -837 -705 -977 -1500 -1488 -1559 -1537 -1501 -1515 -1504 -1534 -1662 -2000 Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 33: How sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are? The summary chart of the sum of indices shows how sustainable the neighbourhoods are. The scenarios display tried city concepts like skyscrapers, in the skyscraper [Ss] and Manhattan [Ms] scenario or city blocks, in the building code [Bcs, Ebcs] and old building code [Obcs, Eobcs] scenarios and in the ‘city of towers’ [Cts] scenario. The ecovillage [Evs] and pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss] are city concepts that are still experimented with, whereas the mole city [Mcs], termite city [Tcs] and sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs] are experimental scenarios. The wilderness scenario [Ws], Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs, hNAs] and arcology scenario [As] are fictional, idealistic and rather dreamy scenarios. In the ecovillage [Evs], mole city [Mcs], termite city [Tcs], sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs], the Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs, hNAs] and the arcology scenario [As] it is assumed that the people will have environmental friendly lifestyle. These scenarios are designed to have capacity to clean the water, reuse the waste, produce energy and reduce the car usage. The environmental friendly lifestyle affects the results showing more sustainable neighbourhoods. Therefore, the next chart shows the indices if the people do not accept the environmental friendly lifestyle and have the current lifestyle. 97 500 100 0 -500 -597 -555 -1000 -633 -977 -1124 -1500 -1319 -1136 -1488 -1537 -1501 -1515 -1559 -1617 -1346 -1504 -1534 -1662 -2000 Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 34: How sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are with the current lifestyle? The detailed tables of the indices are included in the appendix Summary of the exhibition of scenarios. 1,000 € Millions 776.48 € 800 € 600 € 364.69 € 400 € 42.32 € 302.33 € 31.14 € 29.52 € 48.73 € 200 € 20.38 € 19.22 € 20.35 € 26.40 € 0.00 € 5.82 € 16.46 € 0 € -20.50 € -31.85 € -200 € -45.31 € Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 35: How profitable the developments of the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are? 98 300 € 255.60 € 250 € Millions 200 € 150 € 20.50 € 100 € 14.11 € 48.18 € 36.80 € 12.47 € 9.58 € 1.21 € 50 € 0.00 € 3.20 € 0 € -1.31 € -50 € -0.45 € -46.76 € -13.02 € -100 € -31.41 € -150 € -43.68 € -55.07 € -200 € Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 36: How profitable the scenarios are after 3 years of bank loans for their development? 5,800 € 5,030.03 € Millions 4,800 € 3,800 € 2,800 € 2,178.00 € 615.23 € 1,800 € 137.69 € 73.52 € 753.43 € 82.35 € 43.34 € 81.71 € 800 € 46.60 € 174.00 € 143.64 € 67.39 € 122.76 € 0.00 € 18.11 € 75.33 € -200 € Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 37: How high the investments in the scenarios are? 99 The summary charts of profitability and investments are of interest to the developers as the most important stakeholder in realization of the scenarios. The developers would not be interested in unprofitable development and are interested in the estimated investments costs. The charts of profitability take in consideration two possibilities. The first possibility shows how profitable are the scenarios if there are no bank loans for the development of the neighbourhood, while the second shows the profitability if there are three years bank loans. The interest rates in Macedonia for the bank loans move between 8.5 and 14% depending of the development and three years is reasonable time to develop the neighbourhood. The detailed tables showing the assets, investments and profitability for four periods of time, for direct investments and one, three and ten year loan investments are included in the appendix Summary of the exhibition of scenarios. The following summary charts include charts that show the number of people and jobs, and the difference of parking places and vehicles in the scenarios. How many people will live after the development by the projections, will there be more jobs, will there be place to park the vehicles are things that can interest both the people and the administrators. The people in the neighbourhood stated a parking problem and they will be interested to see if it that problem will be solved in the scenarios. The detailed tables showing the number of dwellings, people, jobs, vehicles and parking places are also included in the appendix Summary of the exhibition of scenarios. 100 35000 30000 28646 25000 20000 15000 9797 10643 10000 4737 3647 3180 2235 3213 3183 2667 5000 1858 2907 2318 1041 10 46 630 1214 0 Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 38: Projected populations in the scenarios 35000 30240 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 8073 2517 6882 3360 2132 5000 1739 1230 2487 1000 342 4 1013 506 36 199572 851 0 Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 39: Projected number of jobs in the scenarios 101 12000 10186 10000 8000 6000 4000 2054 1527 1132 3257 2062 1861 1823 1214 2000 1233 812 879 939 351 554 4 12 113 0 Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 40: Projected number of vehicles in the scenarios 500 177 24 1 86 0 -15 -500 -50 -155 -540 -338 -309 -545 -1000 -680 -572 -828 -1500 -899 -1290 -2000 -1528 -2500 -3000 -2639 Bs Ws Bcs ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Chart 41: Difference between parking places and the projected number of vehicles in the scenarios 102 Discussion The discussion takes several directions since this thesis tries to integrate the theoretical and practical questions. Theoretically it deals with the question of sustainability and sustainable cities and prescribes indices, while practically it tries to find solution for the problems in an existing neighbourhood with designing scenarios and evaluating them. How acceptable the scenarios are? There are four stakeholders groups, the people, the administrators, the developers and the planet Earth. I am also a minor stakeholder in this future study. The acceptability of the scenarios is discussed in reference to the characteristics and preferences of the stakeholder groups. People Administrators Developers Planet Earth Bs Undesirable Possible Undesirable Damaging Ws Damaging Damaging Damaging Desirable Bcs Possible Desirable Desirable Damaging Ebcs Undesirable Feared Ideal Damaging Obcs Undesirable Undesirable Possible Damaging Eobcs Undesirable Feared Ideal Damaging Cts Feared Ideal Desirable Damaging Damaging/ cthgs Feared Ideal Desirable improving Desirable/ Ss Feared Ideal restricted Damaging Desirable/ Ms Feared Possible restricted Damaging Desirable/ Damaging/ Pcss Feared Possible restricted improving Ideal/ NAs damaging Ideal Undesirable Desirable Ideal/ hNAs damaging Ideal Undesirable Desirable Questionable/ Damaging/ Evs damaging Possible Undesirable improving Ideal/ Desirable/ As damaging Ideal restricted Desirable Questionable/ Damaging/ Mcs damaging Possible Possible improving Questionable/ Damaging/ Tcs damaging Possible Possible improving Damaging/ Scs Possible Possible Desirable improving Table 5: Acceptability of the scenarios by the stakeholder groups 103 Baseline [Bs] The baseline scenario which means freezing the development by the administrators means future without solved problems where the sum of indices shows -1559 meaning that the neighbourhood is unsustainable and causes damage to the planet Earth. The baseline is future that is both undesirable by the people, since the problems are not solved. The scenario is useless and unacceptable to the developers since there are no profits. The administrators are unaffected by the situation, but they are affected by the displeased developers and people. In the there is no or a tiny chance that the baseline will be realized as scenario. Wilderness scenario [Ws] The story of the nature as sanctuary from the buzzing and dirty cities, wonderful as it is, has one setback, the nature in its undisturbed rhythms can not provide or the provisions for the human needs as they are today will be unnoticeable. The wilderness scenario is undesirable by the people, developers and administrators, whereas the neighbourhood is sustainable and causes no damage to the planet Earth. The sum of indices shows +100. The wilderness scenario is reference scenario that describes the natural conditions. All the indices are balanced, except the food [Ifd] and energy [Iep] indices and furthermore with the abundance of energy the development index [Idp]. It is assumed that the planet Earth in its undisturbed rhythms balances everything, but it also stores food and energy that in certain ages causes changes in the planetary conditions or enables development. Building code scenarios [Bcs & ebcs] The building code scenario [Bcs] is the current development scenario of the administrators. It solves the parking problem by the projections, there is population and jobs growth, but in reality it is not realized as is planned. If we discuss the building code scenario [Bcs] for its reality we are discussing the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario [ebcs], which represents the 0 alternative. The building code scenario [Bcs] is future desired by the developers and the administrators and it is future not objected by the people. Unfortunately in the realization, the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario [ebcs], the developers overstep the building code which produces congestion problems. The scenarios do not assume any changes in lifestyle or consumption and follow the current lifestyle. The sums of indices for the scenarios [Bcs, ebcs] show -1488 and -1504 meaning that the neighbourhoods are unsustainable in both cases and they cause damage to the planet Earth. The improvement of +71 and +55 are due to the improvements in the housing [Ihh] and assets indices [Iat] and the fact that there are more people and more jobs in the neighbourhood. 104 Unfortunately the environmental indices are lower then the baseline, except the wildlife index [Iwl]. The wildlife index [Iwl] is higher because the DUP for Bunjakovec plans to plant trees along the streets that make the index higher. The building code prioritizes plots without showing that in the plan. The prioritization of the plots by profitability is visible only after the cost-benefit analysis is done. The profitable plots are information that is supplied by the administrators’ part of the ‘so-called’ urban mafia since the urban plans are confidential. The building code also does not offer solutions for the unviable or ‘bottleneck’ buildings, but preserves them. These unprofitable plots have no developing value and if they do not have the height of the building code, they will never reach it and the building code and the DUP for Bunjakovec faces certain partial implementation. The possible partial realization is the hidden setback of the building code scenarios. In regard to the cost-benefit analysis of the buildings in the neighbourhood, not all the buildings are profitable. The developers will never contract unprofitable deal, while the administrators do not assign priorities or subsidies on the unprofitable buildings. The unprofitable buildings include the institutional buildings and by the building code scenarios they will not be developed, but will slowly decay. The building code scenarios assume development toward unchanging neighbourhood. After the neighbourhood is built there is small possibility of additions and improvements and the environmental damage can continue endlessly. Old building code scenarios [Obcs & eobcs] The old building code was the scenario of the administrators before 2002, whereas the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code [eobcs] was the scenario that follows the misinterpretation of the old building code by the building ‘entrepreneurs’ after 1991. The old building code scenario [Obcs] shows stagnation, whereas the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario [eobcs] shows development without control, but both of them respects the ownership of the people. Unfortunately the stagnation is not favoured by anyone today and the old building code [Obcs] is not preferred by any stakeholder group, whereas the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code [eobcs] scenario is developers’ scenario, without control and toward maximum profits. The scenarios do not assume any changes in lifestyle. The sums of indices for the scenarios [Obcs, eobcs] are -1537 and -1534 that showed improvement of +21 and +25 due to more people and more jobs in the neighbourhood. The neighbourhoods in the scenarios are unsustainable and they cause damage to the planet Earth. The old building code scenarios do not solve the parking problem as well. The old building code scenario [Obcs] causes stagnation in the neighbourhood. The only advantage is in the waiting period and not closing the possibilities 105 of redevelopment or new development toward more sustainable neighbourhood in the future. Since today there is no tried solution for sustainable cities, with accepting the unchanging scenarios with like the building code scenarios [Bcs, eBcs] or the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenarios [eobcs] the possibilities of future development are hindered. ‘City of towers’ scenarios [Cts & cthgs] The ‘city of towers’ scenarios are administrators’ favourites. The administrators must develop the neighbourhood, since they have the power to destroy all the existing buildings. The ‘surgery’ method of Le Corbusier, or destroying of the buildings, was used in the reconstruction of Skopje after the earthquake and the bulldozers brought fear in the old neighbourhoods of Skopje and mistrust in the government. In a same manner the ‘city of towers’ scenarios disrespect the ownership of the people and these are the fearful scenarios for the people. But the ‘city of towers’ scenarios are economically viable, the administrators develop and control the development and the quality and these scenarios can show more sustainable results. The scenarios also do not assume any changes in lifestyle. The sums of indices for the scenarios [Cts, cthgs] are -1501 and -977 that showed improvement of +57 and +581 due to more people, more jobs and urban scheme with hanging gardens that inserts the nature in the city and produces higher environmental indices. The neighbourhoods in the scenarios are nevertheless unsustainable and they cause damage to the planet Earth. The ‘city of towers’ scenarios do not solve the parking problem, but they have the possibility to do that. The setback as in the building code scenarios [Bcs, ebcs] is the unchanging neighbourhood. After the neighbourhood is built there is small possibility of additions and improvements and if there is environmental damage it can continue endlessly. Skyscraper and Manhattan scenario [Ss & Ms] The skyscrapers scenarios follow the ‘surgery’ method of destroying the existing buildings and are favoured by the administrators again. In a same manner like the ‘city of towers’ scenarios the skyscrapers scenarios disrespect the ownership of the people and these are the fearful scenarios for the people. The skyscrapers scenarios aim to insert as much as possible people, jobs in the neighbourhood and produce maximum assets and profits. The skyscrapers scenarios do not assume any changes in lifestyle, except decreasing the number of vehicles. The skyscraper scenario shows better results in the environmental indices the sum of the indices is -1515 or +44 from the baseline, but the end result shows unsustainable neighbourhood. The Manhattan scenario is disregarding any environmental concerns and the sum of the indices is -1662 or -104 from the baseline showing less sustainable neighbourhood, but also showing highest indices in population and assets. 106 The skyscrapers scenarios do not solve the parking problem, but there is possibility of assigning parking lots inside the skyscrapers. The setback is the unchangeable neighbourhood with small possibility of additions and improvements. The skyscrapers are profitable scenarios, but the developers are constrained by the power to invest, which the stakeholders exceed. There is no roof of investments set, but the skyscraper scenarios are only possible if foreign investments enter in Skopje. Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss] The pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario is an experimental scenario. The scenario does not assume any changes in lifestyle. The scenario if it is not regarding any environmental concerns has sum of the indices of -1617 or -58 from the baseline, but if there is environmental friendly lifestyle the sum of the indices of -837 or +722. The neighbourhoods in the scenarios are nevertheless unsustainable even though they show better results then the baseline and they cause damage to the planet Earth. The advantage of the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario is the flexible neighbourhood that has possibility of additions and improvements. Parts of the neighbourhood can change the lifestyle or the use of the floor area without disturbances. The population can increase or decrease to fit the ecological footprint or any social needs, hanging gardens can be added instead of dwellings. The scenario also solves the parking problem. The pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario if it is completely engineered and balanced in its flows can reach the level of a sustainable neighbourhood. Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs & hNAs] The Noah’s Ark scenarios represent utopias. In the utopia the people are idealized community that is living in an agricultural self-sustainable society. Kropotkin researched on the relation of food production and the number of people that can live from that food in the same area and the tradition continued with Howard and Wright. Soleri, being a student of Wright and following his heritage started the Arcosanti project in the 1970s with targeted population of 5000 is built on 25 acres (0.1km²) of 4060 acre (16km²) land preserve (‘Arcosanti’, n.d.). Unfortunately this tradition to design and trying out of these agricultural utopias disappeared since then. The Noah’s Ark scenarios show sustainable neighbourhoods, but they disregard any existing building or way of living. The scenarios cause no environmental damage. The sums of indices for the scenarios [NAs, hNAs] are +30 and +40. The Noah’s Ark scenarios are doomsday scenarios and presume decline of the number of people and assets. They are undesired and unacceptable by all the human stakeholder groups in the neighbourhood. 107 But if the Noah’s Ark scenarios are applied on an empty land there is a possibility of a development toward sustainable neighbourhoods. Ecovillage scenario [Evs] Being realistic ‘Noah Ark’ scenario the ecovillage scenario is concept that is in a phase of trying out. Applied on the neighbourhood it also assumes decline of the number of people and assets and represents unprofitable scenario. The people and the developers exclude this scenario, but the ecovillage scenario shows improvement in the sum of indices which is -727 or +832 from the baseline showing damage to the planet Earth. If there is no changes in the lifestyle in the ecovillage scenario the sum of indices will show value -1319. The ecovillage scenario assumes environmental friendly lifestyle and keeps the landmarks and the image of the neighbourhood. The environmental friendly lifestyle is characteristic for the ecovillages and it consists of various conservation and protection techniques like energy and resource saving, use of natural products, renewable energy sources and building construction materials, recycling, use of building design that does less damage to the wildlife in the environment, on-site water treatment. Arcology scenario [As] The arcology scenario is utopia. In the utopia the people create idealized community that is living in a technological self-sustainable society, where with technological and engineering excellence the people live and control the ecosystem. The arcology scenario shows sustainable neighbourhood, but it also disregard any existing building or way of living. The scenario causes no environmental damage. The sum of indices for the scenario is +211. The arcology scenario presumes flexible neighbourhood that has possibility of additions and improvements, as in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario. The setback of the scenario is that the people have not reached that stage in urban design or technology to purify its own wastes and the arcology scenario is rather an objective in urban design and technology then realistic scenario. Soleri itself changed the utopian arcology with the realistic Arcosanti project that is closer to the ecovillage concept then to technological, compact and complex world wonder as the arcology is. Mole and termite city scenario [Mcs & Tcs] The mole and termite city scenario are experimental scenarios. They are wildcards scenario and they do not follow any trend. They are underground cities scenarios. There are many descriptions of underground cities in the literature, but they are never connected with the habitat of the animals, even though the moles and the termites are experts in underground building. Wells (1981; 1998) tries to promote the idea of underground living with his concept of earth-covered architecture, but he uses a concept of underground house that lays free in the landscape. That is not a concept of 108 underground city, but it largely fits the ‘hermit hut’ dream in the Noah’s Ark scenarios. Recently there was a discovery of a method to capture and transfer the sunlight through optical cables (Stenius, 2006). It is impressive invention that can bring sunshine in the underground streets and dwellings. The invention adds to the probability of the underground cities scenarios. The mole and termite city scenarios assume environmental friendly lifestyle and the sum of the indices for the scenarios [Mcs, Tcs] are -514 and -526 or +1044 and +1033 improvement from the baseline. If the scenarios have no changes in the lifestyle, the sum of indices will show values of -1124 and -1136. The sums of indices show damage to the planet Earth. The acceptance of the underground cities scenarios is somewhat questionable by the people and the administrators. They presume experiment, destroying of the existing buildings and underground living, but they showed more sustainable results then the tried scenarios. The scenarios [Mcs, Tcs] are profitable and they are on the border of the investments power of the developers, so they are acceptable by them. The notion of underground living, nevertheless, is frightening for many people, especially in the tradition of Macedonia, where the underground is the place for the deceased and the soil is connected with lost. In the vernacular architecture in Macedonia even the ground storey was seldom used for sleeping, the sleeping rooms are almost always on the first storey. Even though the underground cities scenarios can reach sustainable level of living, there is almost no possibility to be accepted by the people in the neighbourhood today. Sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs] The sustainable cityscape scenario is site and time locked and problem solving scenario. It is also experimental, it has not been tried. It uses the advantages of the other scenarios and combines them to solve the problems in the neighbourhood. My family owns the plot (3.5.5) in the neighbourhood and I am sure that the plot will never be joined with another plot for further development of the neighbourhood. Therefore the scenario preserves the existing buildings and tryies to insert new buildings and nature in the existing urban scheme. The sustainable cityscape scenario has two stages. Currently one by one building is constructed on one or joined plot and often on various streets. During the construction of the buildings the neighbourhood is disturbed, the streets are often closed or they are dug up, the cars are parked in the neighbouring streets adding to the parking problem. Also there is building equipment that produces noise and waste. Concentrating the building construction works help to overcome these problems. The two stages in the sustainable cityscape scenario should also be used by the municipality to repair and upgrade the infrastructure, especially the streets in the neighbourhood. If the 109 municipality tries to repair and upgrade the infrastructure today, with the next building construction work the infrastructure will be damaged. The stages in the sustainable cityscape scenario assume a gradual change from the present to environmental friendly lifestyle and the sums of the indices for the stages of the scenario are -1375, a result with lifestyle without changes in the beginning stage to -705, a result with environmental friendly lifestyle, showing in both cases a damage to the planet Earth. If the scenario does not assume any changes in the lifestyle in the end stage, the sum of indices will show value of -1325. The sustainable cityscape scenario has flexible design that has possibility of additions and improvements, as in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario, it preserves the existing plots and buildings and is profitable even after 10 years of bank loan for the investments. The sustainable cityscape scenario, if it is completely engineered and balanced in its flows can reach the level of a sustainable neighbourhood and a status of arcology. Since the sustainable cityscape scenario is site and time locked, the preferences of the stakeholder groups are considered and the scenario is designed to be possible and acceptable by all. But since the preferences change, especially the preferences of the people, there is no proof that the sustainable cityscape scenario is truly acceptable by all the stakeholder groups. Role of the city archive in the acceptability of the scenarios In the city archive the stakeholders meet, discuss and consensually agree if the scenarios and the lifestyles described there are acceptable. In regard to the Popper’s knowledge cycle described in the Theoretical framework heading the attempt to eliminate the scenarios and choose a solution must come through a critical discussion. The urban planning in Macedonia has a long top-bottom tradition where the administrators have decided about the future developments of the city. The top-bottom19 tradition is the mainstream in the urban planning in general, whereas the contrary approach is bottom-up20 where the people and the other stakeholders are included actively in the urban planning and the developments decisions. The city archive is concept that tries to compromise 19 Le Corbusier was the strongest advocate of the top-bottom approach and uncompromising authority of the urban planners. When the administration yelled angry at Le Corbusier after seeing his plans: ‘You trace straight lines, fill up the holes and level up the ground and the result is nihilism!!!’ He replied: ‘Excuse me, but that, properly speaking, is just our work should be’ (Le Corbusier, 1998b:276). 20 The bottom-up tradition started as critique to the top-bottom approach up to its bottom line or ‘architecture without architects’. The vernacular architecture, the people preferences, the people participation are topics on which the research concentrated, notably though the works of Rapoport, Turner, Hamdi and Hall. Hall (2002:218-261) in his book Cities of tomorrow describes the work of Le Corbusier as unfortunate episode in history of urban planning in the XXth century. 110 between the two traditions in urban planning, since the both traditions have advantages and disadvantages. The top-bottom approach is idealistic and progressive, whereas the bottom-up has sensibility and it is realistic. In my practice as architect I was always surprised by the realistic view and reasonable selectivity of the clients when I presented them the architectural designs. I believe that the people if they are introduced to various alternatives for urban development they will approach it with the same realism, reasonableness and selectivity. The city archive aims to network the sensibility, reasonability and selectivity of the people and the progressiveness and enthusiasm of the administrators. That was the main conclusion that I draw while I was reading Geddes21. The city archive is inspired by him. It is a building where the people can meet with the other stakeholders in the development of the city, see the development plans, present and discuss their ideas, wishes and expectations for the future. The people in the city archive can see the past and present plans, can choose between different alternatives for development and they could have a possibility to design their own alternatives. The people are sensible and their characteristics and preferences can change in time and the city archive is where these changes are recorded and stored. The conclusions of the future study must be further verified or falsified on in public debate, either in the city archive or in any other place in the city where the stakeholders can meet. Critique to the idealizations in the exhibition of scenarios When a scenario is assumed and designed there is always some subjectivity. The exhibition of scenarios lies on the assumptions of a functional, agreeable, obedient and happy community that should live in the neighbourhood and accept everything that is planned. There lies the main critique in the future study. In the experimental scenarios an environmental lifestyle is assumed which makes the neighbourhoods more sustainable. But it is not necessary that the people who live for example in the Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs, hNAs], arcology [As], mole city [Mcs], termite city [Tcs] and sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs] will have that lifestyle. The architects and urban planners, the people like me, the people who plan future cities and make urban schemes always insert a dose of subjectivity and daydreaming in their designs. These tendencies exist from the beginnings. When Socrates in The republic by Plato described the city and the 21 Geddes (1915) positions the people as important in the development process of the city. Consequently, the people are included in all the phases of the development including the planning, the decision making and the building. The examples of this bottom-up approach in development are numerous, notably, on neighborhood scale, the Byker redevelopment by Ralph Erskine, on apartment house scale the Hundertwasser house in Vienna. 111 people who make it, Glaucon, one of the participants in the dialog, broke in with the words ‘No relishes, apparently, for the people you describe are feasting’, ‘If you were founding a city of pigs, Socrates, what other fodder than this would you provide?’ Plato refers to luxuries as part of the city with the broke in words to describe the people that are responsible for the luxuries which he adds in his city, but there is a tendency in urban planning to ‘found a city of pigs’, a city of idyll, of happy and obedient people who live perfect and luxurious life provided by the planned ‘fodder’. Lefebvre (2000:83-85) writes also of that tendency in urban planning as planning of people of good will, architects and writers, which want to make buildings and cities to the ‘human scale’ or ‘to its measure’, even though the human scale has grown beyond their grasp. Ludic critique to the exhibition of scenarios The exhibition of scenarios assumes generalizations that lead to simplicity and the cities are complex. If there is deduction from the universality and the average values there is possibility of oversimplification and mediocrity. The ludic critique is about the deductions and universality. Le Corbusier wrote in Towards a new architecture or Vers une architecture in 1923 about a need of change in the way of building toward the modern epoch, an epoch of mass production22 where the ‘house is machine to live in.’ (ibid, 1998a:4) He based on analysis, generalization and deduction designed mass production houses for all the people where all the people live in consistent ways. He believed that with the mass production, or industrialization, there is a possibility that the building ‘to measure’ will cease (ibid, 1998a:236-7) and the universal and uniform buildings will be acceptable by all. Using those methods Le Corbusier designed an urban scheme of a city23 and published it in the book The city of tomorrow or Urbanisme in 1924. He divided 22 ‘Mass-production is based on analysis and experiment. We must create the mass-production spirit. The spirit of building mass-production houses. The spirit of living in mass-production houses. The spirit of conceiving mass-production houses. If we eliminate from our hearts and minds all dead concepts in regard to the houses and look, at the question from a critical and objective point of view, we shall arrive at the house-machine, the mass-production house, healthy (and morally so too) and beautiful in the same way that the working tools and instruments which accompany our existence are beautiful. Beautiful also with all the animation that the artist’s sensibility can add to severe and pure functioning elements’ (Le Corbusier, 1998a:227). 23 ‘The use of technical analysis and architectural synthesis enabled me to draw up my scheme for a contemporary city of three million citizens. The result of my work was shown in November 1922 at the Salon d’Automne in Paris. It was greeted with a sort of stupor. The shock of surprise caused rage in some quarters and enthusiasm in others. The solution I put forward was a rough one and completely uncompromising. There were no notes to accompany the plans, and, alas! not everybody can read a plan. I should 112 the city on three parts, the city, the industrial city and the garden city, by function, which are laid in orthogonal street network and connected by straight streets. He designed the parts of the ‘city of tomorrow’ the after analyzing the mass production age and dividing the day on three functions, work, repose and sleep. Due to the scientific approach and Le Corbusier’s authority the architectural and urban schemes were widely accepted and copied. I, myself lived since I was seven in a neighbourhood that was modified copy of the urban scheme with ‘streets with setbacks’ (ibid, 1998a:62). While Le Corbusier (1998b:77-78) believed that based on the scientific results the neighbourhoods ‘would satisfy the people accustomed needs and brings him joy, recreation, beauty and health’, the tries in reality showed random results. Even in Skopje the urban concept worked randomly. While my neighbourhoods became prosperous and lively after twenty or more years, a similar neighbourhood built in a same period on a different location in Skopje turned into complete failure, where the people migrated from the neighbourhood. The exhibition of scenario is designed using the Le Corbusier’s methods and it simplifies the reality. The generalizations are necessary, but there should always be awareness of the reality and the complexity, especially in urban design and planning. The projected number of 3180 people in the sustainable cityscape scenario in reality means 3180 sensible persons, everyone with different ideas, wishes and expectations. The strongest critique regarding the universality and simplicity, especially of the works by Le Corbusier came by the Letterists in the 1950s. The Letterists boycotted the avant-garde arts festival displaying Le Corbusier’s Cite radieuse in 1956 and promoted new urbanism24. The Letterist International movement continued the work as Situationist International. The new urbanism was named unitary urbanism. The simplicity was criticized with the irrationality of the people and their needs of unconscious doings like wanderings, doing nothing, being lazy, doing opposite. The Situationists used situation, drift, psycho-geography, detournement, to show that life is complex. Debord and Nieuwenhuis were the main critics in the Situationists movement. Nieuwenhuis develop the New Babylon project, a ludic society25, a have had to be constantly on the spot in order to reply to the fundamental questions which spring from the very depths of human feelings. Such questions are of profound interest and cannot remain unanswered’ (Le Corbusier, 1998b:163). 24 ‘We are bored in the city. There is no longer any Temple of the Sun... We don’t intend to prolong the mechanistic civilizations and frigid architecture that ultimately lead to boring leisure. We propose to invent new, changeable decors’ (Chtcheglov, 1953). 25 ‘In imagining a society in which each man is free to create his life, to give it shape according to his deepest aspirations, we will not have recourse to the forms and images of this long period of history in which man has had to sacrifice the greater part of his creative energy in an unceasing struggle for existence’ (Nieuwenhuis, 1974). 113 society of Homo ludens26, a human that plays where all useful, repetitive activities are automated opposite of the utilitarian society27, a society of Homo faber, the human that work. The ludic critique adds an important part that should be considered in the exhibition of scenarios, the sensibility. The sensibility includes the unconscious, the games and the creativity of the people. The sensibility is also connected with the site and the situation. If the exhibition of scenarios would be developed for other site or in different time there it will not be the same, or this scenarios can not be used as solutions for another site or situation, but the method of making scenarios can be repeated. How sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are? The sums of indices show how sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are. The sum of indices has value of -1559 in the baseline. It means that the neighbourhood today is unsustainable, that it consumes energy, food and materials, it does not supply for its needs by itself, it pollutes the planet Earth and destroys the wildlife. The sums of indices showed that the tried city concepts like skyscrapers, in the skyscraper [Ss] and Manhattan [Ms] and pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario [Pcss], or city blocks, in the building code [Bcs, Ebcs] and old building code [Obcs, Eobcs] scenarios and in the ‘city of towers’ [Cts] scenario, on neighbourhood scale are also unsustainable. The ecovillage scenario [Evs] is the only tried city concept that shows better results, but it again showed unsustainable neighbourhood. The experimental scenarios, like ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens [cthgs], mole city [Mcs], termite city [Tcs] and sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs] showed more 26 Term used for the first time by Johann Huizinga in a book of that title, subtitled ‘A study of the element of play in culture’. In his foreword, Huizinga speaks of the man who plays in still-measured terms: ‘In the course of time we have come to realize that, after all, we are not as reasonable as the eighteenth century, with its worship of reason and its naive optimism, assumed; hence, modern fashion inclines to designate our species as Homo faber: Man the maker. But though faber may not be quite so dubious as sapiens, it is, as a name specific to the human being, even less appropriate, seeing that many animals, too, are makers. There is a third function, however, applicable to both human and animal life, and just as important as reasoning and making namely, playing. It seems to me that next to Homo faber, and perhaps on the same level as Homo sapiens, Homo ludens, Man the player, deserves a place in our nomenclature’ (Nieuwenhuis, 1974). 27 ‘Utilitarian society designates all known forms of society, including the modern capitalist and socialist state. It asserts a fundamental reality, the same for all these forms of community life, old and new, namely the exploitation of the human being’s capacity for work. Utility is the principle criteria in appreciating man and his activity. The creative man, Homo Ludens, can only claim his rights on rare occasions. The opposite of utilitarian society is ludic society, where the human being, freed by automation from productive work, is at least in a position to develop his creativity’ (Nieuwenhuis, 1974). 114 sustainable neighbourhoods then the baseline and possibility to reach sustainable levels, but they are predetermined with the acceptance of different lifestyles that are very constrictive28. The wilderness scenario [Ws], Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs, hNAs] and arcology scenario [As] are sustainable scenarios. The wilderness scenario [Ws] shows the conditions in the nature, as they are, whereas the Noah’s Ark scenarios [NAs, hNAs] and the arcology scenario [As] are idealized neighbourhoods. The Noah Ark scenarios [NAs, hNAs] idealize an agricultural self-sustainable society and correspond to ideal green city29, whereas the arcology scenario [As] idea idealizes the technological society and corresponds to ideal compact city30. In the discussion about the European sustainable cities the compact and green city are the two sustainable city concepts. The compact city concept assumes cut between the city and the nature, where the city tries to keep and clean inside the wastes and pollution, while the nature is left alone to its rhythms. The green city concept promotes integration of the city and the nature to make self-sustainable neighbourhoods, where the people try to accept different environmental friendly lifestyles and technologies. Critique to the subjectivity of the indices The question which neighbourhood scenario is more sustainable is estimated by the sums of indices. These results could be questioned since the index design is subjective, it is objective-oriented, toward an image of a self-sustainable city, a city that cleans its wastes and has no imports, and designed in regard to the problems that are identified. In another case if the indices are applied on another neighbourhood, they should change. But there are indices that can be generally applied, for example the energy index [Iep] that shows the ratio of produced and used energy. 28 I will use a Macedonian folk story to describe the foolishness of the constrictiveness. Nastradin odza, a Muslim priest that is often used as character in the folk stories, wanted to teach his donkey not to eat while doing all the work. In the moment when the donkey learned not to eat, it died. 29 ‘The green city model is an alternative model for the sustainable city, based on ecological design and the development of more or less self sufficient communities. In comparison with the compact city, urban and rural areas are more integrated, and greater urban self sufficiency promotes reduced car use. However, implementation of the green city model is based on the availability of land which may pose a problem in densely populated countries’ (EC, 1998:6-7). 30 ‘The compact city model is based on reducing urban expansion to protect the surrounding environment thus creating a strong contrast between urban and rural areas. The compact city model incorporates intensive land use based on urban regeneration and effective public transport systems. In a compact city, public transport is well developed. The accessibility of residential and business areas and services is increased, resulting in higher use of public transport services’ (EC, 1998:6-7). 115 The indices are designed to draw attention on self-sustainability as sustainability. Self-sustainable city means a city that is designed or upgraded to a level when it does not produce waste and has no need to import resources, nutrients and energy from other cities of regions. It is a city that balances its ecological footprint. The indices describe the self-sustainable city within exactly drawn borders and every city today that reaches for nutrients, resources and energy beyond these drawn borders or has misbalanced ecological footprint within that borders is doomed to be unsustainable. This interpretation of sustainability as self-sustainability is subjective, the balance that is prescribed is also subjective, but my purpose is not to see it as absolute, but as negotiable sustainability and balance. If the indices are seen as sound evaluation tool, the noble way to proceed in regard to Popper’s knowledge cycle is to critically discuss them and their design before they are applied again. In the case of the neighbourhood in Skopje the city archive is the stage for this discussion, but the discussion stage in other cities might be different. The indices can also be designed by more complex formulas that are experimentally proofed for a certain place and time. I found a book named Socio-ecological principles and indicators (Holmberg, 1995) wrongly placed in the history of science and technology department in the library after the indices were designed. The book describes more complex design of indicators. In the design of the indices I used only the checklist (Wells at Restany, 1998:59; Wells, 1981, 34-40) that I extrapolated, but the combination of the Wells’s checklist and the indicators designed by Holmberg (1995) could be further step in improving the approximations of the indices. Critique to the approximations and short-sightedness of the indices The index design is also simplified and approximated. These approximations are made to quickly survey the situation and identify the problems. The simplified and approximated pollution index [Iop] shows the ratio of the masses of the produced and dumped waste. In reality the index can be very complex. There are various wastes. They stay short or long time in the environment, they are toxic or not. Maybe the index will be fulfilled 90%, and it will have value -10, but the 10% of dumped waste could be very toxic. Regardless of the approximations the indices show ratios or uses of energy, resources, food, land, and these ratio differences between the scenarios will remain same since the same approximations are used for every scenario. That gives reliability to the indices. If there are changes in the indices, for example, the maintenance indices [Imt] has -300 in all the skyscrapers scenarios, the changes are written in the appendixes of the scenarios and they could be followed. The indices have also short-sighted view, seeing only a part of the city and evaluating and not seeing the city within an entire geographical feature. The 116 short-sighted view means that the people who live in the neighbourhood are aware only of what they see and that is characteristic for the people in Skopje today. If they see a product it is consumed regardless of its origin, if they produce a product, they see what they consume and are aware. If people everywhere produce for their needs in the neighbourhoods where they live there will be a shift toward environmental lifestyle and they will begin to respect the nature and the planet Earth and be aware of the damage that is caused by their needs. No one will like then to have a coal or nuclear plant in the neighbourhood to supply their electricity need or products from a factory that pollutes. In the index design the neighbourhoods that have energy sources or industries within show better sustainable results by the evaluation method. But that is only if the production fits the sustainable exhausts. The oxygen [Io2] and weather index [Iwt] set low sustainable levels so the neighbourhoods must have energy sources or industries within and they should be very clean. The ecosystem approach (EC, 1996:58-62) is promoted for understanding the problems of urban sustainability of the European cities and for choosing approaches to solving them. In the concept is written that the ‘urban ecosystems are not closed like natural ecosystems’ (EC, 1996:60). The natural systems tend to maintain their equilibrium by circulating resources and wastes internally, while urban systems, in contrast, the problems of supply and waste generally solve by increasing supply and discharge or the flows into and out of the ecosystem’ (EC, 1996:60). In regard to the ecosystem approach and the fact that the city is part of a wider geographical feature the evaluation should take in consideration maybe allocations. For example there is no energy production in the cities today, but there are different power plants around the cities or in the surrounding regions where there is intensive production of energy, the food is intensively produced around the cities or in certain regions, the water can be purified out of the neighbourhood. If there is a try to allocate green area in a valley as sink to improve the sustainability result. In the skyscraper scenario the green area is 87.72% of the whole area and the sum of the indices shows -1515. The skyscraper scenario nevertheless lowered the sum of indices of the Manhattan scenario, which can be core of a skyscraper scenario from -1662 to -1515 due to the green area. If there is a try to allocate green area in a valley for a sustainable Manhattan scenario that area will be huge. No allocation is assumed and the evaluation of fixed borders and toward self-sufficient neighbourhoods is used. The indices in the end can be used in analysis of geographical features like valleys or river basins that include a city inside and the results will be less short-sighted and give more reliable survey of the sustainability of cities. 117 Conclusions and recommendations The future study confirms Wells’s (1981; 1998) observations that the houses in the cities consume water, food, air, soil, energy, resources, while they do not clean their own wastes, they do not produce food, they pollute and they destroy the wildlife. The cities as they are built today are unsustainable. The conclusion of the future study is that there is a need of a complete new way, a change in the way how the neighbourhoods and the cities are built. Wells suggests underground building or earth-covered architecture as solution, as the new way of building where the cities are underground and the nature is untouched and undisturbed above. But the nature can be folded and spread in the city as chains of hanging gardens as it is case in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens [cthgs] and sustainable cityscape scenario [Scs]. The purpose of this thesis is to brainstorm about the future, offer alternatives and theories, and set a stage for discussion. This thesis tends to be inspiring and the recommendations go in that direction. I was reading lot of books about the creation of the world when I was child. I also listened to many stories. In these stories the world was created by giants, titans, gods, God, gravity, physical forces. The forests, rivers, oceans, mountains, continents, even the entire planet was created by these supernatural or natural forces. I believe that it is an ongoing process of creation. The creation of a rivers, mountains or continents is very slow, too slow for the eye of the people and it is not recognized as creation process. The people are imitative, writes Vitruvius (1931:79-81), pointing out that when they were firstly building their houses they imitated the nests of swallows and their methods of building. If the planet Earth is understood as creator that could be imitated and the design of the future cities or the upgrade of the cities today can go in that direction. I do not think of the planet theologically, but of the planet Earth as the conditions of the ecosystems. The design of these cities as hills to live in, forests to live in or even rivers to live in is the main recommendation in regard to the future of the cities. This design is used in the mole and termite city scenarios and in the sustainable cityscape scenario, in the exhibition. These cities also should be self-sustainable as spaceships that have economy of no wastes or imports. Even though the consensual knowledge is that the CO2 emissions are blamed for the climate change on the planet I believe that maybe the spreading of the cities and their footprint has a small share in the warming up. Our cities, the grey spots on the surface of the planet are continuously spreading, especially in the last 30-40 years. The temperature in one of these grey spots, my city Skopje, in summer can reach almost +60°C and you can easily fry an egg on the pavement of the central city square. Seems like the wider Skopje gets while spreading its pavements over the greenery, the temperature in its centre gets higher. The idea behind the sustainable cityscape scenario and the recommendation of the future study is to make the grey spot 118 of my city a bit greener and a bit colder and to promote the idea of making the other grey spots on the planet a bit greener. The greenery reflects the heat from the sun much better then the asphalt or the concrete pavements. If we manage to imitate the wilderness and relief on planet Earth in the design of the cities globally we will exclude the greyness of our cities as cause for possible warming up of the planet or we can even stop it if there is strong relation between global warming and the spreading of the cities. The sustainable cityscape scenario is the designed conclusion of the future study and the whole exhibition of scenarios. The sustainable cityscape scenario comes as synthesis of the building code scenarios, ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens and pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario and has the arcology scenario as objective. It follows the recommendations and imitates a forest and field, and spreads them within and above the city in the try to reach a spaceship economy. The purpose of the sustainable cityscape scenario and this thesis is not only to insert and spread the greenery in the city, but also to insert the people in that greenery. I was living all my life in the city and I always see myself rather out of the nature, rather as a pest. The plant life on the other hand thrives on the places where people live. The plants same as the people like the water and they seem to thrive on our wastes and our CO2 emissions. This past year it was rather fashionable to have a garden in Stockholm and even more fashionable to find time to tend the plants. I was living with my girlfriend in a small student room and instead of garden we planted several chilli pepper plants in two pots. I used to water the plants. The first month I did not use any fertilizer and the plants were rather weak. I searched on Internet and I found that the urine is perfect fertilizer. I even read in that time in Wikipedia that the urine from one person can fertilize a size of a field of cereals that can supply for all the yearly needs for cereals for the same person. I started to fertilize the chilli plants mixing one part of urine with ten parts of water. I used to fertilize them once a week or once in two weeks and their progress was impressive. They were growing much faster then before. In the end we managed to harvest around ten chilli peppers from the two pots and we made a tasty and very chilli dish. My gardening experiment was rather interesting. In the months that I was growing the plants I felt that I was a small part of one small ecosystem and not a pest, but benefactor. Even more I felt rather underused part of the ecosystem that was needed once in one or two weeks. The end word of this gardening experiment is in regard to another recommendation. Besides the need to change the way our cities are designed and built we need a change to our lifestyle and emphasize our benefactor role in the ecosystems. Each person must have more active role, for example in cleaning of the wastes and in food or energy production, or at least be aware of the person’s pest and benefactor role in the ecosystem. In the end there is also a need to design and upgrade our cities to enable this 119 benefactor role. Our cities today are seldom designed for that role. That can be seen as another objective for the future cities. In the end this thesis is not looking for an answer which scenario is most suitable as solution to the problems and the sustainable cityscape scenario as conclusion does not eliminate the other scenarios. The role of the city archive is to find the answer to that question and attempt to eliminate scenarios in a critical discussion among the stakeholders. The significance of the future study to the neighbours is in direction of the recommendations. There is a need of a change in the way how the neighbourhood is developed, a need of experiments, there is a need of a change in the lifestyle, but these changes needs to be discussed and accepted by all the stakeholder groups. Which scenario is best as solution can be decided only with consent of all the stakeholders. The purpose of this thesis is to inform about possible problems and offer alternatives. I will finish the future study with a story. I tried to plant blue English grass few years ago in the front and the back garden of the house, where the grandfather was used to grow vegetables. The gardens are not bigger then 30m2 each. I had an image of perfect lawn and I decided to clean the gardens from the local weeds which tend to thrive in these gardens and plant blue English grass. In the back garden there was an ant colony. When I planted the seeds of the blue English grass the ants started to transport the seeds in their colony. The ants were real fierce enemy to my blue English grass and diligently they collected even the last seed of it even though I was watering the garden all the time. My image of perfect lawn in the back yard was ruined so I decided to let the nature take the course in the small ecosystem in the back garden. In the front garden there were no ants and the blue English grass grew, but also the local weeds grew. It became a mix. My mother tried from time to time to clean the local weeds and create perfect lawn from the picture, but the local weeds were very persistent and they grew again and again. In the end of the story my mother decided to buy dog and make a dog house in the front garden. The dog completely destroyed the lawn and now there are just few very persistent weeds on the corners of the front garden. The story about the gardens can be a story about the neighbourhood. Regardless of all the planning and images there is uncertainty about the future. What will the future bring, we will see. 120 Summary List of abbreviations ACE Architects council of Europe A.D. Anno domini A.H. Anno hegirae ASHRAE American society of heating, refrigerating and air-conditioning engineers B.C. Before Christ CLAE Chamber of licensed architects and engineers DUP Detailed urban plan EC European commission ECM Economic chamber of Macedonia GUP General urban plan IMRAD Introduction, methods, results and discussion LFA Logical framework approach MLS Ministry of local self-government of Macedonia MOEPP Ministry of environment and physical planning of Macedonia MTC Ministry of transport and communications of Macedonia n.d. No date NGO Non-governmental organization OGM Official gazette of Macedonia SSOM State statistical office of Macedonia UN United Nations WCED World commission on environment and development List of tables Table 1: Weights of -O2 and +CO2 by daily activity by ASHRAE...... 16 Table 2: Skopje’s demographics in 1841-42...... 50 Table 3: Skopje’s demographics in 1948-94...... 50 Table 4: Stakeholder analysis matrix for the stakeholders groups...... 65 Table 5: Acceptability of the scenarios by the stakeholder groups...... 103 Table 6: Population, households and dwellings in Skopje ...... 135 Table 7: Households in Skopje...... 136 Table 8: Dwellings in Skopje ...... 137 Table 9: Population and unemployment in Skopje ...... 138 Table 10: Population and education in Skopje...... 139 Table 11: Population and literacy in Skopje...... 140 Table 12: Population in Skopje and the surrounding valleys by ethnicity ...... 141 Table 13: Stakeholder analysis matrix for the planning phase...... 145 Table 14: Stakeholder analysis matrix for the construction phase...... 147 Table 15: Employees in the construction industry in Macedonia ...... 149 Table 16: Employees in the construction industry in Macedonia by statistical methods150 Table 17: Baseline: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 158 121 Table 18: Baseline: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections...... 167 Table 19: Wilderness scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 172 Table 20: Building code scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 178 Table 21: ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 182 Table 22: Building code scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 188 Table 23: ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 189 Table 24: Building code scenarios: Assets in [€]uros...... 190 Table 25: Building code scenarios: Profits in [€]uros...... 191 Table 26: Old building code scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 199 Table 27: ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 203 Table 28: Old building code scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 208 Table 29: ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 209 Table 30: Old building code scenarios: Assets in [€]uros ...... 210 Table 31: Old building code scenarios: Profits in [€]uros ...... 211 Table 32: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 219 Table 33: ‘City of towers’ scenario with hanging gardens: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 221 Table 34: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 224 Table 35: ‘City of towers’ scenario with hanging gardens: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections...... 225 Table 36: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Assets in [€]uros ...... 226 Table 37: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Profits in [€]uros ...... 227 Table 38: Skyscraper scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 233 Table 39: Skyscraper scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 235 Table 40: Manhattan scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 237 Table 41: Manhattan scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 240 Table 42: Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 243 Table 43: Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 246 Table 44: Skyscrapers scenarios: Assets in [€]uros...... 247 Table 45: Skyscrapers scenarios: Profits in [€]uros...... 249 Table 46: Noah’s Ark scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 256 122 Table 47: Noah’s Ark scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 259 Table 48: High Noah’s Ark scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 261 Table 49: High Noah’s Ark scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 264 Table 50: Noah’s Ark scenarios: Assets in [€]uros ...... 265 Table 51: Noah’s Ark scenarios: Profits in [€]uros ...... 266 Table 52: Ecovillage scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 272 Table 53: Ecovillage scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 277 Table 54: Arcology scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 279 Table 55: Arcology scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections281 Table 56: Ecological cities scenarios: Assets in [€]uros ...... 282 Table 57: Ecological cities scenarios: Profits in [€]uros ...... 283 Table 58: Mole city scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 289 Table 59: Mole city scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 292 Table 60: Termite scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 295 Table 61: Termite city scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ...... 298 Table 62: Underground cities scenarios: Assets in [€]uros...... 299 Table 63: Underground cities scenarios: Profits in [€]uros...... 300 Table 64: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots...... 307 Table 65: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections...... 314 Table 66: End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ...... 319 Table 67: End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections...... 325 Table 68: Sustainable cityscape scenarios: Assets in [€]uros...... 328 Table 69: Sustainable cityscape scenarios: Profits in [€]uros...... 329 Table 70: Exhibition of scenarios: Site analysis...... 331 Table 71: Exhibition of scenarios: Population projections ...... 332 Table 72: Exhibition of scenarios: Indices ...... 333 Table 73: Exhibition of scenarios: Indices with the current lifestyle in the neighbourhood ...... 334 Table 74: Exhibition of scenarios: Assets, investments and profits ...... 335 List of boxes Box 1: Popper’s scientific theory models...... 2 Box 2: The story about the Macedonian villages...... 25 Box 3: The story about the Macedonian city of Ohrid ...... 26 123 List of charts Chart 1: Age of the buildings in the neighbourhood by periods...... 71 Chart 2: Population and jobs in the baseline...... 72 Chart 3: Population and jobs in the wilderness scenario...... 73 Chart 4: Investments and assets in the wilderness scenario compared to the baseline...... 73 Chart 5: Population and jobs in the building code scenario ...... 74 Chart 6: Population and jobs in the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario...... 75 Chart 7: Investments and assets in the building code scenarios compared to the baseline 75 Chart 8: Population and jobs in the old building code scenario...... 76 Chart 9: Population and jobs in the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario...... 77 Chart 10: Investments and assets of the old building code scenarios compared to the baseline ...... 78 Chart 11: Population and jobs in the ‘city of towers’ scenario ...... 79 Chart 12: Population and jobs in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario ..... 80 Chart 13: Investments and assets of the ‘city of towers’ scenarios compared to the baseline ...... 81 Chart 14: Population and jobs in the skyscraper scenario...... 82 Chart 15: Population and jobs in the Manhattan scenario...... 82 Chart 16: Investments and assets of the skyscraper and Manhattan scenario compared to the baseline...... 83 Chart 17: Population and jobs in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario ...... 84 Chart 18: Investments and assets in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario compared to the baseline...... 84 Chart 19: Population and jobs in the Noah’s Ark scenario...... 86 Chart 20: Population and jobs in the high Noah’s Ark scenario ...... 87 Chart 21: Investments and assets in the Noah’s Ark scenarios compared to the baseline ...... 87 Chart 22: Population and jobs in the ecovillage scenario...... 88 Chart 23: Investments and assets of the ecovillage scenario compared to the baseline ..... 88 Chart 24: Population and jobs in the arcology scenario...... 90 Chart 25: Investments and assets in the arcology scenario compared to the baseline...... 90 Chart 26: Population and jobs in the mole city scenario...... 91 Chart 27: Investments and assets of the mole city scenario compared to the baseline...... 91 Chart 28: Population and jobs in the termite city scenario...... 92 Chart 29: Investments and assets in the termite city scenario compared to the baseline .. 93 Chart 30: Population and jobs the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario...... 95 Chart 31: Population and jobs the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario...... 96 Chart 32: Investments and assets in the sustainable cityscape scenario compared to the baseline ...... 96 Chart 33: How sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are? ...... 97 Chart 34: How sustainable the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are with the current lifestyle?...... 98 Chart 35: How profitable the developments of the neighbourhoods in the scenarios are? 98 124 Chart 36: How profitable the scenarios are after 3 years of bank loans for their development? ...... 99 Chart 37: How high the investments in the scenarios are? ...... 99 Chart 38: Projected populations in the scenarios...... 101 Chart 39: Projected number of jobs in the scenarios...... 101 Chart 40: Projected number of vehicles in the scenarios...... 102 Chart 41: Difference between parking places and the projected number of vehicles in the scenarios...... 102 Chart 42: Index values for the baseline...... 156 Chart 43: Index values for the wilderness scenario...... 169 Chart 44: Index values for the building code scenario ...... 176 Chart 45: Index values for the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario...... 176 Chart 46: Index values for the old building code scenario...... 196 Chart 47: Index values for the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario...... 197 Chart 48: Index values for the ‘city of towers’ scenario ...... 216 Chart 49: Index values for the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario...... 216 Chart 50: Index values for the skyscraper scenario...... 230 Chart 51: Index values for the Manhattan scenario...... 231 Chart 52: Index values for the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario ...... 231 Chart 53: Index values for the Noah’s Ark scenario...... 253 Chart 54: Index values for the high Noah’s Ark scenario ...... 254 Chart 55: Index values for the ecovillage scenario...... 269 Chart 56: Index values for the arcology scenario...... 270 Chart 57: Index values for the mole city scenario...... 286 Chart 58: Index values for the termite city scenario ...... 286 Chart 59: Index values for the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario...... 304 Chart 60: Index values for the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario...... 304 List of photographs Photograph 1: Neoclassical and early modern building (4.6.1) ...... 51 Photograph 2: Neoclassical and early modern building (4.5.7) ...... 52 Photograph 3: Local modern architecture buildings (4.6.*9, 4.6.*11) ...... 53 Photograph 4: Local modern architecture buildings (4.6.*11, 4.6.*12)...... 53 Photograph 5: International modern architecture building (4.4.1)...... 54 Photograph 6: International modern architecture building (4.4.1)...... 54 Photograph 7: International modern architecture building (3.3.6)...... 55 Photograph 8: Local post-modern architecture building (4.6.*2)...... 56 Photograph 9: Local post-modern architecture building (3.4.8)...... 57 Photograph 10: Local post-modern architecture building (3.3.3)...... 57 Photograph 11: Damaged sidewalk and parked cars everywhere...... 59 Photograph 12: Damaged façades...... 59 Photograph 14: Stolen metal covers of the sewerage ...... 60 Photograph 13: The erkers over the Zdravko Snajder Street ...... 60 125 List of sketches Sketch 1: Sustainable neighbourhood in Uppsala...... 36 Sketch 2: Sustainable house in Rapa Nui (Easter Islands) ...... 37 Sketch 3: Sustainable neighbourhood in Rapa Nui (Easter Islands)...... 38 Sketch 4: Single, double and triple multilevel nodes on one vertical showing the exits on different levels from the Asplund’s library in Stockholm proposal ...... 39 Sketch 5: The two doors elevators showing exits on different levels from the Asplund’s library in Stockholm proposal...... 40 Sketch 6: Problem tree...... 58 Sketch 7: Objective tree ...... 66 List of drawings Drawing 1: Baseline: Site plan...... 157 Drawing 2: Baseline: State of the buildings...... 162 Drawing 3: Baseline: Landmarks ...... 163 Drawing 4: Baseline: Age of the buildings ...... 164 Drawing 5: Baseline: Extended buildings...... 165 Drawing 6: Baseline: Footprint plan ...... 166 Drawing 7: Wilderness scenario: Site plan...... 170 Drawing 8: Wilderness scenario: Footprint plan ...... 171 Drawing 9: Building code scenarios: Site plan...... 177 Drawing 10: Building code scenarios: Footprint plan ...... 186 Drawing 11: Building code scenarios: Footprint plan (maximum building coverage)... 187 Drawing 12: Building code scenario: Development plan...... 192 Drawing 13: ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario: Development plan ...... 193 Drawing 14: Old building code scenarios: Site plan...... 198 Drawing 15: Old building code scenarios: Footprint plan...... 207 Drawing 16: Old building code scenario: Development plan ...... 212 Drawing 17: ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario: Development plan ...... 213 Drawing 18: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Site plan ...... 217 Drawing 19: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Towers, apartment houses and bridges...... 218 Drawing 20: ‘City of towers’ scenarios: Footprint plan...... 223 Drawing 21: Skyscraper scenario: Site plan...... 232 Drawing 22: Skyscraper scenario: Footprint plan ...... 234 Drawing 23: Manhattan scenario: Site plan...... 236 Drawing 24: Manhattan scenario: Footprint plan ...... 239 Drawing 25: Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario: Site plan...... 241 Drawing 26: Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario: Pylons and nodes ...... 242 Drawing 27: Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario: Footprint plan...... 245 Drawing 28: Noah’s Ark scenario: Site plan...... 255 Drawing 29: Noah’s Ark scenario: Footprint plan...... 258 Drawing 30: High Noah’s Ark scenario: Site plan...... 260 Drawing 31: High Noah’s Ark scenario: Footprint plan...... 263 126 Drawing 32: Ecovillage scenario: Site plan...... 271 Drawing 33: Ecovillage scenario: Footprint plan ...... 276 Drawing 34: Arcology scenario: Site plan...... 278 Drawing 35: Arcology scenario: Footprint plan ...... 280 Drawing 36: Mole city scenario: Site plan...... 287 Drawing 37: Mole city scenario: Underground plan ...... 288 Drawing 38: Mole city scenario: Footprint plan...... 291 Drawing 39: Termite city scenario: Site plan ...... 293 Drawing 40: Termite scenario: Underground plan ...... 294 Drawing 41: Termite city scenario: Footprint plan...... 297 Drawing 42: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Site plan ...... 305 Drawing 43: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Upper storeys plan 306 Drawing 44: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Footprint plan...... 313 Drawing 45: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Development plan. 315 Drawing 46: Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Upper storeys development plan ...... 316 Drawing 47: End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Site plan ...... 317 Drawing 48: End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario: Upper storeys plan...... 318 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(2006) Macedonian archeology. Retrieved June 3rd, 2007, from the website: http://my.opera.com/macedonianarcheology/blog/show.dml/271193 Turner, F. C. John. (1976). Housing by people. London: Marion Boyars Virilio, Paul. (2005). City of Panic. New York: Berg UN-Habitat. (1976). The Vancouver declaration on human settlements. Retrieved on May 26th, 2006, from the website: http://www.unhabitat.org/declarations/The_Vancouver_Declaration.pdf UN-Habitat. (1996a). The habitat agenda. Retrieved on May 26th, 2006, from the website: http://www.unhabitat.org/declarations/documents/The_Habitat_Agenda. pdf UN-Habitat. (1996b). Istanbul declaration on human settlements. Retrieved on May 26th, 2006, from the website: http://www.unhabitat.org/declarations/Istanbul_Declaration.pdf Vitruvius. (1931). On Architecture, Volume 1. London: William Heinemann WCED. (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press Wells, Malcolm. (1981). Gentle Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill Wells, Malcolm. (1998). Earth-Sheltered House: An Architects Sketchbook. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Zdravkovski, Dragisa. (1990). The borders of Anza-Vrsnik culture group in the middle Neolithic. In Macedoniae acta archaeologica 11 1987-1989. Skopje: Macedoniae societas archaeologica. 134 Appendices Appendix: Statistics of the city of Skopje This appendix shows the tables from latest census from 2002 (SSOM, 2005) about the statistics of the city of Skopje and the municipality of Centar. The statistics include figures about the population, households, dwellings, education and literacy and ethnicity. Table 6: Population, households and dwellings in Skopje (SSOM, 2005) pop h d pop/h d/h Macedonia 2022547 564296 698143 3.584 1.237 Skopje 506926 146566 163745 3.459 1.117 Aerodrom 72009 21495 23754 3.35 1.105 Butel 36154 10056 11077 3.595 1.102 Gazi Baba 72617 20336 22815 3.571 1.122 Gjorce Petrov 41634 11886 13938 3.503 1.173 Karpos 59666 19680 22849 3.032 1.161 Kisela Voda 57236 17577 20237 3.256 1.151 Saraj 35408 7972 7837 4.442 0.983 Centar 45412 15355 18848 2.957 1.227 Cair 64773 17107 17127 3.786 1.001 Suto Orizari 22017 5102 5263 4.315 1.032 pop [pop]ulation h [h]ouseholds d [d]wellings 135 Table 7: Households in Skopje (SSOM, 2005) h Σ1fh mcc mwc mc fc ucc uc Σmfh Σnfh 1moh 1+mh Macedonia 564237 442159 304577 92567 31074 7914 3501 2526 62973 59105 53861 5244 Skopje 146546 115955 79797 22413 9665 2346 922 812 13456 17135 15171 1964 Aerodrom 21495 17355 12502 2870 1503 303 78 99 1883 2257 2025 232 Butel 10055 8299 5947 1473 603 192 35 49 897 859 762 97 Gazi Baba 20332 16079 11190 3398 1021 304 86 80 2367 1886 1688 198 Gjorce Petrov 11884 9381 6580 1849 671 176 48 57 1362 1141 1011 130 Karpos 19676 15036 9460 3555 1553 272 87 109 1312 3328 2979 349 Kisela Voda 17573 13490 8856 3104 1112 252 77 89 1733 2350 2104 246 Saraj 7971 7167 5565 923 301 158 112 108 647 157 122 35 Centar 15352 11303 7000 2520 1386 266 55 76 946 3103 2726 377 Cair 17106 13937 9929 2171 1274 329 136 98 1442 1727 1491 236 Suto Orizari 5102 3908 2768 550 241 94 208 47 867 327 263 64 h [h]ouseholds mc [m]other with [c]hildren f [f]amily fc [f]ather with [c]hildren mo [m]embers [o]f a household ucc [u]nmarried [c]ouple with [c]hildren 1fh [1f]amily household uc [u]nmarried [c]ouple without [c]hildren mcc [m]arried [c]ouple with [c]hildren mfh [m]ulti[f]amily [h]ousehold mwc [m]arried couple [w]ithout [c]hildren nfh no[n-f]amily [h]ousehold Households by members mo % h mcc mwc mc fc ucc uc 1moh 1+mh 1mof 17.76% 2726 2726 2mof 16.91% 2596 2520 76 2mof+ 13.22% 2029 1386 266 377 3mof+ 52.12% 8001 7000 55 946 Σ 100.0% 15352 136 Table 8: Dwellings in Skopje (SSOM, 2005) d ad ah h mo ah/mo o Macedonia 698143 49671709 39805865 563636 2018627 19.719 614 Skopje 163745 11315029 9814461 146362 505716 19.407 184 Aerodrom 23754 1636724 1468757 21442 71857 20.44 13 Butel 11077 847644 724514 10037 36091 20.075 19 Gazi Baba 22815 1521629 1324300 20267 72468 18.274 76 Gjorce Petrov 13938 1015762 853228 11876 41415 20.602 10 Karpos 22849 1590358 1351016 19670 59347 22.765 11 Kisela Voda 20237 1390968 1202162 17565 57164 21.03 16 Saraj 7837 567092 515877 7966 35389 14.577 9 Centar 18848 1371812 1118578 15346 45276 24.706 13 Cair 17127 1052052 966066 17102 64733 14.924 5 Suto Orizari 5263 320988 289963 5091 21976 13.195 12 d [d]wellings ad [a]rea of [d]wellings in square meters ah [a]rea of [h]ouseholds in square meters h [h]ouseholds mo [m]embers [o]f a household o [o]ther dwellings Dwellings by members mo % ~mo *ah/mo /75% ~a ~% 1mof 17.76% 1 24.70576 32.941 35 19% 2mof 16.91% 2 49.41152 65.882 65 19% 2mof+ 13.22% 2 49.41152 65.882 65+ 51% 3mof+ 52.12% 3 74.117281 98.823 100+ 11% Σ 100.0% 100% ~mo [~]approximate [m]embers [o]f a household a [a]rea of a dwelling ~% [~]approximate [%]percent of dwelling 137 Table 9: Population and unemployment in Skopje (SSOM, 2005) Σ ea eae eau ena ur Macedonia 1577001 743676 460544 283132 833325 38.07% Skopje 406392 200937 143745 57192 205455 28.46% Aerodrom 60743 35484 28310 7174 25259 20.22% Butel 28632 13821 9824 3997 14811 28.92% Gazi Baba 57716 29326 19766 9560 28390 32.60% Gjorce Petrov 33936 18584 13586 4998 15352 26.89% Karpos 49996 26212 21784 4428 23784 16.89% Kisela Voda 47104 25068 18582 6486 22036 25.87% Saraj 24487 7661 2891 4770 16826 62.26% Centar 39209 19967 16662 3305 19242 16.55% Cair 49099 19179 10433 8746 29920 45.60% Suto Orizari 15470 5635 1907 3728 9835 66.16% ea [e]conomic [a]ctive population over 15 eae [e]conomic [a]ctive [e]mployed eau [e]conomic [a]ctive [u]nemployed ena [e]conomic no[n-a]ctive ena [e]conomic no[n-a]ctive ur [u]nemployment [r]ate 138 Table 10: Population and education in Skopje (SSOM, 2005) p15 we ipe pe sie se uV uVII MSc PhD Macedonia 1596267 67358 219507 559082 2531 588554 50302 104081 2783 2069 Skopje 408099 11259 28292 107408 508 193425 14194 49554 1777 1682 Aerodrom 60933 488 2264 9254 20 35078 2535 10603 417 274 Butel 28719 733 1964 8037 29 14603 991 2244 66 52 Gazi Baba 57981 2069 5098 16112 75 30010 1296 3197 66 58 Gjorce Petrov 34033 587 2264 7435 27 19461 1231 2911 67 50 Karpos 50137 620 2259 6481 17 25444 2740 11595 499 482 Kisela Voda 47238 714 3122 9425 18 27049 1755 4924 118 113 Saraj 24901 1252 2319 17139 66 3563 190 360 6 6 Centar 39369 351 1434 4900 17 18313 2194 11080 477 603 Cair 49307 2576 4933 20533 125 17293 1203 2542 59 43 Suto Orizari 15481 1869 2635 8092 114 2611 59 98 2 1 p15 [p]opulation over [15] we [w]ithout [e]ducation ipe [i]ncomplete [p]rimary [e]ducation pe [p]rimary [e]ducation sie [s]till in [p]rimary [e]ducation se [s]econdary [e]ducation uV [u]niversity to 3 year programme [V] uVII [u]niversity to 5 year programme [VII] MSc [M]aster of [Sc]ience PhD [Ph-D]octorate 139 Table 11: Population and literacy in Skopje (SSOM, 2005) p10 lit ill litr litw illw litrw litm illm litrm Macedonia 1756606 1693044 63562 96.38% 829755 48569 94.5% 863289 14993 98.3% Skopje 444041 433139 10902 97.54% 217883 8759 96.1% 215256 2143 99.0% Aerodrom 65131 64656 475 99.27% 32968 389 98.8% 31688 86 99.7% Butel 31358 30672 686 97.81% 15195 557 96.5% 15477 129 99.2% Gazi Baba 63122 61156 1966 96.89% 30019 1581 95.0% 31137 385 98.8% Gjorce Petrov 36902 36308 594 98.39% 18133 491 97.4% 18175 103 99.4% Karpos 53687 53002 685 98.72% 27780 504 98.2% 25222 181 99.3% Kisela Voda 51032 50326 706 98.62% 25596 560 97.9% 24730 146 99.4% Saraj 28638 27394 1244 95.66% 13178 953 93.3% 14216 291 98.0% Centar 41845 41494 351 99.16% 22071 286 98.7% 19423 65 99.7% Cair 54627 52241 2386 95.63% 25549 1990 92.8% 26692 396 98.5% Suto Orizari 17699 15890 1809 89.78% 7394 1448 83.6% 8496 361 95.9% p10 [p]opulation over [10] lit [lit]erate ill [ill]iterate w woman m man litr [lit]eracy [r]ate 140 Table 12: Population of Skopje's and surrounding valleys by ethnicity (SSOM, 2005) Σ Macedonians Albanians Turks Romas Vlachs Serbs Bosniaks Other Macedonia 2022547 1297981 509083 77959 53879 9695 35939 17018 20993 Urban municipalities in Skopje Aerodrom 72009 64391 1014 430 580 501 3085 538 1470 Butel 36154 22506 9107 1304 561 120 1033 970 553 Gazi Baba 72617 53497 12502 606 2082 236 2097 710 887 Gorce Petrov 41634 35455 1597 368 1249 109 1730 489 637 Karpos 59666 52810 1952 334 615 407 2184 98 1266 Kisela Voda 57236 52478 250 460 716 647 1426 425 834 Saraj 35408 1377 32408 45 273 0 18 1120 167 Centar 45412 38778 1465 492 974 459 2037 108 1099 % 100.00% 85.39% 3.23% 1.08% 2.14% 1.01% 4.49% 0.24% 2.42% Cair 64773 15628 36921 4500 3083 78 621 2950 992 Suto Orizari 22017 1438 6675 56 13342 0 67 177 262 Skopje 506926 338358 103891 8595 23475 2557 14298 7585 8167 100.00% 66.75% 20.49% 1.70% 4.63% 0.50% 2.82% 1.50% 1.61% Rural municipalities in Skopje's valley Aracinovo 11597 596 10879 0 0 1 10 65 46 Ilinden 15894 13959 352 17 428 1 912 0 225 Petrovec 8255 4246 1887 75 134 0 415 1442 56 Sopiste 5656 3404 1942 243 0 4 32 0 31 Studenicani 17246 309 11793 3285 73 0 14 1662 110 Cucer-Sandevo 8493 4019 1943 0 23 16 2426 1 65 Zelenikovo 4077 2522 1206 1 92 1 45 191 19 71218 29055 30002 3621 750 23 3854 3361 552 100.00% 40.80% 42.13% 5.08% 1.05% 0.03% 5.41% 4.72% 0.78% Σ Macedonians Albanians Turks Romas Vlachs Serbs Bosniaks Other Skopje's valley Σ 578144 367413 133893 12216 24225 2580 18152 10946 8719 % 100.00% 63.55% 23.16% 2.11% 4.19% 0.45% 3.14% 1.89% 1.51% Urban 87.68% 92.09% 77.59% 70.4% 96.90% 99.1% 78.8% 69.29% 93.7% Rural 12.32% 7.91% 22.41% 29.6% 3.10% 0.89% 21.2% 30.71% 6.33% Skopje's valley with the two neigbour valleys and the city of Veles Σ 1066141 533731 411039 28946 33989 3101 30021 13598 11716 % 100.00% 50.06% 38.55% 2.72% 3.19% 0.29% 2.82% 1.28% 1.10% Urban 78.33% 90.83% 60.43% 70.8% 97.46% 99.2% 82.2% 75.06% 88.6% Rural 21.67% 9.17% 39.57% 29.2% 2.54% 0.77% 17.8% 24.94% 11.4% 141 Table 12: Population of Skopje's and surrounding valleys by ethnicity (SSOM, 2005) Σ Macedonians Albanians Turks Romas Vlachs Serbs Bosniaks Other Kumanovo's valley with the city Kumanovo (38.44km from Skopje) Kumanovo 105484 63746 27290 292 4256 147 9062 20 671 Lipkovo 27058 169 26360 0 0 1 370 6 152 Staro Nagoricane 4840 3906 1 0 1 0 926 0 6 Σ 137382 67821 53651 292 4257 148 10358 26 829 % 100.00% 49.37% 39.05% 0.21% 3.10% 0.11% 7.54% 0.02% 0.60% Polog valley with the cities Tetovo (44.26km) and Gostivar (67.84km from Skopje) Tetovo 86580 20053 60886 1882 2357 15 604 156 627 Bogovinje 28997 37 27614 1183 5 0 1 9 148 Brvenica 15855 5949 9770 2 0 0 78 1 55 Zelino 24390 71 24195 2 0 0 1 5 116 Jegunovce 10790 5963 4642 4 41 0 109 1 30 Tearce 22454 2739 18950 516 67 0 14 1 167 Gostivar 81042 15877 54038 7991 2237 15 160 39 685 Vrapciste 25399 1041 21101 3134 0 0 4 8 111 Σ 295507 51730 221196 14714 4707 30 971 220 1939 % 100.00% 17.51% 74.85% 4.98% 1.59% 0.01% 0.33% 0.07% 0.66% The city of Veles (53.48km from Skopje) Veles 55108 46767 2299 1724 800 343 540 2406 229 % 100.00% 84.86% 4.17% 3.13% 1.45% 0.62% 0.98% 4.37% 0.42% 142 Appendix: Stakeholder analysis The planning phase of the development The spatial and urban planning in Macedonia is regulated on national and municipal level by the law for spatial and urban planning (OGM, 2005a:3-4). The Spatial plan of Macedonia is discussed in the Assembly of Macedonia and constituted every fifteen years on national level whereas on municipal level there are GUPs and three types of DUPs, which are amended every ten and five years, respectably. The territory of Macedonia is divided on 84 municipalities each with local self-government where the city of Skopje is territorial entity has its own local self-government and it is consisted of 10 municipalities. From 1944 Macedonia divided its territory thirteen times with last change in 2004, experimenting with different sizes of municipalities and regions (MLS, n.d.). The last division in 2004 was done on politics and caused large discontent31 among the Macedonians. The decentralization of Macedonia is undergoing and the reforms should end in 2007. There are two types of municipalities in Macedonia, urban and rural, depending if the centre of the municipality is in village or in city. The municipalities in the cities are further divided in urban quarters, urban blocks and plots. For each urban quarter different DUP is developed. The development of the GUPs and DUPs is done by firms and enterprises that have license for urban planning issued by the Chamber of licensed architects 31 In the territorial division of 2004 the rural municipality Saraj, which is predominantly populated with Albanians, was added in the city of Skopje to make the percentage of Albanians in Skopje over 20%. If Albanians represent 20% of a territorial entity, they are granted language and national symbols use and representation by the percentage, by the Ohrid framework agreement which was signed after the conflict in 2001. The territory division caused revolt among the Macedonians and a referendum was organized. Under a big pressure by the government and foreign diplomats to boycott the referendum only 26.3% of the people went out to vote of which 95.05% for and 4.95% against (Jovanovska, 2004, November 8th). The telephone polls of 1000 people one month before the referendum showed that 63% of the people will go on the referendum out of which 74% will vote for and around 10% against (Jancovska, 2004, October 10th). A territorial division by geography on valleys would have caused more relaxed atmosphere in Skopje. The percentage of Albanians in Skopje’s valley is 23% and governing a geographical feature like valley is more logical spatially then governing politically drawn areas. The case with the referendum in 2004 is described to show the tolerance of the people, to characterize them as stakeholder. Even though the majority of the Macedonians believed that the territorial division was wrongly done, they did not object because the administrators, the government, put the pressure. In another telephone polls regarding the discontent of the people by the government 67% of the people were disappointed with the current situation and 61% were discontent by the work of the government, but regardless of the discontent none of the people will object if it is requested by a party leader, 10% if requested by the union and only 25% would object on their own initiative (Todorovska, 2006, March 24th). 143 and engineers [CLAE] and they must employ at least five architects or engineers, out of whom one must have CLAE license for urban design and planning. The building construction developments in the neighbourhood are regulated by the GUP for the city of Skopje and the DUPs for the urban quarter of Bunjakovec. The GUP draws the zoning, analyzes the trends in the city, but does not assign development zones. The DUPs make the building codes and design the urban schemes. The GUP for the city of Skopje is developed by a public enterprise, whereas the DUPs for Bunjakovec are done by a private firm for urban planning. The urban planning in Macedonia has top-bottom approach where the law for spatial and urban planning (OGM, 2005a) prescribes public participation. The article 17 of the law (OGM, 2005a:9) establishes a participation group of ten members to guide and follow up the urban planning in the GUPs. By the article 23 of the same law (OGM, 2005a:12) the mayor organizes expert discussion on the preliminary design of the GUP where urban planners, various experts, governmental officials, NGOs and people concerned by the GUP take part. By the article 24 of the law (OGM, 2005a:12-13) for the preliminary design of the DUP there should be a public presentation and inquiry is organized for the interested people, not lasting less then 15 days. On the inquiry a citizen can give written remark, opinion or proposal. The major stakeholders in the urban planning phase by the laws are the local government, the mayor and the urban planning companies, private or the public. The minor stakeholders are the people, since the people are not directly included in the urban planning. The government and the ministries influence the urban planning with the changes in the laws and with setting up of the CLAE. In the government of Macedonia there are two ministries involved in spatial and urban planning, abbreviated as MTC and MOEPP. The MTC through the departments for urban and spatial planning and construction brings the regulation about the spatial and urban planning and the construction works, whereas MOEPP deals with the environmental regulations. The CLAE is authority that issues the licenses for planning, design and engineering and construction works. The stakeholders are identified by their role in the urban planning phase, characterized and displayed in the next table. 144 Table 13: Stakeholder analysis matrix for the planning phase Stakeholders and their Interests and how Capacity and Possible actions characteristics are affected by the motivation to bring problems changes Government • High concern • Have the power • Organize the other Prime minister and about the public and resources to stakeholders to meet ministers, highly image make the change and debate about the influential, • Willing to listen to • High political problems development oriented the people influence • Political lobbing for • Affected by the • There is establishing the CLAE problems indirectly motivation MTC • Want to put end • Legislation • Work with the other Agencies in the to the illegal decision makers stakeholders in the law ministry, influential, building and to • High potential to making lawmakers, improve the lobby • Organize public development oriented, enforcement of the • Limited political meetings and debates bureaucratic and top- laws influence about the problems bottom oriented • Affected by the • There is problems indirectly motivation MOEPP • Environmental • Limited potential • Organize public Agencies in the concerns to lobby meetings and debates ministry, lowly • Affected by the • Limited political about the influential problems indirectly influence environmental • Low motivation problems CLAE • Professional • Not established • Establish the CLAE Architects, engineers, concerns • Organize and urban planning firms • Law enforcers network the professionals in the industry Urban planners • No environmental • A potential to • Establish the CLAE Firms registered for concerns lobby • Work with the other urban planning, • Not affected by stakeholders in the possibly networked the problems urban planning with the so-called • Concern about the • Control quality of ‘urban mafia’ role of CLAE and the urban plans the future regulations People • Want to develop • Limited political • Organize and Around 600 their properties influence motivate the people households and 100 • No environmental • Low motivation • Put political pressure businesses, no concerns for public influence, uninformed participation So-called ‘urban mafia’ • Profits • High potential to • Establish the CLAE Groups of people in all • No environmental lobby • Negotiate with the the sectors of the concerns • Low motivation illegal constructors industry that • Concern about the and legalize their work constructs illegal role of CLAE and • Enforce the laws buildings the future regulations 145 The problems in the urban planning are divided by the stakeholders. The government and the ministries are faced with problems that affect their public image like disrespect of the laws, illegal buildings and general urban planning that lacks development strategy. The urban planners are stakeholders that are not affected by the urban planning or controlled by any authority and they are seemingly influenced by the so-called ‘urban mafia’ to design highly profitable development plans. The GUPs and the spatial plans do not influence any development in reality in Skopje or in Macedonia. The GUPs are confidential and complex and serve as background to the DUPs then as development plans and there is no pre-determined development strategy on the city or municipal level. The development is planned on DUP scale by the urban planning firms. The people are the least involved stakeholder in the urban planning even though the law for spatial and urban planning (OGM, 2005a) prescribes public participation by sending written notes. The people feel distance and distrustfulness when the local government and municipal officials are in question. The DUPs are confidential and only the administrators, the municipal officials and urban planners, have access to them. The people can send written application and receive conditions for building in five days by the article 49 of the law (OGM, 2005a:20) and check what is planned only for their properties. For that information the municipality charges a fee. The construction phase of the development The construction phase is regulated by the law for construction (OGM, 2005b). The construction phase begins with receiving the building permit. An owner of the property can send written applications for conditions for building and municipality must issue them within five days. The conditions for building include as excerpt from the DUP and they are background for the building construction project. After the building construction project is accepted by the officials in municipality the mayor issues a building permit. The process of realization of the building construction projects is controlled by the building inspection in the municipality (OGM, 2005a:24-26). By the law for construction (OGM, 2005b) there are five actors in the building construction process, the clients or the owners the building permit, the designers, the revisers, the contractors and the supervisors. The last four actors must have license by the CLAE in order to design, revise, realize and or supervise the building construction projects. 146 Table 14: Stakeholder analysis matrix for the construction phase Stakeholders and their Interests and how Capacity and Possible actions characteristics are affected by the motivation to bring problems changes People • Want to develop • Can not be • Organize and Around 600 their properties generalized, some motivate the people households and 100 • Want to solve the people have • Raise the awareness businesses, decision infrastructure and capacity some not, of the environmental makers, unorganized, urban problems like some are motivated, and social problems uninformed parking, damaged some are not streets. • No environmental concerns • Distrust to the local government • Fear of possible developments of their properties without their consent Local government • High concern • Have the power • Organize the other The mayor of Skopje about the public and resources to stakeholders to meet and the mayor of image make the change and debate about the municipality of Centar, • Unaffected by the • High political problems highly influential, problems directly influence decision makers, • No environmental • There is low development oriented, concerns current motivation possibly networked with the so-called ‘urban mafia’ Municipal officials • Unaffected by the • There is low • Control the work of Employees in the problems current motivation the officials municipality of Centar, • Set positive highly influential, incentives for good building permits administration issuers, possibly networked with the so- called ‘urban mafia’ Building inspectors • Unaffected by the • No power and • Control the work of The officials that problems resources to make the inspection control the building the change • Set positive construction projects, • High potential to incentives for good influential, possibly lobby administration networked with the so- • No motivation called ‘urban mafia’ CLAE • Professional • Not established • Establish the CLAE Architects, engineers, concerns • Organize and construction industry • Law enforcers network the firms professionals 147 Stakeholders and their Interests and how Capacity and Possible actions characteristics are affected by the motivation to bring problems changes Building entrepreneurs • Profits • Big potential to • Establish the CLAE and building • Lower interest lobby to the local • Control the work of construction companies rates in the banks government or to the industry • No environmental the urban planners • Make long term Registered firms that concerns • Trusted by the development strategy can contract and • Concerns about people for the construction realize the building the black market • There is low industry construction works, • Concern about the current motivation with or without role of CLAE and building construction the future equipment, influential, regulations by the often networked with authority the so-called ‘urban mafia’ Black market • Unclear interests • Unclear power and • Negotiate with the Unregistered groups of interest for change groups of people from people with or without the black market building construction • Make long term equipment that can development strategy realize construction for the construction works, construction industry workers, architects, engineers, not organized, networked with the entrepreneurs, not influential So-called ‘urban mafia’ • Profits • High potential to • Establish the CLAE Some people, some • No other concerns lobby • Negotiate with the members of the local • Trusted by the illegal constructors governments, some people and legalize their work municipal officials, • No motivation • Enforce the laws some building inspectors, some entrepreneurs, everyone that is included in the construction of illegal buildings, very influential, undercover Planet Earth • Stop the climate • Incommunicable • Organize and inform By the concept for change stakeholder the people about the sustainable • Stop the pollution environmental development • Stop the problems destruction of the • Promote wilderness environmental lifestyle 148 The major stakeholders in the construction phase are the people since they own the property that will be developed. The people distrust the local government and they prefer to negotiate with the building entrepreneurs and the so-called ‘urban mafia’. The top-bottom approach and the limited public participation in the urban planning, the confidentiality of the urban plans, the restricted information and the ‘entrepreneurship’ of the municipal officials and the local governments, the continuous scandals, are some of the causes for the distrust of the people to the local government. The building entrepreneurs and the so-called ‘urban mafia’ negotiate directly with the people. The people know what is planned and how the development progresses and if there are some problems it is identified immediately or it is either solved, or there is a scandal. There are 55 illegal buildings or 28.2% out of the 195 built in the municipality Centar in 2005 by the statistics (SSOM, 2006c). The so-called ‘urban mafia’ is also major stakeholder in the construction phase. Since the CLAE, the regulatory authority that is responsible for issuing the licenses is not working almost all the building construction projects in Macedonia are partially illegal. The so-called ‘urban mafia’, the building entrepreneurs, the black market and the construction companies make the construction industry in Macedonia. These stakeholders are further referred as the developers. The construction industry in Macedonia peaked in the beginning of the 1980s after the reconstruction of Skopje and stabilized itself on the figure of employees in the 1990s. 1981 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 Industry 360000 408000 417000 382000 361000 337000 Construction industry 57000 53000 47000 42000 39000 36000 % 15.83% 12.99% 11.27% 10.99% 10.80% 10.68% 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Industry 311000 273000 255000 248000 234000 225000 Construction industry 33000 31500 31000 30000 26000 24700 % 10.61% 11.54% 12.16% 12.10% 11.11% 10.98% Table 15: Employees in the construction industry in Macedonia (Petrovska, n.d.) The privatization in the 1990s caused collapse the construction industry32 which was largely publicly owned. The collapse is visible in regard of the figure of officially employed in the industry sector. 32 The public construction company where my mother was working had almost 12000 employees in 1986, today is private and has around 1100 employees by their website. The public construction company where my father was working had between 7000-8000 employees. It was privatized and today is the leading construction company in Macedonia with less then 3000 employees. 149 By administrative source method 2002 2003 2004 2005 Σ 279800 267500 411700 411000 Construction industry 24100 21700 30800 28700 % 8.61% 8.11% 7.48% 6.98% By questionnaires method 2002 2003 2004 2005 Σ 561300 545100 523000 545200 Construction industry 32800 35900 36500 35300 % 5.84% 6.59% 6.98% 6.47% Table 16: Employees in the construction industry in Macedonia by statistical methods (ECM, 2006) The figures in the tables show a fall in the number of employees in the period 1980-1990, but with the privatization the figure of officially employed in the construction industry halved in the end of the 1990s. The employees did not lose their work, but most of them started to work illegally. In 2003 the black market was employing 39.50% of the officially employed in the building industry. In the 2005 that percent lowered and it was 22.99%. These figures and the share of the black market fluctuate between 20% and 40%. The other part of the black market is consisted of architects and engineers that are already employed. The CLAE, the authority that is responsible for issuing the planning and construction licenses, is not working. In the current situation there are no licenses or they are issued before 1991 and only an architect or engineer signature over the building construction project is needed for the project to be accepted by the municipality. The architect or engineer has no responsibility how the building construction project is realized. Sometimes the building entrepreneurs hire unqualified workers to design the building construction projects since they are working for less money, they give money to architects or engineers for a signature and in the end they improvise in the realizations of the building construction project to get maximum floor area. The second consequence of the privatization of the construction industry is the decomposition to large number of building entrepreneurs and small private construction firms. The figure of construction companies in 1990 was 317 and each in average had 148.26 employed. In 2005 there were 7832 construction firms or averagely 3.66 employed. The decomposition severed the ability for large building construction projects. From 1991 there is no case in Macedonia where entire neighbourhood or even an urban block is developed. The small building construction firms are not networked them and they work usually building by building. 150 The grouping of the stakeholders To simplify the stakeholder analysis, the stakeholders are joined in groups. The people comprise the first stakeholder group. They are heterogeneous group which is sensible and can change the characteristics and preferences. The administrators group consists of stakeholders that make and amend the laws, design the urban plans and strategies and control the development. It includes the government, the local self-government, the municipal officials, the urban planners. The developers are the last group. The developers group is consisted of the building entrepreneurs, construction companies and the so-called ‘urban mafia’. They do not have no social or any other preferences besides profits. The last stakeholder is the planet Earth. The relations between the stakeholder groups The relation between the people and the administrators is distrustful. The Macedonians are very tolerant people, especially if they is pressure and they seldom object33. In the telephone polls only 25% would object on their own initiative even though 67% of the people are disappointed with the situation (Todorovska, 2006, March 24th). The administrators are privileged stakeholder group. Sometimes they do not communicate with the people and make pressure on them, like in the referendum in 2004. The administrators made pressure on the people with different projects in the past as well, often abusing their tolerance to a level that the people became pessimistic and resentful. The people appreciate the communication. The government in Macedonia that was elected in 2006 puts a big effort on the communication with the people, especially the prime minister. The results of the governmental effort of close communication with the people are visible. In the recent telephone polls the prime minister ratings rose and was favoured by 30.8% of 1108 people questioned, which is the highest favour of 33 There is a self ironical joke about the Macedonians and their tolerance. A foreign investor heard that the Macedonians are very tolerant and decided to test it. The investor bought a factory in Macedonia, gathered all the workers in the big factory hall and declared that he will not give the wages for the next three months. The workers did not object in the three months and continued to work as before. After three months the investor declared that he will not give the wages for the next six months. The workers did not object and continued to work. After six months the investor said that he will not give the wages for the next year. No one complained again. After that year the investor surprised by the tolerance yelled to them: ‘I will not give salaries anymore and once a month I will hang one worker!’ And in the silence in the end of the big hall 1 worker lift his hand shy. The investor happily thought: ‘Ha, good. Finally an objection.’ and he asked the worker impolitely: ‘What do you want?’ The worker said: ‘Can I ask one question?’ ‘Sure!’ replied the investor. ‘Should we bring the rope for hanging from home or the company will buy it?’ 151 any prime minister in the history of Macedonia and currently highest in the region (Hadispirkovska, 2007, April 21st). Unfortunately, not all the administrators prefer to communicate with the people and the relations between the people and the administrators on all the levels except on the highest are sore34. The developers on the other hand have vivid communication both with the administrators and the people. Macedonia is free market economy and everyone finds the money and profitability preferable. The developers are the engine in the free market economy and they cooperate with everyone for possible profits. The urban planning firms design and the local government approves DUPs that are solely profitable oriented making the gap between the developers and the administrators sometimes very narrow and often the preferences of the so-called ‘urban mafia’ and the administrators concur. The last and the least important stakeholder in the free market economy is the planet Earth. ‘By leaves we live!’ said Geddes (1949:216), ‘Not by the circulation of coins!’ In reality the stakeholder groups have no environmental concerns if they are connected with immediate monetary benefits. 34 In 2005 when I went in the municipality of Centar and asked to get a copy of the DUP for Bunjakovec for this thesis, but the municipal official declined my request. I was not even allowed to see the DUP, but I was directed to the urban planning firm which developed the DUP for information. 152 Appendix: Baseline The appendix of the baseline includes a site plan, a site analysis table, plans that show the state and the age of the buildings, a plan of the buildings that are extended, a footprint plan and an ecological footprint table, land use and population projections table and the indices chart. Site plan and site analysis table The site plan for the baseline is drawn on the background of the DUPs for the urban quarters Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The designation of the urban blocks is done accordingly to the DUP for Bunjakovec 1, except for the urban block 4.6.* which belongs in the DUP for Bunjakovec 2 and has designation 4.6 there. In the DUPs for Bunjakovec there are joined plots designated with one number. These plots exist in the baseline as separate and small Latin letters are attached to the designation in the baseline. For example for the plot with number 1, the separate plots within the joined plot have designation 1a, 1b, etc. The small Latin letters designation is also used for buildings that are on the same plot, but have different heights. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. State of the buildings The state of the buildings has been determined by damage to the façade and by occupancy. The state could be good, damaged façades, bad or in state of building. The building (3.1.4) is abandoned, 11 buildings have damaged façades and 9 buildings are in construction or are constructed in 2005-2007. Ages and extensions of the buildings The buildings are roughly divided in three periods, from 1913-1963, 1963-1991 and 1991-2005. From 1913-1963 there are 68 buildings, from which 6 were extended in 1963-1991 and 6 in 1991-2005. From 1963-1991 there are 20 buildings from which 7 were extended in 1991-2005. From 1991-2005 there are 6 buildings and 9 buildings that are in construction or are constructed in 2005-2007. In the period of 1963-2005 19 buildings were extended and 5 were demolished and replaced with new buildings. From the buildings that are currently constructed 2 are extended and 7 buildings are demolished and new buildings are in construction. In the neighbourhood there are 56 buildings or 54.36% from 103 originating from 1913-1963, 19 or 18.45% from 1963-1991, 19 or 18.45% in 1991-2005 and 9 or 8.73% are in construction or are constructed from 2005 onwards. 153 Landmarks The landmarks are assigned based on their imageability. Imageability is defined as quality of a building to evoke a strong image in the observer (Lynch, 1960:8). The assigned landmarks are buildings by which people orient and buildings that have historical and architectural value for the neighbourhood. The early modern architecture, the architecture of the 1920s and 1930s, is seen as inseparable part of the neighbourhood, therefore the railway workers building (4.6.1) and several broken rows of along the streets Nikola Trimpare, Apostol Guslarot and Zlatko Snajder have status of landmark buildings. Further on, inseparable part of old Skopje is the local modern architecture from the 1950s and 1960s and the several apartment houses from that period (4.6.*9, 4.6.*11, 4.6.*12, 4.6.*13, 4.5.2, 4.5.2a) are regarded as landmarks. The school (4.4.1), the kindergarten (3.5.8) and the hospital (3.3.6) are points in the city by which the people orient and that are also landmarks. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the baseline was drawn over the satellite images of the neighbourhood. These images are scaled to fit the scale and afterwards the greenery is drawn in the plan. Ecological footprint The area of the neighbourhood in the baseline is 90811m2. The total built environment area is calculated as sum of the streets [st], paths [pt], the sum of areas under the buildings [a], under the temporary buildings [Ta], under the parking lots [P] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The built environment covers 72.36% (bc%=72.83%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area represents 84.47% (far=0.84) of the total area. The area of the natural environment is the sum of the greenery areas [G] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The natural environment covers 27.17% of the area. Land use and population projections In the neighbourhood 81.2% of the buildings are residential [R], 4.2% commercial and industrial buildings [C] and 14.6% are institutional [S]. By the population projections 1858 people live in the neighbourhood and there are 342 jobs. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] was divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] is divided with 20m2 and the total net area of 154 institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The normative standard for commercial and industrial buildings assumes minimal area of 12 m2 per job, whereas for institutional buildings it is 7-15m2 per user (OGM, 2002). The number of vehicles is assumed to be one vehicle on every 100m2 of residential buildings [R] and one on every 50m2 of commercial and industrial [C] and institutional buildings [S]. The number of parking places is assumed as one for each 50m2 of street area and one for every 30m2 of parking lots [P] and for the 70% of total net area temporary buildings [Ta*75%]. Assets, investments and profits The assets of the buildings in the baseline are 63,383,459€. Since the baseline is standstill scenario it has no investments and profits. The assets are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. Indices In the baseline the water is not purified and the solid waste is dumped on a landfill. The air emissions are 7.44t/pop/y of CO2eq, whereas the sustainable 35 level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 180g/km and each vehicle passes 5000km in one year. The average energy consumption is 248kWh/y/m2, 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity and 150kWh/y/m2 is energy for heating. No energy or food is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices in the baseline is -1559. 35 The European Union targets to reach an average CO2 emission of 120g/km for all new passenger cars by 2012. The achieved results are only 160g/km in 2005, from 186g/km in 1995 (‘European emission standards’, n.d.). The figure 180g/km can be understated, but the understatement is balanced with the distance passed each year. 155 200 69 5 0 -10 -200 -79 -72-93-72 -53 -100 -75 -100 -97 -100 -100 -100 -127 -400 -176 -279 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1559 -1800 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 42: Index values for the baseline 156 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 St. Guslarot Apostol Borka Taleski St. 4.4. Borka Taleski St. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 Nikola Trimpare St. 3 7 8 9 R 8a a 8a j 1 k 4 . o 3 13 7a t 2 5 11 12 Z 6 1 S i n 2 8 7 3.1. a z i f 5 v o v 3 o S 14 n t 6 i . 4 4 3.5. n 12 13 10 10 e 6 3.4. L 3 1 9 1a Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 6 1 8 10 8 7 ik St. 9 vski - Platn 11 Kiro Krste 18a 15 1617 18 2 K o 14 le 20 N Z e d l a e t 19 l k ko o 3.3. v S 13 s n 3 k n a 1 i Plot & building j S d t e . r 12 numbers S 9 t . 4 n.n. Urban block numbers 6a 11 8 Temporary buildings 5 7 Buildings 10 6 ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Baseline Drawing 1: Site plan 157 Table 17: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Baseline 4.6. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 14 4 1358 0 3% 8658.53 8658.53 0 0 55% 2.25 30241.3 2 408 229 0 11 3 0 0 10% 732.8 0 0 732.8 56% 1.8 2667.85 3 324 218 44 9 3 0 0 0% 654 654 0 0 67% 2.02 1962 4 334 184 20 7 2 0 0 0% 368 368 0 0 55% 1.1 1288 5 351 215 35 15 6 0 0 5% 1343.75 1128.75 215 0 61% 3.83 3337.88 Σ 5264 2963 99 1358 0 11757.1 10809.3 215 732.8 56% 2.23 39497.1 100% 56% 2% 26% 0% 223% 92% 2% 6% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 616 197 0 13 5 0 433 0% 985 985 0 0 32% 1.6 2561 1a 283 283 0 22 9 0 0 0% 2547 2547 0 0 100% 9 6226 2 1388 545 60 16 6 0 469 0% 3270 3270 0 0 39% 2.36 8720 2a 188 188 0 16 6 0 0 0% 1128 1128 0 0 100% 6 3008 3 206 62 0 7 2 0 0 0% 124 124 0 0 30% 0.6 434 4 3278 879 307 7 2 1423 477 0% 1758 1758 0 0 27% 0.54 6153 5 543 128 40 7 2 0 0 0% 256 256 0 0 24% 0.47 896 6 398 113 0 6 2 0 0 0% 226 226 0 0 28% 0.57 678 7 405 134 87 7 3 0 0 1% 404.68 404.68 0 0 33% 1 941.35 8 175 109 0 8 3 0 0 1% 329.18 329.18 0 0 62% 1.88 875.815 9.10 483 341 0 13 4 0 0 3% 1394.69 1053.69 341 0 71% 2.89 4519.96 11 156 78 19 4 1 0 0 0% 78 78 0 0 50% 0.5 312 Σ 8119 3057 513 1423 1379 0 12500.6 12159.6 341 0 38% 1.54 35325.1 100% 38% 6% 18% 17% 0% 154% 97% 3% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 13867 2269 0 5 1 4284 165 0% 2269 0 0 2269 16% 0.16 11345 1a 210 210 0 8 2 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 2 1680 1b 501 501 0 11 3 0 0 5% 1553.1 0 0 1553 100% 3.1 5673.83 1c 420 420 0 8 1 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 1 3360 1d 374 374 0 8 1 0 0 0% 374 0 0 374 100% 1 2992 Σ 15372 3774 0 4284 165 5036.1 0 0 5036 25% 0.33 25050.8 100% 25% 0% 28% 1% 33% 0% 0% 100% 158 4.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 363 141 62 12 4 0 0 0% 564 564 0 0 39% 1.55 1692 2 145 115 0 7 3 0 0 0% 345 345 0 0 79% 2.38 805 3 106 77 0 7 2 0 0 0% 154 154 0 0 73% 1.45 539 3a 168 139 0 7 2 0 0 0% 278 278 0 0 83% 1.65 973 4 552 310 0 13 5 0 0 0% 1550 1550 0 0 56% 2.81 4030 5 189 86 18 9 3 0 0 0% 258 258 0 0 46% 1.37 774 5a 121 82 0 9 3 0 0 0% 246 246 0 0 68% 2.03 738 5b 132 86 0 9 3 0 0 0% 258 258 0 0 65% 1.95 774 6 124 80 0 7 2 0 0 0% 160 160 0 0 65% 1.29 560 6a 127 80 0 9 3 0 0 0% 240 240 0 0 63% 1.89 720 6b 164 80 22 7 2 0 0 0% 160 160 0 0 49% 0.98 560 7 189 60 0 4 1 0 0 0% 60 60 0 0 32% 0.32 240 7a 144 95 0 4 1 0 0 0% 95 95 0 0 66% 0.66 380 8 452 0 0 0 0 452 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 9 163 86 0 6 2 0 0 0% 172 172 0 0 53% 1.06 516 10 138 70 27 4 1 0 0 0% 70 70 0 0 51% 0.51 280 11 217 62 53 4 1 0 0 0% 62 62 0 0 29% 0.29 248 12 299 110 0 15 5 0 0 5% 572 522 50 0 37% 1.91 1707.75 Σ 3793 1759 182 452 0 5244 5194 50 0 46% 1.38 15536.8 100% 46% 5% 12% 0% 138% 99% 1% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 67 67 33 6 2 0 0 0% 134 134 0 0 100% 2 402 1a 190 51 0 6 2 0 0 0% 102 102 0 0 27% 0.54 306 2 107 72 0 4 1 0 0 0% 72 72 0 0 67% 0.67 288 3 222 150 0 14 5 0 0 5% 780 780 0 0 68% 3.51 2171.25 4 452 221 0 6 2 0 0 0% 442 442 0 0 49% 0.98 1326 5 489 129 27 7 2 0 0 0% 258 258 0 0 26% 0.53 903 6 872 532 0 15 6 0 0 3% 3271.8 2739.8 532 0 61% 3.75 8147.58 7 56 56 0 3 1 0 0 0% 56 56 0 0 100% 1 168 7a 396 65 81 3 1 0 0 0% 65 65 0 0 16% 0.16 195 8 131 131 0 7 2 0 0 0% 262 262 0 0 100% 2 917 8a 203 80 54 3 1 0 0 0% 80 80 0 0 39% 0.39 240 9 1421 873 0 19 7 0 549 7% 6477.66 5604.66 873 0 61% 4.56 17473.1 10 214 129 0 13 4 0 0 0% 516 516 0 0 60% 2.41 1677 Σ 4820 2556 195 0 549 12516.5 11111.5 1405 0 53% 2.6 34213.9 100% 53% 4% 0% 11% 260% 89% 11% 0% 159 3.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 346 228 23 6 2 0 0 0% 456 426 30 0 66% 1.32 1368 2 222 113 55 7 2 0 0 0% 226 226 0 0 51% 1.02 791 3 217 115 25 7 2 0 0 0% 230 230 0 0 53% 1.06 805 4 230 0 18 0 0 212 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 5 214 96 18 7 2 0 0 0% 192 137 55 0 45% 0.9 672 6 191 100 0 10 3 0 0 0% 300 300 0 0 52% 1.57 1000 7 286 137 64 11 4 0 0 0% 548 548 0 0 48% 1.92 1507 8 6340 1045 0 4 1 3795 0 0% 1045 0 0 1045 16% 0.16 4180 8a 497 497 0 8 2 0 0 5% 1018.85 0 0 1019 100% 2.05 4062.98 Σ 8543 2331 203 4007 0 4015.85 1867 85 2064 27% 0.47 14386 100% 27% 2% 47% 0% 47% 46% 2% 51% 3.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3623 1091 425 4 1 661 0 0% 1091 0 0 1091 30% 0.3 4364 2 441 441 0 4 1 0 0 10% 441 0 0 441 100% 1 1741.95 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 3% 3489.25 3064.25 425 0 100% 8.21 10010.9 4 240 240 0 7 2 0 0 0% 480 0 0 480 100% 2 1680 5 1220 0 0 0 0 0 1220 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 6 618 618 0 5 1 0 0 0% 618 0 0 618 100% 1 3090 6a 425 425 0 15 4 0 0 0% 1700 0 0 1700 100% 4 6375 1588 353 7 466 137 0 4 1 0 0 0% 137 137 0 0 29% 0.29 548 8 217 77 0 4 1 0 0 0% 77 77 0 0 35% 0.35 308 9 235 158 0 0 0 235 0 0% 0 0 0 0 67% 0 0 10 465 447 0 16 5 0 0 0% 2235 2235 0 0 96% 4.81 7152 11 252 93 0 4 1 0 0 0% 93 93 0 0 37% 0.37 372 12 273 131 0 4 1 0 0 0% 131 131 0 0 48% 0.48 524 13 224 100 0 4 1 0 0 0% 100 100 0 0 45% 0.45 400 14 325 129 0 4 1 0 0 0% 129 129 0 0 40% 0.4 516 15 388 186 0 7 2 0 0 0% 372 372 0 0 48% 0.96 1302 16 200 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 17 201 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.09 1008 18 431 107 45 7 2 0 0 0% 214 214 0 0 25% 0.5 749 18a 180 107 45 11 4 0 0 0% 428 428 0 0 59% 2.38 1177 19 448 178 0 0 0 448 0 0% 0 0 0 0 40% 0 0 20 229 125 0 0 0 229 0 0% 0 0 0 0 55% 0 0 Σ 11526 5383 515 3161 1573 12575.3 7620.25 625 4330 47% 1.09 42325.8 100% 47% 4% 27% 14% 109% 61% 5% 34% 160 3.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 278 109 0 7 2 0 0 3% 221.27 161.27 60 0 39% 0.8 771.175 2 230 95 0 10 4 0 0 0% 380 0 380 0 41% 1.65 950 3 173 82 0 4 1 0 0 0% 82 82 0 0 47% 0.47 328 4 385 111 0 15 5 0 0 10% 599.4 599.4 0 0 29% 1.56 1781.55 5 438 274 0 14 5 0 0 5% 1424.8 1424.8 0 0 63% 3.25 3966.15 6 231 133 0 3 1 0 0 0% 133 133 0 0 58% 0.58 399 7 178 119 0 9 3 0 0 0% 357 327 30 0 67% 2.01 1071 8 435 153 0 9 3 0 0 10% 489.6 489.6 0 0 35% 1.13 1445.85 9 257 89 53 7 2 0 0 0% 178 178 0 0 35% 0.69 623 10 216 0 0 0 0 0 216 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 11 201 104 0 8 3 0 0 0% 312 312 0 0 52% 1.55 832 12 321 151 0 10 3 0 0 0% 453 453 0 0 47% 1.41 1510 13 140 80 0 5 2 0 0 0% 160 160 0 0 57% 1.14 400 14 277 135 0 10 4 0 0 3% 552.15 552.15 0 0 49% 1.99 1372.28 Σ 3760 1635 53 0 216 5342.22 4872.22 470 0 43% 1.42 15450 100% 43% 1% 0% 6% 142% 91% 9% 0% 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 260 85 68 6 2 0 0 0% 170 170 0 0 33% 0.65 510 2 381 148 0 19 8 0 230 5% 1235.8 1084.8 151 0 39% 3.24 2919.3 3 377 105 96 6 2 0 0 0% 210 210 0 0 28% 0.56 630 4 418 113 100 6 2 0 0 0% 226 226 0 0 27% 0.54 678 5 343 119 0 11 4 163 0 0% 476 476 0 0 35% 1.39 1309 6 399 97 31 3 1 0 0 0% 97 97 0 0 24% 0.24 291 7 308 140 42 6 2 0 0 0% 280 280 0 0 45% 0.91 840 8 303 112 64 6 2 0 0 0% 224 224 0 0 37% 0.74 672 9 310 310 0 14 4 0 0 0% 1240 1240 0 0 100% 4 4340 10 241 56 23 6 2 0 0 0% 112 112 0 0 23% 0.46 336 11 2329 395 128 14 4 0 1067 0% 1580 1580 0 0 17% 0.68 5530 12 234 234 0 14 4 0 0 0% 936 936 0 0 100% 4 3276 13 234 234 0 14 4 0 0 0% 936 936 0 0 100% 4 3276 Σ 6137 2148 552 163 1297 7722.8 7571.8 151 0 35% 1.26 18561 100% 35% 9% 3% 21% 126% 98% 2% 0% n Building in construction or constructed in 2005-2007 [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 161 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 103.4. 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 3.3. 19 13 Good state 1 3 Damaged façades 12 9 4 Abandoned buildings 6a 8 Buildings in construction 11 5 or constructed in 7 2005-2007 10 6 0m 10m 100m Baseline Drawing 2: State of the buildings 162 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 103.4. 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 3.3. 13 3 Landmarks from 1 1913-1945 12 4 Landmarks from 6a 1945-1963 11 5 Landmarks constructed after 1963 10 6 Baseline Drawing 3: Landmark buildings 163 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 103.4. 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 Buildings constructed in 3.3. 19 13 1913-1963 1 3 12 9 Buildings constructed in 4 1963-1991 6a 8 Buildings constructed in 11 5 1991-2005 7 Buildings in construction 10 6 or constructed in 2005-2007 0m 10m 100m Baseline Drawing 4: Age of the buildings 164 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 103.4. 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 Original buildings 3.3. 19 13 3 Buildings extended 1 after 1963 12 9 4 Buildings extended 6a after 1991 11 8 5 Buildings in construction 7 or constructed in 10 6 2005-2007 0m 10m 100m Baseline Drawing 5: Extended buildings 165 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 103.4. 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 19 13 Greenery 1 3 Trees 12 9 3.3. 4 Buildings 6a 11 8 5 7 10 6 0m 10m 100m Baseline Drawing 6: Footprint plan 166 Table 18: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Baseline Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a V h d pop job vh nP Σa 25606 ΣTa 2312 35 17 40 ΣP 5179 173 + 10248 st 9322 186 pt 13048 Σ 65715 240346.49 st [st]reets % 72.36% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 14848 14848 tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + 10248 10248 cer [cer]eals Σ 25096 50596 fodd [fodd]er % 27.64% 0.069% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 25096 50596 vh [v]e[h]icles % 27.64% 0.069% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 45904.2 79.8% 137712.51 628 771 1858 612 ΣC 2506.5 4.4% 7519.5 125 67 ΣS 9122.06 15.9% 27366.1875 182 243 Σ 57532.7 100% 172598.198 628 771 1858 342 939 400 84.47% 0.235% 167 Appendix: Wilderness scenario The appendix of the wilderness scenario includes a site plan, a footprint plan and an ecological footprint, land use and population projections table. Site and footprint plan The site plan for the baseline is drawn freely, whereas the greenery in the footprint plan is copied from the baseline. Ecological footprint The area of the neighbourhood in the wilderness scenario is 90811m2. The total built environment area is one temporary building [Ta]. The built environment covers 0.50% (bc%=0.50%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area is also 0.50% (far=0.05) of the total area. The area of the natural environment represents the sum of the greenery areas [G] and the areas used for agriculture that are randomly placed in the landscape. The total natural environment covers 99.50% of the area. Land use and population projections The estimations are that 10 people will live in the neighbourhood and there will be 4 jobs or -99.46% and -98.90% from the baseline. The population projections are done when the area of the temporary building [Ta] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is the average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when 30% of the area of the temporary building [Ta] is divided with 20m2. The assumption is that 30% of the building will be used flexible, both for living and for manufacture and storage and there will be one work place on 20m2. The number of carts or any handmade vehicles is assumed to be 4 and one parking space is assumed on every 100m2 of residential area and one for each 50m2 of street area. Assets, investments and profits The assets of the buildings in the wilderness scenario are 0€, since there is no money in the scenario. Indices In the wilderness scenario the water is not polluted and there is no solid waste, since there is no industry. The air emissions are 0t/pop/y whereas the sustainable level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 0g/km. The average energy consumption is 1kWh/y/m2, and 1.5kWh/y/m2 is produced in the neighbourhood. The ratio of produced and used biomass is assumed to be 1/1.5. All the food is produced in the neighbourhood and 168 there is surplus of food. The end sum of the indices in the wilderness scenario is +100. 120 100 100 80 60 50 40 25 25 20 0 000 000 0000 0 0 0 0 0 -20 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 43: Index values for the wilderness scenario 169 n Plot & building numbers n.n. Urban block numbers Temporary buildings Buildings 0m 10m 100m Wilderness scenario Drawing 7: Site plan 170 Greenery Trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m Wilderness scenario Drawing 8: Footprint plan 171 Table 19: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Wilderness scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a V h d pop job vh nP Σa ΣTa 250 750 4 2 3 ΣP + st 100 2 pt 100 Σ 450 240346.49 st [st]reets % 0.50% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 82361 82361 tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 82361 107861 fodd [fodd]er % 90.69% 0.147% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg 500 cer 3000 fodd 4500 hgd 0h[h]ouseholds Σ 8000 0 d [d]welings % 8.81% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 90361 107861 vh [v]e[h]icles % 99.5% 0.147% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 250 100% 750 3 4 10 3 ΣC0% ΣS0% Σ 250 100% 750 3 4 10 4 4 5 0.37% 0.001% 172 Appendix: Building code scenarios The appendix of the building code scenarios includes site plan and two site analysis tables, two development plans, two footprint plans and two ecological footprint tables, land use and population projections tables and two indices charts. The DUP for Bunjakovec is designed and the building code is developed in regard to the guidelines in inquiry for the DUP. The people noted the need for respect of the private ownership, the willingness to join their plots for further development of the neighbourhood and they stated the parking problem (Andreevska, 2002:20-21). The DUP for Bunjakovec in each plot sets perimetric apartment houses that have possibility of shop and office use, or office buildings, excluding shops that produce noise and air pollution, with unified height which extends from 4.5 to 21m, with bc%=60% for apartment houses up to bc%=80% for office buildings. It is allowed to make erker extension, outwards of the façade up to 1.5m over the height of 4.5m above the street (Andreevska, 2002:31-39). The DUP for Bunjakovec (Andreevska, 2002:36-37) aims to solve the parking problem with regulating the number of parking places on the plots. The regulation demands one parking place on every 100m2 of residential buildings and one on every 50m2 of commercial, industrial and institutional buildings. To supply the parking places on the plot and there is recommendation for building underground garages up to two levels underground (Andreevska, 2003:16). For the plots that ca not build underground garages the DUP for Bunjakovec regulates parking places in the multi-storey garages, like in the building (3.3.5). In the conditions for building for my grandfather house (3.5.5) from 2006 besides the excerpt from the DUP which regulates the placement of the building and the setbacks, there is the maximum building area 120m2, maximum height 15m, maximum height of the roof 4.5m, maximum building coverage bc%=55.6%, maximum floor area ratio far=1.71 and recommendation that the parking places should be placed within the plot without regulating the number of parking places. The difference between the building code scenario and the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario is in the storey height and the number of storeys. The ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario has additional storeys, due to lower storey heights and disrespect to the maximum building height. Site plan and site analysis table The site plan for the building code scenarios are copied from on the foreground of the DUPs for the urban quarters Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The designation for the plots and the buildings in the building code scenarios is done accordingly to the DUP for Bunjakovec 1, except for the urban block 4.6.* which is from DUP for Bunjakovec 2 and has designation 4.6. 173 The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the building code scenarios is copied from the foreground of the DUPs for the urban quarters Bunjakovec 1 and 2. There are two footprint plans, in the first the institutional building are preserved and in the second they are extended to their maximum by the building code. Ecological footprint The area of the neighbourhood in both building code scenarios is 90811m2. The total built environment area ias calculated as sum of the streets [st], paths [pt], the sum of areas under the buildings [a], under the temporary buildings [Ta], under the parking lots [P] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The built environment in the building code scenario covers (bc%=74.99%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area represents 146.50% (far=1.46) of the total area. In the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario the building coverage bc%=79.58%, whereas the far= 2.49. The area of the natural environment represents sum of the greenery areas [G] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The natural environment in the building code scenario covers 25.01% of the total area, whereas it covers 20.42% in the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario where the institutional buildings are extended to their maximum. Land use and population projections In the building code scenario 72.3% of the buildings are residential [R], 15.2% commercial and industrial buildings [C] and 12.5% are institutional [S]. In the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario 69.1% of the buildings are residential [R], 9.9% commercial and industrial buildings [C] and 21.0% are institutional [S]. The population projections in the building code scenario estimate that 2907 people will live in the neighbourhood or +56.44% of the baseline and there will be 1013 jobs or +195.77% of the baseline. The estimations in the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario are that 4737 people will live in the neighbourhood or +154.97% of the baseline and there will be 1739 jobs or +407.79% of the baseline. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is the average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. 174 The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area of commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] is divided with 20m2 and the total net area of institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The normative standard for commercial and industrial buildings assumes minimal area of 12m2 per job, whereas for institutional buildings 7-15m2 per user (OGM, 2002). The number of vehicles is assumed to be one on every 100m2 of residential buildings [R] and one on every 50m2 of commercial and industrial [C] and institutional buildings [S]. The number of parking places is assumed as one for each 50m2 of streets area and one for every 30m2 of parking lots [P] and temporary buildings [Ta] area. Assets, investments and profits The assets of the buildings in the building code scenario are 115,496,366€ whereas in the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario are 152,230,016€. The investments are 46,597,379€ and 73,520,418€ respectably. The assets are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The investments include building construction costs and real-estate purchases. In regard to the market prices for building construction works in Macedonia the investments are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of floor area for institutional buildings. The value per m2 plot area is assumed sA€=150€. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. Development plans The development plans show the results of cost-benefit analysis for every building in the neighbourhood and the economically viable buildings. The building that show higher costs then assets are regarded as economically unviable, the buildings that show between up to 50% are economically viable, whereas over 50% are regarded as very profitable. Indices In both building code scenarios the water is not purified and the solid waste is dumped on a landfill. The air emissions are 7.44t/pop/y whereas the sustainable level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 180g/km and each vehicle passes 5000km in one year. The average energy consumption is 248kWh/y/m2, 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity and 150kWh/y/m2 is energy for 175 heating. No energy or food is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices in the building code scenario is -1488 and it is -1504 for the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario. 200 108 10 0 -17-32 -200 -69 -100-75-96-75 -100 -62-100 -95 -200 -100 -100 -116 -400 -270 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1488 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 44: Index values for the building code scenario 400 176 200 15 0 -200 -71 -80 -80-29-36 -100 -55 -93 -100 -98 -100 -100 -118 -400 -266 -100 -272 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1504 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ 0 Chart 45: Index values for the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario 176 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 5 4 4.6. 3 2 1 Borka Taleski St. Borka Taleski St. 11 8 8 1 2 3 4 St.Apostol Guslarot 7 4.4. 10 9 4 9.10 6 11 12 7 5 1 4.3. 4.5. 6 5 2a 1a 1 2 Nikola Trimpare St. 3 7 8 9 R a 8 j 1 k 4 . o 3 13 t 2 5 11 12 Z 6 1 7 S i n 2 3.1. a z i f v o 5 v 3 o S 14 n t 6 i . 4 4 3.5. n 12 13 10 10 e 3.4. L 6 3 9 1 Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 2 3 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 4 6 1 8 8 7 ik St. 10 9 vski - Platn 11 Kiro Krste 1a 1617 18 15 2 K o 14 le 20 N Z e d l a e t l k 19 ko o 3.3. v S 13 s n 3 k n a 1 i Plot & building j S d t e 12 . r numbers S t . 9 4 n.n. Urban block numbers 8 11 Temporary buildings 10 5 Preserved buildings 6 Buildings 7 ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Building code scenarios Drawing 9: Site plan 177 Table 20: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Building code scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 14 4 1358 0 3% 8658.53 8658.53 0 0 55% 2.3 30241.3 2 408 229 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1328.2 0 0 1328 56% 3.3 3915.9 3 324 218 0 15 5 0 0 10% 1177.2 959.2 218 0 67% 3.6 3498.9 4 334 184 0 15 5 0 0 10% 993.6 809.6 184 0 55% 3 2953.2 5 351 215 0 15 6 0 0 5% 1343.75 1128.75 215 0 61% 3.8 3337.88 Σ 5264 2963 0 1358 0 13501.3 11556.1 617 1328 56% 2.6 43947.2 100% 56% 0% 26% 0% 256% 86% 5% 10% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 616 197 0 13 5 0 433 0% 985 985 0 0 32% 1.6 2561 1a. 283 283 0 22 9 0 0 0% 2547 2547 0 0 100% 9 6226 2 1388 545 60 16 6 0 469 0% 3270 3270 0 0 39% 2.4 8720 2a. 188 188 0 16 6 0 0 0% 1128 1128 0 0 100% 6 3008 3 206 62 0 7 2 0 0 0% 124 124 0 0 30% 0.6 434 4 3278 1334 558 15 5 579 1246 20% 7737.2 6403.2 1334 0 41% 2.4 22811.4 5 543 166 0 15 5 0 0 10% 896.4 730.4 166 0 31% 1.7 2664.3 6 398 170 0 15 5 0 0 10% 918 748 170 0 43% 2.3 2728.5 7 405 193 0 15 5 0 0 10% 1042.2 849.2 193 0 48% 2.6 3097.65 8 175 119 0 15 5 0 0 20% 690.2 571.2 119 0 68% 3.9 2034.9 9.10 483 341 0 13 4 0 0 3% 1394.69 1053.69 341 0 71% 2.9 4519.96 11 156 86 0 12 4 0 0 10% 369.8 283.8 86 0 55% 2.4 1096.5 Σ 8119 3684 618 579 2148 21102.5 18693.5 2409 0 45% 2.6 59902.2 100% 45% 8% 7% 26% 260% 89% 11% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 13867 2269 0 5 1 4284 165 0% 2269 0 0 2269 16% 0.2 11345 1a 210 210 0 8 2 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 2 1680 1b 501 501 0 11 3 0 0 5% 1553.1 0 0 1553 100% 3.1 5673.83 1c 420 420 0 8 1 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 1 3360 1d 374 374 0 8 1 0 0 0% 374 0 0 374 100% 1 2992 Σ 15372 3774 0 4284 165 5036.1 0 0 5036 25% 0.3 25050.8 100% 25% 0% 28% 1% 33% 0% 0% 100% 178 4.3. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 363 291 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1687.8 1396.8 291 0 80% 4.6 4976.1 2 145 145 0 12 4 0 0 10% 623.5 478.5 145 0 100% 4.3 1848.75 3 274 274 0 12 4 0 0 20% 1260.4 986.4 274 0 100% 4.6 3699 4 552 310 0 13 5 0 0 0% 1550 1550 0 0 56% 2.8 4030 5 442 255 0 18 6 0 0 20% 1785 1530 255 0 58% 4 5278.5 6 632 245 0 18 6 0 0 10% 1592.5 1347.5 245 0 39% 2.5 4740.75 7 333 193 0 12 4 0 0 0% 772 579 193 0 58% 2.3 2316 800 00023500%0 00 00%00 9 163 113 0 12 4 0 0 0% 452 339 113 0 69% 2.8 1356 10 138 92 0 12 4 0 0 5% 381.8 289.8 92 0 67% 2.8 1138.5 11 217 104 0 12 4 0 0 5% 431.6 327.6 104 0 48% 2 1287 12 299 110 0 15 5 0 0 5% 572 522 50 0 37% 1.9 1707.75 Σ 3558 2132 0 235 0 11108.6 9346.6 1762 0 60% 3.1 32378.4 100% 60% 0% 7% 0% 312% 84% 16% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 257 186 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1078.8 892.8 186 0 72% 4.2 3180.6 2 107 84 0 15 5 0 0 10% 453.6 369.6 84 0 79% 4.2 1348.2 3 222 150 0 14 5 0 0 5% 780 630 150 0 68% 3.5 2171.25 4 452 227 0 15 5 0 0 0% 1135 908 227 0 50% 2.5 3405 5 489 317 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1838.6 1521.6 317 0 65% 3.8 5420.7 6 872 532 0 15 6 0 0 3% 3271.8 2739.8 532 0 61% 3.8 8147.58 7 452 180 0 18 6 0 0 10% 1170 990 180 0 40% 2.6 3483 8 334 328 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1902.4 1574.4 328 0 98% 5.7 5608.8 9 1421 873 0 19 7 0 549 7% 6477.66 5604.66 873 0 61% 4.6 17473.1 10 214 129 0 13 4 0 0 0% 516 387 129 0 60% 2.4 1677 Σ 4820 3006 0 0 549 18623.9 15617.9 3006 0 62% 3.9 51915.2 100% 62% 0% 0% 11% 386% 84% 16% 0% 179 3.5. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 346 217 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1258.6 1041.6 217 0 63% 3.6 3710.7 2 222 123 0 15 5 0 0 10% 664.2 541.2 123 0 55% 3 1974.15 3 217 116 0 15 5 0 0 10% 626.4 510.4 116 0 53% 2.9 1861.8 4 230 132 0 15 5 0 0 10% 712.8 580.8 132 0 57% 3.1 2118.6 5 214 129 0 15 5 0 0 10% 696.6 567.6 129 0 60% 3.3 2070.45 6 191 98 0 15 5 0 0 10% 529.2 431.2 98 0 51% 2.8 1572.9 7 286 186 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1078.8 892.8 186 0 65% 3.8 3180.6 8 6340 1045 0 4 1 3795 0 0% 1045 0 0 1045 16% 0.2 4180 8a 497 497 0 8 2 0 0 5% 1018.85 0 0 1019 100% 2.1 4062.98 Σ 8543 2543 0 3795 0 7630.45 4565.6 1001 2064 30% 0.9 24732.2 100% 30% 0% 44% 0% 89% 60% 13% 27% 3.3. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 2230 1410 0 9 3 0 0 0% 4230 0 0 4230 63% 1.9 12690 1a 380 380 0 15 5 0 0 0% 1900 1520 380 0 100% 5 5700 2 673 567 0 15 5 0 0 0% 2835 2268 567 0 84% 4.2 8505 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 3% 3489.25 3064.25 425 0 100% 8.2 10010.9 4 521 265 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1537 0 0 1537 51% 3 4531.5 5 1132 1132 0 6 3 0 0 0% 3396 0 0 0 100% 0 0 6 2375 618 0 5 1 0 0 0% 618 0 0 618 26% 0.3 3090 6a 425 425 0 15 4 0 0 0% 1700 0 0 1700 100% 4 6375 402 202 7 204 114 0 18 6 0 0 10% 741 627 114 0 56% 3.6 2205.9 8 285 171 0 12 4 0 0 5% 709.65 538.65 171 0 60% 2.5 2116.13 9 158 158 0 12 4 0 0 5% 655.7 497.7 158 0 100% 4.2 1955.25 10 465 447 0 12 4 0 0 20% 2056.2 1609.2 447 0 96% 4.4 6034.5 11 241 165 0 12 4 0 0 10% 709.5 544.5 165 0 68% 2.9 2103.75 12 268 146 0 12 4 0 0 10% 627.8 481.8 146 0 54% 2.3 1861.5 13 387 174 0 15 5 0 0 10% 939.6 765.6 174 0 45% 2.4 2792.7 14 325 238 0 12 4 0 0 10% 1023.4 785.4 238 0 73% 3.1 3034.5 15 388 277 0 12 4 0 0 20% 1274.2 997.2 277 0 71% 3.3 3739.5 16 200 84 0 15 5 0 0 10% 453.6 369.6 84 0 42% 2.3 1348.2 17 201 84 0 15 5 0 0 10% 453.6 369.6 84 0 42% 2.3 1348.2 18 661 214 0 15 5 0 0 20% 1241.2 1027.2 214 0 32% 1.9 3659.4 19 447 178 0 15 5 0 0 10% 961.2 783.2 178 0 40% 2.2 2856.9 20 229 125 0 12 4 0 0 10% 537.5 412.5 125 0 55% 0 1593.75 Σ 12620 7797 0 402 202 0 32089.4 16661.4 7343 8085 62% 2.5 87552.6 100% 62% 0% 3% 2% 0% 254% 52% 23% 25% 180 3.4. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 278 109 0 15 5 0 0 20% 632.2 523.2 109 0 39% 2.3 1863.9 2 230 95 0 15 5 0 0 10% 513 418 95 0 41% 2.2 1524.75 3 173 82 0 15 5 0 0 10% 442.8 360.8 82 0 47% 2.6 1316.1 4 385 111 0 15 5 0 0 10% 599.4 488.4 111 0 29% 1.6 1781.55 5 438 274 0 14 5 0 0 5% 1424.8 1150.8 274 0 63% 3.3 3966.15 6 231 133 0 15 5 0 0 10% 718.2 585.2 133 0 58% 3.1 2134.65 7 178 119 0 15 5 0 0 20% 690.2 571.2 119 0 67% 3.9 2034.9 8 435 153 0 9 3 0 0 10% 489.6 336.6 153 0 35% 1.1 1445.85 9 257 138 0 12 4 0 0 0% 552 414 138 0 54% 2.1 1656 10 216 155 0 12 4 0 0 0% 620 465 155 0 72% 2.9 1860 11 201 104 0 12 4 0 0 10% 447.2 343.2 104 0 52% 2.2 1326 12 321 151 0 15 5 0 0 10% 815.4 664.4 151 0 47% 2.5 2423.55 13 140 80 0 15 5 0 0 10% 432 352 80 0 57% 3.1 1284 14 277 135 0 10 4 0 0 3% 552.15 552.15 0 0 49% 2 1372.28 Σ 3760 1839 0 0 0 8928.95 7224.95 1704 0 49% 2.4 25989.7 100% 49% 0% 0% 0% 237% 81% 19% 0% 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 260 134 0 18 6 0 0 20% 938 804 134 0 52% 3.6 2773.8 2 381 148 0 19 8 0 230 5% 1235.8 1087.8 148 0 39% 3.2 2919.3 3 377 133 0 18 6 0 0 10% 864.5 731.5 133 0 35% 2.3 2573.55 4 418 168 0 18 6 0 0 10% 1092 924 168 0 40% 2.6 3250.8 5 343 119 0 18 6 0 0 10% 773.5 654.5 119 0 35% 2.3 2302.65 6 399 110 0 12 4 0 0 0% 440 330 110 0 28% 1.1 1320 7 308 171 0 12 4 0 0 0% 684 513 171 0 56% 2.2 2052 8 303 97 0 12 4 0 0 0% 388 291 97 0 32% 1.3 1164 9 754 310 0 18 6 0 0 0% 1860 1550 310 0 41% 2.5 5580 10 241 115 0 10 5 0 0 0% 575 575 0 0 48% 2.4 1150 11 818 457 0 18 6 0 1067 0% 2742 2285 457 0 56% 3.4 8226 12 610 234 0 18 6 0 0 0% 1404 1170 234 0 38% 2.3 4212 13 790 234 0 18 6 0 0 0% 1404 1170 234 0 30% 1.8 4212 Σ 6002 2430 0 0 1297 14400.8 12085.8 2315 0 40% 2.4 16650 100% 40% 0% 0% 22% 240% 84% 16% 0% n Preserved building n Building in construction or constructed in 2005-2007 [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 181 Table 21: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 16 8 1358 0 3% 17380.6 17380.6 0 0 55% 4.5 34602.4 2 408 229 0 16 8 0 0 20% 2152.6 0 0 2153 56% 5.3 4190.7 3 324 218 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1896.6 1678.6 218 0 67% 5.9 3738.7 4 334 184 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1600.8 1416.8 184 0 55% 4.8 3155.6 5 351 215 0 16 8 0 0 5% 1795.25 1580.25 215 0 61% 5.1 3563.63 Σ 5264 2963 0 1358 0 0 24825.8 22056.2 617 2153 56% 4.7 49251 100% 56% 0% 26% 0% 0% 472% 89% 2% 9% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 616 197 0 16 8 0 433 0% 1576 1576 0 0 32% 2.6 3152 1a. 283 283 0 22 9 0 0 0% 2547 2547 0 0 100% 9 6226 2 1388 545 60 16 8 0 469 0% 4360 4360 0 0 39% 3.1 8720 2a. 188 188 0 16 8 0 0 0% 1504 1504 0 0 100% 8 3008 3 206 62 0 16 8 0 0 0% 496 496 0 0 30% 2.4 992 4 3278 1334 558 16 8 579 1246 20% 12539.6 11205.6 1334 0 41% 3.8 24412.2 5 543 166 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1444.2 1278.2 166 0 31% 2.7 2846.9 6 398 170 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1479 1309 170 0 43% 3.7 2915.5 7 405 193 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1679.1 1486.1 193 0 48% 4.1 3309.95 8 175 119 0 16 8 0 0 20% 1118.6 999.6 119 0 68% 6.4 2177.7 9.10 483 341 0 13 6 0 0 3% 2097.15 1756.15 341 0 71% 4.3 4519.96 11 156 86 0 13 6 0 0 10% 559 473 86 0 55% 3.6 1191.1 Σ 8119 3684 618 0 0 579 2148 0 31399.7 28990.7 2409 0 45% 3.9 63471.3 100% 45% 8% 0 0 7% 26% 0% 387% 92% 8% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 15372 7356 0 12 4 3236 150 -50% 18390 0 0 18390 48% 1.2 60687 Σ 15372 7356 0 3236 150 18390 0 0 18390 48% 1.2 60687 100% 48% 0% 21% 1% 120% 0% 0% 100% 182 4.3. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 363 291 0 16 8 0 0 20% 2735.4 2444.4 291 0 80% 7.5 5325.3 2 145 145 0 13 6 0 0 10% 942.5 797.5 145 0 100% 6.5 2008.25 3 274 274 0 13 6 0 0 20% 1918 1644 274 0 100% 7 4027.8 4 552 310 0 20 9 0 0 0% 2790 2790 0 0 56% 5.1 6200 5 442 255 0 20 9 0 0 20% 2703 2448 255 0 58% 6.1 5890.5 6 632 245 0 20 9 0 0 10% 2401 2156 245 0 39% 3.8 5279.75 7 333 193 0 13 6 0 0 0% 1158 965 193 0 58% 3.5 2509 800 00023500%0 00 00%00 9 163 113 0 13 6 0 0 0% 678 565 113 0 69% 4.2 1469 10 138 92 0 13 6 0 0 5% 575 483 92 0 67% 4.2 1235.1 11 217 104 0 13 6 0 0 5% 650 546 104 0 48% 3 1396.2 12 299 110 0 16 8 0 0 5% 918.5 868.5 50 0 37% 3.1 1823.25 Σ 3558 2132 0 235 0 17469.4 15707.4 1762 0 60% 4.9 37164.2 100% 60% 0% 7% 0% 491% 90% 10% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 257 186 0 16 8 0 0 20% 1748.4 1562.4 186 0 72% 6.8 3403.8 2 107 84 0 16 8 0 0 10% 730.8 646.8 84 0 79% 6.8 1440.6 3 222 150 0 16 8 0 0 5% 1252.5 1102.5 150 0 68% 5.6 2486.25 4 452 227 0 16 8 0 0 0% 1816 1589 227 0 50% 4 3632 5 489 317 0 16 8 0 0 20% 2979.8 2662.8 317 0 65% 6.1 5801.1 6 872 532 0 16 8 0 0 3% 4367.72 3835.72 532 0 61% 5 8695.54 7 452 180 0 20 9 0 0 10% 1764 1584 180 0 40% 3.9 3879 8 334 328 0 16 8 0 0 20% 3083.2 2755.2 328 0 98% 9.2 6002.4 9 1421 873 0 20 9 0 549 7% 8345.88 7472.88 873 0 61% 5.9 18407.2 10 214 129 0 13 6 0 0 0% 774 645 129 0 60% 3.6 1677 Σ 4820 3006 0 0 549 26862.3 23856.3 3006 0 62% 5.6 55424.9 100% 62% 0% 0% 11% 557% 89% 11% 0% 183 3.5. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 346 217 0 16 8 0 0 20% 2039.8 1822.8 217 0 63% 5.9 3971.1 2 222 123 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1070.1 947.1 123 0 55% 4.8 2109.45 3 217 116 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1009.2 893.2 116 0 53% 4.7 1989.4 4 230 132 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1148.4 1016.4 132 0 57% 5 2263.8 5 214 129 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1122.3 993.3 129 0 60% 5.2 2212.35 6 191 98 0 16 8 0 0 10% 852.6 754.6 98 0 51% 4.5 1680.7 7 286 186 0 16 8 0 0 20% 1748.4 1562.4 186 0 65% 6.1 3403.8 8 7334 3682 0 12 4 2106 0 -50% 9205 0 0 9205 50% 1.3 30376.5 Σ 9040 4683 0 2106 0 18195.8 7989.8 1001 9205 52% 2 48007.1 100% 52% 0% 23% 0% 201% 44% 6% 51% 3.3. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 2230 1410 0 9 3 0 0 0% 4230 0 0 4230 63% 1.9 12690 1a 380 380 0 16 8 0 0 0% 3040 2660 380 0 100% 8 6080 2 673 567 0 16 8 0 0 0% 4536 3969 567 0 84% 6.7 1741.95 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 3% 3489.25 3064.25 425 0 100% 8.2 10010.9 4 521 265 0 16 8 0 0 20% 2491 0 0 2491 51% 4.8 4849.5 5 1132 1132 0 10 5 0 0 0% 5660 0 0 #REF! 100% 0 0 6 2800 1116 0 20 9 203 0 10% 10936.8 0 0 10937 40% 3.9 24049.8 402 202 7 204 114 0 20 9 0 0 10% 1117.2 1003.2 114 0 56% 5.5 2456.7 8 285 171 0 13 6 0 0 5% 1068.75 897.75 171 0 60% 3.8 2295.68 9 158 158 0 13 6 0 0 5% 987.5 829.5 158 0 100% 6.3 2121.15 10 465 447 0 13 6 0 0 20% 3129 2682 447 0 96% 6.7 6570.9 11 241 165 0 13 6 0 0 10% 1072.5 907.5 165 0 68% 4.5 2285.25 12 268 146 0 13 6 0 0 10% 949 803 146 0 54% 3.5 2022.1 13 387 174 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1513.8 1339.8 174 0 45% 3.9 2984.1 14 325 238 0 13 6 0 0 10% 1547 1309 238 0 73% 4.8 3296.3 15 388 277 0 13 6 0 0 20% 1939 1662 277 0 71% 5 4071.9 16 200 84 0 16 8 0 0 10% 730.8 646.8 84 0 42% 3.7 1440.6 17 201 84 0 16 8 0 0 10% 730.8 646.8 84 0 42% 3.6 1440.6 18 661 214 0 16 8 0 0 20% 2011.6 1797.6 214 0 32% 3 3916.2 19 447 178 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1548.6 1370.6 178 0 40% 3.5 3052.7 20 229 125 0 13 6 0 0 10% 812.5 687.5 125 0 55% 0 1731.25 Σ 12620 7870 0 605 202 0 53541.1 26276.3 9607 17658 62% 4.2 99107.6 100% 62% 0% 5% 2% 0% 424% 49% 18% 33% 184 3.4. nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 278 109 0 16 8 0 0 20% 1024.6 915.6 109 0 39% 3.7 1994.7 2 230 95 0 16 8 0 0 10% 826.5 731.5 95 0 41% 3.6 1629.25 3 173 82 0 16 8 0 0 10% 713.4 631.4 82 0 47% 4.1 1406.3 4 385 111 0 16 8 0 0 10% 965.7 854.7 111 0 29% 2.5 1903.65 5 438 274 0 16 8 0 0 5% 2287.9 2013.9 274 0 63% 5.2 4541.55 6 231 133 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1157.1 1024.1 133 0 58% 5 2280.95 7 178 119 0 16 8 0 0 20% 1118.6 999.6 119 0 67% 6.3 2177.7 8 435 153 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1331.1 1178.1 153 0 35% 3.1 2623.95 9 257 138 0 13 6 0 0 0% 828 690 138 0 54% 3.2 1794 10 216 155 0 13 6 0 0 0% 930 775 155 0 72% 4.3 2015 11 201 104 0 13 6 0 0 10% 676 572 104 0 52% 3.4 1440.4 12 321 151 0 16 8 0 0 10% 1313.7 1162.7 151 0 47% 4.1 2589.65 13 140 80 0 16 8 0 0 10% 696 616 80 0 57% 5 1372 14 277 135 0 13 6 0 0 3% 830.25 830.25 0 0 49% 3 1789.43 Σ 3760 1839 0 0 0 14698.9 12994.9 1704 0 49% 3.9 29558.5 100% 49% 0% 0% 0% 391% 88% 12% 0% 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 260 134 0 20 9 0 0 20% 1420.4 1286.4 134 0 52% 5.5 3095.4 2 381 148 0 19 8 0 230 5% 1235.8 1087.8 148 0 39% 3.2 2919.3 3 377 133 0 20 9 0 0 10% 1303.4 1170.4 133 0 35% 3.5 2866.15 4 418 168 0 20 9 0 0 10% 1646.4 1478.4 168 0 40% 3.9 3620.4 5 343 119 0 20 9 0 0 10% 1166.2 1047.2 119 0 35% 3.4 2564.45 6 399 110 0 13 6 0 0 0% 660 550 110 0 28% 1.7 1430 7 308 171 0 13 6 0 0 0% 1026 855 171 0 56% 3.3 2223 8 303 97 0 13 6 0 0 0% 582 485 97 0 32% 1.9 1261 9 754 310 0 20 9 0 0 0% 2790 2480 310 0 41% 3.7 6200 10 241 115 0 9 3 0 0 0% 345 345 0 0 48% 1.4 1035 11 818 457 0 20 9 0 1067 0% 4113 3656 457 0 56% 5 9140 12 610 234 0 20 9 0 0 0% 2106 1872 234 0 38% 3.5 4680 13 790 234 0 20 9 0 0 0% 2106 1872 234 0 30% 2.7 4680 Σ 6002 2430 0 0 1297 20500.2 18185.2 2315 0 40% 3.4 18500 100% 40% 0% 0% 22% 342% 89% 11% 0% n Preserved building n Building in construction or constructed in 2005-2007 [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 185 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 4 1 1a 2 3 7 10 9 4 9.10 6 11 12 7 5 1b 4.3. 4.5. 6 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 3 5 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 10 10 6 3 4.6.* 9 1 2 3 2 7 5 5 4 3.4. 6 1 8 8 7 10 9 11 1a 1617 18 15 2 14 20 19 13 Greenery 1 3 Trees 12 3.3. 9 4 Buildings 8 6a 11 10 5 6 7 0m 10m 100m Building code scenarios Drawing 10: Footprint plan 186 5 4 4.6. 3 2 1 11 8 8 1 4 2 3 7 4.4. 10 9 4 9.10 6 11 12 7 5 1 4.3. 4.5. 6 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 7 3.1. 3 5 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 10 10 6 3 4.6.* 9 1 2 3 2 7 5 5 4 3.4. 6 1 8 8 7 10 9 11 1a 1617 18 15 2 14 20 19 13 Greenery 1 3 Trees 12 3.3. 9 4 Buildings 8 6a 11 10 5 6 7 0m 10m 100m Building code scenarios Drawing 11: Footprint plan (maximum building coverage) 187 Table 22: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Building code scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 30168 ΣTa 618 1854 9 5 11 ΣP 2378 36445 1215 + 12054.5 st 9243 1215 pt 13642 Σ 68103.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 74.99% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 10653 10653 tree [tree]s tree 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + 12054.5 12054.5 cer [cer]eals Σ 22707.5 73707.5 fodd [fodd]er % 25.01% 0.100% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 22707.5 73707.5 vh [v]e[h]icles % 25.01% 0.100% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 71813.84 72.3% 215441.51 983 1206 2907 727 ΣC 15117.75 15.2% 45353.25 756 378 ΣS 12384.86 12.5% 37154.588 248 124 Σ 99316.45 100% 297949.34 983 1206 2907 1013 1233 1411 145.82% 0.406% 188 Table 23: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 35963 ΣTa 618 324 1854 9 5 11 ΣP 2378 36445 1215 + 10424 st 9243 1215 pt 13642 Σ 72268 240346.49 st [st]reets % 79.58% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 8119 8119 tree [tree]s tree 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + 10424 10424 cer [cer]eals Σ 18543 69543 fodd [fodd]er % 20.42% 0.095% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 18543 69543 vh [v]e[h]icles % 20.42% 0.095% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 117042.5 69.1% 351127.62 1602 1966 4737 1184 ΣC 16815.75 9.9% 50447.25 841 420 ΣS 35554.05 21.0% 106662.15 889 444 Σ 169412.3 100% 508237.02 1602 1966 4737 1739 2054 1226 248.74% 0.693% 189 Table 24: Assets in [€]uros Building code scenarios Baseline Building code scenario ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario N v[Bs] N i=c+v[Bs] v p% i=c+v[Bs] v p% 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 725858.4 843765.6 16.24% 2351043.6 2775899.4 18.07% 4.5. 9809171.3 4.5. 7289642.4 9435945.6 29.44% 11233582.5 15104146.5 34.46% 4.4. 5705167.5 4.4. 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 6334754.4 7607010.6 20.08% 8597772.6 11001537.9 27.96% 3.1. 9803860.5 3.1. 4585422.6 6328520.4 38.01% 6739183.8 9559162.2 41.84% 3.5. 4030398.8 3.5. 2674247.4 3338772.6 24.85% 5636152.2 7122832.8 26.38% 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 9202085.7 13640833.1 48.24% 21581310.3 32891775.75 52.41% 3.4. 4381498.5 3.4. 2188966.05 2940037.2 34.31% 4838186.85 6260033.4 29.39% 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 2662902 3460837.5 29.96% 1609686 1726782 7.27% Σ 35663879 47595722.6 62586917.85 86442169.95 pb 0 49678143 0 47565346.5 Pg 10933500 18222500 66.67% 10933500 18222500 66.67% Σ 63383459 Σ 46597379 115496366 73520417.85 152230016.5 100.00% 182.22% 240.17% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts pb [p]reserved [b]uildings Pg [P]arking [g]arages 190 Table 25: Profits in [€]uros Building code scenarios Building code scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r% 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 46,597,378.95 € 46,597,378.95 € 46,597,378.95 € 46,597,378.95 € mr 0 -4,069,609.44 € -1,481,784.19 € -596,598.93 € Σ -46,597,378.95 € -48,835,313.33 € -53,344,230.96 € -71,591,871.17 € v 65,818,222.55 € 65,818,222.55 € 65,818,222.55 € 65,818,222.55 € p€ 19,220,843.60 € 16,982,909.22 € 12,473,991.59 € -5,773,648.62 € p% 41.25% 36.45% 26.77% -12.39% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r% 0.00 € 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0.00 € 12 36 120 i 73,520,417.85 € 73,520,417.85 € 73,520,417.85 € 73,520,417.85 € mr 0.00 € -6,420,948.85 € -2,337,929.63 € -941,301.92 € Σ -73,520,417.85 € -77,051,386.20 € -84,165,466.78 € -112,956,230.62 € v 104,664,669.95 € 104,664,669.95 € 104,664,669.95 € 104,664,669.95 € p€ 31,144,252.10 € 27,613,283.75 € 20,499,203.17 € -8,291,560.67 € p% 42.36% 37.56% 27.88% -11.28% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 191 5 4 4.6. 3 2 1 11 8 8 1 4 2 3 7 4.4. 10 9 4 9.10 6 11 4.5. 12 7 5 1 4.3. 6 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 7 3.1. 3 5 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 103.4. 10 6 3 4.6.* 9 1 2 3 2 7 5 5 4 6 1 8 8 7 10 9 11 1a 1617 18 15 2 14 20 Economically viable buildings 3.3. 19 13 3 Profitable buildings with 1 12 i/v~50% or more 9 4 Economically unviable 8 6a buildings 11 10 5 Preserved buildings 6 In construction or constructed by 7 the building code from 2002 0m 10m 100m Building code scenario Drawing 12: Development plan 192 5 4 4.6. 3 2 1 11 8 8 1 4 2 3 7 4.4. 10 9 4 9.10 6 11 4.5. 12 7 5 1 4.3. 6 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 7 3.1. 3 5 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 103.4. 10 6 3 4.6.* 9 1 2 3 2 7 5 5 4 6 1 8 8 7 10 9 11 1a 1617 18 15 2 14 20 Economically viable buildings 3.3. 19 13 3 Profitable buildings with 1 12 i/v~50% or more 9 4 Economically unviable 8 6a buildings 11 10 5 Preserved buildings 6 In construction or constructed by 7 the building code from 2002 0m 10m 100m ‘Entrepreneur’ building code scenario Drawing 13: Development plan 193 Appendix: Old building code scenarios The appendix of the old building code scenarios includes a site plan and two site analysis tables, two development plans, two footprint plans and two ecological footprint tables, land use and population projections tables and two indices charts. The old building code is developed based on the zoning in the GUP for Skopje from 1965 and then from 1985. The old GUP for Skopje assigned low density housing zone with GS+2, a ground storey plus two storeys height. Site plan and site analysis table The site plan for the old building code scenarios is drawn on the background of the DUPs for the urban quarters Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The designation for the plots and the buildings in the old building code scenarios is done accordingly to the DUP for Bunjakovec 1, except for the urban block 4.6.* which is from the DUP for Bunjakovec 2 and has designation 4.6. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the old building code scenarios is drawn over the scaled to fit satellite images of the neighbourhood. Ecological footprint The area of the neighbourhood in both building code scenarios is 90811m2. The total built environment area is calculated as sum of the streets [st], paths [pt], the sum of areas under the buildings [a], under the temporary buildings [Ta], under the parking lots [P] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The built environment in the old building code scenario covers (bc%=73.68%) of the area, while the total built environment area represents 104.10% (far=1.04) of the total area. In the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario the building coverage bc%=72.41%, whereas the far=1.92. The area of the natural environment represents sum of the greenery [G] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The natural environment in the old building code scenario covers 26.32% of the total area, while it covers 27.59% in the ‘entrepreneur’ scenario. Land use and population projections In the building code scenario 77.9% of the buildings are residential [R], 7.4% commercial and industrial buildings [C] and 14.7% are institutional [S]. In the 194 ‘entrepreneur’ scenario 74.5% of the buildings are residential [R], 16.9% commercial and industrial buildings [C] and 8.6% are institutional [S]. The population projections in the old building code scenario estimate that 2235 people will live in the neighbourhood or +20.31% of the baseline and there will be 506 jobs or +47.71% of the baseline, whereas in the ‘entrepreneur’ scenario the estimations are that there will be 3647 people or +96.29% of the baseline and there will be 1230 jobs or +259.19% of the baseline. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] is divided with 20m2 and the total net area of institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The normative standard for commercial and industrial buildings assumes minimal area of 12m2 per job, whereas for institutional buildings 7-15m2 per user (OGM, 2002). The number of vehicles is assumed as one on every 100m2 of residential buildings [R] and one on every 50m2 of commercial and industrial [C] and institutional buildings [S]. The number of parking places is assumed as one for each 50m2 of streets area and one for every 30m2 of parking lots [P] and temporary buildings [Ta] area. Assets, investments and profits The assets of the buildings in the old building code scenario are 78,034,582€, whereas in the ‘entrepreneur’ scenario are 115,622,383€. The investments are 18,112,518€ and 43,341,716€ respectably. The assets are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The investments include building construction costs for the extensions in the old building code scenario and building construction costs and real-estate purchases for the ‘entrepreneur’ scenario. In regard to the market prices for building construction works in Macedonia the investments are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of floor area for institutional buildings. The value per m2 plot area is assumed sA€=150€. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. 195 Development plans The development plans show the results of cost-benefit analysis of every building in the neighbourhood. In the old building code scenario the existing buildings are not demolished but extended up to three storeys. In the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario the existing buildings are demolished and replaced with new buildings. The costs in the old building code scenario are calculated only for the storey that are extended, whereas in the ‘entrepreneur’ scenario the costs are calculated as sum of the assets of the existing building and the building construction costs of the new building. The buildings that show higher costs then assets are regarded as economically unviable, the buildings that show profits up to 50% are economically viable and the buildings that show profits over 50% are regarded as very profitable. Indices In both old building code scenarios the water is not purified and the solid waste is dumped on a landfill. The air emissions are 7.44t/pop/y while the sustainable level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 180g/km and each vehicle passes 5000km in one year. The average energy consumption is 248kWh/y/m2, 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity and 150kWh/y/m2 is energy for heating. No energy or food is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices in the building code scenario is -1537 and it is -1445 for the ‘entrepreneur’ building code scenario. 200 83 7 0 -10 -200 -79 -74-94 -74 -54 -100 -72 -97 -100 -100 -100 -127 -400 -167 -100 -280 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1537 -1800 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 46: Index values for the old building code scenario 196 400 136 200 12 0 -200 -79 -72 -72-21-53 -100 -66 -94 -100 -96 -100 -127 -400 -222 -100 -100 -279 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1534 -1800 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 47: Index values for the ‘entrepreneur’ old building code scenario 197 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 St. Guslarot Apostol Borka Taleski St. 4.4. Borka Taleski St. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 4.5. 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 Nikola Trimpare St. 3 7 8 9 R 8a a 8a j 1 k 4 . o 3 13 7a t 2 5 11 12 Z 6 1 S i n 2 8 7 3.1. a z i f 5 v o v 3 o S 14 n t 6 i . 4 4 3.5. n 12 13 10 10 e 6 L 3 1 9 1a Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 3.4. 6 1 8 10 8 7 ik St. 9 vski - Platn 11 Kiro Krste 18a 15 1617 18 2 K o 14 le 20 N Z e d l a e t 19 l k ko o 3.3. v S 13 s n 3 k n a 1 i Plot & building j S d t e . r 12 numbers S 9 t . 4 n.n. Urban block numbers 6a 11 8 Temporary buildings 5 7 Buildings 10 6 ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Old building code scenarios Drawing 14: Site plan 198 Table 26: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Old building code scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 14 4 1358 0 3% 8658.53 8658.53 0 0 55% 2.3 30241.3 2 408 229 0 11 3 0 0 10% 732.8 0 0 732.8 56% 1.8 2667.85 3 324 218 44 9 3 0 0 10% 697.6 697.6 0 0 67% 2.2 2060.1 4 334 184 20 9 3 0 0 10% 588.8 588.8 0 0 55% 1.8 1738.8 5 351 215 35 15 6 0 0 5% 1343.75 1128.75 215 0 61% 3.8 3337.88 Σ 5264 2963 99 1358 0 12021.5 11073.7 215 732.8 56% 2.3 40046 100% 56% 2% 26% 0% 228% 92% 2% 6% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 616 197 0 13 5 0 433 0% 985 985 0 0 32% 1.6 2561 1a 283 283 0 22 9 0 0 0% 2547 2547 0 0 100% 9 6226 2 1388 545 60 16 6 0 469 0% 3270 3270 0 0 39% 2.4 8720 2a 188 188 0 16 6 0 0 0% 1128 1128 0 0 100% 6 3008 3 206 62 0 9 3 0 0 0% 186 186 0 0 30% 0.9 558 4 3278 879 307 9 3 1423 477 10% 2812.8 2812.8 0 0 27% 0.9 8306.55 5 543 128 40 9 3 0 0 10% 409.6 409.6 0 0 24% 0.8 1209.6 6 398 113 0 9 3 0 0 10% 361.6 361.6 0 0 28% 0.9 1067.85 7 405 134 87 9 3 0 0 10% 428.8 428.8 0 0 33% 1.1 1266.3 8 175 109 0 9 3 0 0 10% 348.8 348.8 0 0 62% 2 1030.05 9.10 483 341 0 13 4 0 0 3% 1394.69 1053.69 341 0 71% 2.9 4519.96 11 156 78 19 9 3 0 0 10% 249.6 249.6 0 0 50% 1.6 737.1 Σ 8119 3057 513 1423 1379 0 14121.9 13780.9 341 0 38% 1.7 39210.4 100% 38% 6% 18% 17% 0% 174% 98% 2% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 13867 2269 0 5 1 4284 165 0% 2269 0 0 2269 16% 0.2 11345 1a 210 210 0 8 2 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 2 1680 1b 501 501 0 11 3 0 0 5% 1553.1 0 0 1553 100% 3.1 5673.83 1c 420 420 0 8 1 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 1 3360 1d 374 374 0 8 1 0 0 0% 374 0 0 374 100% 1 2992 Σ 15372 3774 0 4284 165 5036.1 0 0 5036 25% 0.3 25050.8 100% 25% 0% 28% 1% 33% 0% 0% 100% 199 4.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 363 141 62 12 4 0 0 0% 564 564 0 0 39% 1.6 1692 2 145 115 0 9 3 0 0 10% 368 368 0 0 79% 2.5 1086.75 3 106 77 0 9 3 0 0 10% 246.4 246.4 0 0 73% 2.3 727.65 3a 168 139 0 9 3 0 0 10% 444.8 444.8 0 0 83% 2.6 1313.55 4 552 310 0 13 5 0 0 0% 1550 1550 0 0 56% 2.8 4030 5 189 86 18 9 3 0 0 10% 275.2 275.2 0 0 46% 1.5 812.7 5a 121 82 0 9 3 0 0 10% 262.4 262.4 0 0 68% 2.2 774.9 5b 132 86 0 9 3 0 0 10% 275.2 275.2 0 0 65% 2.1 812.7 6 124 80 0 9 3 0 0 10% 256 256 0 0 65% 2.1 756 6a 127 80 0 9 3 0 0 10% 256 256 0 0 63% 2 756 6b 164 80 22 7 2 0 0 0% 160 160 0 0 49% 1 560 7 189 60 0 9 3 0 0 10% 192 192 0 0 32% 1 567 7a 144 95 0 9 3 0 0 10% 304 304 0 0 66% 2.1 897.75 8 0 0 0 0 0 452 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 9 163 86 0 9 3 0 0 10% 275.2 275.2 0 0 53% 1.7 812.7 10 138 70 27 9 3 0 0 10% 224 224 0 0 51% 1.6 661.5 11 217 62 53 9 3 0 0 10% 198.4 198.4 0 0 29% 0.9 585.9 12 299 110 0 15 5 0 0 5% 572 522 50 0 37% 1.9 1707.75 Σ 3341 1759 182 452 0 6423.6 6373.6 50 0 53% 1.9 18554.9 100% 53% 5% 14% 0% 192% 99% 1% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 67 67 33 9 3 0 0 10% 214.4 214.4 0 0 100% 3.2 633.15 1a 190 51 0 9 3 0 0 10% 163.2 163.2 0 0 27% 0.9 481.95 2 107 72 0 9 3 0 0 10% 230.4 230.4 0 0 67% 2.2 680.4 3 222 150 0 14 5 0 0 5% 780 780 0 0 68% 3.5 2171.25 4 452 221 0 9 3 0 0 10% 707.2 707.2 0 0 49% 1.6 2088.45 5 489 129 27 9 3 0 0 10% 412.8 412.8 0 0 26% 0.8 1219.05 6 872 532 0 15 6 0 0 3% 3271.8 2739.8 532 0 61% 3.8 8147.58 7 56 56 0 9 3 0 0 10% 179.2 179.2 0 0 100% 3.2 529.2 7a 396 65 81 9 3 0 0 10% 208 208 0 0 16% 0.5 614.25 8 131 131 0 9 3 0 0 10% 419.2 419.2 0 0 100% 3.2 1237.95 8a 203 80 54 9 3 0 0 10% 256 256 0 0 39% 1.3 756 9 1421 873 0 19 7 0 549 7% 6477.66 5604.66 873 0 61% 4.6 17473.1 10 214 129 0 13 4 0 0 0% 516 516 0 0 60% 2.4 1677 Σ 4820 2556 195 0 549 13835.9 12430.9 1405 0 53% 2.9 37709.3 100% 53% 4% 0% 11% 287% 90% 10% 0% 200 3.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 346 228 23 9 3 0 0 10% 729.6 699.6 30 0 66% 2.1 2154.6 2 222 113 55 9 3 0 0 10% 361.6 361.6 0 0 51% 1.6 1067.85 3 217 115 25 9 3 0 0 10% 368 368 0 0 53% 1.7 1086.75 4 230 132 18 9 3 0 0 10% 422.4 422.4 0 0 57% 1.8 1247.4 5 214 96 18 9 3 0 0 10% 307.2 252.2 55 0 45% 1.4 907.2 6 191 100 0 10 3 0 0 0% 300 300 0 0 52% 1.6 1000 7 286 137 64 11 4 0 0 0% 548 548 0 0 48% 1.9 1507 8 6837 1045 0 4 1 3795 0 0% 1045 0 0 1045 15% 0.2 4180 8a 497 497 0 8 2 0 0 5% 1018.85 0 0 1019 100% 2.1 4062.98 Σ 9040 2463 203 3795 0 5100.65 2951.8 85 2064 27% 0.6 17213.8 100% 27% 2% 42% 0% 56% 58% 2% 40% 3.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3623 1091 425 9 3 661 0 0% 3273 0 0 3273 30% 0.9 9819 2 441 441 0 9 3 0 0 10% 1411.2 1411.2 0 0 100% 3.2 4167.45 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 3% 3489.25 3064.25 425 0 100% 8.2 10010.9 4 240 240 0 7 2 0 0 0% 480 0 0 480 100% 2 1680 5 1220 1220 0 9 3 0 3660 0% 3660 0 3660 0 100% 3 10980 6 618 618 0 4 1 0 0 0% 618 0 0 618 100% 1 2472 6a 425 425 0 15 4 0 0 0% 1700 0 0 1700 100% 4 6375 1588 353 7 466 137 0 9 3 0 0 10% 438.4 438.4 0 0 29% 0.9 1294.65 8 217 77 0 9 3 0 0 10% 246.4 246.4 0 0 35% 1.1 727.65 9 235 151 0 9 3 0 0 10% 483.2 483.2 0 0 64% 2.1 1426.95 10 465 447 0 16 5 0 0 0% 2235 2235 0 0 96% 4.8 7152 11 252 93 0 9 3 0 0 10% 297.6 297.6 0 0 37% 1.2 878.85 12 273 131 0 9 3 0 0 10% 419.2 419.2 0 0 48% 1.5 1237.95 13 224 100 0 9 3 235 0 10% 320 320 0 0 45% 1.4 945 14 325 129 0 9 3 0 0 10% 412.8 412.8 0 0 40% 1.3 1219.05 15 388 186 0 9 3 0 0 10% 595.2 595.2 0 0 48% 1.5 1757.7 16 200 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 17 201 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 18 431 107 45 9 3 0 0 10% 342.4 342.4 0 0 25% 0.8 1011.15 18a 180 107 45 11 4 0 0 0% 428 428 0 0 59% 2.4 1177 19 448 178 0 9 3 0 0 10% 569.6 569.6 0 0 40% 1.3 1682.1 20 229 125 0 9 3 0 0 10% 400 400 0 0 55% 1.7 1181.25 Σ 11526 6596 515 2484 4013 22659.3 12303.3 4285 6071 57% 2 69211.6 100% 57% 4% 22% 35% 197% 54% 19% 27% 201 3.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 278 109 0 9 3 0 0 3% 333.54 273.54 60 0 39% 1.2 995.715 2 230 95 0 10 4 0 0 0% 380 0 380 0 41% 1.7 950 3 173 82 0 9 3 0 0 10% 262.4 262.4 0 0 47% 1.5 774.9 4 385 111 0 15 5 0 0 10% 599.4 599.4 0 0 29% 1.6 1781.55 5 438 274 0 14 5 0 0 5% 1424.8 1424.8 0 0 63% 3.3 3966.15 6 231 133 0 9 3 0 0 10% 425.6 425.6 0 0 58% 1.8 1256.85 7 178 119 0 9 3 0 0 10% 380.8 350.8 30 0 67% 2.1 1124.55 8 435 153 0 9 3 0 0 10% 489.6 489.6 0 0 35% 1.1 1445.85 9 257 89 53 9 3 0 0 10% 284.8 284.8 0 0 35% 1.1 841.05 10 216 155 0 9 3 0 0 10% 496 496 0 0 72% 2.3 1464.75 11 201 104 0 8 3 0 0 10% 332.8 332.8 0 0 52% 1.7 868.4 12 321 151 0 10 3 0 0 0% 453 453 0 0 47% 1.4 1510 13 140 80 0 9 3 0 0 10% 256 256 0 0 57% 1.8 756 14 277 135 0 10 4 0 0 3% 552.15 552.15 0 0 49% 2 1372.28 Σ 3760 1790 53 0 0 6670.89 6200.89 470 0 48% 1.8 19108 100% 48% 1% 0% 0% 177% 93% 7% 0% 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 260 85 68 9 3 0 0 10% 272 272 0 0 33% 1 803.25 2 381 148 0 19 8 0 230 5% 1235.8 1084.8 151 0 39% 3.2 2919.3 3 377 105 96 9 3 0 0 10% 336 336 0 0 28% 0.9 992.25 4 418 113 100 9 3 0 0 10% 361.6 361.6 0 0 27% 0.9 1067.85 5 343 119 0 11 4 163 0 0% 476 476 0 0 35% 1.4 1309 6 399 97 31 9 3 0 0 10% 310.4 310.4 0 0 24% 0.8 916.65 7 308 140 42 9 3 0 0 10% 448 448 0 0 45% 1.5 1323 8 303 112 64 9 3 0 0 10% 358.4 358.4 0 0 37% 1.2 1058.4 9 310 310 0 14 4 0 0 0% 1240 1240 0 0 100% 4 4340 10 241 56 23 9 3 0 0 10% 179.2 179.2 0 0 23% 0.7 529.2 11 2329 395 128 14 4 0 1067 0% 1580 1580 0 0 17% 0.7 5530 12 234 234 0 14 4 0 0 0% 936 936 0 0 100% 4 3276 13 234 234 0 14 4 0 0 0% 936 936 0 0 100% 4 3276 Σ 6137 2148 552 163 1297 8669.4 8518.4 151 0 35% 1.4 20249.3 100% 35% 9% 3% 21% 141% 98% 2% 0% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 202 Table 27: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 13 7 1358 0 10% 16089.2 13972.2 2117 0 55% 4.2 29320.5 2 408 229 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1740.4 0 0 1740 56% 4.3 3171.65 3 324 218 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1656.8 1438.8 218 0 67% 5.1 3019.3 4 334 184 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1398.4 1214.4 184 0 55% 4.2 2548.4 5 351 215 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1634 1419 215 0 61% 4.7 2977.75 Σ 5264 2963 0 1358 0 22518.8 18044.4 2734 1740 56% 4.3 41037.6 100% 56% 0% 26% 0% 428% 80% 12% 8% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 616 197 0 13 7 0 433 10% 1497.2 1300.2 197 0 32% 2.4 2728.45 1a 283 283 0 13 7 0 0 10% 2150.8 1867.8 283 0 100% 7.6 3919.55 2 1388 545 0 13 7 0 469 10% 4142 3597 545 0 39% 3 7548.25 2a 188 188 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1428.8 1240.8 188 0 100% 7.6 2603.8 3 206 62 0 13 7 0 0 10% 471.2 409.2 62 0 30% 2.3 858.7 4 3278 879 0 13 7 1423 477 10% 6680.4 5801.4 879 0 27% 2 12174.2 5 543 128 0 13 7 0 0 10% 972.8 844.8 128 0 24% 1.8 1772.8 6 398 113 0 13 7 0 0 10% 858.8 745.8 113 0 28% 2.2 1565.05 7 405 134 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1018.4 884.4 134 0 33% 2.5 1855.9 8 175 109 0 13 7 0 0 10% 828.4 719.4 109 0 62% 4.7 1509.65 9.10 483 341 0 13 7 0 0 10% 2591.6 2250.6 341 0 71% 5.4 4722.85 11 156 78 0 13 7 0 0 10% 592.8 514.8 78 0 50% 3.8 1080.3 Σ 8119 3057 0 1423 1379 23233.2 20176.2 3057 0 38% 2.9 42339.5 100% 38% 0% 18% 17% 286% 87% 13% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 13867 2269 0 13 3 4284 165 10% 7260.8 0 0 7261 16% 0.5 31425.7 1a 210 210 0 13 3 0 0 10% 672 0 0 672 100% 3.2 2908.5 1b 501 501 0 13 3 0 0 10% 1603.2 0 0 1603 100% 3.2 6938.85 1c 420 420 0 13 3 0 0 10% 1344 0 0 1344 100% 3.2 5817 1d 374 374 0 13 3 0 0 10% 1196.8 0 0 1197 100% 3.2 5179.9 Σ 15372 3774 0 4284 165 12076.8 0 0 12077 25% 0.8 52269.9 100% 25% 0% 28% 1% 79% 0% 0% 100% 203 4.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 363 141 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1071.6 930.6 141 0 39% 3 1952.85 2 145 115 0 13 7 0 0 10% 874 759 115 0 79% 6 1592.75 3 106 77 0 13 7 0 0 10% 585.2 508.2 77 0 73% 5.5 1066.45 3a 168 139 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1056.4 917.4 139 0 83% 6.3 1925.15 4 552 310 0 13 7 0 0 10% 2356 2046 310 0 56% 4.3 4293.5 5 189 86 0 13 7 0 0 10% 653.6 567.6 86 0 46% 3.5 1191.1 5a 121 82 0 13 7 0 0 10% 623.2 541.2 82 0 68% 5.2 1135.7 5b 132 86 0 13 7 0 0 10% 653.6 567.6 86 0 65% 5 1191.1 6 124 80 0 13 7 0 0 10% 608 528 80 0 65% 4.9 1108 6a 127 80 0 13 7 0 0 10% 608 528 80 0 63% 4.8 1108 6b 164 80 0 13 7 0 0 10% 608 528 80 0 49% 3.7 1108 7 189 60 0 13 7 0 0 10% 456 396 60 0 32% 2.4 831 7a 144 95 0 13 7 0 0 10% 722 627 95 0 66% 5 1315.75 8 0 0 0 0 0 452 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 9 163 86 0 13 7 0 0 10% 653.6 567.6 86 0 53% 4 1191.1 10 138 70 0 13 7 0 0 10% 532 462 70 0 51% 3.9 969.5 11 217 62 0 13 7 0 0 10% 471.2 409.2 62 0 29% 2.2 858.7 12 299 110 0 13 7 0 0 10% 836 726 110 0 37% 2.8 1523.5 Σ 3341 1759 0 452 0 13368.4 11609.4 1759 0 53% 4 24362.2 100% 53% 0% 14% 0% 400% 87% 13% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 67 67 0 13 7 0 0 10% 509.2 442.2 67 0 100% 7.6 927.95 1a 190 51 0 13 7 0 0 10% 387.6 336.6 51 0 27% 2 706.35 2 107 72 0 13 7 0 0 10% 547.2 475.2 72 0 67% 5.1 997.2 3 222 150 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1140 990 150 0 68% 5.1 2077.5 4 452 221 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1679.6 1458.6 221 0 49% 3.7 3060.85 5 489 129 0 13 7 0 0 10% 980.4 851.4 129 0 26% 2 1786.65 6 872 532 0 13 7 0 0 10% 4043.2 3511.2 532 0 61% 4.6 7368.2 7 56 56 0 13 7 0 0 10% 425.6 369.6 56 0 100% 7.6 775.6 7a 396 65 0 13 7 0 0 10% 494 429 65 0 16% 1.2 900.25 8 131 131 0 13 7 0 0 10% 995.6 864.6 131 0 100% 7.6 1814.35 8a 203 80 0 13 7 0 0 10% 608 528 80 0 39% 3 1108 9 1421 873 0 19 7 0 549 10% 6634.8 5761.8 873 0 61% 4.7 17852.9 10 214 129 0 13 7 0 0 10% 980.4 851.4 129 0 60% 4.6 1786.65 Σ 4820 2556 0 0 549 19425.6 16869.6 2556 0 53% 4 41162.4 100% 53% 0% 0% 11% 403% 87% 13% 0% 204 3.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 346 228 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1732.8 1504.8 228 0 66% 5 3157.8 2 222 113 0 13 7 0 0 10% 858.8 745.8 113 0 51% 3.9 1565.05 3 217 115 0 13 7 0 0 10% 874 759 115 0 53% 4 1592.75 4 230 132 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1003.2 871.2 132 0 57% 4.4 1828.2 5 214 96 0 13 7 0 0 10% 729.6 633.6 96 0 45% 3.4 1329.6 6 191 100 0 13 7 0 0 10% 760 660 100 0 52% 4 1385 7 286 137 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1041.2 904.2 137 0 48% 3.6 1897.45 8 6837 1045 0 13 3 3795 0 10% 3344 0 0 3344 15% 0.5 14473.3 8a 497 497 0 13 3 0 0 10% 1590.4 0 0 1590 100% 3.2 6883.45 Σ 9040 2463 0 3795 0 11934 6078.6 921 4934 27% 1.3 34112.6 100% 27% 0% 42% 0% 132% 51% 8% 41% 3.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3623 1091 0 13 3 661 0 10% 3491.2 0 0 3491 30% 1 15110.4 2 441 441 0 18 8 0 0 10% 3836.7 3836.7 441 0 100% 8.7 8533.35 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 10% 3697.5 3272.5 425 0 100% 8.7 10561.3 4 240 240 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1824 0 0 1824 100% 7.6 3324 5 1220 1220 0 13 7 0 9272 10% 9272 0 9272 0 100% 7.6 16897 6 618 618 0 13 3 0 0 10% 1977.6 0 0 1978 100% 3.2 8559.3 6a 425 425 0 13 3 0 0 10% 1360 0 0 1360 100% 3.2 5886.25 1588 353 7 466 137 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1041.2 904.2 137 0 29% 2.2 1897.45 8 217 77 0 13 7 0 0 10% 585.2 508.2 77 0 35% 2.7 1066.45 9 235 151 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1147.6 996.6 151 0 64% 4.9 2091.35 10 465 447 0 13 7 0 0 10% 3397.2 2950.2 447 0 96% 7.3 6190.95 11 252 93 0 13 7 0 0 10% 706.8 613.8 93 0 37% 2.8 1288.05 12 273 131 0 13 7 0 0 10% 995.6 864.6 131 0 48% 3.6 1814.35 13 224 100 0 13 7 235 0 10% 760 660 100 0 45% 3.4 1385 14 325 129 0 13 7 0 0 10% 980.4 851.4 129 0 40% 3 1786.65 15 388 186 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1413.6 1227.6 186 0 48% 3.6 2576.1 16 200 84 0 13 7 0 0 10% 638.4 554.4 84 0 42% 3.2 1163.4 17 201 84 0 13 7 0 0 10% 638.4 554.4 84 0 42% 3.2 1163.4 18 431 107 0 13 7 0 0 10% 813.2 706.2 107 0 25% 1.9 1481.95 18a 180 107 0 13 7 0 0 10% 813.2 706.2 107 0 59% 4.5 1481.95 19 448 178 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1352.8 1174.8 178 0 40% 3 2465.3 20 229 125 0 13 7 0 0 10% 950 825 125 0 55% 4.1 1731.25 Σ 11526 6596 0 2484 9625 41692.6 21206.8 12274 8653 57% 3.6 98455.1 100% 57% 0% 22% 84% 362% 51% 29% 21% 205 3.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 278 109 0 13 7 0 0 10% 828.4 719.4 109 0 39% 3 1509.65 2 230 95 0 13 7 0 0 10% 722 627 95 0 41% 3.1 1315.75 3 173 82 0 13 7 0 0 10% 623.2 541.2 82 0 47% 3.6 1135.7 4 385 111 0 13 7 0 0 10% 843.6 732.6 111 0 29% 2.2 1537.35 5 438 274 0 13 7 0 0 10% 2082.4 1808.4 274 0 63% 4.8 3794.9 6 231 133 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1010.8 877.8 133 0 58% 4.4 1842.05 7 178 119 0 13 7 0 0 10% 904.4 785.4 119 0 67% 5.1 1648.15 8 435 153 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1162.8 1009.8 153 0 35% 2.7 2119.05 9 257 89 0 13 7 0 0 10% 676.4 587.4 89 0 35% 2.6 1232.65 10 216 155 0 13 7 0 216 10% 1178 1023 155 0 72% 5.5 2146.75 11 201 104 0 13 7 0 0 10% 790.4 686.4 104 0 52% 3.9 1440.4 12 321 151 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1147.6 996.6 151 0 47% 3.6 2091.35 13 140 80 0 13 7 0 0 10% 608 528 80 0 57% 4.3 1108 14 277 135 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1026 891 135 0 49% 3.7 1869.75 Σ 3760 1790 0 0 216 13604 11814 1790 0 48% 3.6 24791.5 100% 48% 0% 0% 6% 362% 87% 13% 0% 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 260 85 0 13 7 0 0 10% 646 561 85 0 33% 2.5 1177.25 2 381 148 0 19 8 0 230 10% 1287.6 1139.6 148 0 39% 3.4 3026.6 3 377 105 0 13 7 0 0 10% 798 693 105 0 28% 2.1 1454.25 4 418 113 0 13 7 0 0 10% 858.8 745.8 113 0 27% 2.1 1565.05 5 343 119 0 13 7 163 0 10% 904.4 785.4 119 0 35% 2.6 1648.15 6 399 97 0 13 7 0 0 10% 737.2 640.2 97 0 24% 1.8 1343.45 7 308 140 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1064 924 140 0 45% 3.5 1939 8 303 112 0 13 7 0 0 10% 851.2 739.2 112 0 37% 2.8 1551.2 9 310 310 0 13 7 0 0 10% 2356 2046 310 0 100% 7.6 4293.5 10 241 56 0 13 7 0 0 10% 425.6 369.6 56 0 23% 1.8 775.6 11 2329 395 0 13 7 0 1067 10% 3002 2607 395 0 17% 1.3 5470.75 12 234 234 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1778.4 1544.4 234 0 100% 7.6 3240.9 13 234 234 0 13 7 0 0 10% 1778.4 1544.4 234 0 100% 7.6 3240.9 Σ 6137 2148 0 163 1297 16487.6 14339.6 2148 0 35% 2.7 21855.3 100% 35% 0% 3% 21% 269% 87% 13% 0% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 206 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 9.10 6 12 5 1b 4.3. 7a 4.5. 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 10 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 3.4. 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 19 13 3.3. Greenery 1 3 Trees 12 9 4 Buildings 6a 11 8 5 7 10 6 0m 10m 100m Old building code scenarios Drawing 15: Footprint plan 207 Table 28: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Old building code scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 27106 ΣTa 2312 6936 35 17 40 ΣP 5179 7403 247 + 9942.5 st 9322 186 pt 13048 Σ 66909.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 73.68% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 13959 13959 tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + 9942.5 9942.5 cer [cer]eals Σ 23901.5 49401.5 fodd [fodd]er % 26.32% 0.067% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 23901.5 49401.5 vh [v]e[h]icles % 26.32% 0.067% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 55225.03 77.9% 165675.083 756 928 2235 559 ΣC 5251.5 7.4% 15754.5 263 131 ΣS 10427.81 14.7% 31283.4375 209 104 Σ 70904.34 100% 212713.02 756 928 2235 506 812 474 104.11% 0.290% 208 Table 29: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 27106 ΣTa ΣP 5179 13231 441 + 11098.5 st 9322 186 pt 13048 Σ 65753.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 72.41% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 13959 13959 tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + 11098.5 11098.5 cer [cer]eals Σ 25057.5 25057.5 fodd [fodd]er % 27.59% 0.034% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 0 25500 d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.035% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 25057.5 50557.5 vh [v]e[h]icles % 27.59% 0.069% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 90103.95 74.5% 270311.85 1233 1514 3647 912 ΣC 20429.25 16.9% 61287.75 1021 511 ΣS 10427.81 8.6% 31283.4375 209 104 Σ 120961 100% 362883.038 1233 1514 3647 1230 1527 627 177.60% 0.495% 209 Table 30: Assets in [€]uros Old building code scenario Baseline Old building code scenario ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario N v[Bs] N i=c+v[Bs] v p% i=c+v[Bs] v p% 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 430980 468736.8 8.76% 2141440.8 2461495.2 14.95% 4.5. 9809171.3 4.5. 3282060 3545085.6 8.01% 8252704.217 10233107.43 24.00% 4.4. 5705167.5 4.4. 0 0 0.00% 0 0 0.00% 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 1375365 1518368.4 10.40% 6077449.2 7360414.8 21.11% 3.1. 9803860.5 3.1. 2098215 2297624.4 9.50% 4241203.8 5438917.2 28.24% 3.5. 4030398.8 3.5. 1618680 1780876.8 10.02% 3837423.6 4821038.4 25.63% 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 5492850 9329946 69.86% 10795052.4 23321075.1 116.03% 3.4. 4381498.5 3.4. 2010183 3038925.16 51.18% 4377513.45 5580022.8 27.47% 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 1804185 1956741.6 8.46% 3618928.2 4507240.8 24.55% Σ 18112518 23936304.8 43341715.67 63723311.73 pb 54098277 54098277 51899071.5 51899071.5 Σ 63383459 Σ 72210795 78034581.8 95240787.17 115622383.2 100.00% 123.12% 182.42% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts pb [p]reserved [b]uildings Pg [P]arking [g]arages 210 Table 31: Profits in [€]uros Old building code scenario Old building code scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 18,112,518.03 € 18,112,518.03 € 18,112,518.03 € 18,112,518.03 € mr 0 -1,581,867.39 € -575,973.23 € -231,899.50 € Σ -18,112,518.03 € -18,982,408.73 € -20,735,036.32 € -27,827,939.82 € v 23,936,304.76 € 23,936,304.76 € 23,936,304.76 € 23,936,304.76 € p€ 5,823,786.73 € 4,953,896.03 € 3,201,268.44 € -3,891,635.06 € p% 32.15% 27.35% 17.67% -21.49% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 43,341,715.67 € 43,341,715.67 € 43,341,715.67 € 43,341,715.67 € mr 0 -3,785,274.18 € -1,378,254.97 € -554,915.78 € Σ -43,341,715.67 € -45,423,290.16 € -49,617,178.96 € -66,589,893.98 € v 63,723,311.73 € 63,723,311.73 € 63,723,311.73 € 63,723,311.73 € p€ 20,381,596.06 € 18,300,021.57 € 14,106,132.76 € -2,866,582.26 € p% 47.03% 42.22% 32.55% -6.61% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 211 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 7a 5 1b 4.3. 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 10 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 3.4. 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 3.3. 19 13 3 Economically viable buildings 1 12 9 Profitable buildings with 4 i/v~50% or more 6a 8 Buildings having three (GS+2) 11 5 or more storeys 7 10 6 0m 10m 100m Old building code scenario Drawing 16: Development plan 212 5 4 4.6. 3 1c 2 1 4.4. 11 8 1d 8 1 1 1a 2 3a 3 4 7 10 9 4 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 7a 5 1b 4.3. 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8a 3 4 13 1 7a 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 12 13 6 10 10 3 1 9 1a 2 4 2 4.6.* 7 5 5 3 3.4. 6 1 8 10 8 7 9 11 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 20 3.3. 19 13 3 Economically viable buildings 1 12 9 Profitable buildings with 4 i/v~50% or more 6a 8 Economically unviable 11 5 buildings 7 10 6 0m 10m 100m ‘Entrepreneur’ old building code scenario Drawing 17: Development plan 213 Appendix: ‘City of towers’ scenarios The appendix of the ‘city of towers’ scenarios has a site plan and two site analysis tables, a plan showing the position of the towers, two footprint plans and two ecological footprint tables, land use and population projections tables and two indices charts. Site plan and site analysis table The site plan for the ‘city of towers’ scenario is drawn with reproduction of Tange’s Plan for Skopje from 1965. The designation for the plots and the buildings is done following the designation of the urban blocks in the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the ‘city of towers’ scenarios is drawn in regard to the urban scheme in the site plan. The trees that are not in the way of the new building are preserved from the baseline. Ecological footprint The area of the neighbourhood in the ‘city of towers’ scenarios is 90811m2. The total built environment area is calculated as sum of the streets [st], paths [pt], the sum of areas under the buildings [a] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The built environment in ‘city of towers’ scenarios covers (bc%=55.58%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area represents 217.13% (far=2.17) of the total area. The area of the natural environment represents sum of the greenery [G] and half of the area of the plots that is not under the buildings. The natural environment in both building code scenarios covers 26.32% and represents 26.32% (far=0.26) of the total area, whereas in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario it represents 52.52% (far=0.52). Land use and population projections In the ‘city of towers’ scenario 53.7% of the floor area of the buildings is residential [R], 25.8% is commercial and industrial [C] and 20.5% is institutional [S]. The ratios in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario are 46.1% with residential [R] use, 30.7% commercial and industrial [C] use and 23.2% for institutional [S] use. 214 The population projections estimate 3213 people and 2517 jobs or 72.91% and 634.93% of the baseline in the ‘city of towers’ scenario, whereas there will be 2318 people that will live in the neighbourhood in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario and 2486 jobs or +17.40% and 626.17% of the baseline. The population projections are calculated when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2, (SSOM, 2005:50) which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] is divided with 20m2 and the total net area of institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The normative standard for commercial and industrial buildings assumes minimal area of 12m2 per job, whereas for institutional buildings 7-15m2 per user. (OGM, 2002) The number of vehicles was assumed to be one on every 100m2 of residential buildings [R] and one on every 50m2 of commercial and industrial [C] and institutional buildings [S]. The number of parking places was assumed as one for each 50m2 of streets area and one for every 30m2 of parking lots [P]. Assets, investments and profits The assets of the buildings in the ‘city of towers’ scenario are 167,214,620€, whereas in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario they are 143,627,645€. The investments are 143,642,324€ and 137,693,948€ respectably. The assets are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The hanging gardens assets are calculated same as for residential buildings. The investments include building construction costs and real-estate purchases. In regard to the market prices in Macedonia the investments are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of floor area for institutional buildings. The building construction costs for the hanging gardens are calculated same as for commercial and industrial buildings. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. Indices In both ‘city of towers’ scenarios the water is not purified and the solid waste is dumped on a landfill. The air emissions are 7.44t/pop/y of CO2eq, whereas the sustainable level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 180g/km 215 and each vehicle passes 5000km in one year. The average energy consumption is 248kWh/y/m2, 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity and 150kWh/y/m2 is energy for heating. No energy or food is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices in the ‘city of towers’ scenario is -1501 and -977 indices in the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario. 400 120 200 13 0 -14 -200 -70 -76 -76-27-33 -100 -100 -94 -100 -96 -100 -100 -116 -400 -261 -270 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1501 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 48: Index values for the ‘city of towers’ scenario 200 86 40 17 51 11 0 -23 -19 -4 -37 -76 -47 -200 -100 -95 -100-100 -100 -243 -237 -400 -600 -800 -1000 -977 -1200 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 49: Index values for the ‘city of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario 216 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 4.6. 2 1 St. Guslarot Apostol 4 2 Borka Taleski St. Borka Taleski St. 4.4. 1 4.5. 2 3 4.3. 1 1 Nikola Trimpare St. R a j 1 k . o t Z S i 1 2 n 1 a z i f v o v 3 o S n t i . 3.5. n e 3.4. 4 L Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot ik St. vski - Platn Kiro Krste K o le N Z 1 e d l a 3.3. e t l k ko o v S s n k n a i 2 3 Plot & building j S d t e . r numbers S t . n.n. Urban block numbers Temporary buildings Buildings ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m ‘City of towers’ scenarios Drawing 18: Site plan 217 4.6. 2 1 4 2 4.4. 1 4.5. 2 3 4.3. 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3.5. 3.4. 4 1 3.3. Towers 2 3 Apartment houses Bridges 0m 10m 100m ‘City of towers’ scenarios Drawing 19: Towers, apartment houses and bridges 218 Table 32: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ‘City of towers’ scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 0 2000 50% 17800 0 4000 13800 100% 45 53100 2 6275 2413 0 18 6 2019 0 0% 14478 12065 2413 0 38% 2.3 43434 Σ 6675 2813 0 2019 2000 0 32278 12065 6413 13800 42% 4.8 96534 100% 42% 0% 30% 30% 484% 37% 20% 43% 4.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 0 2000 50% 17800 9000 8800 0 100% 45 53100 2 9182 2203 0 18 6 2677 0 0% 13218 13218 0 0 24% 1.4 39654 Σ 9582 2603 0 2677 2000 31018 22218 8800 0 27% 3.2 92754 100% 27% 0% 28% 21% 324% 72% 28% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 0 2000 50% 17800 9000 8800 0 100% 45 53100 2 900 900 0 18 2 0 0 0% 1800 0 0 1800 100% 2 16200 3 1200 1200 0 18 6 0 0 0% 7200 0 0 7200 100% 6 21600 4 15426 400 0 45 15 5689 0 50% 8800 0 6400 2400 3% 0.6 26100 Σ 17926 2900 0 5689 2000 35600 9000 15200 11400 16% 2 117000 100% 16% 0% 32% 11% 199% 25% 43% 32% 4.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 2200 2200 0 18 6 0 0 0% 13200 11000 2200 0 100% 6 39600 Σ 2200 2200 0 0 0 13200 11000 2200 0 100% 6 39600 100% 100% 0% 0% 0% 600% 83% 17% 0% 3.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 13462 2270 0 18 6 4342 0 0% 13620 11350 2270 0 17% 1 40860 2 400 400 0 90 30 0 2000 50% 17800 9000 8800 0 100% 45 53100 3 600 600 0 9 3 0 0 0% 1800 0 0 1800 100% 3 5400 4 1185 1185 0 18 6 0 0 0% 7110 6510 0 600 100% 6 21330 Σ 15647 4455 0 4342 2000 40330 26860 11070 2400 28% 2.6 79830 100% 28% 0% 28% 13% 258% 67% 27% 6% 3.4. 219 nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 0 2000 50% 17800 9000 8800 0 100% 45 53100 2 11452 2470 0 18 6 3968 0 0% 14820 12350 2470 0 22% 1.3 44460 Σ 11452 2470 0 3968 0 14820 12350 2470 0 22% 1.3 44460 100% 22% 0% 35% 0% 129% 83% 17% 0% 3.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1600 1600 0 18 6 900 800 0% 9600 0 1600 8000 100% 6 28800 2 1600 1600 0 18 6 900 800 0% 9600 6400 1600 1600 100% 6 28800 3 2641 1652 0 18 6 988 800 10% 10738 5938 1600 3200 63% 4.1 31966.2 Σ 5841 4852 0 2788 2400 29938 12338 4800 12800 83% 5.1 89566.2 100% 83% 0% 48% 41% 513% 41% 16% 43% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 220 Table 33: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots ‘City of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 0 2000 50% 17800 0 4000 13800 100% 45 53100 2 6275 2413 0 18 6 5035 0 0% 14478 6032.5 2413 0 38% 2.3 43434 Σ 6675 2813 0 5035 2000 32278 6032.5 6413 13800 42% 4.8 96534 100% 42% 0% 75% 30% 484% 19% 20% 43% 4.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 2250 2000 50% 17800 6750 8800 0 100% 45 53100 2 9182 2203 0 18 6 5982 0 0% 13218 9913.5 0 0 24% 1.4 39654 Σ 9582 2603 0 5982 2000 31018 16663.5 8800 0 27% 3.2 92754 100% 27% 0% 62% 21% 324% 54% 28% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 2250 2000 50% 17800 6750 8800 0 100% 45 53100 2 900 900 0 18 2 0 0 0% 1800 0 0 1800 100% 2 16200 3 1200 1200 0 18 6 0 0 0% 7200 0 0 7200 100% 6 21600 4 15426 400 0 45 15 5689 0 50% 8800 0 6400 2400 3% 0.6 26100 Σ 17926 2900 0 7939 2000 35600 6750 15200 11400 16% 2 117000 100% 16% 0% 44% 11% 199% 19% 43% 32% 4.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 2200 2200 0 18 6 2750 0 0% 13200 8250 2200 0 100% 6 39600 Σ 2200 2200 0 2750 0 13200 8250 2200 0 100% 6 39600 100% 100% 0% 125% 0% 600% 63% 17% 0% 3.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 13462 2270 0 18 6 7180 0 0% 13620 8512.5 2270 0 17% 1 40860 2 400 400 0 90 30 2250 2000 50% 17800 6750 8800 0 100% 45 53100 3 600 600 0 9 3 0 0 0% 1800 0 0 1800 100% 3 5400 4 1185 1185 0 18 6 1628 0 0% 7110 4882.5 0 600 100% 6 21330 Σ 15647 4455 0 11057 2000 40330 20145 11070 2400 28% 2.6 79830 100% 28% 0% 71% 13% 258% 50% 27% 6% 221 3.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 400 400 0 90 30 2250 2000 50% 17800 6750 8800 0 100% 45 53100 2 11452 2470 0 18 6 7056 0 0% 14820 9262.5 2470 0 22% 1.3 44460 Σ 11452 2470 0 7056 0 14820 9262.5 2470 0 22% 1.3 44460 100% 22% 0% 62% 0% 129% 63% 17% 0% 3.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1600 1600 0 18 6 2900 800 0% 9600 0 1600 6000 100% 6 28800 2 1600 1600 0 18 6 2500 800 0% 9600 4800 1600 1600 100% 6 28800 3 2641 1652 0 18 6 2473 800 10% 10738 4453.5 1600 3200 63% 4.1 31966.2 Σ 5841 4852 0 7873 2400 29938 9253.5 4800 10800 83% 5.1 89566.2 100% 83% 0% 135% 41% 513% 31% 16% 36% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in h i [S] i i l b ildi [b %] [b] ildi [ ] i [%] [f ] [f]l [ ] [ ] i [V] B ildi [V] l 222 4.6. 2 1 4 2 4.4. 1 4.5. 2 3 4.3. 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3.4. 4 1 Greenery 2 3 Trees Buildings 3.3. 0m 10m 100m ‘City of towers’ scenarios Drawing 20: Footprint plan 223 Table 34: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ‘City of towers’ scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 22293 ΣTa ΣP 10400 347 + st 9322 186 pt 27581 Σ 59196 240346.49 st [st]reets % 65.19% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 21483 21483 tree [tree]s tree 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 21483 21483 fodd [fodd]er % 23.66% 0.029% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 0 51000 d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.070% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 21483 72483 vh [v]e[h]icles % 23.66% 0.099% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 79373.25 53.67% 238119.75 1086 1333 3213 803 ΣC 38214.75 25.84% 114644.25 1911 955 ΣS 30300 20.49% 90900 606 303 Σ 147888 100.0% 443664 1086 1333 3213 2517 2062 533 217.14% 0.605% 224 Table 35: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections ‘City of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 22293 ΣTa ΣP 10400 347 + st 9322 186 pt 27581 Σ 59196 240346.49 st [st]reets % 65.19% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 21483 21483 tree [tree]s tree 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 21483 21483 fodd [fodd]er % 23.66% 0.029% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd 26207.75 78623.25 h [h]ouseholds Σ 26207.75 129623.25 d [d]welings % 28.86% 0.177% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 47690.75 151106.25 vh [v]e[h]icles % 52.52% 0.206% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 57267.75 46.08% 171803.25 784 962 2318 579 ΣC 38214.75 30.75% 114644.25 1911 955 ΣS 28800 23.17% 86400 576 288 Σ 124282.5 100.0% 372847.5 784 962 2318 2487 1823 533 182.48% 0.508% 225 Table 36: Assets in [€]uros ‘City of towers’ scenarios Baseline ‘City of towers’ scenario ‘City of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario N v[Bs] N i=Σcvi=Σcv 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 15415191 25989420 12555786 21700313 4.5. 9809171 4.5. 12616932 26224998 9984099 22275749 4.4. 5705168 4.4. 14622900 32516400 13556400 30916650 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 5735400 10428000 4431900 8472750 3.1. 9803861 3.1. 0 0 0 0 3.5. 4030399 3.5. 10859340 23162010 9021405 20405108 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 0 0 0 0 3.4. 4381499 3.4. 6439290 11707800 4975815 9512588 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 14569812 23561118 11922759 19946039 80258865 153589746 66448164 133229195 i/v+ 63383459 10398450 63383459 10398450 hgd 7862325 23586975 Σ 63383459 Σ 143642324 163988196 137693948 167214620 100.00% 242.32% 210.20% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens 226 Table 37: Profits in [€]uros ‘City of towers’ scenarios ‘City of towers’ scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 143,642,324.25 € 143,642,324.25 € 143,642,324.25 € 143,642,324.25 € mr 0 -12,545,086.71 € -4,567,787.51 € -1,839,091.78 € Σ -143,642,324.25 € -150,541,040.50 € -164,440,350.35 € -220,691,013.18 € v 163,988,196.00 € 163,988,196.00 € 163,988,196.00 € 163,988,196.00 € p€ 20,345,871.75 € 13,447,155.50 € -452,154.35 € -56,702,817.18 € p% 14.16% 9.36% -0.31% -39.48% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% ‘City of towers’ with hanging gardens scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 137,693,948.25 € 137,693,948.25 € 137,693,948.25 € 137,693,948.25 € mr 0 -12,025,581.80 € -4,378,630.74 € -1,762,933.10 € Σ -137,693,948.25 € -144,306,981.58 € -157,630,706.76 € -211,551,971.93 € v 167,214,619.50 € 167,214,619.50 € 167,214,619.50 € 167,214,619.50 € p€ 29,520,671.25 € 22,907,637.92 € 9,583,912.74 € -44,337,352.43 € p% 21.44% 16.64% 6.96% -32.20% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 227 Appendix: Skyscrapers scenarios There are three skyscrapers scenarios, skyscraper, Manhattan and pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario. This appendix includes three site plans and site analysis tables, three footprint plans and ecological footprint tables, land use population projections tables and three indices charts for each skyscrapers scenario. Site plan and site analysis table The site plan for the skyscraper scenario is drawn with reproducing freely the urban scheme from Le Corbusier’s (1998b:77-78) ‘city of tomorrow’. The site plan for the Manhattan scenario is free reproduction of urban pattern of Manhattan, an urban pattern with closely placed skyscrapers. The site plan for the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario multiplies experimental changeable skyscrapers inspired by Kurokawa’s Nagakin capsule tower. The designation for the plots and the buildings in the site plans is done randomly, but following the designation of the urban blocks in the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the skyscrapers scenarios is drawn in regard to the urban pattern in each scenario. The trees that are not in the way of the new building are preserved from the baseline. Ecological footprint The total area of the neighbourhood in the skyscraper scenario is 95917m2. The built environment area has been calculated as sum of the area under the streets [st], the area under the sidewalks and the paths [pt] and the sum of the areas under the buildings [a]. The built environment covers 12.28% (bc%=12.28%) of the total area, whereas the total built environment area covers 244.59% (far=2.45). The area of the natural environment is sum of the greenery areas [G] and covers 87.72% of the area. In the Manhattan scenario the total area of the neighbourhood is 90048m2. The built environment area is calculated as sum of the area under the streets [st], the area under the sidewalks and the paths [pt] and the sum of the areas under the buildings [a]. The built environment covers 100% (bc%=100%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area covers 2327.2% (far=23.27) of the total area. The area of the natural environment covers 0% of the area. 228 The total area of the neighbourhood in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario is 90811m2. The built environment area is calculated as sum of the area under the streets [st], the area under the sidewalks and the paths [pt] and the sum of the areas under the buildings [a]. The built environment covers 56.68% (bc%=56.68%) of the total area, whereas the total built environment area covers 188.04% (far=1.88). The area of the natural environment is sum of the greenery areas [G] and covers 43.32% of the area. Land use and population projections In the skyscraper and Manhattan scenario 50.2% of the floor area of the buildings is residential [R], 38.3% is commercial and industrial [C] and 11.5% is institutional [S]. The ratios in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario are 54.4% for residential [R] use, 30.2% commercial and industrial [C] use and 15.4% for institutional [S] use. These ratios are changeable. The population projections estimate that 3183 people will live in the neighbourhood by the skyscraper scenario or +71.30% of the baseline and there will be 3360 jobs or +881.18% of the baseline. In the Manhattan scenario 28646 people live and there are 30240 jobs or +1441.74% and +8730.66% of the baseline. There will be 9797 people that will live in the neighbourhood in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario or +427.29% of the baseline and there will be 8073 jobs or +2257.56% of the baseline. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] is divided with 20m2 and the total net area of institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The normative standard for commercial and industrial buildings assumes minimal area of 12m2 per job, while for institutional buildings 7-15m2 per user (OGM, 2002). The number of vehicles is assumed to be one on every four people [pop] and one on every ten jobs [job]. The assumption is that the availability of near jobs will reduce the number of vehicles in the neighbourhood. Assets, investments and profits The skyscraper scenario estimates investments of 617,525,317€, the Manhattan scenario 5,032,323,397€ and the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario 755,720,017€. The assets of the buildings after the development will be 657,550,620€, 5,806,515,180€ and 1,118,114,820€ for each scenario respectably. The assets are calculated with the values of sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, s€=3500€ per m2 of floor area regardless of the use. 229 The investments include building construction costs and real-estate purchases. The building construction costs in the investments are c€=3000€ per m2 of floor area regardless of the use. Indices In the baseline the water is not purified and the solid waste is dumped on a landfill. The air emissions are 7.44t/pop/y of CO2eq, whereas the sustainable level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 180g/km and each vehicle passes 5000km in one year. The average energy consumption is 248kWh/y/m2, 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity and 150kWh/y/m2 is energy for heating. No energy or food is produced in the neighbourhood. The skyscrapers are expensive buildings and their operation and maintenance cost a lot. The maintenance indices begin with -300 for each skyscraper scenarios, meaning that the skyscrapers have double maintenance costs for the flows of water, air and resources then the other buildings. The sum of the indices in the skyscraper scenario is -1515, in the Manhattan scenario -1622 and the sum in the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario is -1530. 200 113 1 15 0 -12 -12 -1 -200 -55 -85 -63 -100 -100 -93-99 -100 -100 -100 -400 -167 -600 -555 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1600 -1515 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 50: Index values for the skyscraper scenario 230 1500 1076 1000 500 100 0 -1 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -100 -50 -500 -100 -100 -121 -100 -100 -150 -603 -1000 -913 -1500 -2000 -1662 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 51: Index values for the Manhattan scenario 500 365 41 0 -73 -57 -57-57-40 -16 -79 -100 -98 -100-100 -100-100 -120 -500 -352 -574 -1000 -1500 -1617 -2000 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 52: Index values for the pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario 231 3.4. 3.5. Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 1 n Plot & building numbers n.n. Urban block numbers Temporary buildings anov St. sij Golog Buildings Teodo 0m 10m 100m Skyscraper scenario Drawing 21: Site plan 232 Table 38: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Skyscraper scenario 3.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 52487 1600 0 500 150 44485 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 3% 4 776216 Σ 52487 1600 0 44485 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 3% 4 776216 100% 3% 0% 85% 46% 444% 45% 34% 21% 3.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 39019 0 0 0 0 39019 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 39019 0 0 39019 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 100% 0% 0% 100% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 233 3.5. 3.4. 1 Greenery Trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m Skyscraper scenario Drawing 22: Footprint plan 234 Table 39: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Skyscraper scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 95197 76919176 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 1600 ΣTa ΣP 24000 800 + st 1129 22.58 pt 8964 Σ 11693 240346.49 st [st]reets % 12.28% 0.312% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 83504 83504 tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 83504 109004 fodd [fodd]er % 87.72% 0.142% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation vh [job]s Σ 83504 109004 job [v]e[h]icles % 87.72% 0.142% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 78636 50.2% 235908 1076 1321 3183 796 ΣC 60000 38.3% 180000 3000 300 ΣS 18000 11.5% 54000 360 36 Σ 156636 100% 469908 1076 1321 3183 3360 1132 823 219.39% 0.611% 235 St. - Dedov akimov Stevan J 4.4. 4.6. 1 1 . aleski St Borka T 4.3. 3.5. 1 4.5. 1 1 L e n i n o A v p a o S s St. t t are . o la Trimp R l iko N G a j k u o s 3.1. l a Z r i o n 1 t z 3.4. S i f t o . v 4.6.* 1 S t . 1 . K latnik St vski - P o ste l Kiro Kr e N e d e 3.3. l k o 1 v s k i S t . n Plot & building numbers n.n. Urban block numbers . anov St Temporary buildings Golog eodosij Buildings T 0m 10m 100m Manhattan scenario Drawing 23: Site plan 236 Table 40: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Manhattan scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 4.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 4.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 4.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 3.1. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 3.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 237 3.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 4.6.* nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% 3.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 8078 1600 0 500 150 0 24000 -3% 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 Σ 8078 1600 0 0 24000 232848 104848 80000 48000 20% 29 776216 100% 20% 0% 0% 297% 2882% 45% 34% 21% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 238 4.4. 4.6. 1 1 4.3. 3.5. 1 4.5. 1 1 3.5. 3.1. 3.4. 1 4.6.* 3.4. 1 1 3.3. 1 Greenery Trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m Manhattan scenario Drawing 24: Footprint plan 239 Table 41: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Manhattan scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90048 72758784 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 14400 ΣTa ΣP 216000 7200 + st 17346 346.92 pt 58302 Σ 90048 240346.49 st [st]reets % 100.00% 0.330% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G tree [tree]s tree 0 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 00fodd [fodd]er % 0.00% 0.000% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation vh [job]s Σ 00job [v]e[h]icles % 0.00% 0.000% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 707724 50.2% 2123172 9686 11889 28646 7161.5 ΣC 540000 38.3% 1620000 27000 2700 ΣS 162000 11.5% 486000 3240 324 Σ 1409724 100% 4229172 9686 11889 28646 30240 10186 7546.9 2087.37% 5.813% 240 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 4.6. 1 2 1 Apostol Guslarot St. Guslarot Apostol Borka Taleski St. Borka Taleski St. 4.4. 4.5. 1 2 2 3 4 Nikola Trimpare St. R a j k . o 3 t Z 2 S i n 5 a z i 2 f v o v 3 o S n t i . 3.5. n e 3.4. 1 L 4 Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 6 4 1 ik St. vski - Platn Kiro Krste 2 4 K o le N Z e d l a e t l k ko o v S s n k n a i 3.3. Plot & building j S d t e . r numbers S t . n.n. Urban block numbers 3 Temporary buildings 1 Buildings ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario Drawing 25: Site plan 241 4.6. 1 2 1 4.4. 4.5. 1 2 2 3 4 3 2 5 2 3 3.5. 3.4. 1 4 6 4 1 2 4 Pylons 3.3. Bridges Nodes 3 Capsules 1 0m 10m 100m Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario Drawing 26: Pylons and nodes 242 Table 42: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario 4.6. nA aTaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 6596 100 0 350 90 2717 3967 300% 35700 17850 11900 5950 2% 5.41 138650 2 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 Σ 6675 179 0 2717 3967 38070 17850 14270 5950 3% 5.7 166300 100% 3% 0% 41% 59% 570% 47% 37% 16% 4.5. nA aTaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 9773 176 0 350 90 5756 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 2% 6.43 244024 2 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 Σ 9852 255 0 5756 6981 65202 31416 23314 10472 3% 6.62 271674 100% 3% 0% 58% 71% 662% 48% 36% 16% 4.4. nA aTaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 19642 176 0 350 90 11729 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 1% 3.2 244024 2 176 176 0 350 90 0 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 100% 357 244024 3 79 79 0 350 60 0 0 100% 9401 0 9401 0 100% 119 54944.5 4 176 176 0 350 90 0 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 100% 357 244024 Σ 20073 607 0 11729 20944 197897 94248 72233 31416 3% 9.86 787017 100% 3% 0% 58% 104% 986% 48% 37% 16% 3.5. nA aTaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 15183 100 0 350 90 6644 3967 300% 35700 17850 11900 5950 1% 2.35 138650 2 176 176 0 350 90 0 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 100% 357 244024 3 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 4 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 5 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 6 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 Σ 15675 592 0 6644 10948 108012 49266 42324 0 4% 6.89 82950 100% 4% 0% 42% 70% 689% 46% 39% 0% 243 3.4. nA aTaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 11598 100 0 350 90 4499 3967 300% 35700 17850 11900 5950 1% 3.08 138650 2 176 176 0 350 90 0 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 100% 357 244024 3 79 79 0 350 30 0 0 0% 2370 0 2370 0 100% 30 27650 Σ 11853 355 0 4499 10948 100902 49266 35214 16422 3% 8.51 138650 100% 3% 0% 38% 92% 851% 49% 35% 16% 3.3. nA aTaHFGP E Σa R C S bc% far V 1 16059 100 0 350 90 7994 3967 300% 35700 17850 11900 5950 1% 2.22 138650 2 176 176 0 350 90 0 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 100% 357 244024 3 176 176 0 350 90 0 6981 300% 62832 31416 20944 10472 100% 357 244024 4 79 79 0 350 60 0 0 100% 9401 0 9401 0 100% 119 54944.5 Σ 16490 531 0 7994 17929 0 170765 80682 63189 26894 3% 10.4 681643 100% 3% 0% 48% 109% 0% 1036% 47% 37% 16% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 244 4.6. 1 2 1 4.4. 4.5. 1 2 2 3 4 3 2 5 2 3 3.5. 3.4. 1 4 6 4 1 2 4 Greenery 3.3. Trees Buildings 3 1 0m 10m 100m Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario Drawing 27: Footprint plan 245 Table 43: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 2519 ΣTa ΣP 71717.3 2391 + st 9322 186 pt 39631 Σ 51472 240346.49 st [st]reets % 56.68% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 39339 39339 tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + 0 0 cer [cer]eals Σ 39339 64839 fodd [fodd]er % 43.32% 0.088% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 00d [d]welings % 0.00% 0.000% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 39339 64839 vh [v]e[ch]icles % 43.32% 0.088% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 242046 54.4% 726138 3313 4066 9797 2449 ΣC 134120 30.2% 402360 6706 671 ΣS 68365.5 15.4% 205096.5 1367 137 Σ 444531.5 100% 1333594.5 3313 4066 9797 8073 3257 2577 652.68% 1.817% 246 Table 44: Assets in [€]uros Skyscrapers scenarios Baseline Skyscraper scenario Manhattan scenario N v[Bs] N i=Σcvi=Σcv 4.6. 8,822,379 € 4.6. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 4.5. 9,809,171 € 4.5. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 4.4. 5,705,168 € 4.4. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 4.3. 4,131,150 € 4.3. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 3.1. 9,803,861 € 3.1. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 3.5. 4,030,399 € 3.5. € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 3.4. 4,381,499 € 3.4. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 4.6.* 6,201,390 € 4.6.* € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € 3.3. 10,498,444 € 3.3. € 0 0 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € Σ 63,383,459 € € 551,849,760 643,824,720 € € 4,966,647,840 5,794,422,480 € i/v+ € 63,383,459 13,725,900 € € 63,383,459 12,092,700 € Σ € 615,233,219 657,550,620 € € 5,030,031,299 5,806,515,180 € Σ 100.00% 1015.76% 9160.93% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts 247 Table 44: Assets in [€]uros Skyscrapers scenarios Baseline Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario N v[Bs] N i=Σcv 4.6. 8,822,379 € 4.6. € 45,112,950 72,360,050 € 4.5. 9,809,171 € 4.5. € 77,264,370 122,373,370 € 4.4. 5,705,168 € 4.4. € 234,507,945 373,454,725 € 4.3. 4,131,150 € 4.3. € 0 0 € 3.1. 9,803,861 € 3.1. € 0 0 € 3.5. 4,030,399 € 3.5. € 11,233,800 26,212,200 € 3.4. 4,381,499 € 3.4. € 119,568,870 188,180,370 € 4.6.* 6,201,390 € 4.6.* € 0 0 € 3.3. 10,498,444 € 3.3. € 202,356,525 323,441,405 € Σ 63,383,459 € 0 € 690,044,460 1,106,022,120 € i/v+ € 63,383,459 12,092,700 € Σ € 753,427,919 1,118,114,820 € Σ 100.00% 1764.05% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts 248 Table 45: Profits in [€]uros Skyscrapers scenarios Skyscraper scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 615,233,219.25 € 615,233,219.25 € 615,233,219.25 € 615,233,219.25 € mr 0 -53,731,754.35 € -19,564,251.90 € -7,876,998.37 € Σ -615,233,219.25 € -644,781,052.24 € -704,313,068.24 € -945,239,804.54 € v 657,550,620.00 € 657,550,620.00 € 657,550,620.00 € 657,550,620.00 € p€ 42,317,400.75 € 12,769,567.76 € -46,762,448.24 € -287,689,184.54 € p% 6.88% 2.08% -7.60% -46.76% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% Manhattan scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 5,030,031,299.25 € 5,030,031,299.25 € 5,030,031,299.25 € 5,030,031,299.25 € mr 0 -439,300,736.21 € -159,953,650.59 € -64,400,859.89 € Σ -5,030,031,299.25 € -5,271,608,834.57 € -5,758,331,421.14 € -7,728,103,186.47 € v 5,806,515,180.00 € 5,806,515,180.00 € 5,806,515,180.00 € 5,806,515,180.00 € p€ 776,483,880.75 € 534,906,345.43 € 48,183,758.86 € -1,921,588,006.47 € p% 15.44% 10.63% 0.96% -38.20% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 249 Table 45: Profits in [€]uros Skyscrapers scenarios Pylons and capsules skyscrapers scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 753,427,919.25 € 753,427,919.25 € 753,427,919.25 € 753,427,919.25 € mr 0 -65,801,069.60 € -23,958,806.41 € -9,646,342.73 € Σ -753,427,919.25 € -789,612,835.20 € -862,517,030.78 € -1,157,561,127.78 € v 1,118,114,820.00 € 1,118,114,820.00 € 1,118,114,820.00 € 1,118,114,820.00 € p€ 364,686,900.75 € 328,501,984.80 € 255,597,789.22 € -39,446,307.78 € p% 48.40% 43.60% 33.92% -5.24% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 250 Appendix: Noah’s Ark scenarios The Noah’s Ark scenarios are neighbourhoods where everything is produced inside, as in a spaceship, without imports or exports. The appendix of the scenarios includes two site plan and site analysis tables, two footprint plans and ecological footprint tables, population projections tables and two indices charts. Site plan and site analysis table The site plans for the Noah’s Ark scenario in regard to the street pattern from the baseline. The buildings are placed on the crossings and the agricultural land is assigned by the areas needed for each family in the scenario. The designation for the plots and the buildings in the site plans follows the designation of the urban blocks in the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the Noah’s Ark scenarios is drawn in regard to the ratios for agriculture. The trees that are not in the way of the new building are preserved from the baseline. Ecological footprint The total area of the neighbourhood in the Noah’s Ark scenarios is 94773m2. The built environment area is calculated as sum of the area under the streets [st], the sum of the areas under the buildings [a] and under the temporary buildings [Ta]. The built environment covers 18.55% (bc%=18.55%) of the area in the Noah Ark scenario, whereas the total built environment area represents 10.30% (far=0.10) of the total area. The natural environment covers 81.45%, whereas the total area of the natural environment represents 82.68% (far=0.83) of the total area. In the high Noah’s Ark scenario the built environment covers 20.40% (bc%=20.40%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area is 45.04% (far=0.45) of the total area. The natural environment covers 79.60%, whereas the total area of the natural environment represents 81.99% (far=0.82) of the total area of the neighbourhood. Land use and population projections In the Noah’s Ark scenario 48.4% of the floor area of the buildings is residential [R], 35.3% is commercial and industrial [C] and 16.4% is institutional [S]. The ratios in the high Noah’s Ark scenario are 48.6% with 251 residential [R] use, 29.7% commercial and industrial [C] and 21.7% for institutional [S] use. The population projections estimate that 46 people will live in the neighbourhood in the Noah’s Ark scenario or -97.52% of the baseline and there will be 36 jobs or -89.49% of the baseline, whereas 630 people will live in the neighbourhood by the high Noah’s Ark scenario or -66.10% of the baseline and there will be 199 jobs or -42.02% of the baseline. The population projections in the Noah’s Ark scenario had been done by Kropotkin and on the statistical analysis for families with one, two, three or more members in the municipality Centar in Skopje (SSOM, 2005). The statistics showed that 17.76% of the families have one member, 16.91% have 2 members, 13.22% have 2+ members and 52.12% have 3+ members in the family. From the analysis the needs for apartments are 19% ~35m2, 19% ~65m2, 51% ~65+m2 and 11% ~100+m2. The buildings in the Noah’s Ark scenario are designed with multiplying of these areas. The targeted area for houses in the high Noah’s Ark scenario is 21500m2 and the designed is 20748m2. The number of jobs in the Noah’s Ark scenario is approximated freely. The number of jobs in the high Noah’s Ark scenario is calculated when the net area of commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] and of institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 100m2. It is assumed that large service areas will be used for storages. The number of vehicles in the Noah’s Ark scenarios is assumed to be one on every 10 people and one on every 5 jobs. The number of parking places was assumed as one for each 50m2 of streets area and one for every 30m2 of parking lots [P] and temporary buildings [Ta] area. Assets, investments and profits The Noah’s Ark scenario estimates investments of 69,684,507€, whereas the high Noah’s Ark scenario 83,998,027€. The assets of the buildings after the development will be 22,078,279€ in the Noah’s Ark scenario and 49,856,196€ in the high Noah’s Ark scenario. The assets are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The investments include building construction costs and real-estate purchases. In regard to the market prices for building construction works in Macedonia the investments are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of floor area for institutional buildings. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. 252 Indices In both Noah’s Ark scenarios 100% the water is purified and 90% of the solid waste is reused. The air emissions are 0.8t/pop/y whereas the sustainable level is 1.63t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 120g/km and each vehicle passes 2500km in one year. The average energy consumption is 68kWh/y/m2 out of them 68kWh/y/m2 are produced in the neighbourhood. All the food is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices in the Noah’s Ark scenario is +20 and in the high Noah’s Ark scenario is +30. 40 30 30 20 20 20 20 10 10 7 0 0 0 0 2 00 0 1 0 0 -10 -20 -15 -17 -17 -30 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 53: Index values for the Noah’s Ark scenario 253 50 40 40 30 22 19 18 20 17 10 10 6 0 0 0 00 0 3 0 0 -10 -2 -20 -18 -18 -18 -30 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 54: Index values for the high Noah’s Ark scenario 254 4.6. Apostol Guslarot St. Guslarot Apostol 1 2 1 Borka Taleski St. 1 4.4. 4.5. 2 2 34 5 3 Nikola Trimpare St. 1 2 1 4 5 3.4. 3.5. Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot n Plot & building numbers 4 n.n. Urban block 3 numbers 3 2 St. Temporary buildings ologanov eodosij G Buildings T 0m 10m 100m Noah’s Ark scenario Drawing 28: Site plan 255 Table 46: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Noah’s Ark scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 758 228 90 9 3 90 0 10% 729.6 501.6 228 0 30% 0.96 2154.6 2 5823 0 0 0 0 5823 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 6581 228 90 5913 0 729.6 501.6 228 0 3% 0.11 2154.6 100% 3% 1% 90% 0% 11% 69% 31% 0% 4.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 903 228 90 9 3 180 0 10% 729.6 501.6 228 0 25% 0.81 2154.6 2 981 228 120 9 3 120 0 10% 729.6 501.6 228 0 23% 0.74 2154.6 3 7550 7550 Σ 9434 456 210 7850 0 1459.2 1003.2 456 0 5% 0.15 4309.2 100% 5% 1% 83% 0% 15% 69% 31% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1271 304 180 9 3 180 0 10% 972.8 668.8 304 0 24% 0.77 2872.8 2 1192 228 180 9 3 180 0 10% 729.6 501.6 228 0 19% 0.61 2154.6 3 714 169 120 9 3 240 0 10% 540.8 371.8 169 0 24% 0.76 1597.05 4 1143 169 120 9 3 120 0 10% 540.8 371.8 169 0 15% 0.47 1597.05 5 17159 17159 Σ 21479 870 600 17879 0 2784 1914 870 0 4% 0.13 2872.8 100% 4% 3% 83% 0% 13% 69% 31% 0% 3.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1354 200 90 9 3 360 0 10% 640 440 200 0 15% 0.47 1890 2 1044 169 180 9 3 180 0 10% 540.8 371.8 169 0 16% 0.52 1597.05 3 800 800 0 4 1 0 0 10% 800 0 0 800 100% 1 3160 4 4132 1000 0 4 1 0 0 10% 1000 0 1000 0 24% 0.24 3950 5 22185 22185 Σ 29515 2169 270 22725 0 2980.8 811.8 1369 800 7% 0.1 1890 100% 7% 1% 77% 0% 10% 27% 46% 27% 256 3.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1455 228 120 9 3 120 0 10% 729.6 501.6 228 0 16% 0.5 2154.6 2 2628 300 0 4 1 0 0 10% 300 0 300 0 11% 0.11 1185 3 800 800 0 4 1 0 0 10% 800 0 0 800 100% 1 3160 4 18019 18018 Σ 22902 1328 120 18138 0 1829.6 501.6 528 800 6% 0.08 2154.6 100% 6% 1% 79% 0% 8% 27% 29% 44% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 257 4.6. 1 2 1 1 4.4. 4.5. 2 2 34 5 3 1 2 1 4 5 3.4. 3.5. Cereals Fodder 4 Vegetables 3 3 2 Trees & fruit trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m Noah’s Ark scenario Drawing 29: Footprint plan 258 Table 47: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Noah’s Ark scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 94773 76576584 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 5051 ΣTa 1170 ΣP + 6457.5 st 4902 98 pt Σ 17580.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 18.55% 0.314% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 0 0 tree [tree]s tree 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + 6457.5 6457.5 cer [cer]eals Σ 6457.5 57457.5 fodd [fodd]er % 6.81% 0.075% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg 1170 1170 cer 30532 30532 fodd 40203 40203 hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 71905 71905 d [d]welings % 75.87% 0.094% pop [pop]ulation vh [job]s Σ 78362.5 129362.5 job [v]e[h]icles % 82.68% 0.169% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 3549.15 48.4% 10647.45 16 19 46 5 ΣC 2588.25 35.3% 7764.75 23 5 ΣS 1200 16.4% 3600 13 3 Σ 7337.4 100% 22012.2 16 19 46 36 12 98 10.32% 0.029% 259 4.6. 3 12 Apostol Guslarot St. Guslarot Apostol 1 2 1 Borka Taleski St. 6 1 11 4.4. 4.5. 5 10 2 2 3 8 4 7 6 4 9 5 3 Nikola Trimpare St. 1 9 8 2 7 6 5 1 6 10 4 5 3.4. 3.5. Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot n Plot & building numbers 4 n.n. Urban block 3 numbers 3 2 ov St. Temporary buildings Gologan Teodosij Buildings 0m 10m 100m High Noah’s Ark scenario Drawing 30: Site plan 260 Table 48: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots High Noah’s Ark scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 655 228 120 15 5 120 0 10% 1231.2 1003.2 228 0 35% 1.88 3659.4 2 5823 5823 3 103 103 0 15 5 0 0 50% 721 618 103 0 100% 7 2085.75 Σ 6581 331 120 5943 0 1952.2 1621.2 331 0 5% 0.3 5745.15 100% 5% 2% 90% 0% 30% 83% 17% 0% 4.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 698 228 120 15 5 180 0 10% 1231.2 1003.2 228 0 33% 1.76 3659.4 2 692 228 120 15 5 120 0 10% 1231.2 1003.2 228 0 33% 1.78 3659.4 3 7550 7550 4 120 120 0 15 5 180 0 30% 744 624 120 0 100% 6.2 2178 5 169 169 0 15 5 0 0 10% 912.6 743.6 169 0 100% 5.4 2712.45 6 205 205 0 15 5 0 0 10% 1107 902 205 0 100% 5.4 3290.25 Σ 9434 950 240 8030 0 5226 4276 950 0 10% 0.55 15499.5 100% 10% 1% 85% 0% 55% 82% 18% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1064 304 255 15 5 255 0 10% 1641.6 1337.6 304 0 29% 1.54 4879.2 2 816 228 270 15 5 270 0 10% 1231.2 1003.2 228 0 28% 1.51 3659.4 3 616 169 240 15 5 240 0 10% 912.6 743.6 169 0 27% 1.48 2712.45 4 935 169 375 15 5 375 0 10% 912.6 743.6 169 0 18% 0.98 2712.45 5 17159 17159 6 110 110 0 15 5 0 0 50% 770 660 110 0 100% 7 2227.5 7 98 98 0 15 5 0 0 10% 529.2 431.2 98 0 100% 5.4 1572.9 8 98 98 0 15 5 0 0 10% 529.2 431.2 98 0 100% 5.4 1572.9 9 207 207 0 15 5 0 0 10% 1117.8 910.8 207 0 100% 5.4 3322.35 10 169 169 0 15 5 0 0 10% 912.6 743.6 169 0 100% 5.4 2712.45 11 110 110 0 15 5 0 0 10% 594 484 110 0 100% 5.4 1765.5 12 97 97 0 15 5 0 0 50% 679 582 97 0 100% 7 1964.25 Σ 21479 1759 1140 18299 0 9829.8 8070.8 1759 0 8% 0.46 4879.2 100% 8% 5% 85% 0% 46% 82% 18% 0% 261 3.5. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1094 200 180 15 5 360 0 10% 1080 880 200 0 18% 0.99 3210 2 635 169 255 15 5 255 0 10% 912.6 743.6 169 0 27% 1.44 2712.45 3 1000 920 0 15 5 0 0 30% 5704 0 920 4784 92% 5.7 16698 4 3932 1000 180 15 5 0 0 10% 5400 0 5400 0 25% 1.37 16050 5 22185 22185 6 110 110 0 15 5 0 0 10% 594 484 110 0 100% 5.4 1765.5 7 98 98 0 15 5 0 0 10% 529.2 431.2 98 0 100% 5.4 1572.9 8 201 201 0 15 5 0 0 10% 1085.4 884.4 201 0 100% 5.4 3226.05 9 100 100 0 15 5 0 0 10% 540 440 100 0 100% 5.4 1605 10 160 160 0 15 5 0 0 30% 992 832 160 0 100% 6.2 2904 Σ 29515 2958 615 22800 0 16837.2 4695.2 7358 4784 10% 0.57 3210 100% 10% 2% 77% 0% 57% 28% 44% 28% 3.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1247 228 270 15 5 270 0 10% 1231.2 1003.2 228 0 18% 0.99 3659.4 2 2708 300 0 15 5 0 0 30% 1860 0 1860 0 11% 0.69 5445 3 720 720 0 15 5 0 0 30% 4464 0 0 4464 100% 6.2 13068 4 18019 18018 5 110 110 0 15 5 0 0 30% 682 572 110 0 100% 6.2 1996.5 6 98 98 0 15 5 0 0 30% 607.6 509.6 98 0 100% 6.2 1778.7 Σ 22902 1456 270 18288 0 8844.8 2084.8 2296 4464 6% 0.39 3659.4 100% 6% 1% 80% 0% 39% 24% 26% 50% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 262 4.6. 3 12 1 2 1 6 1 11 4.4. 4.5. 5 10 2 2 3 8 4 7 6 4 9 5 3 1 9 8 2 7 6 5 1 6 10 4 5 3.4. 3.5. Cereals Fodder 4 Vegetables 3 3 2 Trees & fruit trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m High Noah’s Ark scenario Drawing 31: Footprint plan 263 Table 49: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections High Noah’s Ark scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 94773 76576584 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 7454 ΣTa 2265 34 17 ΣP + 4708.5 st 4902 98 pt Σ 19329.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 20.40% 0.314% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 0 0 tree [tree]s tree 0 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + 4708.5 4708.5 cer [cer]eals Σ 4708.5 55708.5 fodd [fodd]er % 4.97% 0.073% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg 2265 cer 30532 fodd 40203 hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 71905 71905 d [d]welings % 75.87% 0.094% pop [pop]ulation vh [job]s Σ 77708.5 128708.5 job [v]e[h]icles % 81.99% 0.168% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 15561 48.6% 46683 213 261 630 63 ΣC 9520.5 29.7% 28561.5 95 19 ΣS 6936 21.7% 20808 69 14 Σ 32017.5 100% 96052.5 213 261 630 199 113 98 45.04% 0.125% 264 Table 50: Assets in [€]uros Noah’s Ark scenarios Baseline Noah’s Ark scenario High Noah’s Ark scenario N v[Bs] N i=Σcvi=Σcv 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 583588.8 2668735.2 2251974 5581086 4.5. 9809171.3 4.5. 291794.4 1613967.6 846895.8 2532058.2 4.4. 5705167.5 4.4. 1113426 5613654 4242442.2 11044603.8 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 0 0 0 0 3.1. 9803860.5 3.1. 0 0 0 0 3.5. 4030398.8 3.5. 1183246.2 7195504.8 6803890.8 19886191.2 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 0 0 0 0 3.4. 4381498.5 3.4. 836894.4 4986417.6 4177267.2 10812256.8 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 0 0 0 0 Σ 4008949.8 22078279.2 18322470 49856196 v[Bs] 63383459.25 0 63383459.25 0 Σ 63383459 Σ 67392409.05 22078279.2 81705929.25 49856196 100.00% 34.83% 78.66% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts 265 Table 51: Profits in [€]uros Noah’s Ark scenarios Noah’s Ark scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0.00% 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 67,392,409.05 € 67,392,409.05 € 67,392,409.05 € 67,392,409.05 € mr 0.00 € -5,885,755.60 € -2,143,060.59 € -862,843.36 € Σ -67,392,409.05 € -70,629,067.26 € -77,150,181.28 € -103,541,202.86 € v 22,078,279.20 € 22,078,279.20 € 22,078,279.20 € 22,078,279.20 € p€ -45,314,129.85 € -48,550,788.06 € -55,071,902.08 € -81,462,923.66 € p% -67.24% -72.04% -81.72% -120.88% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% High Noah’s Ark scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0.00% 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 81,705,929.25 € 81,705,929.25 € 81,705,929.25 € 81,705,929.25 € mr 0.00 € -7,135,835.29 € -2,598,226.71 € -1,046,103.25 € Σ -81,705,929.25 € -85,630,023.52 € -93,536,161.45 € -125,532,390.28 € v 49,856,196.00 € 49,856,196.00 € 49,856,196.00 € 49,856,196.00 € p€ -31,849,733.25 € -35,773,827.52 € -43,679,965.45 € -75,676,194.28 € p% -38.98% -43.78% -53.46% -92.62% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 266 Appendix: Ecological cities scenarios The ecovillage and arcology are the ecological cities scenarios. The appendix of the ecological cities scenarios has two site plans and site analysis tables, two footprint plans and ecological footprint tables, land use and population projections tables and two indices charts. Site plan and site analysis table In the ecovillage scenario the existing buildings, except the landmarks, are removed and perimetrical row houses are placed to enclose the urban blocks. The designation for the plots and the buildings follows the designation of the urban blocks in the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The arcology scenario is drawn by daydreaming. In the scenario a city is compacted in one building, a skyscraper. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the ecological scenarios is drawn in regard to the site plan. The trees that are not in the way of the new buildings and agricultural land are preserved from the baseline. Ecological footprint The total area of the neighbourhood in the ecovillage scenario covers 90811m2. The built environment area is calculated as sum of the area under the streets [st], the area under the sidewalks and the paths [pt], the sum of the areas under the buildings [a] and under the temporary buildings [Ta]. The built environment covers 70.40% (bc%=70.40%) of the total area, whereas the total built environment area represents 73.08% (far=0.73). The natural environment in the ecovillage scenario covers 35.71% of the area. The total area of the neighbourhood in the arcology scenario is 95502m2. The built environment area is calculated as sum of the area under the streets [st], under the buildings [a] and under the temporary buildings [Ta]. The built environment covers 14.99% (bc%=14.99%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area represents 820.33% (far=8.20) of the total area. The natural environment covers 85.01% of the area whereas the hanging gardens add in to the total area of the natural environment which in the end represents 125.81% (far=1.26) of the total area. 267 Land use and population projections In the ecovillage scenario 56.4% of the floor area of the buildings is residential [R], 6.7% is commercial and industrial [C] and 36.9% is institutional [S]. The floor ratios in the arcology scenario are 47.4% with residential [R], 17.5% commercial and industrial [C] and 35.1% for institutional [S] use. The floor ratios in the arcology scenario are changeable. The population projections in the ecovillage scenario estimate 1041 people and 572 jobs or -43.95% and +67.05% of the baseline, whereas there will be 10643 people that will live in the neighbourhood in the arcology scenario and there will be 6882 jobs or +472.82% and +1909.69% of the baseline. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs in the ecovillage scenario is calculated when the total net area commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] is divided with 20m2 and the total net area of institutional buildings [S*75%] is divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The normative standard for commercial and industrial buildings assumes minimal area of 12m2 per job, whereas for institutional buildings 7-15m2 per user (OGM, 2002). The number of jobs in the arcology scenario is lower and one employed is calculated on 50m2 institutional buildings [S*75%]. It is assumed that large areas in the arcology scenario will be automated and used for storages. The number of vehicles in the ecovillage scenario is assumed to be one on 4 people and 10 jobs. In the arcology scenario the number of vehicles is assumed to be one on every 20 people and every 10 jobs. The number of parking places is assumed as one for each 50m2 of streets area and for every 30m2 of parking lots [P]. Assets, investments and profits The ecovillage scenario estimates investments of 75,330,286€, whereas the arcology scenario 2,177,995,128€. The assets of the buildings after the development will be 54,832,225€ in the ecovillage scenario and 2,480,323,972€ in the arcology scenario. The assets in the ecovillage scenario are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The assets in the arcology scenario are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area and s€=3500€ per m2 of floor area regardless of the use. The investments include building construction costs and real-estate purchases. The building construction costs in the ecovillage scenario are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of 268 floor area for institutional buildings. The building construction costs in the arcology scenario are estimated on c€=3000€ regardless of the use. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. Indices In the ecovillage 90% of the water is purified and 90% of the solid waste is recycled or reused. The air emissions are 0.8t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 120g/km and each passes 2500km in one year. The energy consumption is 68kWh/m2/y from which 28kWh/m2/y are produced in the neighbourhood by solar collectors. Part of the food is produced in the vegetable greenhouses in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices for the ecovillage scenario is -727. 100 39 3 0 -10 -11 -4 -12 -23 -10 -100 -61-41 -63 -64 -58 -61 -92 -100 -81-77 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 -700 -800 -727 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 55: Index values for the ecovillage scenario The assumption in the arcology scenario is that all the water is purified and waste reused. The air emissions are 0.8t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 120g/km and each passes 2500km in one year. The energy consumption equals the energy productions. Part of the food is produced in the neighbourhood in the arcology scenario. By the calculation for food production based on Howard (1946) the arcology would need area of 3km2 to fulfil all the food needs. 269 The skyscrapers are expensive buildings and their operation and maintenance cost a lot. The maintenance indices begin with -300 for all the skyscraper scenarios including the arcology scenario. The sum of the indices for the arcology scenario is +211. 500 377 400 300 211 200 107 70 100 38 36 0 0 0 26 0 11 33 0 0 -9 -100 -43 -36 -97 -200 -300 -301 -400 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 56: Index values for the arcology scenario 270 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 4.6. 4 3 2 1 St. Guslarot Apostol Borka Taleski St. Borka Taleski St. 8 4.4. 1 11 9 2 4 3 7 1 4.5. 6 1a 4.3. 10 5 5 7 6 4 1 2 Nikola Trimpare St. 3 7 6 5 4 R a j k 4 . o 3 13 t 12 4 5 Z 1 6 3 S i n a z i f v o 5 v 2 o 3.5. 4 S n t 3.4. 2 i . n e 3 L 3.1. 1 4.6.* 1a Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 2 3 7 9 6 1 2 1 7 ik St. 8 vski - Platn Kiro Krste 2 3 15 4 8 K o 14 le 1 N Z e d l a e t l k 5 ko o 1a v S 13 s n k n a i Plot & building j S d t e . r 12 numbers S t . 3.3. n.n. Urban block numbers 11 Temporary buildings 6a 7 Buildings 6 Ponds ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Ecovillage scenario Drawing 32: Site plan 271 Table 52: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Ecovillage scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 14 4 1265 0 3% 8658.53 8658.53 0 0 55% 2.3 30241.3 2 408 229 0 10 3 0 0 0% 687 0 0 687 56% 1.7 2290 3 218 218 0 10 3 0 0 0% 654 654 0 0 100% 3 2180 4 184 184 0 7 2 0 0 0% 368 368 0 0 100% 2 1288 607 215 215 Σ 5264 2748 215 1480 0 10367.5 9680.53 0 687 52% 2 35999.3 100% 52% 4% 28% 0% 197% 93% 0% 7% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 121 121 0 10 3 1161 0 0% 363 242 121 0 100% 3 1210 2 256 256 0 7 2 0 0 0% 512 512 0 0 100% 2 1792 3 62 62 0 7 2 0 0 0% 124 124 0 0 100% 2 434 4 256 256 0 7 2 0 0 0% 512 512 0 0 100% 2 1792 5 128 128 0 7 2 0 0 0% 256 256 0 0 100% 2 896 6 113 113 0 6 2 0 0 0% 226 226 0 0 100% 2 678 7 134 134 0 7 3 0 0 0% 402 402 0 0 100% 3 938 8 109 109 0 8 3 0 0 0% 327 327 0 0 100% 3 872 9 419 419 0 7 2 0 0 0% 838 838 0 0 100% 2 2933 10 391 391 0 7 2 0 0 0% 782 782 0 0 100% 2 2737 11 257 257 0 7 2 0 0 0% 514 173 341 0 100% 2 1799 5918 1118 1118 Σ 8164 2246 1118 2279 0 0 4856 4394 462 0 28% 0.6 16081 100% 28% 14% 28% 0% 0% 59% 90% 10% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 2269 2269 0 12 4 5467 0 0% 9076 0 0 9076 100% 4 27228 1a 1300 1300 0 9 1 0 0 0% 1300 0 0 1300 100% 1 11700 13103 1035 1035 Σ 16672 3569 1035 6502 0 10376 0 0 10376 21% 0.6 38928 100% 21% 6% 39% 0% 62% 0% 0% 100% 272 4.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 141 141 0 12 4 560 0 0% 564 564 0 0 100% 4 1692 2 95 95 0 7 2 0 0 0% 190 190 0 0 100% 2 665 3 139 139 0 7 2 0 0 0% 278 278 0 0 100% 2 973 4 175 175 0 7 2 0 0 0% 350 350 0 0 100% 2 1225 5 256 256 0 7 2 0 0 0% 512 512 0 0 100% 2 1792 6 297 297 0 9 3 0 0 0% 891 594 297 0 100% 3 2673 7 202 202 0 9 3 0 0 0% 606 404 202 0 100% 3 1818 3258 639 639 Σ 4563 1305 639 1199 0 3391 2892 499 0 29% 0.7 10838 100% 29% 14% 26% 0% 74% 85% 15% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 67 67 0 6 2 639 0 0% 134 134 0 0 100% 2 402 1a 51 51 0 6 2 0 0 0% 102 102 0 0 100% 2 306 2 94 94 0 7 2 0 0 0% 188 188 0 0 100% 2 658 3 256 256 0 7 2 0 0 5% 524.8 524.8 0 0 100% 2.1 1824 4 297 297 0 10 3 0 0 0% 891 594 297 0 100% 3 2970 5 202 202 0 10 3 0 0 0% 606 404 202 0 100% 3 2020 6 355 355 0 7 2 0 0 3% 720.65 720.65 0 0 100% 2 2511.63 7 335 335 0 10 3 0 0 0% 1005 670 335 0 100% 3 3350 3358 441 441 Σ 5015 1657 441 1080 0 4171.45 3337.45 834 0 33% 0.8 14041.6 100% 33% 9% 22% 0% 83% 80% 20% 0% 3.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 368 368 0 7 2 1462 0 0% 736 736 0 0 100% 2 2576 2 354 354 0 7 2 0 0 0% 708 708 0 0 100% 2 2478 3 351 351 0 7 2 0 0 0% 702 702 0 0 100% 2 2457 4 1200 1200 0 7 2 0 0 0% 2400 0 0 2400 100% 2 8400 5 267 267 0 10 3 0 0 0% 801 534 267 0 100% 3 2670 6 243 243 0 10 3 0 0 0% 729 486 243 0 100% 3 2430 7 137 137 0 11 4 0 0 0% 548 548 0 0 100% 4 1507 5662 990 990 Σ 8582 2920 990 2452 0 6624 3714 510 2400 34% 0.8 22518 100% 34% 12% 29% 0% 77% 56% 8% 36% 273 3.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 999 999 0 10 3 2173 0 0% 2997 0 0 2997 100% 3 9990 1a 600 600 0 9 1 0 0 0% 600 0 0 600 100% 1 5400 2 270 270 0 10 3 0 0 0% 810 540 270 0 100% 3 2700 3 175 175 0 10 3 0 0 0% 525 350 175 0 100% 3 1750 4 283 283 0 7 2 0 0 0% 566 566 0 0 100% 2 1981 5 175 175 0 7 2 0 0 0% 350 350 0 0 100% 2 1225 6 1200 1200 0 10 3 0 0 0% 3600 0 0 3600 100% 3 12000 6a 600 600 0 10 3 0 0 0% 1800 0 0 1800 100% 3 6000 7 137 137 0 4 1 0 0 0% 137 137 0 0 100% 1 548 8 283 283 0 7 2 0 0 0% 566 566 0 0 100% 2 1981 11 93 93 0 4 1 0 0 0% 93 93 0 0 100% 1 372 12 131 131 0 4 1 0 0 0% 131 131 0 0 100% 1 524 13 100 100 0 4 1 0 0 0% 100 100 0 0 100% 1 400 14 129 129 0 4 1 0 0 0% 129 129 0 0 100% 1 516 15 186 186 0 7 2 0 0 0% 372 372 0 0 100% 2 1302 9609 592 592 Σ 14970 5361 592 2765 0 12776 3334 445 8997 36% 0.9 46689 100% 36% 4% 18% 0% 85% 26% 3% 70% 3.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 292 292 0 10 3 568 0 0% 876 584 292 0 100% 3 2920 2 256 256 0 7 2 0 0 0% 512 512 0 0 100% 2 1792 3 202 202 0 7 2 0 0 0% 404 404 0 0 100% 2 1414 4 270 270 0 7 2 0 0 0% 540 540 0 0 100% 2 1890 12 151 151 0 10 3 0 0 0% 453 453 0 0 100% 3 1510 13 80 80 0 5 2 0 0 0% 160 160 0 0 100% 2 400 2364 Σ 3615 1251 0 568 0 2945 2653 292 0 35% 0.8 9926 100% 35% 0% 16% 0% 81% 90% 10% 0% 274 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 85 85 0 6 2 778 0 0% 170 170 0 0 100% 2 510 2 202 202 0 7 2 0 0 0% 404 404 0 0 100% 2 1414 3 105 105 0 6 2 0 0 0% 210 210 0 0 100% 2 630 4 113 113 0 6 2 0 0 0% 226 226 0 0 100% 2 678 5 324 324 0 7 2 0 0 0% 648 648 0 0 100% 2 2268 6 310 310 0 7 2 0 0 0% 620 620 0 0 100% 2 2170 7 297 297 0 10 3 0 0 0% 891 594 297 0 100% 3 2970 8 256 256 0 10 3 0 0 0% 768 512 256 0 100% 3 2560 9 459 459 0 10 3 0 0 0% 1377 918 459 0 100% 3 4590 4138 513 513 Σ 6289 2151 513 1291 0 5314 4302 1012 0 34% 0.8 12290 100% 34% 8% 21% 0% 84% 81% 19% 0% n Preserved buildings [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 275 4.6. 4 3 2 1 8 4.4. 1 11 9 2 4 3 7 1 4.5. 6 4.3. 1a 10 5 5 7 6 4 1 2 3 7 6 5 4 3 4 13 1 12 4 5 6 3 5 3.5. 2 2 3.4. 4 3.1. 3 1 4.6.* 1a 2 3 7 9 6 1 2 1 7 8 2 3 15 4 8 14 1 5 Greenery 13 1a Trees & fruit trees 12 Vegetables 3.3. Water treatment 11 Buildings 6a 7 6 0m 10m 100m Ecovillage scenario Drawing 33: Footprint plan 276 Table 53: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Ecovillage scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 23208 ΣTa 5543 83 42 97 ΣP + 12808.5 st 9322 204 pt 13048 Σ 63929.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 70.40% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 14073 14073 tree [tree]s tree 340 51000 veg [veg]etables + 12808.5 12808.5 cer [cer]eals Σ 26881.5 77881.5 fodd [fodd]er % 29.60% 0.106% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg 5543 16629 cer fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 5543 16629 d [d]welings % 6.10% 0.023% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 32424.5 94510.5 vh [v]e[h]icles % 35.71% 0.129% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 25730.24 56.41% 77190.705 352 432 1041 260 ΣC 3040.5 6.67% 9121.5 152 15 ΣS 16845 36.93% 50535 337 34 Σ 45615.74 100.0% 136847.205 352 432 1041 572 351 301 66.98% 0.187% 277 3 2 2 4.5. 4.4. 1 1 Nikola Trimpare St. 1 3.4. 3.5. 1 2 A p o s t o l G n u Plot & building s l a r o t numbers S t n.n. Urban block numbers . Temporary buildings Buildings Ponds ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Arcology scenario Drawing 34: Site plan 278 Table 54: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Arcology scenario 4.5. nA a TaHF G PE Σa R C S bc% far V 1 1963 1963 0 500 100 38956 0 300% 779113 350601 129852 259704 100% 397 3898506 2 4376 3414 3 13270 4320 13270 Σ 19609 1963 4320 55640 0 779113 350601 129852 259704 10% 40 3898506 100% 10% 22% 284% 0% 3973% 45% 17% 33% 4.4. nA a TaHF G PE Σa R C S bc% far V 1 5276 157 0 500 0 4129 0 0% 0 0 0 0 3% 0 78500 2 15607 15607 Σ 20883 157 0 19736 0 0 0 0 0 1% 0 78500 100% 1% 0% 95% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3.5. nA a TaHF G PE Σa R C S bc% far V 1 5177 157 0 500 0 3378 0 0% 0 0 0 0 3% 0 78500 2 22537 22537 0 Σ 27714 157 25915 0 0 0 0 0 1% 0 78500 100% 1% 0% 94% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 3.4. nA a TaHF G PE Σa R C S bc% far V 1 20308 157 0 500 0 18856 0 0% 0 0 0 0 1% 0 78500 Σ 20308 157 0 18856 0 0 0 0 0 1% 0 78500 100% 1% 0% 93% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0 0 0 [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 279 3 2 2 4.5. 4.4. 1 1 1 3.4. 3.5. 1 2 Cereals Fodder Vegetables Trees & fruit trees Buildings Water treatment 0m 10m 100m Arcology scenario Drawing 35: Footprint plan 280 Table 55: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Arcology scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 95502 77165616 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 2433.5 ΣTa 4320 65 ΣP 19477.8 649 + st 7558 20 pt Σ 14311.5 240346.49 st [st]reets % 14.99% 0.311% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G tree [tree]s tree 170 25500 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 0 25500 fodd [fodd]er % 0 0.00033046 hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg 13270 cer 38144 fodd 29777 hgd 38955.63 116866.875 h [h]ouseholds Σ 120146.6 198057.875 d [d]welings % 125.81% 0.257% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 120146.6 223557.875 vh [v]e[h]icles % 125.81% 0.290% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 262950.5 47.37% 788851.406 3599 4417 10643 532 ΣC 97389.06 17.54% 292167.188 4869 487 ΣS 194778.1 35.09% 584334.375 1948 195 Σ 555117.7 100.0% 1665352.97 3599 4417 10643 6882 1214 669 775.02% 2.158% 281 Table 56: Assets in [€]uros Ecological cities scenarios Baseline Ecovillage scenario Arcology scenario N v[Bs] N i=Σcvi=Σcv 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 407047.5 640707 0 0 4.5. 9809171.3 4.5. 1559460 3865119 1754171794 2049475034 4.4. 5705167.5 4.4. 6147780 9878136 0 3132450 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 1089963 2691315 0 0 3.1. 9803860.5 3.1. 1667745.3 3927970.95 0 0 3.5. 4030398.8 3.5. 3043554 5828526 0 4157100 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 6560515.5 10739784 0 0 3.4. 4381498.5 3.4. 1036164 2304060 0 3046200 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 1493100 3898104 0 0 Σ 23005329.3 43773722 1754171794 2059810784 pb 11058502.8 hgd 360439875 420513187.5 v[Bs] 52324956.4 63383459.25 Σ 63383459 Σ 75330285.7 54832224.8 2177995128 2480323972 100.00% 86.51% 3913.20% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts pb [p]reserved [b]uildings hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens 282 Table 57: Profits in [€]uros Ecological cities scenarios Ecovillage scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 75,330,285.72 € 75,330,285.72 € 75,330,285.72 € 75,330,285.72 € mr 0 -6,579,014.72 € -2,395,482.95 € -964,474.15 € Σ -75,330,285.72 € -78,948,176.68 € -86,237,386.10 € -115,736,898.34 € v 54,832,224.78 € 54,832,224.78 € 54,832,224.78 € 54,832,224.78 € p€ -20,498,060.94 € -24,115,951.90 € -31,405,161.32 € -60,904,673.56 € p% -27.21% -32.01% -41.69% -80.85% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% Arcology scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 2,177,995,128.00 € 2,177,995,128.00 € 2,177,995,128.00 € 2,177,995,128.00 € mr 0 -190,216,483.02 € -69,259,662.81 € -27,885,464.47 € Σ -2,177,995,128.00 € -2,282,597,796.19 € -2,493,347,860.98 € -3,346,255,736.29 € v 2,480,323,971.88 € 2,480,323,971.88 € 2,480,323,971.88 € 2,480,323,971.88 € p€ 302,328,843.88 € 197,726,175.69 € -13,023,889.11 € -865,931,764.41 € p% 13.88% 9.08% -0.60% -39.76% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 283 Appendix: Underground cities scenarios The mole and termite city scenarios are the underground cities scenarios. The appendix includes two plans for two levels, site and underground plan, two site analysis tables, two plans of the underground, two footprint plans and ecological footprint tables, land use and population projections tables and two indices charts. Site plan and site analysis table The site plan for the mole city scenario is drawn as the mole burrows are. The people live completely underground and the top soil is used only for food production. The buildings have two façades, one turned to the light shafts and one turned toward the underground street. The design of the underground streets is copied from the baseline. The termite city scenario designs termite mounds up to 30 storeys height. The people live again completely underground. The design of the underground streets is again copied from the baseline. The designation for the plots and the buildings in the underground cities scenarios in the site plans following the designation of the urban blocks in the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the underground cities scenarios is drawn in regard to the urban concept and the top soil of the underground cities is used for agriculture. Ecological footprint The total area of the neighbourhood in the mole city scenario is 101311m2. The built environment area has been calculated as sum areas of the light shafts and the areas under the building (4.4.3). The built environment covers 22.36% (bc%= 22.36%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area represents 144.80% (far=1.45) of the total area. The natural environment covers 77.64% of the area. The total area of the neighbourhood in the termite city scenario is 101888m2. The built environment area has been calculated as sum areas under the buildings [Σa]. The built environment covers 15.44% (bc%=15.44%), whereas the total built environment area represents 207.51% (far=2.07) of the total area. The area of the natural environment is sum of the areas for agricultural and landscaping areas. The natural environment covers 77.56% of the area. 284 Land use and population projections In the mole city scenario 54.5% of the floor area of the buildings is residential [R], 34.6% is commercial and industrial [C] and 10.8% is institutional [S]. In the termite city scenario the floors have 75.6% for residential [R] use, 14.2% commercial and industrial [C] use and 10.2% for institutional [S] use. The population projections estimate that 1214 people will live in the neighbourhood in the mole city scenario or -34.65% of the baseline and there will be 1000 jobs or +192.16% of the baseline. In the termite city scenario 2667 people live and there are 851 jobs or +43.52% and +148.48% of the baseline. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] and institutional buildings [S*75%] was divided with 50m2. The assumption is that there is one employed on 50m2, since in the underground storeys more space is needed for comfortability. The number of vehicles was assumed to be one on every 4 people [pop] and jobs [job], since the underground streets have lower capacity for vehicles. Assets, investments and profits The mole city scenario estimates investments of 122,763,809€, whereas the termite city scenario 174,001,403€. The assets of the buildings after the development will be 139,228,350€ and 200,401,575€ respectably. The assets in the underground cities scenarios are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The investments include building construction costs and real-estate purchases. The assets of the baseline are calculated in the real-estate purchase costs. The building construction works costs are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of floor area for institutional buildings. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. Indices In the underground cities 90% of the water is purified and 90% of the solid waste is recycled or reused. The air emissions are 0.8t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 120g/km and each passes 2500km in one year. The energy 285 consumption is 68kWh/m2/y from which 28kWh/m2/y are produced in the neighbourhood by solar collectors. Part of the food is produced in the neighbourhood. The sum of the indices for the mole city scenario is -514, whereas in the termite city scenario is -526. 100 43 41 6 10 0 -5 -29-10-24 -24 -17 -10 -33 -100 -68 -58 -75 -100 -88-74 -200 -300 -400 -500 -514 -600 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 57: Index values for the mole city scenario 200 88 100 22 15 0 -14-10-15-11-15-16 -10 -100 -52 -58-68 -44 -95 -100 -72-71 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 -526 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 58: Index values for the termite city scenario 286 4.6. 4.4. 4.5. 4.3. 3.1. 3.4. 3.5. 3.3. n Plot & building numbers n.n. Urban block numbers Temporary buildings Buildings Light shafts 0m 10m 100m Mole city scenario Drawing 36: Site plan 287 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 4.6. 2 3 1 Borka Taleski St. St. Apostol Guslarot Borka Taleski St. 4.4. 4.5. 2 4.3. 221 1 1 Ra j k o 1 Nikola Trimpare St. 1 Z 1 2 i n z i 3 2 f o v 3.4. 2 S t 3.1. . 3.5. St. Leninova Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot nik St. evski - Plat Kiro Krst 1 K o l e Zlatko Snajder St. N e d e l k n o Plot & building v s numbers k i 3 2 S Urban block t n.n. . numbers Buildings 3.3. ganov St. Teodosij Golo 0m 10m 100m Mole city scenario Drawing 37: Underground plan 288 Table 58: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Mole city scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3414 3414 0 13 3 3414 0 0% 10242 6828 3414 0 100% 3 44382 2 5033 2014 0 13 3 2420 0 0% 6042 4028 2014 0 40% 1.2 26182 Σ 8447 5428 0 5834 0 16284 10856 5428 0 64% 1.9 70564 100% 64% 0% 69% 0% 193% 67% 33% 0% 4.5. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3329 3329 0 13 3 3329 0 0% 9987 6658 3329 0 100% 3 43277 2 4795 1721 0 13 3 2281 0 0% 5163 3442 1721 0 36% 1.1 22373 Σ 8124 5050 0 5610 0 15150 10100 5050 0 62% 1.9 65650 100% 62% 0% 69% 0% 186% 67% 33% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3400 1800 0 13 3 2600 0 0% 5400 0 0 5400 53% 1.6 23400 1a 1200 1200 0 13 1 1200 0 0% 1200 0 0 1200 100% 1 15600 2 3100 2200 0 13 3 2300 0 0% 6600 4400 2200 0 71% 2.1 28600 3 1600 1200 0 13 9 100 0 0% 10800 0 10800 0 75% 6.8 15600 Σ 9300 6400 0 6200 0 24000 4400 13000 6600 69% 2.6 83200 100% 69% 0% 67% 0% 258% 18% 54% 28% 4.3. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 2600 2600 0 13 3 2600 0 0% 7800 5200 2600 0 100% 3 33800 2 3000 1000 0 13 3 1200 0 0% 3000 2000 1000 0 33% 1 13000 Σ 5600 3600 0 3800 0 10800 7200 3600 0 64% 1.9 46800 100% 64% 0% 68% 0% 193% 67% 33% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 2814 2814 0 13 3 2814 0 0% 8442 5628 2814 0 100% 3 36582 2 3732 1252 0 13 3 1688 0 0% 3756 2504 1252 0 34% 1 16276 Σ 6546 4066 0 4502 0 12198 8132 4066 0 62% 1.9 52858 100% 62% 0% 69% 0% 186% 67% 33% 0% 289 3.5. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 5135 3550 0 13 3 3650 0 0% 10650 7100 3550 0 69% 2.1 46150 2 2000 1500 0 13 3 2000 0 0% 4500 0 0 4500 75% 2.3 19500 Σ 7135 5050 0 5650 0 15150 7100 3550 4500 71% 2.1 65650 100% 71% 0% 79% 0% 212% 47% 23% 30% 3.3. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 10249 8397 0 13 3 8397 0 0% 25191 16794 8397 0 82% 2.5 109161 2 2500 800 0 13 3 900 0 0% 2400 0 0 2400 32% 1 10400 3 2500 800 0 13 3 900 0 0% 2400 0 0 2400 32% 1 10400 Σ 15249 9997 0 10197 0 29991 16794 8397 4800 66% 2 129961 100% 66% 0% 67% 0% 197% 56% 28% 16% 3.4. nA a TaHFGPEΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3948 3948 0 13 3 3948 0 0% 11844 7896 3948 0 100% 3 51324 2 5812 1619 0 13 3 1871 0 0% 4857 3238 1619 0 28% 0.8 21047 3 2142 2142 0 13 3 2142 0 0% 6426 4284 2142 0 100% 3 27846 Σ 11902 7709 0 7961 0 23127 15418 7709 0 65% 1.9 100217 100% 65% 0% 67% 0% 194% 67% 33% 0% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 290 4.6. 3 4.4. 4.5. 4.3. 3.1. 3.4. 3.5. 3.3. Cereals Vegetables Greenery Trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m Mole city scenario Drawing 38: Footprint plan 291 Table 59: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Mole city scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 101311 81859288 Built environment a + V 0 h d pop job vh nP Σa 1200 47300 ΣTa ΣP + 21449 st 25256 398 pt Σ 22649 240346.49 st [st]reets % 22.36% 0.294% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 1500 1500 tree [tree]s tree veg [veg]etables + 0 0 cer [cer]eals Σ 1500 1500 fodd [fodd]er % 1.48% 0.002% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg 13103 13103 cer 64059 64059 fodd hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 77162 77162 d [d]welings % 76.16% 0.094% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 78,662 154324.001 vh [v]e[h]icles % 77.64% 0.189% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 60000 54.53% 180000 411 504 1214 304 ΣC 38100 34.63% 114300 762 191 ΣS 11925 10.84% 35775 238 60 Σ 110025 100.0% 330075 411 504 1214 1000 554 398 144.80% 0.403% 292 3 4.6. 1 3 2 4 4.4. 4 5 1 2 2 1 3.4. 3 2 1 3 n Plot & building 3.3. numbers n.n. Urban block numbers Temporary buildings Buildings 0m 10m 100m Termite city scenario Drawing 39: Site plan 293 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 12* 4* 4.6. 1* 10* 2* 3* 11* 3* 4* 5* 4.4. 9* . t S 1* a 6* v 7* o n i R n e a j L k Nikola Trimpare St. o 2* Z i n z 2* i f o v S t . 1* Apostol GuslarotSt. 3.4. 8* ik St. vski - Platn Kiro Krste K o le N Z e d l a e t l k 1* 2* ko o n v S Plot & building s n k a i j S d t e numbers . r S 3* t n.n. Urban block . 3.3. numbers Buildings ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Termite city scenario Drawing 40: Underground plan 294 Table 60: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Termite city scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1* 4224.6 4224.6 0 4 1 0 4225 0% 4224.6 0 4225 0 100% 1 16898.4 2* 694.32 694.32 0 4 1 0 0 0% 694.32 0 0 694.3 100% 1 2777.28 3* 2251.6 2251.6 0 4 1 0 0 0% 2251.56 0 2252 0 100% 1 9006.24 4* 2078.5 2078.5 0 4 1 0 0 0% 2078.45 0 2078 0 100% 1 8313.8 7802.1 Σ 17051 9248.9 0 0 4225 9248.93 0 8555 694.3 54% 0.54 17320 100% 54% 0% 0% 25% 54% 0% 92% 8% 1 2295 2295 0 60 20 0 0 0% 45900 45900 0 0 100% 20 137700 2 2535 694 0 60 20 0 0 0% 13880 0 6940 6940 27% 5.48 41640 3 7816 0 0 0 0 7816 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 4 4405 0 0 0 0 4405 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 17051 2989 0 12221 0 59780 45900 6940 6940 18% 3.51 179340 100% 18% 0% 72% 0% 351% 77% 12% 12% 4.4. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1* 2443 2443 0 4 1 0 2443 0% 2443 0 2443 0 100% 1 9770 2* 793 793 0 4 1 0 0 0% 793 0 0 792.5 100% 1 3170.16 3* 1221 1221 0 4 1 0 1221 0% 1221 0 1221 0 100% 1 4882.36 4* 311 311 0 4 1 0 0 0% 311 0 311.5 0 100% 1 1245.96 5* 2922 2922 0 4 1 0 2922 0% 2922 0 2922 0 100% 1 11688.4 6* 1879 1879 0 4 1 0 1879 0% 1879 0 1879 0 100% 1 7516.24 7* 917 917 0 4 1 0 0 0% 917 0 917.3 0 100% 1 3669.08 8* 1849 1849 0 4 1 0 1849 0% 1849 0 1849 0 100% 1 7395.48 9* 3148 3148 0 4 1 0 0 0% 3148 0 3148 0 100% 1 12591.8 10* 1651 1651 0 4 1 0 0 0% 1651 0 1651 0 100% 1 6602.76 11* 2599 2599 0 4 1 0 0 0% 2599 0 2599 0 100% 1 10395.6 12* 231 231 0 4 1 0 0 0% 231 0 231.3 0 100% 1 925.12 17133 Σ 37096 19963 0 0 10313 19963.3 0 19171 792.5 54% 0.54 17923.5 100% 54% 0% 0% 28% 54% 0% 96% 4% 1 5283 2442 0 90 30 0 0 0% 73260 73260 0 0 46% 13.9 219780 2 2442 729 0 90 30 0 0 0% 21870 0 10935 10935 30% 8.96 65610 3 1727 1220 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 0 71% 0 0 4 20379 0 0 0 0 20379 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 5 9709 0 0 0 0 9709 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 39540 4391 0 30088 0 95130 73260 10935 10935 11% 2.41 65610 100% 11% 0% 76% 0% 241% 77% 11% 11% 295 3.3. nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1* 5248.9 5248.9 0 4 1 0 5249 0% 5248.92 0 5249 0 100% 1 20995.7 2* 1832.2 1832.2 0 4 1 0 0 0% 1832.18 0 0 1832 100% 1 7328.72 3* 1901.7 1901.7 0 4 1 0 0 0% 1901.7 0 1902 0 100% 1 7606.8 5340.2 Σ 14323 8982.8 0 0 5249 8982.8 0 7151 1832 63% 0.63 35931.2 100% 63% 0% 0% 37% 63% 0% 80% 20% 1 1874 1441 0 60 20 0 0 0% 28820 28820 0 0 77% 15.4 86460 2 10480 0 0 0 0 10480 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 3 1969 0 0 0 0 1969 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 14323 1441 0 12449 0 28820 28820 0 0 10% 2.01 86460 100% 10% 0% 87% 0% 201% 100% 0% 0% 3.4. 1* 3222.7 3222.7 0 4 1 0 3223 0% 3222.73 0 3223 0 100% 1 12890.9 2* 2569.4 2569.4 0 4 1 0 0 0% 2569.44 0 0 2569 100% 1 10277.8 pt 4639.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 10432 5792.2 0 0 3223 5792.17 0 3223 2569 56% 0.56 23168.7 100% 56% 0% 0% 31% 56% 0% 56% 44% nA a TaHFG P EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 2293 1385 0 60 20 0 0 0% 27700 27700 0 0 60% 12.1 83100 2 5577 0 0 0 0 5577 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 3 2562 0 0 0 0 2562 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 10432 1385 0 8139 0 27700 27700 0 0 13% 2.66 83100 100% 13% 0% 78% 0% 266% 100% 0% 0% [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 296 3 1 3 2 4 4.4. 4 4.6. 5 1 2 2 1 3.4. 3 2 1 3 Cereals 3.3. Fodder Trees and fruit trees Buildings 0m 10m 100m Termite city scenario Drawing 41: Footprint plan 297 Table 61: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Termite city scenario Total environment accessible by building construction technology (H=808m) aV Σ 101888 82325504 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 10206 ΣTa ΣP 23009.4 460.19 + 5527 sta 22147 442.94 pta 34914.8 Σ 15733 240346.49 st [st]reets % 15.44% 0.292% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 0 0 tree [tree]s tree 100 15000 veg [veg]etables + cer [cer]eals Σ 0 15000 fodd [fodd]er % 0.00% 22.22% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer 67510 67510 fodd 18645 18645 hgd h [h]ouseholds Σ 86155 116155.222 d [d]welings 84.56% 0.141% pop [pop]ulation vh [job]s Σ 86155 131155 job [v]e[h]icles % 84.56% 0.159% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 131760 75.59% 395280 902 1107 2667 667 ΣC 24723.225 14.18% 74169.675 494 124 ΣS 17822.61 10.22% 53467.83 356 89 Σ 174305.84 100.0% 522917.505 902 1107 2667 851 879 903 228.10% 0.635% 298 Table 62: Assets in [€]uros Underground cities scenarios Baseline Mole city scenario Termite city scenario N v[Bs] N i=c v i=c v 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 6432180 15417846 29952157.17 53024558.73 4.5. 9809171.3 4.5. 5984250 14383950 0 0 4.4. 5705167.5 4.4. 9077100 24621000 48808863.09 90756796.86 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 4266000 10225200 0 0 3.1. 9803860.5 3.1. 4818210 11581962 0 0 3.5. 4030398.8 3.5. 6873000 13524600 0 0 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 12794445 27591129 16440943.59 30373660.8 3.4. 4381498.5 3.4. 9135165 21882663 15415980.21 26246558.37 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 0 0 0 0 Σ 59380350 139228350 110617944.1 200401574.8 v[Bs] 63383459.3 0 63383459.25 0 Σ 63383459 Σ 122763809 139228350 174001403.3 200401574.8 100.00% 219.66% 0.00% 316.17% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts 299 Table 63: Profits in [€]uros Underground cities scenarios Mole city scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 122,763,809.25 € 122,763,809.25 € 122,763,809.25 € 122,763,809.25 € mr 0 -10,721,649.34 € -3,903,856.31 € -1,571,778.47 € Σ -122,763,809.25 € -128,659,792.14 € -140,538,827.32 € -188,613,415.90 € v 139,228,350.00 € 139,228,350.00 € 139,228,350.00 € 139,228,350.00 € p€ 16,464,540.75 € 10,568,557.86 € -1,310,477.32 € -49,385,065.90 € p% 13.41% 8.61% -1.07% -40.23% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% Termite city scenario 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0.00% 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 174,001,403.31 € 174,001,403.31 € 174,001,403.31 € 174,001,403.31 € mr 0 -15,196,514.70 € -5,533,198.11 € -2,227,787.33 € Σ -174,001,403.31 € -182,358,176.39 € -199,195,131.88 € -267,334,479.52 € v 200,401,574.76 € 200,401,574.76 € 200,401,574.76 € 200,401,574.76 € p€ 26,400,171.45 € 18,043,398.37 € 1,206,442.88 € -66,932,904.76 € p% 15.17% 10.37% 0.69% -38.47% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 300 Appendix: Sustainable cityscape scenario The sustainable cityscape scenario is realized in two stages of development. Each stage includes plans for two levels, site and upper storeys plan, site analysis table, footprint plan and ecological footprint table, development plans and indices chart. Site plan and site analysis table In the site plans in the sustainable cityscape scenario a perimetrical grids and flexible network consisted of vertexes and bridges is designed. The designation for the plots and the buildings in the site plan has been done randomly, but following the designation of the urban blocks in the DUP for Bunjakovec 1 and 2. The buildings that are extended in the upper storeys plan are designated with * that is added to the building numbers. The site analysis table shows the sizes of the plots and buildings in the neighbourhood, the number of storeys of the buildings, the use of the floor area of the buildings, the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%] and the volume of the buildings. The designations are accorded with the site plan. Footprint plan The footprint plan of the sustainable cityscape scenario is drawn in regard to the urban patterns of the site plan. Ecological footprint The neighbourhood in the sustainable cityscape scenario has area of 90811m2. The built environment area is calculated as sum of the areas under the streets [st], under the sidewalks and the paths [pt], under the buildings [a], under the temporary buildings [Ta] and under the parking lots [P]. The built environment in the end of the sustainable cityscape scenario covers 72.34% (bc%=72.34%) of the area, whereas the total built environment area represents 163.99% (far=1.64) of the total area. The area of the natural environment is sum of the greenery areas on the ground and the hanging gardens areas. In the end of the sustainable cityscape scenario the natural environment covers 27.66% of the area whereas together with hanging gardens the total area of the natural environment represents 43.78% (far=0.44) of the total area. Land use and population projections In the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario 66.1% of the floor area of the buildings is residential [R], 24.9% is commercial and industrial [C] and 8.9% is institutional [S]. The floor ratios in the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario are 58.5% with residential [R], 25% commercial and industrial [C] and 16.5% for institutional [S] use. 301 In the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario 3049 people will live in the neighbourhood or +64.09% of the baseline and there will be 1623 jobs or 373.91% of the baseline. The population projections estimate that 3180 people will live in the neighbourhood by the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario or +71.16% of the baseline and there will be 2132 jobs or +522.51% of the baseline. The population projections are done when the total net area of residential buildings [R*75%] is divided with 24.70m2 (SSOM, 2005:50), which is average value for area per member of a household in the municipality Centar in Skopje. The number of jobs is calculated when the total net area of commercial and industrial buildings [C*75%] was divided with 20m2 and the total net area of institutional buildings [S*75%] was divided with 50m2. The assumption was that there is one employed on 20m2 and 50m2. The number of vehicles in the sustainable cityscape scenario is assumed to be one on every 4 people and 2 jobs. The number of vehicles in the scenario is assumed to be one on every 20 people and jobs. The number of parking places is assumed as one for each 50m2 of streets area and for every 30m2 of parking lots [P]. Assets, investments and profits The sustainable cityscape scenario estimates investments of 50,660,734€ in the first period of development of the neighbourhood, whereas the investments in the second are 31,684,281€. The assets of the buildings after the development will be 173,658,805€. The assets are calculated with the values sA€=150€ per m2 plot area, sR€=900€ per m2 of floor area in residential buildings, sC€=1500€ in commercial and industrial buildings and sS€=900€ per m2 of floor area in institutional buildings. The investments include building construction costs, mainly for building extensions and real-estate purchases. In regard to the market prices for building construction works in Macedonia the investments are estimated on cR€=600€ per m2 of floor area for residential buildings, cC€=300€ for commercial and industrial buildings and cS€=600€ per m2 of floor area for institutional buildings. The hanging gardens costs are calculated as those for commercial and industrial buildings and assets are calculated as for residential buildings. The profits are calculated as difference between the assets and the direct investments and investments with loans taken for one, three and ten years from a bank in Macedonia. The loans have interest rates of 8.75%, 9% and 9.25%. 302 Development plans All buildings are developed in the two stages of the sustainable cityscape scenario. The buildings in the development plans are assigned for preservation, developing or for extending by their state, landmark status and economical viability. The buildings that are economically unviable in the building code scenario or landmarks in the baseline site analysis are inserted in the perimetrical grids and preserved or renovated, whereas the others are assigned for development. Indices The sum of the indices in the first period is estimated to lower to -1375 and in the second period to -705. In the beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario the 10% of water is purified and no solid waste is recycled. The air emissions are on the baseline level 7.44t/pop/y of the sustainable level of 1.63 t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 180g/km and each vehicle passes 5000km in one year. The average energy consumption is 248kWh/y/m2, 98kWh/y/m2 is electricity and 150kWh/y/m2 is energy for heating. No energy is produced in the neighbourhood. In the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario the assumption is that 90% of the water is purified and 90% of the solid waste is recycled. The air emissions are 0.8t/pop/y of CO2eq. The vehicles exhaust 120g/km and each passes 2500km in one year. The energy consumption is 68kWh/m2/y from which 28kWh/m2/y are produced in the neighbourhood. 303 200 114 11 0 -21-12 -200 -61 -90-72-87-56 -92-89-49-100 -89 -100 -106 -400 -224 -251 -600 -800 -1000 -1200 -1400 -1375 -1600 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 59: Index values for the beginning stage of sustainable cityscape scenario 200 118 100 18 12 0 -100 -10 -24 -25 -29 -10 -79-57 -71 -81 -58 -73-46 -200 -91 -100 -99 -300 -400 -500 -600 -700 -800 -705 Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Ifd Iep Inc Ilx Iop Iat Imt Idv Iae Σ Chart 60: Index values for the end stage of sustainable cityscape scenario 304 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 5 4.6. 4 3 1c 4.4. 2 1 St. Guslarot Apostol Borka Taleski St. Borka Taleski St. 11 8 1d 1 4 1 1a 2 3 7 4 4a 10 9 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 Nikola Trimpare St. 3 7 8a 8 9 R a 8a j k 4 1 . o 3 13 t 2 5 11 12 Z 6 1 7 S i n 2 8 3.1. a z i f v o 5 v 3 o S 14 n t 6 i . 4 4 3.5. n 12 13 10 e 6 3.4. L 4.6.* 3 1 9 1a Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 2 3 2 7 5 5 4 6 1 8 8 7 tnik St. 10 9 tevski - Pla 11 Kiro Krs 1 18a 15 1617 18 2 K o 14 le N Z e d l a e t l k ko o n 1a v S 13 s Plot & building n 3 k a i j S d t e numbers 9 . r 12 S t Urban block numbers . 3.3. 4 n.n. 6a 8 Temporary buildings 11 5 Buildings Ponds 10 6 7 ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 42: Site plan 305 5 4.6. 4* 3* 2 4.4. 1* 8* 1* 4 9.1011 1a 2 3* 7* 4* 4a 10 9 11 7 6* 12 4.5. 5* 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a* 1a 1 2* 3 7* 8a 8 9 8a 3* 4* 13* 1 2 5 11 12* 6 1* 2 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 12* 4 4 3.5. 13* 10* 4.6.* 6 3.4. 3 9 5 1* 2 3 2 7 5 4 6 1 8 8 7 9* 11* 10 1 18a 15* 1617 18 2 14* n Plot & building 13* 1a 3 numbers 12* 9 3.3. Urban block numbers 4 n.n. 6a 8 Buildings 11* 10 5 7 0m 10m 100m Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 43: Upper storeys plan 306 Table 64: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 14 4 1166 0 3% 8658.5 6541.5 2117 0 55% 2.3 30241.3 1* 0 0 0 6 2 1270 0 0% 4234 4234 0 0 0% 3.4 12702 2 408 229 0 11 3 0 0 10% 732.8 0 0 732.8 56% 1.8 2667.85 3 324 218 0 9 3 0 0 0% 654 436 218 0 67% 2 1962 3* 0 0 0 9 3 196.2 0 0% 654 654 0 0 0% 4 1962 4 334 184 0 7 2 0 0 0% 368 184 184 0 55% 1.1 1288 4* 0 0 0 12 4 220.8 0 0% 736 736 0 0 0% 3.3 2208 5 351 215 0 15 6 0 0 5% 1343.8 1128.8 215 0 61% 3.8 3337.88 Σ 5264 2963 0 2853 0 17381 13914 2734 732.8 56% 3.3 56369.1 100% 56% 0% 54% 0% 330% 80% 16% 4% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 197 197 0 13 5 0 0 0% 985 985 0 0 100% 5 2561 1a 283 283 0 22 9 0 0 0% 2547 2547 0 0 100% 9 6226 2 545 545 0 16 6 0 0 0% 3270 2725 545 0 100% 6 8720 2* 0 0 0 3 1 163.5 0 0% 545 545 0 0 0% 7 1635 2a 188 188 0 16 6 0 0 0% 1128 940 188 0 100% 6 3008 2a* 0 0 0 3 1 56.4 0 0% 188 188 0 0 0% 7 564 3 206 62 0 7 2 0 0 0% 124 62 62 0 30% 0.6 434 3* 0 0 0 12 4 0 0 0% 248 248 0 0 0% 1.8 744 4 711 711 0 19 6 1280 0 0% 4266 3555 711 0 100% 6 13509 4a 1498 1498 0 20 8 0 0 0% 11984 0 11984 0 100% 8 29960 5 543 128 0 7 2 0 0 0% 256 128 128 0 24% 0.5 896 5* 0 0 0 12 4 153.6 0 0% 512 512 0 0 0% 1.4 1536 6 398 113 0 6 2 0 0 0% 226 113 113 0 28% 0.6 678 6* 0 0 0 12 4 135.6 0 0% 452 452 0 0 0% 1.7 1356 7 405 134 0 7 3 0 0 1% 404.68 270.68 134 0 33% 1 941.35 7* 0 0 0 9 3 120.6 0 0% 402 402 0 0 0% 2 1206 8 175 154 0 8 3 0 0 1% 465.08 311.08 154 0 88% 2.7 1237.39 8* 0 0 0 9 3 138.6 0 0% 462 462 0 0 0% 5.3 1386 9.10 341 341 0 13 4 0 0 3% 1394.7 1053.7 341 0 100% 4.1 4519.96 11 156 123 0 19 6 0 0 0% 738 738 0 0 79% 4.7 2337 2742 658 Σ 8388 4477 0 2706 0 0 30597 16237 14360 0 53% 3.6 83454.7 100% 53% 0% 32% 0% 0% 365% 53% 47% 0% 307 4.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 13867 2269 0 5 1 4284 165 0% 2269 0 0 2269 16% 0.2 11345 1a 210 210 0 8 2 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 2 1680 1b 501 501 0 11 3 0 0 5% 1553.1 0 0 1553.1 100% 3.1 5673.83 1c 420 420 0 8 1 0 0 0% 420 0 0 420 100% 1 3360 1d 374 374 0 8 1 0 0 0% 374 0 0 374 100% 1 2992 Σ 15372 3774 0 4284 165 5036.1 0 0 5036.1 25% 0.3 25050.8 100% 25% 0% 28% 1% 33% 0% 0% 100% 4.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 363 256 0 12 4 0 0 0% 1024 768 256 0 71% 2.8 3072 1* 0 0 0 6 2 153.6 0 0% 512 512 0 0 0% 4.2 1536 2 145 115 0 7 3 0 0 0% 345 345 0 0 79% 2.4 805 3 106 135 0 7 2 0 0 0% 270 135 135 0 127% 2.5 945 3* 0 0 0 12 4 162 0 0% 540 540 0 0 0% 7.6 1620 4 552 310 0 13 5 0 0 0% 1550 1240 310 0 56% 2.8 4030 4* 0 0 0 3 1 93 0 0% 310 310 0 0 0% 3.4 930 5 189 132 0 19 6 237.6 0 0% 792 660 132 0 70% 4.2 2508 5a 121 82 0 19 6 147.6 0 0% 492 410 82 0 68% 4.1 1558 5b 132 86 0 19 6 154.8 0 0% 516 430 86 0 65% 3.9 1634 6 124 80 0 19 6 144 0 0% 480 400 80 0 65% 3.9 1520 6a 127 80 0 19 6 144 0 0% 480 400 80 0 63% 3.8 1520 6b 164 111 0 19 6 199.8 0 0% 666 555 111 0 68% 4.1 2109 7 189 72 0 19 6 129.6 0 0% 432 360 72 0 38% 2.3 1368 7a 144 90 0 19 6 162 0 0% 540 450 90 0 63% 3.8 1710 9 163 72 0 19 6 129.6 0 0% 432 360 72 0 44% 2.7 1368 10 138 73 0 19 6 131.4 0 0% 438 365 73 0 53% 3.2 1387 11 217 72 0 19 6 129.6 0 0% 432 360 72 0 33% 2 1368 12 299 110 0 15 5 0 0 5% 572 522 50 0 37% 1.9 1707.75 1391 452 Σ 4564 1876 0 2571 0 10823 9122 1701 0 41% 2.4 32695.8 100% 41% 0% 56% 0% 237% 84% 16% 0% 308 3.1. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 67 67 0 6 2 0 0 0% 134 134 0 0 100% 2 402 1* 0 0 0 12 4 257.3 0 0% 857.6 857.6 0 0 0% 15 804 1a 190 51 0 6 2 0 0 0% 102 102 0 0 27% 0.5 306 2 107 82 0 19 6 147.6 0 0% 492 410 82 0 77% 4.6 1558 3 222 150 0 14 5 0 0 5% 780 780 0 0 68% 3.5 2171.25 4 452 194 0 19 6 349.2 0 0% 1164 970 194 0 43% 2.6 3686 5 489 304 0 19 6 547.2 0 0% 1824 1520 304 0 62% 3.7 5776 6 532 532 0 15 6 0 0 3% 3271.8 2739.8 532 0 100% 6.2 8147.58 7 143 143 0 19 6 257.4 0 0% 858 715 143 0 100% 6 2717 8 131 110 0 19 6 198 0 0% 660 550 110 0 84% 5 2090 8a 203 142 0 19 6 255.6 0 0% 852 710 142 0 70% 4.2 2698 9 873 873 0 19 7 0 0 7% 6477.7 5604.7 873 0 100% 7.4 17473.1 10 214 129 0 13 4 0 0 0% 516 387 129 0 60% 2.4 1677 10* 0 0 0 6 2 77.4 0 0% 258 258 0 0 0% 3.6 774 1243 549 Σ 4866 2777 0 2090 549 18247 15738 2509 0 57% 3.7 50279.9 100% 57% 0% 43% 11% 375% 86% 14% 0% 3.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 346 193 0 19 6 347.4 0 0% 1158 965 193 0 56% 3.3 3667 2 222 118 0 19 6 212.4 0 0% 708 590 118 0 53% 3.2 2242 3 217 113 0 19 6 203.4 0 0% 678 565 113 0 52% 3.1 2147 4 230 118 0 19 6 212.4 0 0% 708 590 118 0 51% 3.1 2242 5 214 123 0 19 6 221.4 0 0% 738 615 123 0 57% 3.4 2337 6 191 100 0 10 3 0 0 0% 300 300 0 0 52% 1.6 1000 7 286 137 0 11 4 0 0 0% 548 411 137 0 48% 1.9 1507 7* 0 0 0 6 2 82.2 0 0% 274 274 0 0 0% 2.9 822 8 6340 1045 0 4 1 3795 0 0% 1045 0 0 1045 16% 0.2 4180 8a 497 497 0 8 2 0 0 5% 1018.9 0 0 1018.9 100% 2.1 4062.98 Σ 8543 2444 0 5074 0 7175.9 4310 802 2063.9 29% 0.8 24207 100% 29% 0% 59% 0% 84% 60% 11% 29% 0 0 0 309 3.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 278 108 0 19 6 199.3 0 3% 664.2 556.2 108 0 39% 2.4 2098.98 2 95 95 0 10 4 0 0 0% 380 0 380 0 100% 4 950 3 173 82 0 19 6 147.6 0 0% 492 410 82 0 47% 2.8 1558 4 111 111 0 15 5 0 0 10% 599.4 599.4 0 0 100% 5.4 1781.55 5 274 274 0 14 5 0 0 5% 1424.8 1424.8 0 0 100% 5.2 3966.15 6 231 133 0 19 6 239.4 0 0% 798 665 133 0 58% 3.5 2527 7 178 119 0 19 6 214.2 0 0% 714 595 119 0 67% 4 2261 8 153 153 0 9 3 0 0 10% 489.6 489.6 0 0 100% 3.2 1445.85 9 257 110 0 19 6 198 0 0% 660 550 110 0 43% 2.6 2090 11 201 104 0 8 3 0 0 0% 312 312 0 0 52% 1.6 832 12 321 151 0 10 3 0 0 0% 453 302 151 0 47% 1.4 1510 12* 0 0 0 9 3 135.9 0 0% 453 453 0 0 0% 2.8 1359 13 140 80 0 5 2 0 0 0% 160 80 80 0 57% 1.1 400 13* 0 0 0 12 4 96 0 0% 320 320 0 0 0% 3.4 960 14 277 135 0 10 4 0 0 3% 552.15 552.15 0 0 49% 2 1372.28 891 642 Σ 3580 1655 0 1230 0 8472.2 7309.2 1163 0 46% 2.4 25111.8 100% 46% 0% 34% 0% 237% 86% 14% 0% 310 3.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 405 405 0 19 6 729 0 0% 2430 2430 0 0 100% 6 7695 1a 484 484 0 19 6 871.2 0 0% 2904 2904 0 2904 100% 6 9196 2 441 441 0 18 8 0 0 10% 3836.7 3836.7 0 0 100% 8.7 8533.35 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 3% 3489.3 3064.3 425 0 100% 8.2 10010.9 4 240 240 0 7 2 0 0 0% 480 0 0 480 100% 2 1680 5 1366 1366 0 20 8 0 10928 0% 10928 0 10928 0 100% 8 27320 6 618 618 0 5 1 0 0 0% 618 0 0 618 100% 1 3090 6a 425 425 0 15 4 0 0 0% 1700 0 0 1700 100% 4 6375 7 466 133 0 19 6 239.4 0 0% 798 798 0 0 29% 1.7 2527 8 217 114 0 19 6 205.2 0 0% 684 684 0 0 53% 3.2 2166 9 466 110 0 19 6 198 0 0% 660 660 0 0 24% 1.4 2090 10 465 447 0 16 5 0 0 0% 2235 2235 0 0 96% 4.8 7152 11 252 93 0 4 1 0 0 0% 93 0 93 0 37% 0.4 372 11* 0 0 0 15 5 139.5 0 0% 465 465 0 0 0% 2.2 1395 12 273 207 0 4 1 0 0 0% 207 0 207 0 76% 0.8 828 12* 0 0 0 15 5 310.5 0 0% 1035 1035 0 0 0% 4.5 3105 13 224 100 0 4 1 0 0 0% 100 0 100 0 45% 0.4 400 13* 0 0 0 15 5 150 0 0% 500 500 0 0 0% 2.7 1500 14 325 215 0 4 1 0 0 0% 215 0 215 0 66% 0.7 860 14* 0 0 0 15 5 322.5 0 0% 1075 1075 0 0 0% 4 3225 15 388 246 0 7 2 0 0 0% 492 246 246 0 63% 1.3 1722 15* 0 0 0 12 4 295.2 0 0% 984 984 0 0 0% 3.8 2952 16 200 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 17 201 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 18 431 115 0 19 6 207 0 0% 690 575 115 0 27% 1.6 2185 18a 180 107 0 11 4 0 0 0% 428 428 0 0 59% 2.4 1177 6135 3821 Σ 14627 6459 0 7489 10928 0 37887 22560 12529 5702 44% 2.6 109572 100% 44% 0% 51% 75% 0% 259% 60% 33% 15% 311 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 260 85 0 6 2 0 0 0% 170 85 85 0 33% 0.7 510 1* 0 0 0 12 4 102 0 0% 340 340 0 0 0% 2 1020 2 148 148 0 19 8 0 230 5% 1235.8 1084.8 151 0 100% 8.4 2919.3 3 377 105 0 6 2 0 0 0% 210 105 105 0 28% 0.6 630 3* 0 0 0 12 4 126 0 0% 420 420 0 0 0% 1.7 1260 4 418 113 0 6 2 0 0 0% 226 113 113 0 27% 0.5 678 4* 0 0 0 12 4 135.6 0 0% 452 452 0 0 0% 1.6 1356 5 343 119 0 11 4 163 0 0% 476 476 0 0 35% 1.4 1309 6 399 114 0 19 6 205.2 0 0% 684 570 114 0 29% 1.7 2166 7 308 140 0 19 6 252 0 0% 840 700 140 0 45% 2.7 2660 8 303 184 0 19 6 331.2 0 0% 1104 920 184 0 61% 3.6 3496 9 310 310 0 14 4 0 0 0% 1240 930 310 0 100% 4 4340 9* 0 0 0 6 2 186 0 0% 620 620 0 0 0% 6 1860 10 241 56 0 6 2 0 0 0% 112 112 0 0 23% 0.5 336 11 395 395 0 14 4 0 1067 0% 1580 1185 395 0 100% 4 5530 11* 0 0 0 6 2 237 0 0% 790 790 0 0 0% 6 2370 12 234 234 0 14 4 0 0 0% 936 702 234 0 100% 4 3276 12* 0 0 0 6 2 140.4 0 0% 468 468 0 0 0% 6 1404 13 234 234 0 14 4 0 0 0% 936 702 234 0 100% 4 3276 13* 0 0 0 6 2 140.4 0 0% 468 468 0 0 0% 6 1404 2153 1377 Σ 6123 2237 0 3396 1297 13308 11243 2065 0 37% 2.2 41800.3 100% 37% 0% 55% 21% 217% 84% 16% 0% n Preserved buildings n Renovated or adapted buildings n* Extended buildings [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 312 5 4.6. 4 3 1c 4.4. 2 1 8 1d 1 4 11 1 1a 2 3 7 4 4a 10 9 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8a 8 9 8a 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 4.6.* 14 6 4 4 13 3.5. 10 12 6 3.4. 3 1 9 1a 2 2 7 5 5 4 3 6 1 8 8 7 9 11 10 1 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 Greenery 13 1a 3 Trees & fruit trees 12 9 3.3. Vegetables 4 6a 11 8 Water treatment 5 Buildings 10 6 7 0m 10m 100m Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 44: Footprint plan 313 Table 65: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Total environment accessible by building technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a + V h d pop job vh nP Σa 28662 ΣTa ΣP 12939 431 st 9322 186 pt 16678 + 11030.9 Σ 65692.9 240346.49 st [st]reets % 72.34% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 14087.2 14087.2 tree [tree]s tree 25500 veg [veg]etables + 11030.9 11030.9 cer [cer]eals Σ 25118.1 50618.1 fodd [fodd]er % 27.66% 0.069% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd 14639.74 43919.22 h [h]ouseholds Σ 14639.74 43919.22 d [d]welings % 16.12% 0.060% pop [pop]ulation job [job]s Σ 39757.84 94537.32 vh [v]e[h]icles % 43.78% 0.129% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 75325.268 66.15% 225975.803 1031 1265 3049 762 ΣC 28397.25 24.94% 85191.75 1420 710 ΣS 10151.063 8.91% 30453.1875 203 102 Σ 113873.58 100.0% 341620.74 1031 1265 3049 1623 1574 618 167.19% 0.466% 314 5 4.6. 4 3 1c 2 4.4. 1 8 1d 1 4 11 1 1a 2 3 7 4 4a 10 9 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 5 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8a 8 9 8a 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 8 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 13 3.5. 10 12 6 4.6.* 3 1 9 1a 2 2 7 5 5 4 3 6 1 8 8 7 9 11 10 1 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 New buildings & 13 3.3. 1a 3 extensions 12 9 Bridges 4 6a Vertexes 11 8 Preserved buildings 10 6 5 Landmarks 7 0m 10m 100m Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 45: Development plan 315 5 4.6. 4* 3* 2 4.4. 1* 8* 1* 4 9.1011 1a 2 3* 7* 4* 4a 10 9 11 7 6* 12 4.5. 5* 1b 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a* 1a 1 2* 3 7* 8a 8 9 8a 3* 4* 13* 1 2 5 11 12* 6 1* 2 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 12* 4 4 3.5. 13* 10* 4.6.* 6 3.4. 3 9 5 1* 2 3 2 7 5 4 6 1 8 8 7 9* 11* 10 1 18a 15* 1617 18 2 14* New buildings & extensions 13* 1a 3 Bridges 12* 9 3.3. Vertexes 4 6a 8 Preserved buildings 11* 10 5 7 0m 10m 100m Beginning stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 46: Upper storeys development plan 316 Stevan Jakimov - Dedov St. 5 4.6. 4 3 2 1 St. Guslarot Apostol Borka Taleski St. Borka Taleski St. 4 11 8 4.4. 1 2 3 7 1 4 4a 10 9 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 5 1a 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 Nikola Trimpare St. 3 7 8 9 8a 8 9 R a j k 4 1 . o 3 13 t 2 5 11 12 Z 6 1 7 S i n 2 a z i f v o 5 v 3 o S 14 3.5. n t 4.6.* 6 i . 4 4 n 12 13 10 e 6 3.4. L 3 10a 3.1. 1 9 1a Apostol Guslarot St. Apostol Guslarot 2 3 2 7 5 5 4 1 6 10 8 8 7 tnik St. 10 9 tevski - Pla 11 Kiro Krs 1 18a 15 1617 18 2 K o 14 le N Z e d l a e t l k ko o n 1a v S 13 s Plot & building n 3 k a i j S d t e numbers 9 . r 12 S t . 3.3. n.n. Urban block numbers 4 8 Temporary buildings 11 5 Buildings Ponds 10 6 7 ov St. Gologan Teodosij 0m 10m 100m End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 47: Site plan 317 5* 4.6. 4 3 2* 1 4 11 8 4.4. 1 2 3 7 1 4 4a 10 9 9.10* 11 7 6 12* 4.5. 5 1a 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a* 1* 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8 9* 3 4 13 1 2* 5* 11* 12 6* 1 2* 7 3.1. 5 3 4.6.* 14* 3.5. 6* 12 4* 4 13 3.4. 10 6 3 10a 9 5* 1 2 3* 2 7 5 4 1 6 10 8 8* 7 9 11 10 1 18a* 15 16* 18 17* 2* 14 n Plot & building 13 1a 3* numbers 12 9 3.3. n.n. Urban block numbers 4* 8 Buildings 11 10* 6 5 7 0m 10m 100m End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 48: Uppers storeys plan 318 Table 66: Site analysis by urban blocks and plots End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario 4.6. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 3847 2117 0 20 6 2436 0 0% 12893 10776 2117 0 55% 3.4 42943 2 408 229 0 11 3 0 0 0% 687 0 0 687 56% 1.7 2519 2* 0 0 0 9 3 206.1 0 0% 687 687 0 0 0% 3.4 2061 3 324 218 0 18 6 196.2 0 0% 1308 1090 218 0 67% 4 3924 4 334 184 0 19 6 220.8 0 0% 1104 920 184 0 55% 3.3 3496 5 351 215 0 15 6 0 0 0% 1290 1075 215 0 61% 3.7 3225 5* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 3.7 0 Σ 5264 2963 0 3059 0 17969 14548 2734 687 56% 3.4 58168 100% 56% 0% 58% 0% 341% 81% 15% 4% 4.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 197 197 0 13 5 0 0 0% 985 985 0 0 100% 5 2561 1* 0 0 0 3 1 59.1 0 0% 197 197 0 0 0% 6 591 1a 283 283 0 22 9 0 0 0% 2547 2547 0 0 100% 9 6226 1a*00000000%0 0000%00 2 545 545 0 19 7 163.5 0 0% 3815 3270 545 0 100% 7 10355 2a 188 188 0 19 7 56.4 0 0% 1316 1128 188 0 100% 7 3572 3 206 62 0 19 6 0 0 0% 372 310 62 0 30% 1.8 1178 4 711 711 0 19 6 1280 0 0% 4266 3555 711 0 100% 6 13509 4a 1498 1498 0 20 8 0 11984 0% 11984 0 11984 0 100% 8 29960 5 543 128 0 19 6 153.6 0 0% 768 640 128 0 24% 1.4 2432 6 398 113 0 18 6 135.6 0 0% 678 565 113 0 28% 1.7 2034 7 405 134 0 16 6 120.6 0 0% 806.68 672.68 134 0 33% 2 2147.4 8 175 154 0 17 6 138.6 0 0% 927.08 773.08 154 0 88% 5.3 2623.4 9.10 341 341 0 13 4 0 0 0% 1364 1023 341 0 100% 4 4433 9.10* 0 0 0 6 2 204.6 0 0% 682 682 0 0 0% 6 2046 11 156 123 0 19 6 0 0 0% 738 738 0 0 79% 4.7 2337 2742 658 Σ 8388 4477 0 2970 11984 0 31446 17086 14360 0 53% 3.7 86005 100% 53% 0% 35% 143% 0% 375% 54% 46% 0% 4.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 1800 1800 0 13 4 0 0 0% 7200 0 0 7200 100% 4 23400 1a 1300 1300 0 13 1 0 0 0% 1300 0 0 1300 100% 1 16900 12272 840 6299 Σ 15372 3100 840 6299 0 8500 0 0 8500 20% 0.6 40300 100% 20% 5% 41% 0% 55% 0% 0% 100% 319 4.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 363 256 0 18 6 153.6 0 0% 1536 1280 256 0 71% 4.2 4608 2 145 115 0 7 3 0 0 0% 345 345 0 0 79% 2.4 805 3 106 135 0 19 6 162 0 0% 810 675 135 0 127% 7.6 2565 4 552 310 0 16 6 93 0 0% 1860 1550 310 0 56% 3.4 4960 5 189 132 0 19 6 237.6 0 0% 792 660 132 0 70% 4.2 2508 5a 121 82 0 19 6 147.6 0 0% 492 410 82 0 68% 4.1 1558 5b 132 86 0 19 6 154.8 0 0% 516 430 86 0 65% 3.9 1634 6 124 80 0 19 6 144 0 0% 480 400 80 0 65% 3.9 1520 6a 127 80 0 19 6 144 0 0% 480 400 80 0 63% 3.8 1520 6b 164 111 0 19 6 199.8 0 0% 666 555 111 0 68% 4.1 2109 7 189 72 0 19 6 129.6 0 0% 432 360 72 0 38% 2.3 1368 7a 144 90 0 19 6 162 0 0% 540 450 90 0 63% 3.8 1710 9 163 72 0 19 6 129.6 0 0% 432 360 72 0 44% 2.7 1368 10 138 73 0 19 6 131.4 0 0% 438 365 73 0 53% 3.2 1387 11 217 72 0 19 6 129.6 0 0% 432 360 72 0 33% 2 1368 12 299 110 0 15 5 0 0 0% 550 500 50 0 37% 1.8 1650 12* 0 0 0 3 1 33 0 0% 110 110 0 0 0% 2.2 330 1391 452 Σ 4564 1876 0 2604 0 10911 9210 1701 0 41% 2.4 32968 100% 41% 0% 57% 0% 239% 84% 16% 0% 3.1. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 67 67 0 18 6 257.3 0 0% 991.6 991.6 0 0 100% 15 1206 1a 190 51 0 6 2 0 0 0% 102 102 0 0 27% 0.5 306 2 107 82 0 19 6 147.6 0 0% 492 410 82 0 77% 4.6 1558 3 222 150 0 14 5 0 0 0% 750 750 0 0 68% 3.4 2100 3* 0 0 0 3 1 45 0 0% 150 150 0 0 0% 4.1 450 4 452 194 0 19 6 349.2 0 0% 1164 970 194 0 43% 2.6 3686 5 489 304 0 19 6 547.2 0 0% 1824 1520 304 0 62% 3.7 5776 6 532 532 0 15 6 0 0 0% 3192 2660 532 0 100% 6 7980 6*00000000%0 0000%60 7 143 143 0 19 6 257.4 0 0% 858 715 143 0 100% 6 2717 8 131 110 0 19 6 198 0 0% 660 550 110 0 84% 5 2090 8a 203 142 0 19 6 255.6 0 0% 852 710 142 0 70% 4.2 2698 9 873 873 0 19 7 0 0 0% 6111 5238 873 0 100% 7 16587 9*000000 00%0 0000%00 10 214 129 0 19 6 77.4 0 0% 774 645 129 0 60% 3.6 2451 0 1243 0 0 0 0 531 0 0% 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 Σ 4866 2777 0 2666 0 17921 15412 2509 0 57% 3.7 49605 100% 57% 0% 55% 0% 368% 86% 14% 0% 320 3.5. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 346 193 0 19 6 347.4 0 0% 1158 965 193 0 56% 3.3 3667 2 222 118 0 19 6 212.4 0 0% 708 590 118 0 53% 3.2 2242 3 217 113 0 19 6 203.4 0 0% 678 565 113 0 52% 3.1 2147 4 230 118 0 19 6 212.4 0 0% 708 590 118 0 51% 3.1 2242 5 214 123 0 19 6 221.4 0 0% 738 615 123 0 57% 3.4 2337 6 191 100 0 10 3 0 0 0% 300 300 0 0 52% 1.6 1000 6* 0 0 0 9 3 90 0 0% 300 300 0 0 0% 3.1 900 7 286 137 0 17 6 82.2 0 0% 822 685 137 0 48% 2.9 2329 8 255 255 0 19 6 459 0 0% 1530 0 1530 0 100% 6 4845 9 1200 1200 0 13 4 0 0 0% 4800 0 0 4800 100% 4 15600 10 432 432 0 19 6 777.6 0 0% 2592 0 2592 0 100% 6 8208 10a 1167 1167 0 20 8 0 9336 0% 9336 0 0 9336 100% 8 23340 3783 1593 Σ 8543 3956 0 4199 9336 23670 4610 4924 14136 46% 2.8 68857 100% 46% 0% 49% 109% 277% 19% 21% 60% 3.4. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 278 108 0 19 6 199.3 0 3% 664.2 556.2 108 0 39% 2.4 2099 2 95 95 0 10 4 0 0 0% 380 0 380 0 100% 4 950 2* 0 0 0 6 2 57 0 0% 190 190 0 0 0% 6 570 3 173 82 0 19 6 147.6 0 0% 492 410 82 0 47% 2.8 1558 4 111 111 0 15 5 0 0 0% 555 555 0 0 100% 5 1665 4* 0 0 0 3 1 33.3 0 0% 111 111 0 0 0% 6 333 5 274 274 0 14 5 0 0 0% 1370 1370 0 0 100% 5 3836 5* 0 0 0 3 1 82.2 0 0% 274 274 0 0 0% 6 822 6 231 133 0 19 6 239.4 0 0% 798 665 133 0 58% 3.5 2527 7 178 119 0 19 6 214.2 0 0% 714 595 119 0 67% 4 2261 8 153 153 0 9 3 0 0 0% 459 459 0 0 100% 3 1377 8* 0 0 0 9 3 137.7 0 0% 459 459 0 0 0% 6 1377 9 257 110 0 19 6 198 0 0% 660 550 110 0 43% 2.6 2090 11 201 104 0 8 3 0 0 0% 312 312 0 0 52% 1.6 832 11* 0 0 0 9 3 93.6 0 0% 312 312 0 0 0% 3.1 936 12 321 151 0 19 6 135.9 0 0% 906 755 151 0 47% 2.8 2869 13 140 80 0 17 6 96 0 0% 480 400 80 0 57% 3.4 1360 14 277 135 0 10 4 0 0 0% 540 540 0 0 49% 1.9 1350 14* 0 0 0 6 2 81 0 0% 270 270 0 0 0% 2.9 810 891 642 Σ 3580 1655 0 1634 0 9676.2 8513.2 1163 0 46% 2.7 28812 100% 46% 0% 46% 0% 270% 88% 12% 0% 321 3.3. nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 405 405 0 19 6 729 0 0% 2430 2430 0 0 100% 6 7695 1a 484 484 0 19 6 871.2 0 0% 2904 2904 0 2904 100% 6 9196 2 441 441 0 18 8 0 0 0% 3528 3528 0 0 100% 8 7938 2*00000000%0 000 0% 0 0 3 425 425 0 23 8 0 0 0% 3400 2975 425 0 100% 8 9775 3*00000000%0 0000%00 4 240 240 0 7 2 0 0 0% 480 0 0 480 100% 2 1680 4* 0 0 0 12 4 288 0 0% 960 960 0 0 0% 6 2880 5 1366 1366 0 20 8 0 10928 0% 10928 0 10928 0 100% 8 27320 6 935 935 0 19 6 0 0 0% 5610 0 2805 2805 100% 6 17765 7 466 133 0 19 6 239.4 0 0% 798 798 0 0 29% 1.7 2527 8 217 114 0 19 6 205.2 0 0% 684 684 0 0 53% 3.2 2166 9 466 110 0 19 6 198 0 0% 660 660 0 0 24% 1.4 2090 10 465 447 0 16 5 0 0 0% 2235 2235 0 0 96% 4.8 7152 10* 0 0 0 3 1 134.1 0 0% 447 447 0 0 0% 5.8 1341 11 252 93 0 19 6 139.5 0 0% 558 465 93 0 37% 2.2 1767 12 273 207 0 19 6 310.5 0 0% 1242 1035 207 0 76% 4.5 3933 13 224 100 0 19 6 150 0 0% 600 500 100 0 45% 2.7 1900 14 325 215 0 19 6 322.5 0 0% 1290 1075 215 0 66% 4 4085 15 388 246 0 19 6 295.2 0 0% 1476 1230 246 0 63% 3.8 4674 16 200 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 16* 0 0 0 3 1 25.2 0 0% 84 84 0 0 0% 2.5 252 17 201 84 0 12 5 0 0 0% 420 320 100 0 42% 2.1 1008 17* 0 0 0 3 1 25.2 0 0% 84 84 0 0 0% 2.5 252 18 431 115 0 19 6 207 0 0% 690 575 115 0 27% 1.6 2185 18a 180 107 0 11 4 0 0 0% 428 428 0 0 59% 2.4 1177 18a* 0 0 0 6 2 64.2 0 0% 214 214 0 0 0% 3.6 642 6243 3209 Σ 14627 6351 0 7413 10928 42570 23951 15334 6189 43% 2.9 122408 100% 43% 0% 51% 75% 291% 56% 36% 15% 322 4.6.* nA a TaHFGP EΣa R C S bc% far V 1 260 85 0 18 6 102 0 0% 510 425 85 0 33% 2 1530 2 148 148 0 19 8 0 230 0% 1184 1033 151 0 100% 8 2812 2*00000000%0 0000%00 3 377 105 0 18 6 126 0 0% 630 525 105 0 28% 1.7 1890 4 418 113 0 18 6 135.6 0 0% 678 565 113 0 27% 1.6 2034 5 343 119 0 11 4 163 0 0% 476 476 0 0 35% 1.4 1309 5* 0 0 0 6 2 71.4 0 0% 238 238 0 0 0% 2.1 714 6 399 114 0 19 6 205.2 0 0% 684 570 114 0 29% 1.7 2166 7 308 140 0 19 6 252 0 0% 840 700 140 0 45% 2.7 2660 8 303 184 0 19 6 331.2 0 0% 1104 920 184 0 61% 3.6 3496 9 310 310 0 20 6 186 0 0% 1860 1550 310 0 100% 6 6200 10 241 56 0 6 2 0 0 0% 112 112 0 0 23% 0.5 336 11 395 395 0 20 6 237 0 0% 2370 1975 395 0 100% 6 7900 12 234 234 0 20 6 140.4 0 0% 1404 1170 234 0 100% 6 4680 13 234 234 0 20 6 140.4 0 0% 1404 1170 234 0 100% 6 4680 2153 1377 Σ 6123 2237 0 3467 230 0 13494 11429 2065 0 37% 2.2 66539 100% 37% 0% 57% 4% 0% 220% 85% 15% 0% n Preserved buildings n Renovated or adapted buildings n* Extended buildings [n] Plot [n]umber [A] Plot [A]rea [a] Floor [a]rea of the building [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [T]emporary buildings [H] Building [H]eight [F] Number of [F]loors in the building [G] [G]reenery area [P] [P]arking area [E] Erker [E]xtensions in % of the floor area of a building [Σa] Total floor [Σa]rea of a building [R] Total floor area in the [R]esidential buildings [C] Total floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [c]overage in [%] [far] [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Building [V]olume 323 5 4.6. 4 3 2 1 4 11 8 4.4. 1 2 3 7 1 4 4a 10 9 11 7 9.10 6 12 4.5. 5 1a 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8 9 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 7 5 3 4.6.* 14 3.5. 6 4 4 13 10 12 6 3.4. 3 10a 1 9 3.1. 2 1a 3 2 7 5 5 4 1 6 10 8 8 7 9 11 10 1 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 Greenery 13 1a 3 Trees & fruit trees 12 9 Vegetables 3.3. 4 11 8 Water treatment 5 Buildings 10 6 7 0m 10m 100m End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 49: Footprint plan 324 Table 67: Ecological footprint, land use and population projections End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Total environment accessible by building technology (H=808m) aV Σ 90811 73375288 Built environment a P V h d pop job vh nP Σa 29392 ΣTa 840 588 9 5 20 ΣP 32478 1083 st 9322 186 pt 16678 + 9909 Σ 66141 240346.49 st [st]reets % 72.83% 0.328% pt [p]a[t]hs and sidewalks Natural environment Greenery aV G 14761 14761 tree [tree]s tree 51000 veg [veg]etables + 9909 9909 cer [cer]eals Σ 24670 75670 fodd [fodd]er % 27.17% 0.103% hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens Agriculture and landscaping veg cer fodd hgd 17113.54 51340.62 h [h]ouseholds Σ 17113.54 51340.62 d [d]welings % 18.85% 0.070% pop [pop]ulation vh [job]s Σ 41783.54 127010.62 job [v]e[h]icles % 46.01% 0.173% nP [n]umber of [P]arking places Land use and population projections a % V h d pop job vh nP ΣR 78568.568 58.50% 235705.703 1075 1320 3180 795 ΣC 33592.5 25.01% 100777.5 1680 840 ΣS 22134 16.48% 66402 443 221 Σ 134295.07 100.0% 402885.203 1075 1320 3180 2132 1861 1289 197.18% 0.549% 325 5 4.6. 4 3 2 1 4 11 8 4.4. 1 2 3 7 1 4 4a 10 9 11 7 9.1 6 12 0 4.5. 5 1a 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a 1 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8 9 3 4 13 1 2 5 11 12 6 1 2 7 3.1. 5 3 14 6 4 4 3.5. 13 10 12 6 3.4. 4.6.* 3 10a 1 9 1a 2 2 7 5 5 4 3 1 6 10 8 8 7 9 11 10 1 18a 15 1617 18 2 14 Renovated & adapted 13 3.3. 1a 3 buildings 12 9 New buildings & 4 extensions 11 8 Bridges Vertexes 10 6 5 Preserved buildings 7 0m 10m 100m End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 50: Development plan 326 5* 4.6. 4 3 2* 1 4 11 8 4.4. 1 2 3 7 4 1 4 4a 10 9 9.10* 11 7 6 12* 4.5. 5 1a 4.3. 7a 6b 6a 6 5b 5a 5 2a 1a* 1* 2 3 7 8 9 8a 8 9* 3 4 13 1 2* 5* 11* 12 6* 1 2 7 3.1. 5 14 3 6* 4* 4 3.5. 10 12 13 6 3.4. 4.6.* 3 10a 1 9 5* 2 3* 2 7 5 4 6 1 9 10 8 8 7 11 10 1 18a* 15 16 18 17 2* 14 Renovated & adapted 13 3.3. 1a 3* buildings 12 9 New buildings & 4 extensions 11 8 Bridges Vertexes 10* 6 5 Preserved buildings 7 0m 10m 100m End stage of the sustainable cityscape scenario Drawing 51: Upper storeys development plan 327 Table 68: Assets in [€]uros Sustainable cityscape scenario Baseline Beginning stage End stage N v[Bs] N i=c v i=c v 4.6. 8822379 4.6. 2665776 3998664 103050 488457 4.5. 9809171.3 4.5. 9824916 20447847 131850 624969 4.4. 5705167.5 4.4. 0 0 10833617.25 6508500 4.3. 4131150 4.3. 5495163 5727582 16500 78210 3.1. 9803860.5 3.1. 5083769.4 5643441.6 22500 106650 3.5. 4030398.8 3.5. 3476526 3531264 14034754.13 15606666 3.3. 10498444 3.3. 14774841 24336159 5360370 7437987 3.4. 4381498.5 3.4. 3261329.25 3345151.2 201900 957006 4.6.* 6201390 4.6.* 1686492 2529738 237600 1126224 Σ 46268812.7 69559846.8 30942141.38 32934669 pb 52612553.9 125321950.8 hgd 4391922 13175766 742140 15402186 Σ 63383459 Σ 50660734.7 135348167 31684281.38 173658805.8 100.00% 213.54% 273.98% N Urban block [N]umber v [v]alue i [i]nvestments c [c]osts pb [p]reserved [b]uildings hgd [h ]anging [g ]ar [d ]ens 328 Table 69: Profits in [€]uros Sustainable cityscape scenario Beginning stage 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 50,660,734.65 € 50,660,734.65 € 50,660,734.65 € 50,660,734.65 € mr 0 -4,424,485.00 € -1,610,997.82 € -648,623.18 € Σ -50,660,734.65 € -53,093,819.99 € -57,995,921.46 € -77,834,781.06 € v 82,735,612.80 € 82,735,612.80 € 82,735,612.80 € 82,735,612.80 € p€ 32,074,878.15 € 29,641,792.81 € 24,739,691.34 € 4,900,831.74 € p% 63.31% 58.51% 48.83% 9.67% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% End stage 0y 1y 3y 10y r 0 8.75% 9.00% 9.25% m 0 12 36 120 i 31,684,281.38 € 31,684,281.38 € 31,684,281.38 € 31,684,281.38 € mr 0 -2,767,165.31 € -1,007,551.68 € -405,662.48 € Σ -31,684,281.38 € -33,205,983.76 € -36,271,860.38 € -48,679,497.46 € v 48,336,855.00 € 48,336,855.00 € 48,336,855.00 € 48,336,855.00 € p€ 16,652,573.63 € 15,130,871.24 € 12,064,994.62 € -342,642.46 € p% 52.56% 47.76% 38.08% -1.08% v/i% 0.00% 4.80% 14.48% 53.64% r% interest [r]ates in [%] m [m]onths i [i]nvestments mr [m]onth [r]ate v [v]alue p€ [p]rofit in [€]uros p% [p]rofit in [%] v/i% Minimal economic [v/i]ability in [%] y [y]ear 329 Appendix: Summary of the exhibition of scenarios The appendix summarizes the results of the exhibition of scenarios. It includes detailed site analysis table, population projections table, indices table and assets, investments and profits table. Site analysis table The table shows the sums of the sizes of the plots [A] and buildings [a], the green areas [G], the parking lots [P], the use of the floor area residential [R], commercial and industrial [C] and institutional [S]), the floor area ratio [far] and building coverage [bc%], the volume of the buildings [V] for each scenario. Population projections table The table shows the number of households [h], dwellings [d], people [pop], jobs [job], vehicles [vh], parking places [nP] and the growth of people [pop^] and jobs [job^] for each scenario. Indices table The table shows all the index values and the sum for each scenario. Assets, investments and profits table The table shows the assets [v], investments [i] and profits [p€] in euros without bank loan and for a bank loan of one, three and ten years for each scenario. 330 a] Total Σ a]rea of a Σ area in the [R]esidential floor area in the [C]ommercial and industrial buildings [S] Total floor area in the in[S]titutional buildings [bc%] [b]uilding [f]loor [a]rea [r]atio [V] Buildings [V]olume [Amax] Total [A]rea [A] [a]rea of the buildings [T]emporary buildings [P]arking lots [ building [R] Total floor buildings [C] Total [c]overage in [%] [far] Plots [A]rea [a] Floor [Ta] Floor [a]rea of the [G] [G]reenery areas [P] floor [ rio [Mcs] [M]ole [c]ity kyscrapers [s]cenario [s]cenario [Obcs] [O]ld [V] [Ctshg] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ 300 Σ 11227 29334 286354 240346 207311 776216 559744 368118 461172 380386 559744 614900 414510 553662 2128233 4134006 3881080 0 5 4 4 7 0 5 0 7 6 9 2 7 6 5 8 4 7 far 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.0 2.4 7.5 2.1 1.4 2.4 1.9 2.1 8.1 1.4 2.0 1.9 23.2 % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 5 8 0 2 3 3 bc 30 28 26 25 33 40 30 25 16 47 10 32 ] 0 0 8 4 3 0 0 0 3 5 4 0 4 0 3 2 0 4 [S Σ 160 924 1390 1216 2246 3840 4800 1651 4740 2740 4040 9115 1590 2376 2951 43200 25970 0 1 2 2 4 4 3 0 7 1 9 3 0 4 0 0 2 4 [C] Σ 345 334 700 405 1269 5095 8000 2015 2242 2723 5095 5080 5597 4479 72000 12985 25054 2 0 8 3 6 7 7 0 2 2 8 1 8 9 1 7 0 8 [R] 10 Σ 473 2074 7363 6120 3430 7635 8000 9575 94363 35060 32272 10484 12013 10583 15605 17568 10475 2 8 3 8 1 4 4 3 2 0 0 6 0 9 0 1 a] 3 Σ [ Σ 4269 9453 978 7671 23284 6082 77911 68084 17434 19718 19718 22588 13242 209563 14670 21143 17615 0 0 0 7 1 0 0 9 8 3 9 6 1 [P] Σ 0 0 0 740 2400 517 0 7171 21600 1323 1040 1040 2300 434 0 3247 0 436 7 0 5 6 9 9 4 8 9 1 3 4 7 1 3 1 9 [G] Σ 7336 12014 7250 1961 3933 1395 8350 1484 1395 4769 0 2148 4975 6289 9071 1065 811 3431 5 0 0 3 2 2 0 0 8 8 [Ta] Σ 226 432 0 0 117 554 84 0 231 0 0 0 231 10 61 61 0 0 6 8 8 2 0 6 6 3 3 3 6 0 4 4 9 0 1 [a] Σ 2560 3016 745 2320 243 2939 1440 251 2710 2710 2229 2229 160 505 0 3596 1020 4730 9 3 6 4 1 8 5 1 4 4 7 2 8 9 3 1 3 6 [A] Σ 6737 6932 9150 6733 9081 6805 6855 8991 7313 8851 7132 7270 8061 6737 6932 8991 7230 8134 1 8 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 7 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 9081 9081 9004 9081 9081 9081 9081 9519 9477 10131 9081 9081 9081 9081 9477 9550 9081 10188 Amax exhibition of scenarios exhibition The Table 70: Site analysis 70: Site Table Obcs Cts Ss Bs Ws Bcs ebcs hNAs Evs As Scs [Bs] [B]a[s]eline [Ws] [W]ilderness [s]cenario [Bcs] [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenarioand [ebcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [eobcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [o]ld [Cts] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ [s]cenarios with [h]anging [g]ardens [s]cenario [Ss] [S]kyscraper [Ms] [M]anhattan [Pcss] [P]ylons and [c]apsules [s] [NAs] [N]oah’s [A]rk [s]cenario [hNAs] [h]igh [Evs] [E]co[v]illage [As] [A]rcology [s]cena [s]cenario [Tcs] [T]ermite [c]ity [Scs] [S]ustainable [c]ityscape Ms Pcss eobcs cthgs NAs Mcs Tcs 331 [n]umber of [P]arking places [pop]ulation [^]growth [job]s [job]s [^]growth [pop]ulation [h]ouseholds [d]wellings [v]e[ch]icles ^ ^ b P h [Bs] [B]a[s]eline [Ws] [W]ilderness [s]cenario [Bcs] [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenarioand [ebcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [Obcs] [O]ld [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [eobcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [o]ld [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [Cts] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ [s]cenarios [Ctshg] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ with [h]anging [g]ardens [s]cenario [Ss] [S]kyscraper [s]cenario [Ms] [M]anhattan [s]cenario [Pcss] [P]ylons and [c]apsules [s]kyscrapers [s]cenario [NAs] [N]oah’s [A]rk [s]cenario [Evs] [E]co[v]illage [s]cenario [As] [A]rcology [Mcs] [M]ole [c]ity [s]cenario [Tcs] [T]ermite [c]ity [s]cenario [Scs] [S]ustainable [c]ityscape [s]cenario p h d jo v n pop job [A]rk [s]cenario [hNAs] [h]igh [N]oah’s job^ 0.00% 67.05% 47.71% -42.02% -98.90% -89.49% 259.19% 634.93% 881.18% 522.51% 407.79% 192.16% 195.77% 148.48% 626.17% 2257.56% 8730.66% 1909.69% ^ % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % pop 0.00 96.29 72.91 71.30 71.16 56.44 43.52 24.76 20.31 -34.65 -66.10 -99.46 -43.95 -97.52 154.97 427.29 472.82 1441.74 5 8 7 3 3 9 3 6 7 8 8 9 3 0 1 1 4 7 P 9 9 n 62 53 82 66 90 39 53 40 30 47 122 257 128 141 754 4 2 3 1 4 7 2 2 7 4 4 9 3 9 2 1 3 6 h 1 v 11 55 87 93 81 35 186 205 152 206 113 325 121 123 182 1018 4 6 9 1 9 3 2 0 7 0 2 6 2 2 3 0 7 0 b 3 jo 19 85 50 34 57 173 807 213 123 251 336 688 101 100 248 3024 0 6 0 7 0 7 3 3 7 7 7 3 6 1 4 5 8 8 p 1 4 63 po 979 318 364 321 318 473 290 266 104 121 223 231 185 1064 2864 4 9 1 2 4 8 2 1 7 0 4 3 1 6 6 6 7 9 d 1 26 43 50 92 96 77 441 132 151 133 132 196 406 110 120 1188 3 6 3 8 3 2 1 2 6 4 9 6 6 2 6 3 5 3 h 1 62 98 21 35 41 90 75 78 359 108 107 160 968 331 107 123 exhibition of scenarios exhibition The Table 71: Population projections Table Ws ebcs Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Mcs Tcs Scs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Ss Bs Bcs 332 ndex [Iat] Assets [Ihh] Housing [Io2] Oxygen index [Iwt] Weather index [Ipw] Purified water index [Irw] Rainwater index [Iww] Water index [Iww] [Isl] Soil index [Isn] Noise index [Iwl] Wildlife index index [Iep] Energy index [Inc] Necessities index [Ilx] Luxuries index [Iop] Pollution i index [Imt] Maintenance index [Idv] Development index [Iae] Aesthetics index index [Ifd] Food 18 12 -81 -79 -71 -24 -73 -29 -57 -25 -10 -10 -46 -91 -58 -99 Scs 118 -100 -705 [Evs] s 2 5 2 5 1 1 8 4 6 0 0 5 4 8 5 8 2 0 6 2 1 8 [s]cenario -1 -5 -1 -1 -7 -6 -1 -1 -1 -1 -4 -9 -5 -7 cenario Tc -10 -52 ’ ustainable s 6 3 4 5 8 4 4 7 9 0 1 0 0 3 5 8 8 0 4 - 4 1 4 -2 -6 -2 -7 -1 -2 -1 -1 -3 -7 -5 -8 Mc -10 -51 s 0 0 6 6 0 9 1 0 0 0 7 3 6 8 3 7 7 1 1 - 2 3 1 7 3 3 A -3 -4 -9 10 37 21 -30 s 4 3 4 3 1 1 7 3 2 9 1 1 0 0 8 1 2 0 7 - 3 -6 -6 -6 -1 -7 -2 -1 -4 -6 -1 -1 -5 -8 -9 Ev -10 -72 s 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 2 8 8 3 8 7 2 8 0 - 1 1 1 1 2 4 -1 -1 -1 hNA s 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 7 2 5 0 1 2 2 2 3 -1 -1 -1 NA s 8 7 7 7 3 6 1 6 0 5 5 0 0 8 2 4 0 0 7 4 -5 -2 -5 -5 -7 -5 -1 -4 -7 -1 -1 -5 36 Pcs -11 -39 -10 -10 -83 s 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 2 - M -5 10 -10 -10 -10 -10 -12 -10 -15 -91 -10 -10 -60 -10 -10 -10 107 -166 s 1 1 5 2 3 5 2 3 5 3 9 0 5 7 0 0 0 0 5 - S 1 -8 -1 -6 -5 -1 -9 -9 11 -10 -55 -16 -10 -10 -10 -10 -151 s 7 0 1 6 1 5 7 3 7 6 9 4 0 7 3 0 0 0 7 - 1 4 5 8 1 -9 -4 -2 -3 -7 -1 -10 -23 -24 -10 -10 -10 -97 cthg s 3 4 6 6 7 3 0 6 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 1 1 -1 -9 -7 -2 -3 -7 -7 -9 Ct 12 -26 -10 -10 -10 -27 -11 -10 -10 -150 s 2 6 1 9 2 6 2 3 4 6 0 2 0 0 9 7 0 0 4 1 -9 -2 -7 -7 -6 -7 -5 -9 13 -10 -22 -10 -10 -27 -12 -10 -10 -153 eobc s 7 3 4 9 2 4 4 0 4 7 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 0 7 8 -7 -7 -9 -7 -1 -5 -7 -9 -10 -10 -28 -12 -16 -10 -10 -10 Obc -153 s 5 6 5 8 0 9 6 1 0 3 6 0 0 0 2 8 0 0 4 1 -5 -9 -8 -2 -3 -7 -8 -9 17 ebc -26 -10 -10 -10 -27 -11 -10 -10 -150 s 0 8 6 5 7 2 9 5 2 5 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 -9 -7 -1 -3 -6 -7 -6 -9 Bc 10 -10 -27 -11 -20 -10 -10 -10 -10 -148 s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 2 2 5 W 10 s 5 9 3 0 9 2 5 7 2 3 0 0 0 0 9 7 6 0 9 6 B -9 -1 -7 -7 -7 -9 -7 -5 -10 -10 -10 -10 -27 -12 -17 -10 exhibition of scenarios exhibition -155 The Table 72: Indexes Table Iep Ilx Iat Idv Σ [s]cenarios [Ctshg] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ with [h]anging [g]ardens [s]cenario [Ss] [S]kyscraper [Ms] [M]anhattan [s] Iww Isl Isn Iwl Ihh Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw [Bs] [B]a[s]eline [Ws] [W]ilderness [s]cenario [Bcs] [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenarioand [ebcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [Obcs] [O]ld [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [eobcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [o]ld [Cts] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers [Pcss] [P]ylons and [c]apsules [s]kyscrapers [s]cenario [NAs] [N]oah’s [A]rk [hNAs] [h]igh [c]ityscape [s]cenario Ifd Inc Iop Imt Iae [E]co[v]illage [s]cenario [As] [A]rcology [Mcs] [M]ole [c]ity [Tcs] [T]ermite [Scs] [S] 333 ndex [Iat] Assets index [Ilx] Development [Io2] Oxygen Weather index water index [Irw] [Iww] Water Soil index [Isn] Wildlife index [Ihh] Housing index [Ifd] Food index [Iep] Energy index [Inc] Necessities Luxuries index [Iop] Pollution i index [Imt] Maintenance index [Idv] Aesthetics index index [Iwt] [Ipw] Purified Rainwater index index [Iww] [Isl] Noise index [Iwl] index [Iae] 18 12 -79 -71 -88 -95 -81 -25 -29 -91 -91 -89 Scs 118 -176 -100 -279 -100 -100 -1346 s 2 2 5 2 2 5 6 8 4 5 8 9 5 0 0 2 0 0 6 2 8 1 -5 -1 -9 -8 -1 -1 -8 -6 -8 -9 llage Tc -10 -10 -25 -10 -10 -113 s] [P]ylons [s]cenario s ’ [s]cenarios 3 8 4 5 5 4 5 1 0 9 7 8 5 0 0 0 8 0 4 - tyscape [s]cenario 4 4 1 -6 -2 -9 -6 -2 -9 -1 -7 -7 Mc -10 -10 -10 -26 -10 -112 s 6 7 1 0 4 5 6 7 3 6 8 4 7 7 0 0 8 0 5 - 2 1 2 3 3 A -1 -1 -9 -3 -9 -9 10 37 -10 -10 -50 -10 -55 s 4 4 3 1 3 3 2 9 2 3 9 2 6 1 0 0 1 0 9 - 3 -6 -9 -6 -6 -8 -1 -2 -8 -9 Ev -10 -11 -10 -10 -26 -10 -131 s 6 9 0 2 3 3 6 8 8 0 2 7 0 7 0 0 7 0 7 - 1 1 2 1 -4 -1 -1 -4 -8 -1 -10 -10 -15 -10 -59 hNA s 0 7 0 0 0 2 1 6 7 7 0 0 0 0 5 6 0 0 3 2 2 -4 -1 -1 -4 -3 -8 -10 -14 -10 -10 -63 NA s 3 7 8 7 7 9 1 0 5 6 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 7 4 -7 -5 -9 -5 -5 -7 -4 -1 36 Pcs -12 -35 -10 -57 -10 -10 -10 -10 -161 s 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 6 3 0 0 0 0 2 - M -5 10 -10 -10 -12 -10 -10 -10 -15 -91 -10 -60 -10 -10 -10 -10 107 -166 s 1 1 5 2 5 2 3 3 5 3 9 5 0 7 0 0 0 0 5 - S 1 -5 -1 -8 -1 -6 -9 -9 11 -55 -10 -16 -10 -10 -10 -10 -151 s 0 7 1 6 1 7 6 5 7 3 9 4 7 3 0 0 0 0 7 - 4 1 5 8 1 -3 -7 -9 -4 -2 -1 -23 -24 -10 -10 -10 -10 -97 cthg s 3 0 6 6 6 7 3 0 4 4 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 -7 -7 -9 -7 -2 -3 -1 -9 Ct 12 -27 -10 -11 -26 -10 -10 -10 -10 -150 s 2 6 2 1 3 6 9 2 6 4 9 0 0 7 2 0 0 0 4 1 -9 -7 -2 -5 -6 -7 -7 -9 13 -27 -10 -10 -12 -22 -10 -10 -10 -153 eobc s 7 3 4 4 0 4 9 4 2 7 0 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 8 -9 -7 -1 -5 -7 -7 -7 -9 -10 -28 -10 -10 -12 -16 -10 -10 Obc -153 s 5 6 0 6 1 0 8 9 5 3 0 6 0 2 0 8 0 0 4 1 -8 -3 -7 -8 -9 -2 -5 -9 17 ebc -10 -26 -10 -27 -10 -11 -10 -10 -150 s 0 8 9 6 5 7 2 2 5 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 8 1 -6 -9 -7 -1 -3 -6 -7 -9 Bc 10 -27 -10 -10 -11 -20 -10 -10 -10 -148 s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 2 5 2 W 10 s 5 9 3 2 0 3 5 7 9 2 0 0 9 0 0 0 7 6 9 6 B -9 -7 -1 -5 -7 -9 -7 -7 -10 -10 -27 -10 -10 -10 -12 -17 exhibition of scenarios exhibition -155 The Table 73: Indexes with the current lifestyle in the neighbourhood in the lifestyle current the with 73: Indexes Table Isl Iwl [Obcs] [O]ld [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [eobcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [o]ld [Cts] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers and [c]apsules [s]kyscrapers [s]cenario [NAs] [N]oah’s [A]rk [hNAs] [h]igh [Evs] [E]co[v]i [s]cenario [As] [A]rcology [Mcs] [M]ole [c]ity [Tcs] [T]ermite [Scs] [S]ustainable [c]i Io2 Iwt Ipw Irw Iep Iat Imt [Bs] [B]a[s]eline [Ws] [W]ilderness [s]cenario [Bcs] [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenarioand [ebcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ Ifd Iww Isn Ihh Inc Ilx Iop Idv Iae Σ [Ctshg] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ with [h]anging [g]ardens [s]cenario [Ss] [S]kyscraper [Ms] [M]anhattan [Pcs 334 [S]kyscraper [s]cenario [Ms] [Bs] [B]a[s]eline [Ws] [W]ilderness [s]cenario [Bcs] [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenarioand [ebcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [B]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [Obcs] [O]ld [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [eobcs] ‘[e]ntrepreneur’ [o]ld [b]uilding [c]ode [s]cenario [Cts] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ [s]cenarios [Ctshg] ‘[C]ity of [t]owers’ with [h]anging [g]ardens [s]cenario [Ss] [M]anhattan [s]cenario [Pcss] [P]ylons and [c]apsules [s]kyscrapers [s]cenario [NAs] [N]oah’s [A]rk [s]cenario [hNAs] [h]igh [N]oah’s [A]rk [s]cenario [Evs] [E]co[v]illage [s]cenario [As] [A]rcology [s]cenario [Mcs] [M]ole [c]ity [s]cenario [Tcs] [T]ermite [c]ity [s]cenario [Scs] [S]ustainable [c]ityscape [s]cenario € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € p€ 0 0 10y 4,558,189 -5,773,649 -8,291,561 -3,891,635 -2,866,582 -66,932,905 -56,702,817 -44,337,352 -81,462,924 -75,676,194 -60,904,674 -39,446,308 -49,385,066 -865,931,764 -287,689,185 -1,921,588,006 y € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € 3 0 0 -452,154 1,206,443 9,583,913 3,201,268 -1,310,477 48,183,759 20,499,203 14,106,133 12,473,992 36,804,686 -31,405,161 -55,071,902 -43,679,965 -13,023,889 -46,762,448 255,597,789 y € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € 1 0 0 4,953,896 12,769,568 10,568,558 18,043,398 13,447,156 22,907,638 16,982,909 27,613,284 18,300,022 44,772,664 -48,550,788 -35,773,828 -24,115,952 534,906,345 197,726,176 328,501,985 y € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € 0 0 0 5,823,787 42,317,401 16,464,541 26,400,171 20,345,872 29,520,671 19,220,844 48,727,452 31,144,252 20,381,596 -45,314,130 -31,849,733 -20,498,061 364,686,901 776,483,881 302,328,844 i € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € 0 0 67,392,409 81,705,929 75,330,286 18,112,518 82,345,016 73,520,418 43,341,716 46,597,379 143,642,324 615,233,219 122,763,809 174,001,403 137,693,948 753,427,919 5,030,031,299 2,177,995,128 € € € v € € € € € € € € € € € € € € € 0 22,078,279 49,856,196 54,832,225 78,034,582 63,383,459 657,550,620 139,228,350 200,401,575 173,658,806 152,230,016 115,622,383 163,988,196 167,214,620 115,496,366 5,806,515,180 1,118,114,820 2,480,323,972 exhibition of scenarios exhibition [y]ear [p]rofit in [€]uros [i]nvestments [v]alue € The Table 74: Assets, investments and profits investments 74: Assets, Table Ss Ms Pcss NAs hNAs Evs As Tcs v p ebcs Obcs eobcs Cts cthgs Bs Ws Bcs y Mcs Scs i 335