HERITAGE NETWORK Specialists in Archaeology and the Historic Environment Since 1992

Accredited Contractor Constructionline

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH 381 Holloway Road, LB Islington

HN1234

DESK-BASED ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

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HERITAGE NETWORK Registered with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists

Managing Director: David Hillelson, BA MCIfA

SEVENTH DAY ADVENTIST CHURCH, 381 Holloway Road, LB Islington

Heritage Network ref.: HN1234

Desk-based Archaeological Assessment

Prepared on behalf of Seventh Day Adventist Church, Holloway by

Helen Ashworth BA ACIfA

Report no. 967 November 2015 © The Heritage Network Ltd

111111 FFFURMSTON CCCOURT ,,, IIICKNIELD WAYAYAY ,,, LLLETCHWORTH ,,, HHHERTS ... SG6 1UJ TTTELEPHONE ::: (((01462)(01462) 685991 FFFAXAXAX ::: (01462) 685998

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SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment

Contents Summary ...... Page i Section 1 Introduction ...... Page 1 Section 2 Baseline Data ...... Page 3 Section 3 Risk, Significance & Impact Assessments ...... Page 11 Section 4 Sources Consulted ...... Page 18 Section 5 Illustrations ...... following Page 20 Appendix 1 Extract from Greater London HER ...... Page 21 Appendix 2 Listed buildings ...... Page 23

The cover illustration shows an extract from Edward Weller’s Map of London, 1862

Acknowledgements The research for this project was carried out by Jenny Heinzelmann and Helen Ashworth. The report text and illustrations were prepared by Helen Ashworth and edited by David Hillelson. The Heritage Network would like to express its thanks to Dawn Wise & Ian Reed, Jane Duncan Architects; Sarah-Jane Hathaway and Patrick Booth of the Greater London Historic Environment Record; and the staff of the London Metropolitan Archive for their co-operation and assistance in the execution of this project. Summary

Site name and address: Seventh Day Adventist Church, 381 Holloway Road, Islington, N7 0RN County: Greater London District: London Borough of Islington Village/town: Holloway Parish: Islington Planning reference: n/a NGR: TQ 30490 85911 Client name and address: Seventh Day Adventist Church, 381 Holloway Road, Islington, N7 0RN Project Reference: HN1234 Other ref: n/a Site Status: Archaeological Priority Reason for report: Due Diligence Area (APA6) Position in planning process: Pre-application Project brief originator: n/a Project type Desk-based assessment Archive Recipient: n/a Synopsis: In order to advise the local planning authority on the possible archaeological risks involved in the remodelling of the Seventh Day Adventist Church, 381 Holloway Road, Islington, London, the Heritage Network was commissioned to prepare a Desk-based Archaeological Assessment to consider the archaeological potential of the site and the likely impact of any development on known and unknown heritage assets in the vicinity. The site is located on the south-western side of Holloway Road, within the Lower Holloway Archaeological Priority Area, which encompasses the site of Lower Holloway medieval hamlet. The present study has demonstrated that the site lies in an area with a Low potential for the survival of buried remains of Early Prehistoric to Early Medieval date, increasing to a Moderate potential for remains of Medieval date and a High potential for remains of Post-medieval and Modern date. The potential significance of such remains, should they be present on the site, may be considered to be Major for all periods up to the Early Medieval, reducing to Moderate for the Medieval and Post-medieval periods and Negligible for the Modern period. Any remains that mi ght survive are, however, likely to have been severely truncated by the 19 th and 20 th century development and redevelopment of the site. On the basis of the risks defined in the present report, it is unlikely that any intrusive investigation would be requi red in advance of the determination of the planning application for the proposed development. Nor are the

H:\Projects\HN1201-1300\HN1234\Post_Ex\Report\HN1234_DBA.doc Page i SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment defined risks of sufficient significance as to warrant the refusal of the planning application on archaeological grounds. However, the LPA may choose to request a programme of archaeological investigation and recording of any remains that might be lost (in whole or in part), in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, should permission be granted. Such a programme would be likely to ta ke the form of monitoring of the development groundworks followed by the appropriate recording of those archaeological features and deposits that were directly impacted by the development groundworks. The church is a locally listed building, and therefore deemed to be a heritage asset. However, the proposed works are not considered likely to have a significant detrimental effect on the building. It is not considered that the proposed development would have any direct impact on other historic buildings in the vicinity, and the indirect impact on the settings of nearby listed buildings and the adjacent Conservation Area are considered to be Negligible .

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1. Introduction

1.1 This report has been prepared at the request of Jane Duncan Architects, acting on behalf of the Holloway Seventh Day Adventist Church, as a Desk-based Archaeological Assessment covering a proposed internal remodelling and replacement of an existing rear extension at the Seventh Day Adventist Church, 381 Holloway Road, Islington. In line with the provisions set out in Paragraph 128 of the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012), the study is intended to advise the planning authority on the heritage implications for the proposed works on the church. 1.2 The study area, centred on NGR TQ 30490 85911, is located on the south-western side of Holloway Road, close to the junction between Holloway Road, Seven Sisters Road and Parkhurst Road. It is bounded to the north-east by the Holloway Road, to the north-west by the City and Islington College, to the south-east by no.379 Holloway Road and to the south- west by the rear boundaries nos.30-36 Warlters Road (Figure 1). 1.3 The present report is intended to provide a baseline assessment of the potential of the site, in terms of archaeology and the historic environment. It forms part of the pre-application requirements of the LPA, as detailed in correspondence dated 16 September 2015.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.4 The aim of the present document has been to provide: • an overview of the history of land use on and within 500m of the study area based on data from the Greater London Historic Environment Record (GLHER) and other relevant and readily accessible sources; • an assessment by period of the risk that development of the study area would encounter below ground heritage assets (defined as structures, features, deposits and the artefacts and ecofacts associated with them, positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions); • an assessment of the significance of such assets in relation to established regional research criteria; • an assessment of the impact of previous land use on the site on the survival of such heritage assets or potential heritage assets; • an assessment of the impact of the present development proposals on the survival of such heritage assets or potential heritage assets; • recommendations for an appropriate strategy to mitigate the identified impacts on the survival of such heritage assets or potential heritage assets.

1.5 The research has followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Desk-based Assessments published by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA), and includes reference, where appropriate, to: • Archaeological databases; • Historical documents; • Cartographic and pictorial documents; • Secondary and statutory sources.

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COMPETENCE 1.6 The Heritage Network is an independent practice specialising in archaeology and the historic environment. Founded in 1992, the company has undertaken a wide variety of commercial archaeological projects for clients involved in housing and industrial development, pipeline and road construction, agriculture and landscaping. As a Registered Organisation , the company is monitored annually by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists to ensure that its work meets the highest professional standards. 1.7 Projects are administered and co-ordinated by David Hillelson, the Heritage Network's Managing Director, an established archaeologist with extensive experience of the management of archaeological projects in both urban and rural environments. He holds an honours degree in archaeology from the University of Durham, and is a Member of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. He has been the practice’s principal officer since 1992. 1.8 Research projects are managed by Helen Ashworth. She holds a degree in English and History from Middlesex Polytechnic, a Post-graduate Diploma in Librarianship, a Post- graduate Certificate in Field Archaeology from the University of Oxford, and she is an Associate of the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. She has over thirty years of practical archaeological experience in local government, with the Royal Commission for the Historical Monuments of England, and in private practice.

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2. Baseline Data

TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 2.1 The site is located on the south-western side of Holloway Road, approximately 70m to the south-east of the junction with Seven Sisters Road and Parkhurst Road. It lies on fairly level ground, at approximately 35mAOD, on the lower slopes of a ridge which rises north- west towards Highgate.

2.2 Islington lies within London Character Area 5, the Hampstead Ridge, which extends north-east from Ealing towards Finsbury (London Landscape Framework website). The ridge, which is built from a series of summits, including Highgate Wood, Hanger Lane and Parliament Hill, is bordered by the Brent River to the north and west and the Grand Union Canal to the south. The dominant urban form consists of Victorian terraces, with a number of historic cores, such as Camden and Willesden. 2.3 Locally the soils belong to Soilscape 18, described as Slowly permeable seasonally wet, slightly acid, but base-rich, loamy and clayey soils (Land Information System website). This soil type is noted as supporting neutral and acid pastures and deciduous woodlands.

2.4 The underlying geology consists of clays, silts and sands of the London Clay Formation, a Sedimentary bedrock formed approximately 34 to 56 million years ago in the Palaeogene Period (British Geological Survey website). At that time the local environment was dominated by deep seas.

HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT Introduction 2.5 The site lies within Archaeological Priority Area 6 (as defined in the Unitary Development Plan for the London Borough of Islington), which encompasses the medieval settlement of Lower Holloway.

2.6 The Greater London Historic Environment Record (HER) lists all documented heritage assets within the London Borough of Islington, including evidence of archaeological activity, ranging from chance finds to full-scale excavations (Appendix 1). It was consulted on 09 November 2015.

2.7 This section details the recorded archaeological evidence for a radius of 500m from the centre of the present site (the study area), in chronological order (Figure 2). All distances have been measured from a central point within the site (NGR 530478 185927) unless otherwise stated.

Earlier Prehistoric: Palaeolithic (–500,000bp to –10,000bp) to Mesolithic ( -10,000bp to –4,000bp)

2.8 No evidence for earlier prehistoric activity has been recorded from within the study area.

Later Prehistoric: Neolithic (-4,000bc to -2,200bc) to Bronze Age (-2,500bc to -700bc)

2.9 No evidence for later prehistoric activity has been recorded from within the study area.

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Iron Age (-700bc to AD 43) 2.10 No evidence for Iron Age activity has been recorded from within the study area.

Romano-British (AD43 to AD410) 2.11 No evidence for Roman activity has been recorded from within the study area.

Early Medieval (AD 410 TO AD 1066) 2.12 Although no evidence for early medieval activity has been identified from within the study area, a small settlement known as Tollington is recorded in the Islington area c.AD1000, at which period it was to provide two men for a ship (Baggs et al 1985). The manor of Tollington, which may have lain near the junction between the modern Seven Sisters Road and Hornsey Road, is also recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 (ibid). Before 1066, it had been held by Edwin, a man of King Edward’s.

2.13 An unnamed manor in Islington, later called Barnsbury, was also clearly established in the late Saxon period as it is recorded in the Domesday Survey of 1086 (Baggs et al 1985). Prior to 1066, this manor had been divided equally between Sigaræd, a canon of St Paul’s, and the other canons, to form desmense land.

Medieval (1066 to 1540) 2.1 The Domesday Survey of 1086 records the then unnamed manor as being held by Hugh de Bernières from the Bishop of London (Williams & Martin 2003, 359). The estate, which was assessed at 5 hides and 1 virgate (approximately 630 acres), contained enough arable land for 4 plough teams, a watermill, sufficient meadow to graze the plough oxen and sufficient oak or beech woodland to feed 150 pigs. Twelve households are recorded as living on the manor, giving an estimated population of between 48 and 60.

2.2 The site of a moated medieval manor (MLO46051) lies approximately 250m to the north-west of the site, on the northern side of Tufnell Park Road. This appears to represent an earlier moated dwelling, which was subsequently rebuilt after it became the site of the manor of Barnsbury (MLO16283). The evidence suggests that the manor of Barnsbury moved there from its original location in the area of Barnsbury Square. A number of medieval outbuildings are known to have existed on the site, including stables (MLO46053) and a brewhouse (MLO46602). These may have belonged to the earlier building. The site of a medieval barn (MLO46052), which lies approximately 370m to the north of the present site, may also have belonged to the earlier building.

2.3 Archaeological fieldwork at 2 & 4-4a Tufnell Park Road (ELO13984), carried out by the Museum of London in 2014, revealed part of the line of an L-shaped ditch, approximately 1.60m wide and around 1.20m deep (Anon 2015). This feature has been interpreted as part of the moat, shown on Dent’s parish map dated 1805-6. Finds recovered from the fills of the ditch, which include clay tobacco pipe fragments and pottery sherds, indicate that it was open until the 19 th century and is likely to have been deliberately backfilled when this area was developed.

2.4 Tollington manor answered for 2 hides in 1086 (approximately 120 acres) and was held by Ranulph, brother of Ilger. Nine households are recorded as living on the estate, giving an

H:\Projects\HN1201-1300\HN1234\Post_Ex\Report\HN1234_DBA.doc Page 4 SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment estimated population of between 36 and 45. There was a small amount of arable land, sufficient for 2 plough teams, enough pasture for the livestock, and woodland for 60 pigs.

2.5 The site of the moat to Tollington manor (MLO28508) lies on Kinloch Street, approximately 500m to the north-east. A second irregular moated site (MLO43683) associated with Tollington manor, is located on Hercules Street, approximately 236m NNW. The moat was still open in the 19 th century.

2.6 The hamlets of Lower and Upper Holloway take their name from the Holloway Road, known as ‘Le Holeweye’ (the road in a hollow) by 1307 (Hidden London website). The road, which had become the main route to the north (the Great North Road, now the A1) from the city of London by this date, attracted settlement to the area. Three distinct hamlets, Ring Cross, Lower Holloway and Upper Holloway, are known to have existed along the road by the 16 th century (Baggs et al 1985).

2.7 The present site lies in the centre of the hamlet of Lower Holloway (Archaeological Priority Area 6) which extended north-west along the road for approximately 500m, from the junction of Holloway Road with Tollington Road and Camden Road to the junction with Windsor Road. The hamlet grew as ribbon development along the Holloway Road, with medieval houses (MLO1489) known to have existed on the north-eastern side of the road, approximately 325m to the north-west. By the mid 15 th century Holloway had several inns and was occupied by copyholders and craftsmen (Baggs et al 1985).

2.8 The site lies approximately 90m to the south of the south-western end of Seven Sisters Road (MLO356), which runs north-east from Holloway Road to Tottenham. This road, although built in 1833 to provide improved access from Tottenham to Westminster, has medieval origins in a series of lanes linking the Great North Road with the Cambridge Road. The stretch of road between Holloway and the medieval settlement at Stroud Green was formerly known as Hearne Lane (Seven Sisters Stories). It was renamed in the 1830s after a local legend, which tells that seven elm trees were planted in a ring around a walnut tree by the roadside at Page Green, at the north-eastern end of the road, by seven sisters about to go their separate ways (Hidden London website). Some versions of the tale claim that the planters were the sisters of Robert the Bruce, whose family had an estate near Tottenham. The trees are known to have existed in the 17 th and 18 th centuries, though the walnut had died by 1790. The original elm trees, which were at least 500 hundred years old, were removed around 1840, but were replaced by other groups of seven trees in the 19th and 20 th centuries, with varying rates of survival (Seven Sisters Trees).

Post-medieval (1540 to 1901); Modern (1901 to present) 2.9 Until the late 18 th century the Holloway Road, between the three hamlets of Ring Cross, Lower Holloway and Upper Holloway, was flanked by fields, largely used for dairying. The Holloway cheesecake was a renowned local delicacy. The early general maps of London’s hinterland, such as Cary’s Map of 15 miles around London, dated 1786 (not illustrated), tend to show buildings along the north-eastern side of Holloway Road at Lower Holloway, while the south-western side remains undeveloped. This may reflect the historical influence of the manorial site to the north.

2.10 Settlement, in the form of individual villas or small terraces, started to spread out along Holloway Road from London from the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries. Dent’s map of

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Islington, drawn in 1805-6 (not illustrated), shows that development had not spread to the present site on the south-western side of the road, stopping just to the north of the junction with Hornsey Lane, apart from a small row of dwellings to the north of Mead Lane (now Camden Road). However, the north-eastern side of the road was lined with villas and terraces, including Holloway Terrace, directly opposite the site.

2.11 Mid- to late 19 th century maps reveal that the present site and its immediate environs was occupied by terraced housing, with gardens to front and back. Seven Sisters Road and Parkhurst Road (originally Park Road) were built before 1848, creating the triangle defined by Camden Road and Parkhurst Road that survives to the present. Charles Booth’s Poverty map of London, 1891, shows that the present site and its environs were occupied by middle class, well to do inhabitants (Booth’s Poverty map – not illustrated).

2.12 The church on the present site was designed by Samuel Yeo as the National Adventist Conference Headquarters and constructed around 1927-8 (Pre-application response, Islington Borough Council). Adventism reached the British Isles from America in the late 1870s, but the British Union was not created until 1903 (Adventist History). In 1902, Duncombe Hall, on Hornsey Road, was founded as the first training college for pastors. By 1914, there were 2,617 Adventists in Britain. However, the onset of the First World War impacted on the growth of the church, which struggled to increase membership during the 20 th century, though it experienced mini-revivals in the 1930s and 1950s. More recently membership of the British Union has grown with increased immigration from former British colonies (ibid).

2.13 A number of places of public entertainment were located close to the site. The Parkhurst Theatre, on the junction between Parkhurst Road and Holloway Road, opened in 1890 and was rebuilt in 1898. It became a cinema around 1909, which was used for other public events, but was closed in the early 1930s following a series of fights at whist drives (Baggs et al 1985).

2.14 The Marlborough Theatre was built immediately to the north of the site for FW Purcell by Messrs Patman and Fatheringham in the early 20 th century (Marlborough Theatre [2] website). It was designed by the renowned theatre architect, Frank Matcham, with an audience capacity of 2,612. The theatre opened on October 5 th , 1903, with a week of performances by the Carla Rosa Opera Company. In 1918, it was converted to cinema use by Provincial Cinematograph Theatres, re-opening on May 28 th as the Marlborough Picture Theatre. The cinema was taken over in 1929 by Gaumont British Theatres, who continued to run it until it closed in 1940, due to the war. In March 1942 it was re-opened by Odeon Theatres Ltd, but with a reduced capacity of 1,685. The last films were shown in August 1957 and the building was demolished in 1962 and replaced by an office block called Marlborough House, currently used by the City and Islington College.

2.15 The Nag’s Head public house lay on the junction between Holloway Road and Seven Sisters Road. It is a locally listed building (L2869), which formed the northern end of Holloway Terrace and was built before 1805; it is marked on Weller’s map of London, dated 1862. Until the mid-19 th century, the Nag’s Head marked the edge of London’s northward spread and was the terminus for its first tramway in 1871 (Hidden London). The pub, which closed in 2004 and is now used as an amusement arcade, has given its name to one of the two main town centres in the borough.

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Cartographic 2.16 The earliest map consulted for the present site is Dent’s map of the Parish of Islington, drawn 1805-6 (Dent’s map – not illustrated). This shows that the present site lay in a narrow strip of land bordering the road, with a large field to the rear. The line of the modern Seven Sisters Road follows a field boundary or possible track running west from Hornsey Road, which meets Holloway Road on the north side of a row of terraced housing, with gardens to front and back, named as Holloway Terrace. Parkhurst Road and Tufnell Park Road did not exist at this date. 2.16.1 The site of Barnsbury manor is shown as an irregularly shaped moat, marked as ‘Supposed remains of Roman Camp’. A milestone, marked as ‘3 Mile Stone’ lies on the edge of the narrow strip of land bordering the road and just to the south-east of the moat. 2.16.2 Camden Road, to the south, is named as Mead Lane, with a lane, later Caledonian Road, running south-west off its eastern end. Three small blocks of housing lie to the north of Mead Lane. 2.17 A Plan of the Parish of St Mary, Islington, surveyed by R. Creighton and dated 1848, shows that the crossroads between Seven Sisters Road and Parkhurst Road, then called Park Road, had been established by this time, forming the present road layout (Creighton’s map – not illustrated). The present site is located in a block of land bounded by Holloway Road to the east, Parkhurst Road to the north, Warlters Road to the west and Camden Road to the south. 2.17.1 The site consists of a narrow plot, running west from the main road. A block of housing is shown set back from Holloway Road, with a long rear garden to the north of Warlters Buildings. 2.18 The Islington Tithe map of 1849 (LMA DL/TI/A/029/A) shows the site in detail. At this date the area between Camden Road and Park Road was occupied by a row of terraced houses set back from Holloway Road behind front gardens, with a rear garden extending west to the back lane, later called Warlters Road (Figure 3). The present site forms part of Plot 189, one of the three wider properties along this stretch of the road. 2.18.1 The accompanying Tithe Award, dated 1848-9 (LMA DL/TI/A/029/B), records that the property, which was described as a house and garden, was owned by John Warlters and occupied by Jonas Wilks. It measured 2 roods and 10 perches and was assessed at 3s 9d, payable to the vicar of St Mary’s Church, Islington. 2.18.2 The neighbouring plots to north and south were also owned by John Warlters. Plot 188, which was the same size as Plot 189 and assessed at the same titheable rate, was occupied by Richard Marshall Phillips, while Plot 190 only measured 38 perches and had no tithes due. 2.19 Edward Weller’s Map of London, dated 1862 (LMA RM16/N) appears to show a number of changes to the site (Figure 4). The present site is shown as occupied by a pair of semi-detached houses, flanked by a detached house to the north and a row of terraced houses, named as Warlters Buildings, to the south. The properties form part of Lansdowne Place, which continues to the north of Park Road.

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2.19.1 A small number of buildings are shown on the eastern side of Warlters Road, with an L-shaped terrace, called Camden Place, fronting Camden Road and Warlters Road to the south of the site. 2.20 The 1st edition OS map of 1871-3 shows the site in more detail (Figure 5). The dwelling, which comprises the northern half of a pair of semi-detached houses, with an L- shaped extension on its north elevation and an outbuilding to the north, is set back from Holloway Road behind a front garden. A set of steps leads up to the house from the front garden, which has a circular drive flanked by shrubberies and a small bed in the centre. A small conservatory is located against the rear elevation of the house. Behind the house, the garden is laid to lawns and trees, separated by paths. 2.20.1 The north elevation of the northern half of the row adjoins a small outbuilding, which extends into the neighbouring property. 2.20.2 The properties on the south-western side of the road are much wider than those on the north-eastern side, suggesting that the occupants of the present site were relatively wealthy. 2.21 The OS map of 1920 shows considerable changes to the immediate environs of the study area (Figure 6). The houses and gardens to the north of the site have gone and two large buildings have been erected on their sites, separated by a narrow passage. The building immediately to the north is the Marlborough Theatre, that on the corner of Parkhurst Road and Holloway Road is labelled as a Picture Theatre on the OS map of 1915 (OS Maps, not illustrated).

2.22 By 1936, the former dwelling had been demolished and replaced by the present church building (Figure 7). This is a rectangular building with an extension on the south elevation. A small building is marked against the rear boundary to the plot. 2.22.1 The terrace to the south of the site has apparently been demolished and rebuilt on a different line, closer to Holloway Road and forward of the church. The new house plots are also considerably narrower and have shorter gardens. 2.22.2 A narrow passage runs along the rear boundaries of the new buildings, with a covered access from Holloway Road and an entrance from Camden Road, past rows of small outbuildings or garages. 2.22.3 A row of terraced houses now fronts the eastern side of Warlters Road. 2.22.4 The theatre to the north is marked as a picture theatre, while the former picture theatre on the corner has been replaced by a hall and a club building. The passage between the theatre and the buildings to the north is named as Macready Place. 2.23 Although no significant changes are visible on the present site on the OS map of 1951- 2, a number of significant changes have occurred in its immediate vicinity (Figure 8). A rectangular structure, running south from the south-western corner of the south boundary to the present site, is marked on the map. The former hall and club building on the corner between Parkhurst Road and Holloway Road have apparently been rebuilt as a single large structure.

2.24 A number of changes are marked on the OS map of 1967-8 (Figure 9). An extension has been added to the rear of the church by this date and the theatre immediately to the north

H:\Projects\HN1201-1300\HN1234\Post_Ex\Report\HN1234_DBA.doc Page 8 SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment has been demolished and replaced by a rectangular block which links to the buildings along Warlters Road.

2.25 By 1984, the rectangular block to the north of the site had been remodelled to form an L-shaped block (Figure 10). The OS map of 1963-73 marks this as the offices of the Automobile Association (OS maps – not illustrated).

Scheduled Monuments (SM) 2.26 No Scheduled Monuments are located within a 2km radius of the present site. Archaeological Priority Area (APA) 2.27 The present site lies within the APA which encompasses Lower Holloway Medieval settlement (DLO35607). 2.28 Three other APAs are located within the study area, including the early site of Barnsbury moated manor house (DLO35618), located towards the northern end of Lower Holloway, to the north-west of Seven Sisters Road, approximately 250m to the north-west. 2.29 The site of Tollington’s moated manor house (DLO35617) lies on the eastern side of Hornsey Road, approximately 400m to the north-east. The medieval settlement at Tollington (DLO35605) lies to the north-west of the manor, approximately 500m to the north-east. Registered Battlefields 2.30 No Registered Battlefields are recorded within a 2km radius of the present site.

Registered Parks and Gardens 2.31 No Registered Parks and Gardens are recorded within a 500m radius of the present site.

2.32 Finsbury Park, a Grade II registered park, lies approximately 1.4km to the NNE. This is London’s second municipal park, laid out in 1866-9 by Frederick Manable and Alexander Mackenzie. It encompasses the site of Hornsey Wood House, a popular tea house and pleasure gardens from the mid-18 th century to the mid-19 th century. The house was demolished in 1866.

2.33 Clissold Park, a Grade II registered park, lies approximately 2km to the north-east. It was laid out in the late 19 th century in the landscaped grounds of a late 18 th century house, which was known by several names, including Paradise House and The Park.

Ancient Woodland 2.34 No blocks of ancient woodland lie within a 2km radius of the present site.

Listed Buildings 2.35 Nine listed buildings are located within the study area. They are all of Grade II status and date to between the early 19 th century and the 1930s.

2.36 The earliest buildings are of early 19 th century date, comprising semi-detached houses forming part of the North Library, Manor Gardens (MLO86753), and a pair of semi-detached houses that form the west wing to the Manor Gardens Health and Community Centre (MLO86195). A row of terraced houses on Tufnell Park Road (MLO86067), date to around

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1840-50, while a Emmanuel Court, a former vicarage on Hornsey Road (MLO86364), dates to 1860.

2.37 Late 19 th century buildings include no.52 Seven Sisters Road (MLO86057), which dates to 1891, and a laundry centre at Montem Primary School, Hornsey Road (MLO86776), which dates to 1897.

2.38 Early 20 th century buildings include the public library in Manor Gardens (MLO 86196), built in 1905-6, and the Islington War Memorial arch in Manor Gardens (MLO102555). This arch is all that remains of the casualty department at the Royal Northern Hospital, built in 1923 as a memorial to those from Islington who were killed in the First World War. The latest building is the Odeon Cinema on the corner of Holloway Road and Tufnell Park Road (MLO86880), which was built in 1937-8.

Locally Listed Buildings 2.39 A number of buildings in the study area are not statutorily listed, but are deemed to be heritage assets. These include the Seventh Day Adventist Church itself, which is Locally Listed Grade B (L3821) and is described as ‘one of the few distinguished buildings on this stretch of Holloway Road’ (Pre-application response, Islington Borough Council). The most significant element is the symmetrical facade, which is in free classical style, faced in brown brick with rusticated dressings (Figure 11).

2.40 A number of other locally listed buildings are located on the north-eastern side of Holloway Road, immediately opposite the present site (Islington Council Planning Constraints map). These include the surviving buildings from Holloway Terrace, which is marked on maps from at least the early 19 th century.

Conservation Areas (CA) 2.41 The site borders the eastern edge of Hillmarton Conservation Area (CA32), which covers the inter-war properties along Warlters Road and Warlters Close.

2.42 The site is located within the Nag’s Head town centre, one of two major centres for retail and employment in Islington (Islington Council 2007). The area is named for the former Nag’s Head public house, located on the junction between Seven Sisters Road and Holloway Road. The pub, which forms the northern end of Holloway Terrace, is marked on Weller’s map, dated 1862.

2.43 The area covered by the Nag’s Head is focused around the Seven Sisters Road / Holloway Road junction, extending north and south along Holloway Road and east along Seven Sisters Road. Warlters Road forms part of its western boundary. Until approximately 20 years ago, this was the Borough’s main shopping centre. It is noted as being historically important in the development of the borough, containing a number of architecturally and historically interesting buildings, including the present site (Islington Council 2007).

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3. Risk, Significance & Impact Assessments

ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RISK 3.1 The potential risk that remains of a particular archaeological period might be encountered in the course of the proposed development has been considered in the context of the documented existence of other such remains within the study area or in its immediate vicinity. 3.2 The risk of encountering archaeological remains of a particular period on the present site has been classified as High , Moderate or Low. This risk is assessed below. Early Prehistoric (Palaeolithic – Mesolithic) 3.3 No evidence for early prehistoric activity has been recorded within the study area. It is likely that the heavy London Clays on the ridges was not attractive at this period, unlike the lighter soils of the Thames gravels to the south. 3.4 On this basis, the risk of encountering features and finds of early prehistoric date, particularly worked flints, in the course of development may be considered to be Low. Later Prehistoric (Neolithic – Bronze Age) 3.5 No evidence of later prehistoric activity has been recorded within the study area. 3.6 On this basis the risk of encountering features and finds of late prehistoric date in the course of development on the present site may be considered to be Low. Iron Age 3.7 No evidence for Iron Age activity has been recorded from within the study area. 3.8 On this basis, the risk of encountering features and finds of Iron Age date in the course of development may be considered to be Low. Romano-British 3.9 Although London and its environs were well settled in the Roman period, no evidence for activity of this period has been recorded from within the study area. The Domesday Book of 1086 records reasonable amounts of woodland surviving on the local manors, and its possible that this area was heavily wooded in the Roman and early medieval period. 3.10 On this basis, the risk of encountering features and finds of Romano-British date in the course of development may be considered to be Low. Early medieval 3.11 Documentary evidence indicates sporadic settlement in the Islington area by the late Saxon period, with small estates at Barnsbury and Tollington. However, no evidence for early medieval settlement has been recorded from within the study area. 3.12 On this basis, the risk of encountering features or finds of early medieval date in the course of development may be considered to be Low. Medieval 3.13 The present site lies within the area of Lower Holloway medieval hamlet, one of the three hamlets that had developed along the Hollow Way by the 14 th century. Early post- medieval mapping appears to suggest, however, that the south-western side of the road was

H:\Projects\HN1201-1300\HN1234\Post_Ex\Report\HN1234_DBA.doc Page 11 SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment less developed that the north-eastern side, being largely fields. It is possible that, if this was the case during the medieval period, the site of the moated manor to the north-west of the site may have inhibited development on this side of the road. 3.14 On this basis, the risk of encountering features or finds of medieval date, particularly associated with agricultural activities, in the course of development may be considered to be Moderate. Post-medieval and Modern 3.15 Post-medieval mapping has demonstrated that the site lay in a narrow strip of land between Holloway Road and a large field in the early 19 th century, but had been developed by the late 1840s. Until the late 1920s the site was occupied by at least one dwelling set back from the road frontage behind a small front garden. The mapping indicates that the dwelling on the site was rebuilt a number of times over the course of the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries. 3.16 On this basis the risk of encountering features and finds of post-medieval and modern date, particularly relating to the 19 th and 20 th century dwellings and outbuildings, in the course of development may be considered to be High . Hydrology 3.17 The site lies on a gentle slope and the local soils are described as slowly permeable. No open bodies of water or watercourses are shown on the available mapping. 3.18 On this basis the potential for the survival of waterlogged archaeological or environmental deposits across the study area is considered to be Negligible.

ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE 3.19 The London regional research framework has identified a number of research themes, including the importance of studying the landscape archaeology of the early prehistoric period with the aim of reconstructing the environment and ecology over this period, identifying and researching settlement sites, and the relationship between the location of monuments and the landscape. The potential significance of any archaeological remains which may be present within the study area has been considered by period in the context of the published research frameworks for London (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). The significance has been classified as Major , Moderate , Minor or Insignificant , as defined below: • Major signifies that any surviving archaeological remains are of national or regional significance. They may represent site types that are less frequently found in the archaeological record, or that have the potential to provide more information to the identified national and regional research agenda. • Moderate signifies that any surviving archaeological remains are of regional or local interest. They represent sites or features more commonly found in the archaeological record or that are unlikely to add significantly to our existing knowledge . • Minor indicates that any surviving archaeological remains have limited significance, at a purely local level. • Insignificant indicates that any features or finds encountered during development have no archaeological value in the context of the present study. Sites or periods with this designation are likely to contain common modern and well-recorded features

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Early Prehistoric (Palaeolithic – Mesolithic) 3.20 The regional research framework has identified a number of research themes, including the importance of studying the landscape archaeology of the early prehistoric period with the aim of reconstructing the environment and ecology over this period, identifying and researching settlement sites, and the relationship between the location of monuments and the landscape (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). 3.21 As the current knowledge of the early prehistoric period in Greater London has been largely the result of chance finds, particularly of groups of artefacts recovered from Pleistocene deposits relating to floodplain gravels, and little evidence for occupation has, so far, been identified, the significance of any potential remains of early prehistoric date within the study area should be considered to be Major . Later Prehistoric (Neolithic – Bronze Age) 3.22 The regional research framework has identified the development and use of the landscape, including tree clearance, the development of agriculture and the extent and character of later prehistoric settlement in the Greater London area, as important research topics (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). 3.23 As the majority of the known sites of this period consist of groups of chance finds or cropmarks recorded on aerial photographs, the significance of any potential remains of later prehistoric date within the study area should be considered to be Major. Iron Age 3.24 A number of research topics have been highlighted for the Iron Age in the regional research framework (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). These include the development of agriculture, the location and distribution of settlements and the Bronze Age – Iron Age transition period. 3.25 No evidence for Iron Age activity has been recovered from the vicinity of the site. Therefore the significance of any potential remains of this period on the present site should be considered to be Major . Late pre-Roman Iron Age & Romano-British 3.26 A number of relevant topics have been identified for the late Iron Age - Romano-British period in the regional research framework (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). These include the late Iron Age – Roman transition period, the Roman – early medieval transition period, the study of trade and communications networks, settlement distribution and morphology, the relationship between settlements and landscape and the exploitation of the landscape. 3.27 No evidence for late Iron Age or Roman activity has been recovered from within the study area. Therefore the significance of any potential remains of this period on the present site should be considered to be Major . Early Medieval 3.28 A number of relevant research topics have been highlighted for the early medieval period in the regional research framework, including the characterisation of early medieval settlement, the agrarian economy and land use changes, and the Roman – Saxon transition period (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011).

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3.29 Although the documentary evidence indicates scattered settlement by at least the late 10 th century, no evidence for activity of this period has been recorded from within the study area. Therefore the significance of any potential remains of this period on the site should be considered to be Major. Medieval 3.30 A number of relevant research topics have been highlighted by the regional research framework, including rural settlement diversity, the relationships of manorial sites to villages and medieval field systems (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). 3.31 Potential remains of medieval date that contribute to an understanding of medieval field systems are considered to be of regional and local importance and, on this basis, the significance of such remains should be considered to be Moderate . Post-medieval and Modern 3.32 A number of relevant research topics have been highlighted by the regional research framework, including the study of the development and growth of London, the changes in house design and construction materials, the management of the landscape for the supply of food and the development of communication routes (Nixon et al 2002, Rowsome et al 2011). 3.33 Potential remains of post-medieval date are considered to be of regional and local interest and importance and, on this basis, the significance of such remains should be considered to be Moderate. 3.34 Potential remains of modern date should be considered to be Insignificant.

IMPACT OF PREVIOUS LAND USE 3.35 The study area is located on the south-western side of Holloway Road, a route which has existed since at least the medieval period. 3.36 The cartographic evidence demonstrates that the site is likely to have remained undeveloped until the mid 19 th century. By 1849, it was occupied by part of a row of terraced dwellings, with front and rear gardens. Weller’s map of 1862, shows a pair of semi-detached buildings on the site, while the OS 1 st edition map of 1871-3, shows the northern half of a pair of semis, with an outbuilding to the north, a layout which appears to have survived into the 1920s. The church was built on the site in the late 1920s. 3.37 The 1 st edition OS map shows details of the layout to the front and rear gardens, which included a circular courtyard, lawns, trees and shrubberies. Access steps to the gardens are marked at the front and rear of the house, suggesting that the building had a lower ground floor. Photographs and surveys prepared for the present project show a slope at the front of the building from west to east. The church has a below ground plant room, approximately 2.30m in height, below the south side of the entrance foyer (Figure 14). 3.38 The accumulated evidence indicates that the major factor affecting the survival of potential archaeological remains on the site is likely to have been the various phases of building and demolition of the dwellings that stood on the site between the 1840s and 1920s, including at least one that is likely to have had a lower ground floor, together with the construction of the present church in the late 1920s. 3.39 Although it is not impossible that potential features and deposits dating to the early post-medieval and earlier periods, in particular structural evidence and deep cut features such

H:\Projects\HN1201-1300\HN1234\Post_Ex\Report\HN1234_DBA.doc Page 14 SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment as pits and ditches, could have survived the impact of 19 th and 20 th century activity on the site, such features and deposits are likely to have been severely truncated.

IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT 3.40 The works for the proposed development are likely to involve the excavation a half- storey basement below the existing building, approximately 1.5m in depth, and an extension to the rear. Such works could damage or destroy any potential underlying archaeological remains.

IMPACT ON SETTING 3.41 English Heritage Guidelines (English Heritage 2010) on the significance of setting in considering a planning application, suggest that the character of the landscape, and its historic associations, contribute to the significance of a heritage asset. 3.42 The church lies on the south-western side of Holloway Road, close to the junction with Seven Sisters Road and Parkhurst Road. To the north is large office block, while to the south is a row of single storey commercial properties with residential apartments above their rear halves. The single storey elements extend forward of the church’s building line. At the rear, between the properties along Holloway Road and those along Warlters Road, a row of modern small single storey industrial units adjoins the western end of the southern boundary. 3.43 A number of listed buildings lie within the study area, the majority being located away from the present site, especially to the north-east on Manor Gardens. As the existing facade will be retained and the majority of the proposed remodelling works are within the church building, none will be affected by the proposed development. 3.44 The church is located within the Nag’s Head town centre and abuts Hillmarton Conservation Area. The building is a Locally Listed building, deemed to be a non-designated heritage asset. The facade is of particular interest and this will remain unaltered. 3.45 Although most of the proposed remodelling is internal, new extensions are proposed at lower ground and ground floor level to the rear of the building and at second floor level. The rear extension will replace an existing flat-roofed prefabricated structure. This will have a sloping roof, running from 6m in height where it meets the church wall, to 2m in height. Although the rear of the site abuts the Hillmarton Conservation Area, the scale of the proposed extension is unlikely to have a detrimental effect the setting of the conservation area, and may improve it by replacing a poor structure. 3.46 The second floor extension is essentially an infill between the east elevation of the Sanctuary Building and the facade. This will be largely masked from the street by the facade, though it will be visible when looking south-east. However, given the scale of the adjacent buildings, the scale and location of the proposed extension is unlikely to have a detrimental effect on the local street scene. 3.47 On this basis, the impact of the proposed remodelling works on the setting of the surrounding area is likely to be Negligible .

MITIGATION Below Ground Archaeological Remains 3.48 The present study has demonstrated that the site lies in an area with a Low potential for the survival of buried remains of Early Prehistoric to Early Medieval date, increasing to a

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Moderate potential for remains of Medieval date and a High potential for remains of Post- medieval and Modern date. • The potential significance of such remains, should they be present on the site, may be considered to be Major for all periods up to the Early Medieval, reducing to Moderate for the Medieval and Post-medieval periods and Negligible for the Modern period. • Any potential remains that might survive on the site are likely to have been severely truncated by the 19 th and 20 th century development and redevelopment of the site. 3.49 On the basis of the risks defined in the present report, it is unlikely that any intrusive investigation would be required in advance of the determination of the planning application for the proposed development. Nor are the defined risks of sufficient significance as to warrant the refusal of the planning application on archaeological grounds. However, in line with the provisions set out in paragraph 141 of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), the LPA, as advised by the Greater London Archaeological Advice Service (GLAAS) of Historic England, may choose to request a programme of archaeological investigation and recording of any remains that might be lost (in whole or in part), in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, should permission be granted. 3.50 Such a programme would be likely to take the form of monitoring of the development groundworks in order to identify such remains, followed by the appropriate recording of those archaeological features and deposits that were directly impacted by the development groundworks and that met the research criteria of the project. 3.51 Such a programme would be secured through the attachment of a standard archaeological condition to the planning permission, drafted in line with the recommendations contained in paragraph 37 of Historic England’s Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning, Note 2 , or a similar condition carried over from earlier adopted advice. Historic Buildings and Conservation Areas 3.52 It is not considered that the proposed development would have any direct impact on statutorily listed buildings, and the indirect impact on the settings of nearby listed buildings is considered to be Negligible . 3.53 The church is a locally listed building, constructed in the late 1920s. Its facade is deemed to be of particular importance and this will be retained. Apart from the excavation of a lower ground floor, the works also propose two extensions to the existing building, comprising one at second floor level between the current east elevation of the Sanctuary Building and the facade, and a sloping roofed rear extension. It is not considered that the proposed remodelling works would have a detrimental effect on the historic building, provided that appropriate materials are used in the construction, in line with Islington Council’s Development Management policies on design and heritage (DM2.1 & DM2.3). 3.54 A number of locally listed buildings are located immediately opposite the present site. As the facade will not be altered and the proposed extensions will be masked either by the facade or by the main building, it is considered that the impact of the proposed remodelling works on other nearby locally listed buildings would be Negligible . 3.55 Although the rear of the site abuts the Hillmarton Conservation Area, it is considered that the scale of the proposed rear extension is unlikely to have a detrimental effect on the setting of the conservation area. The use of appropriate materials, such as brick and slate, to blend in with the existing building, in line with Islington Council’s Development Management

H:\Projects\HN1201-1300\HN1234\Post_Ex\Report\HN1234_DBA.doc Page 16 SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment policies on design and heritage (DM2.1 & DM2.3) is likely to improve the setting of the conservation area by replacing an unsympathetic existing structure.

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4. Sources Consulted

ARCHIVES

Greater London Historic Environment Record (HER) (see Appendix 1) Internet sites Adventist History: http://www.adventisthistory.org.uk/documents/CenturyofAdventism.pdf. Accessed 16 November 2015. Booth’s Poverty Map of London: www.oldmapsonline.org/map/britishlibrary/722BOOTHPOVERTYMAP. Accessed 10 November 2015 Britain from Above: http://www.britainfromabove.org.uk. Accessed 11 November 2015 British Geological Survey: http://www.bgs.ac.uk/opengeoscience/ Accessed 11 November 2015. J. Cary’s map of Fifteen Miles around London, 1786: http://www.motco.com/map/81001/. Accessed 11 November 2015. Creighton’s map, 1848: http://www.oldmapsonline.org/map/britishlibrary/007000000000015U00052000. Date accessed 16 November 2015. Dent’s map, 1805-6: http://www.oldmapsonline.org/map/britishlibrary/007000000000015U00050000. Accessed 10 November 2015. Hidden London: http://hidden-london.com/gazetteer/. Accessed 10 November 2015 Islington Borough Council planning constraints map: http://mapapp.islington.gov.uk/mapthatol/Default.aspx. Accessed 10 November 2015 Journal of the Islington Archaeology & History Society: http://www.clcomms.com/iahs/index.html. Accessed 10 November 2015. Land Information System (Cranfield Institute Soilscapes): http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/. Accessed 11 November 2015. MAGIC: http://www.magic.gov.uk/ Accessed 09 September 2015. Marlborough Theatre [1]: http://www.islingtonslostcinemas.com/portfolio/marlborough-theatre/ Accessed 11 November 2015. Marlborough Theatre [2]: www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/MarlboroughTheatreHolloway/ Accessed 11 November 2015. Nag’s Head: http://pubshistory.com/LondonPubs/Islington/NagsHeadHolloway.shtml. Accessed 18 November 2015. OS maps: www.old-maps.co.uk. Accessed 16 November 2015. Seven Sisters Stories: http://www.sevensistersstories.com/gallery/history-of-road-names. Accessed 12 November 2015. Seven Sisters Trees: http://tottenham-summerhillroad.com/seven_sisters_trees_tottenham_.htm. Accessed 12 November 2015. The London Landscape Framework: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/6540238365130752. Accessed 10 November 2015 BIBLIOGRAPHY Anon 2015 “Holloway’s medieval Moat Found” in Journal of the Islington Archaeology & History Society , Winter 2014-15 Vol. 4, No.4, pp. 8-9 Baggs, A. P., Bolton, D. K. & Croot, P. E. C. 1985 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8, Islington and Stoke Newington Parishes . London: Victoria County History Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) 2012 National Planning Policy Framework. London: The Stationery Office Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS) 2010 Principles of Selection for Listing Buildings. London: The Stationery Office English Heritage 2006 Understanding Historic Buildings: A guide to good recording practice. London: The Stationery Office

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English Heritage 2011a The Setting of Heritage Assets: English Heritage Guidance London: The Stationery Office English Heritage 2011b Introduction to Heritage Assets: Field Systems . London: The Stationery Office Jane Duncan Architects 2015 Holloway Seventh Day Adventist Church, 381 Holloway Road, Islington, N7: Pre-application Presentation Islington Council 2002 Conservation Area 32: Hillmarton . London Borough of Islington Islington Council 2007 Nag’s Head Town Centre Strategy . London Borough of Islington Islington Council 2013 Islington’s Local Plan: Development Management Policies . London Borough of Islington Nixon, T., McAdam, E., Tomber, R. & Swain, H. (eds.) 2002 A Research Framework for London Archaeology . Museum of London & English Heritage Rowsome, P., Baker, D. and Stephenson, R. (eds.) 2011 A Strategy for Researching the Historic Environment of Greater London (final draft). Museum of London Williams, A. & Martin, G.H. (eds.) 2003 Domesday Book: a complete translation . London: Penguin Classics Wood, M. 1990 Domesday, a Search for the Roots of England . London: BBC Classics

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5. Illustrations

Figure 1 ...... Site location Figure 2 ...... HER records Figure 3 ...... Extract from the Islington tithe map, 1849 Figure 4 ...... Extract from Edward Weller’s Map of London, 1862 Figure 5 ...... Extract from the 1 st edition OS map, 1871-3 Figure 6 ...... Extract from the OS map, 1920 Figure 7 ...... Extract from the OS map, 1936 Figure 8 ...... Extract from the OS map 1951-2 Figure 9 ...... Extract from the OS map, 1967-8 Figure 10 ...... Extract from the OS map, 1984 Figure 11 ...... Front elevation Figure 12 ...... Ground floor plan Figure 13 ...... Section AA – AA, existing and proposed Figure 14 ...... Sections BB - BB and CC – CC, as existing

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LB Islington

GREATER LONDON

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Site Location Scale 1:5000 Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey with the permission of the controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, Licence no.100014861 Figure 1

Seventh Day Adventist Church, D HN1234 THE HERITAGE NETWORK LTD 381 Holloway Road, Islington

Scale 1:2000 Extract from the Islington Tithe map, 1849 (LMA DL/TI/A/029/A) Figure 3

Scale 1:5000 Extract from Edward Weller's Map of London (LMA RM16/M) Figure 4 Seventh Day Adventist Church, HN1234 THE HERITAGE NETWORK LTD 381 Holloway Road, Islington

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Ordnance Survey Map, 1920 Scale 1:2000 (c) Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Limited 2015. All rights reserved. Figure 6 Seventh Day Adventist Church, HN1234 THE HERITAGE NETWORK LTD 381 Holloway Road, Islington

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Ordnance Survey Map, 1951-2 Scale 1:2000 (c) Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Limited 2015. All rights reserved. Figure 8 Seventh Day Adventist Church, HN1234 THE HERITAGE NETWORK LTD 381 Holloway Road, Islington

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T T SDA Church, Holloway Road Desk-based Archaeological Assessment

Appendix 1 Extract from Greater London Historic Environment Record Records from a 500m radius beyond the study area in period order (all distances from the site centre)

GLHER NGR (TQ) Period Remarks MLO356 3092 8640 Medieval Seven Sisters Road links the Great North Road with the road to Cambridge, c.90m N. MLO1489 3030 8620 Medieval Site of medieval houses on the Holloway Road, c.325m NW. MLO16283 3030 8610 Medieval Alternative site to Barnsbury Square for the manor of Barnsbury. It was given by the bishop of London, from St Pauls to the de Bernes family, who came over with the conquest. When Tomlins was writing, he stated that the building was no more than 70 years old, but that it was surrounded by an older moat. It is possible that this is a later location. It could be the earlier site of a messuage mentioned by AJ Holloway, so much of the outbuildings (barn, beerhouse and stables) could have belonged to this instead, c.250m NW. MLO16621 3085 8620 Medieval Site of Du Vols House, Hornsey Road. The name 'Du Vols house', , is supposed to have been named after the famous highwayman of that name, who was hanged in the reign of Charles I. A man called Fawcett kept it as a public house. A survey of 1611 shows it standing, with a moat, and also an orchard. Still standing in the 18th century with wide water-filled moat. Moat infilled sometime before 1835, c.460m NE. MLO28364 3085 8620 Medieval A survey of 1611 'De Vols house' [GLHER MLO16621] shows it standing, with a moat, and also an orchard. Still standing in the 18th century with wide water-filled moat. Moat infilled sometime before 1835, c.460m NE. MLO28508 3090 8620 Medieval Site of the moat to Tollington manor, Kinloch Street, c.500m NE. MLO43683 3040 8615 Medieval Site of irregular moat to Tollington manor house on Hercules Street. The moat was still visible in the 19 th century, c.236m NNW. MLO46051 3030 8610 Medieval Site of moat on Holloway Road, c.250m NW. MLO46052 305 863 Medieval Site of medieval barn at Barnsbury manor; the outbuildings could have belonged to an earlier building on the site, c.370m N. MLO46053 3030 8610 Medieval Site of medieval stables, belonging to Barnsbury manor; the outbuildings could have belonged to an earlier building on the site, c.250m NW. MLO46602 3030 8610 Medieval Site of brewhouse belonging to Barnsbury manor; the outbuildings could have belonged to an earlier building on the site, c.250m NW. MLO20420 3054 8578 Post-medieval Tram substation on Camden Road. 1907 designed by EV Harris for LCC. Stock brick with stone dressings. Interior: metal framed roof structure. Moveable workshop gantry on longitudinal rails, c.160m SSE. MLO102771 30549 85561 Post-medieval Penn Road, a protected square as designated under the London to modern Squares Preservation Act of 1931. Garden enclosure situated at the eastern end of Penn Road and abutting on Caledonian Road. Protected under the London Squares and Enclosures (Preservation) Act, 1906 which prohibits building on the enclosure during the lifetime of the present Lord Islington. Maintained by Islington Borough Council since freehold acquired in 1921. Triangular area laid out with a well-kept lawn, flower beds and some well-grown trees. The freehold of the site was acquired by Islington Borough Council in 1921 and an Act of Parliament of 1906 prevented building on the enclosure in the lifetime of Lord Islington. In 1928 it is described as a 'triangular area attractively laid out with well- kept lawn, flower beds, shrubs, well grown trees'. The triangular lawn that takes up most of the garden is retained by low stone edging, and has a triangular bed within it with some planting. A perimeter path surrounds the lawn, with niches for benches surrounded by privet hedging, shrub beds to the boundary railings and trees along the boundary, c.375m SSE.

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GLHER NGR (TQ) Period Remarks ELO13457 3028 8590 Modern Assessment of the Parkhurst Road TA Centre was undertaken in 2013 by the English Heritage Assessments team prior to the disposal of the site by the Ministry of Defence. The site dates to the 1950s and is relatively unaltered. The building has a standard layout & an interesting, but not unusual, miniature rifle range, c.200m W. ELO13629 3041 8612 n/a A desk based assessment of Hercules Yard, off Hercules Street by Pre-Construct Archaeology in 2013, indicated that the site has a low potential for prehistoric, Roman & early medieval remains, a moderate to high potential for medieval remains and a high potential for post-medieval remains, c.200m NNW. ELO13984 3027 8607 Medieval – Evaluation at 2 & 4-4a Tufnell Park Road, by MoLAS in 2014 post-medieval encountered a ditch which probably part of the moat surrounding Barnsbury manor. It is likely to be the same ditch marked on Dent’s parish map in 1805-6, that was backfilled in the 19 th century. A brick drain probably relates to the development of the site in the 18 th -19 th century, c.250m NW. ELO8629 30282 86125 Medieval – A desk based assessment was carried out on 429-431 Holloway post-medieval Road by MoLAS in 2007. The report identified little evidence for prehistoric and Roman activity, but the possibility of encountering features associated with the Saxon settlement of Tollington, located to the north-east. A moated medieval manor house may also have been located on the site. The medieval settlement of Holloway was located close to the manor house. Manor Farm, or Manor House, was built on the site in 1725, with associated outbuildings. Early 19 th century buildings are still extant on the site, c.280m NW.

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Appendix 2 Listed Buildings within 750m radius (from HER) reference nos. Name Grade Remarks MLO86067 9-21 Tufnell Park II Detached and semi-detached houses linked to form a terrace. 1840- Road 50. Yellow brick set in Flemish bond, stucco, roofs variously of Welsh and artificial slate and tiles. Two storeys, nos 9-11 over basements; nos 9-11 and 19 three windows each, nos 13-17 two each, no 21 of five-window range and double-fronted. The houses are linked by lower wings with a carriage or subsidiary entrance to the ground floor and one flat-arched window above. Nos 9-11 and 13-15 are two semi-detached pairs, no 17 is a single house, nos 19 and 21 were probably originally a semi-detached pair, no 21 soon extended westwards to become double-fronted. Round-arched entrance with pilasters, cornice and fanlight; nos 9-11 have stucco surround of Corinthian pilasters and entablature, nos 11, 15-21 have panelled doors of original design; nos 19-21 also have stucco surround of Corinthian pilasters and entablature. All windows flat-arched with gauged brick heads; some of the first-floor windows to nos 19-21 with 6/6 sashes of original design; boxed eaves, hipped roofs to main blocks with stacks to party wall except no 17 which has side stacks. Listing NGR TQ 30312 86029. MLO86057 Flat 1, 52 Seven II Shops, offices and perhaps also originally flats. Dated 1891 in a Sisters Road cartouche above the second-floor corner window. Light buff terracotta, roof of slate. Five storeys, two-and-a-half window range to Holloway Road and to Seven Sisters Road, and one-window range to curved corner. The ground floor has 20th century shop fronts except for segmental-arched entrance to northernmost bay in Holloway Road with inscription in frieze 'BATHURST MANSIONS'. Giant order of Corinthian pilasters decorated with elaborate festoons and other ornaments, to first, second and third floors, the first and second floors in two easternmost bays in Seven Sisters Road and two southernmost in Holloway Road treated as an arcade with round archivolts springing from just above the bases of the pilasters; first-floor windows flat-arched, the full-bay windows with scrolled consoles to the lintels except on the southernmost window in Holloway Road; the second floor has flat-arched pediments to the windows in half bays, tripartite windows stepped in height under the arcade, and flat-arched windows flanked by piers to the corner. The third floor has flat- arched windows, bulbous fluted corbelled balconies over the centre of the archivolts, and grotesque heads in sunk foliage roundels to either side of the balconies. Entablature with ornate frieze of festoons and heads in roundels under modillion cornice; balustraded parapet interrupted by massively ornate dormers with scrolled consoles, pilasters, enriched frieze and pediment with arabesque ornament to tympanum; at the corner, a contrastingly plain circular tower with Lombard frieze supporting cornice but roof or other details above now missing. Mansard roof with elaborate iron cresting, pilasters to stacks. A good example of elaborate late Victorian commercial terracotta work, and very striking in the broad streetscape of Holloway Road. Listing NGR TQ 30467 86032.

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reference nos. Name Grade Remarks MLO86364 Flat 1, II Former vicarage. 1860. Possibly by Robert Lewis Roumieu and Emmanuel Court, Alexander Dick Gough. Yellow and brown brick set in Flemish bond, 147 Hornsey white brick set in English bond, red brick dressings, stucco, roof of Road Welsh slate. Italianate in style. The principal elevation faces south: two storeys and dormers, three-window range, double-fronted; the centre set back slightly. Rusticated pilaster strips as quoins. Stuccoed porch with round-arched entrance, cornice on consoles, blocking course. Ground-floor windows flat-arched and consisting of three narrow sashes in a substantial architrave; cornice band. Central first- floor window round-arched with architrave and cornice; on either side a group of three round-arched windows in substantial round-arched architraves; frieze and panelled eaves cornice carried on brackets. Central round-arched dormer between two stacks. Hipped roof and expressed side-stacks. East elevation in brown brick with heads of gauged yellow brick to windows of three bays, chiefly blank. Lower wing to north of white brick, with segmental-arched openings, almost certainly an addition; single-storey wing to west with shaped gable. Listing NGR: TQ 30796 86185 MLO86195 Manor Gardens II Houses now School health and community centre. The west wing was Health & a pair of semi-detached houses, of early C19 date; the centre block, Community set back, was built for the North Islington School for Mothers in Centre 1927-8, and the connecting block then or later; together with nos 8 and 9, which are set forward and match nos 6 and 7, they now form the Manor Gardens Health and Community Centre. Yellow brick set in Flemish bond to the early C19 buildings and English bond to the centre wing, roofs of Welsh slate. Two and three storeys over basement; the early C19 houses of three windows each, the centre block of five-window range. The early C19 houses have steps up to flat-arched entrances in the slightly recessed outer bay, with stucco surround of pilasters but entablature now missing; the doorcase has panelled pilasters with cornice, sidelights, and overlight with decorative glazing, and panelled doors of original design. All windows with gauged brick heads, those to ground floor round- arched, those to first floor flat-arched; 6/6 sashes of original design to all windows except westernmost first-floor, which is blank; most ground-floor windows with radiating glazing bars; boxed eaves; hipped roof with dormers and stacks to party walls. The centre block has a segmental-arched entrance in a single-storey porch to the recessed wing on the left, with dentil cornice and parapet over; ground-floor windows flat-arched with gauged brick heads, set back in a round-arched panel; first-floor windows flat-arched with stone or composition stone lintel; storey band to second floor; small flat- arched windows to second floor under eaves with mutules; hipped roof with stack to side wing; linking wing has flat-arched windows, most with gauged brick heads. The North Islington School for Mothers was founded in 1913 and was a pioneering organisation in voluntary social work in the borough. Listing NGR: TQ 30378 86377.

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reference nos. Name Grade Remarks MLO102555 Islington War II War memorial arch. 1923. Designed by Percy Adams FRIBA. Red Memorial, Manor brick with Portland stone dressings. DESCRIPTION: the arch and Gardens window over are all that survive of the casualty department of the Royal Northern Hospital. The inscribed foundation and dedication stones at plinth level are set behind rounded granite bollards. The segmental archway is surrounded by rusticated quoins: above is a 16/9-pane sash window set within an aedicular surround with a console hood over, while the cast iron balcony is flanked by palm- enriched volutes. Behind the iron gates, on either side of the archway, are inscribed Portland stone walls bearing the names of the borough's 1,307 war dead. On each side is the inscription 'TO THE MEMORY OF THOSE ISLINGTONIANS WHO MADE THE SUPREME SACRIFICE IN THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919'. A separate plaque reads: 'RNH / BOROUGH OF ISLINGTON WAR MEMORIAL / This Building was erected by Public Subscription raised in the Borough of Islington to commemorate the Supreme Sacrifice made by those who fell in the Great War and the brave deeds of those who were spared. / 1914-1919'. HISTORY: the arch formed part of the Islington war memorial, which took the practical form of an additional ward to the Royal Northern Hospital. Such utilitarian memorials were not uncommon at this time. The foundation to the new casualty department was laid by Lady Patricia Ramsay in July 1923, and the new building was opened by the Prince of Wales on 27th November 1923. The hospital was closed in 1992, and the site redeveloped by Bellway Homes: the arch was retained as a memorial to the dead of the borough. Listing NGR: TQ 30245 86290. MLO86776 Montem Primary II Separate 'laundry centre' to south-west of school, facing directly on to School Laundry Hornsey Road. Dated 1897 on cartouche on second storey, therefore Centre, Hornsey contemporary with main school building. Stock brick with red brick Road dressings and parapeted roofs. Main front towards Hornsey Road 3 storeys: 2-window range of 2/2 & 6/2 sashes. Ground floor lean-to roof connected to main elevation. Two floors over with attached pediment over second storey with pilasters and brick arch framing central cartouche. Listing NGR: TQ 30748 86333.

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reference nos. Name Grade Remarks MLO86196 North Library & II Public library, originally known as North Islington Library. 1905-6. attached gate By Henry T.Hare. Red and yellow brick set in English bond with piers & railings, dressings of Portland stone, and roof of slate. Three storeys over Manor Gardens basement, seven-window range to main front, with lower porch wing of one-window range to right. Apart from the porch, the building is symmetrical with pedimented outer bays. Casement windows throughout with original leaded glazing. Round-arched entrance to porch consisting of pilasters and moulded stone archivolt with double keystone, set in a rectangular architrave with festoons in the spandrels; cornice with lettered panel to parapet 'PUBLIC LIBRARY'; the porch is cross-vaulted with a shallow domed apse to right and two flat-arched architraves with keystones facing the entrance, one for a door, the other for the foundation stone; first floor of porch wing set back with flat-arched window with moulded stone architrave and parapet with stone coping swept up to main block. This has a base of Portland stone; outer bays stepped forward twice with rainwater goods in re-entrant angle; keyed oculus to ground floor; storey band; flat-arched window to first floor with eared architrave and plain stone apron; flush stone quoins; modillion cornice to broken pediment with central cartouche and festoons; stepped parapet behind pediment. The centre of the building has, on the ground floor, a sequence of double brick Doric pilasters with stone courses supporting stone entablature with pulvinated frieze and dentil cornice; set back between the pilasters are five flat-arched windows with mullions and transoms and moulded stone architraves; the windows read as a continuous screen by comparison with the first floor which has five small flat- arched windows with eared architraves and festoons as aprons; the modillion cornice continues to the eaves; roof of graded slate with five dormers alternating between segmental and triangular pediments; central lantern with pediments to all four sides and ogee roof with delicate finial and weather vane. Stacks to apex of stone-coped gables, with stone courses and cornice. Rear apsidal elevation of yellow brick with red brick dressings and shallow buttresses. Brick gate piers in front of porch with stone caps; area railings with urn standards and spike finials. Listing NGR: TQ 30305 86287. MLO86753 North Library, II Semi-detached houses, now part of health and community centre. Manor Gardens Early C19. Yellow brick set in Flemish bond, roofs of Welsh slate. Three storeys over basement, three-window range. Steps up to flat- arched entrance in the slightly recessed outer bay, with stucco surround of pilasters but entablature now missing; the doorcase has panelled pilasters with cornice, sidelights, and overlight with decorative glazing, and panelled doors of original design. All windows with gauged brick heads, those to ground floor round- arched, those to first floor flat-arched; 6/6 sashes of original design to all windows except westernmost first-floor, which is blank; ground- floor windows with radiating glazing bars; boxed eaves; hipped roof with dormers and stacks to party walls. These houses match nos 6-7 Manor Gardens (q.v.) and like them were used for the North Islington School for Mothers from 1913. The North Islington School for Mothers was founded in 1913 and was a pioneering organisation in voluntary social work in the borough. Listing NGR: TQ 30408 86387.

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reference nos. Name Grade Remarks MLO86880 Odeon Cinema, II Cinema, built 1937-8 as the Gaumont by the Gaumont-British Picture Holloway Road Corporation in conjunction with one of their subsidiary companies, the General Theatre Corporation. Architect: C. Howard Crane (1885- 1952) of Chicago. Following bomb damage in World War II, the cinema was internally reconstructed in 1958, when the architects were T.P. Bennett & Son. The auditorium block is not of special interest internally. Buff, green, brown and black faience, with brown brick, roof of copper on the tower, but roofs over the auditorium and foyer block not seen. The building stands on a wedge-shaped site, and the description falls into four parts: a tower, rectangular in plan, on the corner of Holloway Road and Tufnell park Road, faced with faience; a lower wing to the tower, also faced with faience, on Tufnell Park Road; a parade of shops in Holloway Road; and the main auditorium block, of brick. EXTERIOR: Curving entrance on the corner of Tufnell Park Road and Holloway Road with a canopy over, which returns down Tufnell Park Road; tripartite window above the entrance with engaged fluted columns with palm leaf capitals and a frieze of scrolling ornament between the columns; there is a similar window on the Tufnell Park Road side of the tower, but on the Holloway Road side the window is single with the engaged columns in the reveals; original decorative metal glazing. Above this, panels edged by brown faience; the chamfered, slightly inset corners of the tower have windows with original metal glazing and vertical panels of arabesques above; frieze of three narrow recessed bands below parapet which is coped with black faience; attic comprising one low set-back with fluted frieze; second higher set-back with three blind windows to each side; entablature to top parapet; shallow hipped roof with flagpole. The lower, faience-covered wing in Tufnell Park Road has a vertical inset panel of arabesques flanked by fluted pilasters. The shops in Holloway Road are faced in faience and are interspersed with exits; frieze of green faience below the parapet and an open arcade with cornice over, fronting what was originally a terrace cafe. The shop fronts have been renewed and are not of special interest, although the overall composition of faience columns and terrace frieze is an important decorative scheme. The brick auditorium wing at the rear of the site has sparing use of faience decoration. The architectural interest of the site is concentrated in the foyer block and in the elevation to Holloway Road. ANALYSIS: Originally, the Gaumont was one of the most spectacular of Britain’s super-cinemas; while the auditorium has been lost, its external impact is still greater than almost any other cinema, an example of trans-Atlantic bravura. Prominent in the field in the USA, C. Howard Crane designed the stupendous Fox cinemas in Detroit and St. Louis and was also amongst the team of architects and designers responsible for the Radio City Music Hall in New York. Crane was only one of two leading American cinema architects to work in Britain; Thomas Lamb's Empire, Leicester Square, has, however, been gutted. Crane was also the architect of the Earl's Court Exhibition Hall. Included for the exceptional quality of the principal elevations and foyer areas. Listing NGR: TQ 30322 86085.

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