: IV

JULY 1992

A FORUM FOR ACULEATE WASP RESEARCHERS

MINUTIAE FROM THE 340149) reports “Iam sending you some MUD D'AUB ARNOLDS. MENKE, Editor research news. To be honest, the lack Teny Nuhn, Assistant Editor of news. For some years now I have Systematic Entomology Laboratory Apologies to Fernando Fernandez of Agricultural Research Service, USDA been running a small software compa- Bogota, Colombia. He was responsible do National Museum ol Natural History .ny *After staring at my monitor all day Institution, Washington, DC 20560 to for the "Peps/s" cartoon on the last Smithsonian (and night) I donl have the energy FAX: (202) 786-9422 Phone: (202) 382-1803 page of Sphecos 22, but his name got stare through a microscope. So I have left off. made a decision to stop all entomologi- We have not been getting much re- cal work. Not all biological work: in a couple of aquaria I keep a collection of search news lately, and the Forum has 73, N Olsteln Berg (B&stadveien - (mainly) catfish. Very interesting from a languished also. How about some feed- 1370 Asker, Norway) writes: "Last win- back from the more than 600 of you out systematical point of view, and very re- ter I spent a couple of months in South laxing as company. there that read this rag! East Asia, chiefly Malaysia, collecting The first issue of the new Journal of "I donated my collection of Pompili- some 230 aculeates. Most families are dae to the museum of ITZ in Amster Hymenoptera Research should be out readers - represented. If any Sphecos dam My collection of Sphecidae, in- sometime in August. This journal should of these, . could help in identifying some cluding the type of Tachysphex picnic, be subscribed to by any active hyme- I would be grateful. I also have prob- nopterist - where else will you find so has merged into the collection of Mr. lems identifying Norwegian Chrysididae Raimond Hensen. many papers under one cover on your and Ancistrocerus ” favorite animals? If you have not yet "My collection of literature remains. see pages 21 22 of Sphe- Through the years I have collected a subscribed - Folke K. Larsson (Dept, of Zoology, cos 22 for details and application form. complete (for the Palearcitic region) Uppsala University, P.O. Box 561, S- number of reprints and photocopies on 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden) is still work- pompilids. They would be helpful to ing with thermoregulation and mating anyone interested in these wasps. I am wasps. behaviour in bees and digger offering them to anybody who is willing , During a trip to the Galapagos Islands to pay for the shipping costs. I guess it he studied Ecuador, in March 1991 the is well over 6 kilograms in weight. Any- , endemic Galapagos carpenter bee body interested? study site at Xybcopa darwini. At his "Sphecos has always been (and still Isla Santa Cruz he observed colonies is) very nice reading. Thank you very at of a digger wasp that Mr. Colin Vardy much for the inspiration it gave.I hope lat RESEARCH NEWS The British Natural History Museum - it will help my literature find its way to a Bicyrtes variegata (Olivi er identified as - new home." Michael Archer (Dept, of Biology, er). This species occurs throughout the College of Ripon and York St. John, Neotropical region, but has not previ- Arnold Monke is going to have York Y03 7EX, England) has just pub- ously been reported from the species- Sphecid Wasps of the World scanned (see Arch- is now lished two papers on Vespa poor Galapagos. Dr. Larsson into his Macintosh computer. Terry Nuhn er 1991 in Recent Literature). His goal most interested in further reports con- will be responsible for this job. Once it of Galapagos is to try and cover all of the species cerning this species at the is in the computer Arnold plans on re- - Vespinae in terms of taxonomy and bi Islands. vising the book with much help from onomics. The next paper dealing with other specialists Initial plans are to up is in , . - Vespa crabro and V. dybowskii Peter van Ooijen (Gekko Software grade all of the species checklists and press. Voorstraat 5b, 3512 AH Utrecht 030 - 2 SPHECOS 23 perhaps produce a separate catalog of Pretty unpleasant and discouraging. So, SCIENTIFIC NOTES Sphecidae. after dithering about saying "It cant be!", the quacks decided on the cure New Information about 1m or kill 1m approach and doubled the Dolichovespula (Vospinae) HELP NEEDED dosage of primaquin. Survived that. A by relapse is now two weeks overdue. So, Dr.M. E. Archer Pollstes In the Galapagos Islands maybe. ... We'll see." (Dept, of Biology, College of Ripon and York St. John, Ihave been contacted recently by an York Y03 7EX, England) Ecuadorian student, Maria Teresa las- NECROLOGY so, who is working with Dr. Sandra Ab- Recently Dr. Huber (Ottawa Museum, edrabbo on the Galapagos Islands. Dr. Frfedrfch Schremmer died in Canada) sent me 600 specimens listed They are studying the introduction and December of 1990. under Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Sla- spread of Polistes versicolor through- Dr. Jacobus ("Jack'*) van der Yacht cken). On examination these specimens out the Galapagos with the aim of con- (July 5, 1906 -March 15, 1992) passed could be separated into five species in- trolling this species before it endangers away after a tong debilitating illness. We cluding a queen of D. pacifica fochenae endemic species. Maria writes: should have an obituary for him in the Eck from Norway and three queens and "The wasp seems to show some ag- next issue. a male of D. adulterina artica Rohwer. gressiveness against humans and may Also included were 29 specimens of D. be difficult to control. This wasp may norwegica atbida Sladen consisting of have a significant impact on the Gala- NEW ADDRESSES 29 queens, one male and two workers pagos ecosystems, including the native with the two workers lacking the orange and endemic bees and wasps. . . .we John Beardsley: 1026 Oakdale Lane, spots on the second gastral tergum. are asking for your help. We need more Arcadia, California 91006 USA. However the largest error was the misi- information about this species. . . ." Sid Dunkle: Biology Dept., Collin Co. dentification of 187 specimens of D. They need information on life history, Community College, 2800 E. Spring alpicola Eck. Presumably the speci- possible biological control agents, and Creek Pkwy., Plano, Texas 75074 mens had been identified before D. effective chemical control (preferably not USA. alpicola had been separated from D. threatening to endemic species). This Parker Gambino: 1333 Shore Drive, norvegicoides. Dr. Menke (National problem is beyond my expertise, and I Brewster, New York 10509 USA. Museum of Natural History, Washing- would appreciate any help from hyme- Christopher Pruett: Universidad Auto- ton D.C., U.S.A.) also recently sent me nopterists with knowledge of this or re- noma "Gabriel Rene Moreno", Casil- a few Asiatic Dolichovespula which in- lated species that have created similar la No. 702, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, cluded what appeared to be two queens problems in the neotropics. Maria speaks Bolivia. of D, xanthicincta Archer, the first queens and writes English well. If you have any George C. Steyskal: 3654 NW 51st that I have seen of this species. Fortu- pertinent information (anecdotal or pub- Terrace, Gainesville, Florida 32606 nately these queens key out at the right lications), please send it to her. The full USA. place in my Key to the World Species address is: Srta. Maria Teresa lasso, of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera) (Sphe- Assistant of Entomology, Area of Inver- cos 19:17-18). Further specimens in- tebrates, Charles Darwin Research Sta- FAX NUMBERS cluded in this loan also extended my tion, Galapagos, Ecuador. I appreciate understanding of D. sinensis Archer any and all assistance rendered. Raghavendra Gadagkar, India: and D. saxonica (Fabricius). (91-812) 341683 Examination of such a large number Dr. Susan J. Weller of specimens improved my understand- Dept, of Entomology ing of the relevant species which will Louisiana State University E-MAIL (BITNET) necessitate some changes in my Key Baton Rouge,LA 70810. NUMBERS to the genus Dolichovespula for the fol- lowing reasons: Raghavendra Gadagkar, India: 1. The shape of the gonostipes of D. a/- PEOPLE IN THE NEWS [email protected] picola is rather more variable so chang- es to couplet 26 and 28 are required. Astrld Loken, at the age of 80, has 2. The presence of tyloids on the male moved out of her office at the Universi- MISSING PERSONS antenna is not so simple as indicated in ty of Oslo. Her home address is: 96, couplet 26. N-0768 Oslo, Norway. Gary French of Gainesville, Florida. 3. Two queens with ivory white coloura- Dr. Jossif A. Khalffmen of Pushkina, tion seemed to be D. norvegicoides rath- Roy Snelling (Dept, of Entomology, formerly USSR. er than D. norwegica albida. Examina- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Dr. Nikolaus Mohr of Berglsch tion of nest populations is realty needed County, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los An- Gladbach, Germany. to establish this observation but, if cor- geles, CA 90007) says: "The malaria is Dr. Katherine M. Noonan of Aibany, rect, then all keys to North American apparently now under control - finally. California. Dolichovespula separating the two spe- Had yet another relapse (#3) in August. Megan Pallett of Mississauga, Ontario. cies will be incorrect! The oculo-malar JULY 92 3

ivory white - Gena usually without a continuous — Light colouration of body - space of D. norwegica is also more var — - anterior yellow or light brown band, on North American and yellow on Eur iable so that the HW/OMS ratio can - $ Cly- asian specimens although pale yel overlap that of D. norvegicoides. These gena black with yellow spot( ). to ivory-white on eastern Asian observations now create real difficulties peus yellow with central black stripe low specimens. Lower genal spot either in trying to write keys to separate fe- often connected to both the dorsal or, if present, narrower than males of D. norvegicoides, D. alpicola and ventral margins of the clypeus. . absent upper spot and usually extending and D. norwegica (Fabricius) in North 18 the less than half-way across thegena America. I have made couplet 19 into a for light coloured bands of the sec- rather extended triplet 19 and dropped 17. Centre of clypeus covered with mi- The to fifth gastral terga either sim- couplet 20. cro-punctures. Apical gastral yellow ond the or increasing in width. Yellow sub- 4. The variability of the colouration of bands increasing in width from the ilar often with orange marks pres- the gastral terga and gena of D. sinensis second to the fifth terga (Fig. 51A,B). species second gastral tergum on has to be extended so necessitating Apical yellow bands of the gastral ent on the and worker but on the ivo- changes in couplets 15 and 17. terga covering 50% or more of their the queen subspecies orange mark on 5 The size of the oculo-malar space of surface, sixth tergum almost entirely ry-white . tergum absent D. sinensis is more variable so that the yellow asiatica Archer, 1981 the second gastral > the queen but usually present HW/OMS ratio can become less than 6 Centre of clypeus not covered with from . Fifth gastral tergum (couplet 7) so that couplet 13 needs to micro-punctures. Apical gastral yel- on the worker spots on the be modified. In addition specimens of low bands of similar width from the often with isolated black usually without D norwegica, both nominate and sub- second to the fifth gastral terga (Fig. yellow subspecies but . on the ivory- species albida, can have the HW/OMS 51C). Apical yellow bands of the gas- isolated black marks ratio (Fig. ratio less than 6 (couplet 7) so addition- tral terga covering less, than 50% of white subspecies. HW/OMS - workers and 5.8-6.8 al notes are needed at couplet 13. their surface, sixth tergum at most 46) 5.5 7.8 on all workers The changes to my key of with lateral yellow spot. Basal lateral on queens (and thus not ) Dolichovespula are as follows: yellow spot may be present on the and queens will key out here first and second gastral terga and the norwegica (Fabricius, 1781) species can usu- 13. Gena with a continuous yellow band yellow spot may be connected to the [In practice these three sometimes interrupted by light brown apical yellow band ally be separated readily]. , but not interrupted by sinensis Archer, 1987 colouration - black markings 19. Light colouration of body yellow but 26. Dorsal inner margin of the gonos sinensis Archer, 1987 sometimes ivory-white. Lower genal tipes only projecting inwards slightly strongly Gena usually without a continuous light coloured spot usually wider than (Fig. 56A), sometimes more — an- anterior yellow or light brown band, the upper spot and usually extending on D. alpicola. Sixth and seventh with ty- gena black with yellow spot(s). ..13A for half-way or more across the gena. tennal flagellar segments one 27 13A. Black projections more developed The light coloured bands of the sec- loid each - and Increasing in prominence from ond to the fifth gastral terga usually — Dorsal inner margin of the gonos Figs. the second to the fifth gastral terga, of similar width although the width of tipes strongly projecting inwards ( sometimes detached spots present the light coloured bands varies great- 56B,C). Sixth and seventh antennal (Fig. 49). North American species. . . ly from specimen to specimen (Fig. flagellar segments with two tyloids norvegicoides (Sladen, 1918) 49).No orange marks present on sec- each, although the second tyloid not — Black projections less and of simi- ond gastral tergum. Fifth gastral ter- always clear, except for D. pacifica lar prominence from the second to gum rarely with isolated black spots. which may have one or two tyloids the fifth gastral terga (Fig. 59). Asian HW/OMS ratio (Fig. 46) almost always per segment 26 species. .. xanthicincta Archer, 1980 less than 6.4 on workers (5.0-6.4) and 27. Light colouration of body ivory-white or [ D. norwegica (Fabricius, 1781) may key 5.0-6.0 on queens (and thus unlikely on North American and ivory-white . An or- out at 13A. D. nonvegica can be separ- to key out here). North American spe- yellow on Eurasian specimens ated from D. norvegicoides by the char- cies... norvegicoides (Sladen, 1918) ange mark usually present on the sec- terga acters given in triplet 19 and from D. — Light colouration of body yellow. ond and often the first gastral . xanthicincta which has a longer oculo- Lower genal yellow spot usually nar- Clypeal black stripe usually complete malar space, HW/OMS:5.2-5.7 on work- rower than the upper spot, and usu- being connected to the dorsal and . 60C) although ers and 4.5-5.0 on queens.] ally extending for less than half-way ventral margins (Fig across the gena. The yellow bands of the dorsal part of the stripe can be very 15. Gena with a continuous yellow band the second to fifth gastral terga usu- thin; apical clypeal margin straight; sometimes interrupted by light brown ally clearly becoming wider (Fig. 53). oculo-malar space longer, HW/OMS colouration, but not interrupted by No orange marks present on second (Fig. 46) between 5.3 and 5.9 black markings. Clypeus yellow or with gastral tergum. Fifth gastral tergum norwegica (Fabricius, 1781) a small central brown or black spot, often with isolated black spots. HW/ — North American species. The light sometimes the black spot is elongat OMS ratio (Fig. 46) almost always colouration of the body yellow and - the first ed but it does not reach both the dor- more than 6.4 on workers (6.4-7.8) orange marks not present on sal and ventral margins of the clype- and greater than 6.0 on queens (6.1- and second gastral terga. Clypeal us 16 7.2). North American species black stripe often incomplete being alpicola Eck, 1984 absent dorsally (Fig. 60D); apical dy- 4 SPHECOS 23

peal margin slightly concave (both spe- ducted studies on individually marked observation colony appeared to active cies needed for comparison - ); oculo- workers in four colonies. Near the end ly steal from a second colony for sever- malar space shorter, HW/OMS - be of these observations a worker recog- al days. The colonies were approximate- tween 5.6 and 6.5 nizable by the distinctive pattern of her ly 15 m distant and both were located alpicola Eck, 1984 paint marks began arriving at a colony under Citrus sp. trees. The worker in 28. Add [D. alpicola keying here with D. 30m distant from the one in which she question was distinctively marked. She saxonica have POL/ PBHL greater than was marked. On nearly all arrivals at the . repeatedly arrived at the Victim' colony unity.] ; foreign' nest this forager transferred nec- I could not help but interpret her move- tar to workers; she was not attacked or ments on the victim nest as 'sheepish Some of the species ' of Dolichovespula treated differently from other foragers but she was never obviously attacked are known from very few specimens. as far as I could tell. She continued to or challenged by the native workers. In Thus D. lama (du Buysson is known ) by do this for several days, while still arriv- all cases she entered the nest then re- six specimens (3 queens, 3 , workers) ing at the nest at which she was marked emerged with a visibly distended gaster D. panda Archer by five specimens (1 on the same days. Both colonies were in less than 1 min and flew off, often re- queen, 4 workers ) and D. baileyi Arch- well into the brood-rearing phase when turning within 5 min. I found that she er by three specimens (3 queens). In we arrived, but it is possible that one of flew directly to her 'home' nest and trans- addition the mates are unknown for the these colonies formed as a reproduc- ferred liquid to nestmates. Surprising to following species : D. flora Archer, 0. tive swarm of the other and workers me was the fact that she appeared to panda, D , . lama D. xanthicincta and D. that had swarmed still remembered the be stealing water (based on her pos- baileyi . The males of D. panda and D. location of the older nest. If discrimina- ture during liquid transfer). Though wa- lama would be particularly interesting tion cues are at all genetically deter- ter is perhaps not a very difficult material to see. If anybody has undetermined mined and relatedness is, higher within to locate, its collection engages several Asian Dolichovespula I would be very than among colonies (and their offspring foragers at high work rates on most pleased to identify them. swarms) then ease of acceptance of for- days. Vm type of kleptoparasitism of My College has given me the oppor- agers from offspring colonies at parent conspecific colonies could be very cost- tunity to publish a second edition of my colonies might be high. Individual revis- ly and may represent a selective force Key so it will be possible to incorporate iting former homes might also retain dis- lavoring colony integrity and nestmate the above and other changes in the crimination cues independently of relat- discrimination ability. second edition. Suggestions for further edness. My thanks to Robert Jeanne and changes and improvements would be 2. Drifting: The issue of relatedness Karen London for their thoughtful dis- welcomed from those who have at- is further clouded in these observations cussions of the observations addressed tempted to use Key. the and those in the following section be- above, cause they were made on workers reared from combs in the lab and intro- Time-sharing, Drifting, arid Pilfering: duced into observation colonies. If in- Remarks on Inter-nest Activities of troduced workers are less than 24 h old Stridulatory Organs in Mutiilids Polybia occidental1$ Foragers they appear to be accepted by the ob- by by servation colonies and enter the active Till Osten Sean O'Donnell worker force with a very high rate of (Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde, (Department of Entomology, University success. In all field seasons (2 in Costa Stuttgart Rosenstein 1 , of Wisconsin Madison, Wl 53706) Rica, 1 in Panama) marked workers in- 7000 Stuttgart 1,Germany) troduced into one colony switched, ap- Colony integrity involving discrimina- parently permanently, to another obser- Since 1974, when Willi Hennig sug- tion of and attacks on conspecilics which vation colony. As a rough estimate this gested that I study functional morpholo- infiltrate the nest is a behavioral feature occurs in 1 of every 200 introduced gy and phylogenetics in "Scolioidea", I common to many social insects. The bi- workers. Observation colonies were of - have always observed both living and ology of nestmate discrimination is there- ten close to each other (within 20 m). preserved material. Knowledge of hab- fore of great interest from mechanistic Though the interpretation of drifting its, special morphological structures and (biochemical, genetic and environmental based on relatedness is unclear in this their functions in combination seems very determination) an evolutionary (related- case, the drifting workers probably valuable to me in searching for phylo- ness, cost-benefit analysis) perspectives. spent at least several days in the origi- genetic relationships. Over the course of four field seasons of nal nest. I conclude this because P. For many reasons l began my stud- behavioral studies on the swarm-founding occidentals workers begin foraging at ies of mutiilids by going to the sandy, wasp Polybia occidentals in Central a mean of 19 days of age (though a dry dunes of the Camargue in the south America I have noted several instances few forage as early as 4 days of age), of France for several years in a row. of movement between colonies by indi- and workers rarely fly before the onset On many occasions, especially in vidually marked foragers which raise of foraging. Therefore it might be ex- the afternoon, I studied the different questions about the nature of colony in- pected that introduced workers would habits of mutiilids { Tropidotilla littoralis, tegrity from the invader’s, as well as the adopt the discrimination cues of their Smicromyrme viduata, Dasylabris maura invadee 's, point of view. home colonies before drifting. and others) in their natural surround- 1. Time sharing: During my 1989 field 3. Pilfering: In 1991 in Costa Rica a ings: searching for their hosts, for food, season in Guanacaste, Cost Rica I con- single marked worker introduced into an or for their partners. This was one part JULY 92 5

to inhibit additional nest foundations in of my program of "morphological struc- mones used in swarming by the Neo- the area.The attraction/orientation prop ture and function". tropical tribe Epiponini which included - of Mischocyttarus marking ob 1 also brought back more then 100 in- marking of nest substrates away from erties - by Litte (1981), and the fact that dividuals to the institute (at that time the the nest by non-swarming wasps as an served colonies at La Pacifica Zoologische Institut, Munchen) to contin- intermediate stage. The occurrence of P. occidentalis frequently have more than one asso ue my observations on living material. this stage was evinced by Litte's (1981) - M. immarginatus colony, suggest The results: neither in my field stud- observations of gastral rubbing (pre- ciated may be the case, ies nor my observations in the laborato- sumably involving chemical marking) 'that theiormer ry did I at any time observe "singing" near disturbed nests and between old References behaviour in mutillids, males or females, and new sites by queens of M. fabiatus. unless they were almost in body con- Here Ireport off-nest gastral rubbing in , . 1981 Chemical communi tact (distance 2 cm or less) or were di- another species, M. immarginatus. Jeanne R.L . - swarm emigration in rectly struggling or mating. "Singing" in Mischocyttarus immarginatus is a cation during wasp Polybia sericea (Oliv mutillids can be induced by artificial dis- common nesting associate of the swarm- the social - 29:102 113. turbances, for example by grabbing the founding wasp Polybia occidentalis in ier) Anim. Behav. - Social biology of the wasp with a pair of tweezers I have Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica; col- Litte, M. 1981. . Mischocyttarus labiatus: never observed a reciprocal action to onies of M. immarginatus are rarely polistine wasp a Colombian rain forest "singing", that is, an attraction and a found more than 0.5 m distant from P. survival in . Zool 327: 27 pp. kind of response from the partner re- occidentalis nests (Windsor 1972, Starr Smithsonian Cont. . Swarming be ported by Spangler and Manley (1978, 1988). On 30 July 1991 a colony of M. Naumann, M.G. 1975. - communication Annals of Ent. Soc. Am. 71:389-392). immarginatus was initiated by at least havior: evidence for 189: 642 Therefore "singing" in mutillids, males two females approximately 10 cm from in social wasps. Science - or females, is not comparable to the a P. occidentalis observation colony at 644. The social wasps "singing in grasshoppers or cicadas. It Hacienda La Pacifica near the1own of Richards;O.W. 1978. " Museum seem to be an expression of more or Canas, Guanacaste. Both nests were of the Americas. British pp less aggressive or nervous moods and in a Citrus sp. tree at a height of 1.3 m (Natural History), London. 571 . nesting associa has nothing to do with attracting the from the ground. Starr, C.K. 1988. The - Mischocyttarus partner or with mating behavior. In mu- At least one of the M. immarginatus tion of the social wasps spp tillids pheromones seem to play the cofoundresses rubbed her gastral vent- immarginatus and Polybia . in main role in finding a partner. er on the upper surfaces of leaves in Costa Rica. Biotrop. 20: 171-173. From my point of view it seems very the nest tree on six occasions between West-Eberhard, M.J. 1982. The nature tropical interesting to ask about the evolution of 1430 and 1530 on 30 July. The posture and evolution of swarming in , the stridulatory organs, because there and motion employed in rubbing was social wasps (Vespidae, Polistinae ed) Social should be a correlation between mor- similar to that described for trail mark- Polybiini). in P. Jaisson ( Univer phology and function. I think that the ing workers observed during swarm insects in the tropics, Vol. 2. - 97 128 idea of the "double function" of organs movements of epiponine wasps (Nau- sity of Paris-Nord Press, pp. - . will help us to understand the function mann 1975; Jeanne 1981): the gaster Windsor, D.M. 1972. Nesting associa- of stridulatory organs in mutillids. was extended with the distal tip slightly tion between two Neotropical polybi- elevated and the sternites pressed ine wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). against the leaf, and the wasp walked Biotrop. 4: 1-3. Off-nest Gastral Rubbing Observed forward wagging the gaster from side to In Mischocyttarus immarginatus side at a rate of several wags/second. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Three different leaves were rubbed, all Where have all the in Costa Rica within 1 m of the nest. All observed rub- Agetaia males gone? by bing was performed by wasps that flew by Sean O'Donnell directly from the nest to the leaf. On Justin Schmidt , (Department of Entomology, University five occasions the rubbing wasp flew (Southwestern Biological Institute of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl 53706) off after several seconds; on one occa- 1961 W. Brichta, Tucson, AZ 85745) sion the rubbing wasp returned directly of Agelaia are enor The biology of the diverse solitary- * to the nest.I did not observe wasps in- Although colonies - founding wasp genus Mischocyttarus is vestigating rubbed leaves, and could not mous with tens of thousands of individ- poorly known, perhaps in part due to its detect any odor on rubbed leaves. The uals, and might have the most popu- largely Neotropical distribution (Richards M. immarginatus colony was joined by lous normal nests of social wasps, males , the males 1978). This genus is of interest to stu- at least four additional females over the are rare in collections.In fact dents of the evolution of social behav- following two day period, though no fur- of several species are not even known. ior and communication in the Polistinae ther rubbing was observed. Why is this? Where are all the males? because it is the sister group to a large If a chemical secretion was applied Two answers come to mind: 1) males all of the swarm during leaf rubbing, it is possible that it are rare because very few are produced clade containing - , founding wasp genera (Carpenter, pers. served either as an attractant, drawing by a colony; and 2) males are produced and disap comm.). potential cofoundresses to the nest vi- but then leave the colony - West Eberhard (1982) proposed a cinity, or alternatively as a territorial pear, that is, have habits that do not lend - I have scenario for the evolution of trail phero- marker, the function of which might be themselves to casual collecting. 6 SPHECOS 23

a few clues that reason (2) might be Americans . Consequently we have been vestigated the venom of the spectacu- more likely. First, it seems improbable investigating the venoms of Polistes larly impressive pompiiid Pepsis formosa that a species with as large a . worker rothneyi and P. olivaceus. Although our whose enormous size and warning col population as Agelaia would - not have ultimate goal is to develop these and oration should be enough to deter even the necessary latitude in resources to other wasp venoms into products of use the most determined predator. Backing produce numerous males, or that the for society, our immediate goats have that up is a sting that causes more in- forces of sexual selection would not fa- been to develop collecting techniques tense immediate pain than any other in vor "cheater colonies" that - produced for obtaining the venom and to discover sect known to the authors. Despite this, more males Rather, it . seems that the fundamental information about the bio- in pharmacological terms it turns out mating system of species in the genus chemistry and activities of these ven- that Pepsis venom is essentially inac likely drives the system - . Either there is oms. tive in mammals. The LD50 is 65 mg/ little outbreeding, and the few required Unlike snakes, which are large, easy kg, or about 20 times less active than males are produced just before repro- to milk, and yield large quantities of ven- the ordinary honey bee venom. We test ductive swarming - (and then discarded), om, or honey bees, whose venom can ed the Polistes venoms for activity in or there is outbreeding, but that males be easily collected via electrical grids mice after filtering the venom through leave the colony, not to return. The lat- over plastic sheets thought which the .45 p membranes to remove any sedi- ter scenario might occur if the species bees sting,venoms of Polistes have elud- ment and potentialbacteria. The lethali breed by - a lek mechanism, much like ed simple collection. Over the years ties were 14 and 11 rng/kg for P. rothneyi many Philanthus, Xylocopa, etc., and that there were various reports of electrical and P. olivaceus respectively, values males permanently leave the colony for systems that were used for collecting similar to those for some North Ameri a lek - area. In support of this possibility vespid venoms (including Polistes ) -, but can Polistes (Schmidt, J.O. 1990. p 387- was an observation I made in Lomas none of these were really practical. Sim- 419 in\ Insect Defenses (D.L. Evans & Barbuda!, Costa Rica in March 1991. ple evidence of this can be observed ty J. O. Schmidt, eds.) SUNY Press: Alba- We were studying a colony of Agelaia noting that Vespa Laboratories in Spring ny, NY., and unpublished). These results myrmecophila and noted an odd indi- Mills, PA, the main world-wide supplier indicate that the electrically-collected vidual quietly resting and peering at us of social vespid venoms, still collects venom is active and suitable for contin- from the underside of a leaf of a tree venom by homogenizing sacs of indi- ued investigation. about 100 m from the colony. At this vidually dissected wasps. Our first goal Social vespid venoms are often high- time, the middle of the dry season, most was to design an apparatus that can ly hemolytic, that is, they cause the de- of the trees were leafless. Upon cap- collect venom of Polistes en masse. The struction of red blood cells. This is the ture, this odd individual was discovered first author succeeded in constructing main reason that people stung by large to be a male. This male's behavior cer- such a device (Figure 1), thereby mak- numbers of Vespa or Vespula often tainly suggested lekking behavior. Short- ing reasonable quantities of venom avail- have bloody urine or kidney failure. P. ly after this observation, and before I able for investigation, collaboration, and olivaceus appear to be unusual among could make more observations, the col- potential sale. Details of the collection vespids in that their venoms contain very ony was destroyed by a large predator system were described in Chinese Pat- little hemolytic activity. Its activity is only (presumably a tamandua) that had ent No. 88209335.5. about 3% that of honey bee venom and strewn the combs all over the ground. Stings of most Polistes are painful. about 2% that of Polistes annularis. Could it be that males leave the colony This, however, does not necessarily Phospholipase A is the most toxic en- soon after their emergence and spend mean that the venoms have interesting zyme in insect venoms. It is widely dis- the rest of their lives near a lek where biochemical or pharmacological activi- tributed in venoms of vespids, apids, they are not likely to be captured by ties. For example, the second writer in- and ants, with the highest levels in ves- net-swinging or malaise-trapping hy- menopterists? Possibly others such as Parachartergus for which male records 3£ also are scarce have a similar behav- ior. Anybody have evidence to support or refute this idea?

Chinese Wasp Venoms by LI Tlesheng and Justin Schmidt (Academia Sinica, 19 Zhongguancun Lu, Haitian,Beijing 100080, PR China and Southwestern Biological Institute, 1961 W. Brichta, Tucson, AZ 85745) Chinese people are much more inter- ested in and aware of the potential uses of bee and wasp venoms than are North Figure 1. Polistes on venom collecting apparatus JULY 92 7

(are the two characteristics related?). I remember once being warned by John Wenzel to be wary of (ie. avoid) colo- nies, especially large colonies, of Ageiaia and not to try to collect them. He sug- gested that they literally "might kill you". Well, I tucked that advice away in my cranium somewhere and continued my usual marauding activities toward poly- biine wasps. From a recent trip to Costa Rica and several previous trips, I have come up with what i think is a mostly "fool proof" protection for collecting sting- ing wasps and living through the or- deal.I say "mostly" because as scien- tists, we all know that there are almost no absolutes. I will give two examples of different problems and how I solve them. The first problem concerns wasps that are just plain nasty. We all have (pH 3 10) of venoms. From left to right: Figure 2. Isoelectric focusing pherogram - favorites. My current one is Polybia low purity); Pogonomyrmex our purchased crude Chinese honey bee venom (very , a large black Polybia that venom; Polistes olivaceus simillima harvester ant venom; Polistes major castaneicolor builds father large nests. My first reac- ; standards. Basic proteins migrate toward the venom; Polistes rothneyi venom tion to such a creature was awe. In my bottom. top and acidic proteins toward the experience Polybias are not black; so a big and black-black Polybia should set off some warning alarms. The alarms pids The level of phospholipase in P. or acidic proteins and the bee venom . are real! olivaceus is low, being about 15 20% mostly basic to very basic proteins. - Anyway, the first item of necessity for that of P. annularis. These results indicate that Polistes from an encounter with any serious colony Venoms of stinging insects contain a different species groups and different of wasps is a good bee suit. Dont say host of proteins whose functions are not continents exhibit similarities and gross honey bees (commonly called "pollen known. Since they have no known ac- ditfer-ences from harvester ant or hon- pigs") and beekeepers have never done tivities, there are no simple quantitative ey bee venoms. anything for vespologists remember ways to compare these proteins among At this early stage in our wasp ven- - beekeepers invented and have refined species. However, one way to obtain a om research we do not really know the the bee suit to its present state (more qualitative indication of similarity of ven- true value of Polistes venoms for re- on that later). I prefer the fully zippered oms is by electrophoresis or electrofoc search or medical or commercial use. - variety that have velcro fasteners on using It is well known in venoms that We do know that Polistes venoms can . cuffs, around the zipper gap at neck, etc. many active components are small pep- now be collected and that at least the They cost about $50-60, which is high, tides that are extremely difficult to study two Chinese venoms we have studied but worth it at times Next you need by electrophoresis. For this reason, we are not highly toxic and might well be . some form of gloves and footwear and chose isoelectric focusing, a method that good candidates for investigating via an- duct tape. For gloves you can use stan- separates proteins by their relative acid imal models potential benefits in treat- - dard leather bee gloves or your own in- ity or basicity, rather than by size, for ing various ailments including arthritis or vention. One of my favorites is two or our comparison. In Figure 2 is shown the other inflammatory diseases. Perhaps three (depending upon the size of the pherogram of the venoms of honey an even greater potential use for ven- critter to be captured) layers of latex sur- bees, Pogonomyrmex rugosus (harvest oms is the generation of additional char- - gical gloves These have the advantage er ants), Polistes major castaneicolor, P. acters that can be used for taxonomic . that they allow dexterity of work, with- olivaceus, and P rothneyi. Several no- studies and genetics. . out allowing too many stings. They get ticeable features are evident in the phe - sweaty inside, which is a minor draw- rogram First, the venoms of P. rothneyi . back, and once in a while a sting will and P major are the most similar. P. Protection While Collecting Nests . through (I intentionally pissed off a olivaceus is probably similar to the oth of Pugnacious Social Wasps get - variety of large colonies of Africanized er two Polistes, but the much lower ven by - pollen pigs to see if the gloves would om loading produced a weaker banding Justin Schmidt hold they did: I only got one sting pattern All of the Polistes venoms have (Southwestern Biological Institute, - . through all three layers and over five rather different patterns from those of the 1961 W. Brichta, Tucson, A2 85745) hundred were in a colleagues shoes). ant and honey bee venoms. Harvester The duct tape is for taping all gaps ant and honey bee venoms are also dra Several of us who enjoy reading - gloves, boots, and anywhere. matically different in appearance, with Sphecos also have a predilection for around this is not always enough. the ant venom containing mostly neutral collecting live colonies of stinging wasps But 8 SPHECOS 23

Let's return to my example species: painful eyes. The solution to this prob- one female (UCR). Puntarenas Prov.:3 Polybia simillima.I was collecting in Bi- lem is easier: wear goggles (old fresh- km SW Rincon (Osa Peninsula), Feb./ jaga, Guanacaste (see Menke's descrip- man chem lab cast offs will do fine) or Nov. 1989, 33 females (UCR);23 km N tion, Sphecos 22:10-12) in one of Frank large framed glasses (Ihad neither avail- Puerto Jimenez (Osa Peninsula), Jan./ ' Parker s favorite screw worm collecting able when I did my collecting). If it is a April 1991, one female (UCR); Resen/a sites and Frank pointed out a colony of particularly nasty job, you might want to Biologica Carara, Estacion Ouebrada P. simiflima that had chased him off. consider a dust mask or holding your Bonita, Aug./Nov. 1989, one female (Mention should be made of Nomie Bid- breath (as I do) to keep the venom aer- (UCR);Parque Nacional Corcovado,Es- ias (a wonderful name to match her char- osol out of your nose and mouth. tacion Sirena, April/Aug. 1989, one fe- acter], originally from Frisco [San Fran- In conclusion, if you are not too lazy male (UCR). cisco for those purists] who has been in like many of us tend to be, you can ef- Costa Rica for about 18 years, runs a fectively and safely collect colonies of These are the first records of abathas small pulperia, and whose husband rather pugnacious wasps. One last ap- from Central America. The species was owns the land and generously allows peal -I wish the Japanese (since they described from Ecuador, Bolivia and entomologists to collect there). Idonned seem to be so good at creative innova- Guyana. In spite of the large number of my outfit and went at it. I soon retreat- tions in consumer products), or some- specimens in this sample, no males are ed with a variety of wasps inside my body else, would invent a (bee) veil present, so this sex remains unknown. veil and Frank looking rather amused. made of strong, flexible plastic that holds Seems that this species, like so many its shape and that does not get holes in Pison arachnlraptor Menke Neotropical wasps, lands on you and it when crumpled in collecting bags, as wiggles through any small hole to get do the present steel mesh veils. COSTA RICA, Alajuela Prov.: Bijagua you. In my case it was the mesh of the (20 km S Upala), Jan./Feb. 1991, one veil. One must remember that although female (USU). Puntarenas Prov.: 24 km many wasps look big, they are often W. Pledras Blancas, 200 m, Dec. 1990, thin relative to the fatter pollen pigs for one female (UCR). which the veils were designed. Attempt 2: put on an army type mosquito veil These are the first Costa Rican rec- with much smaller mesh. Repeat of 1, ords for arachniraptor, a widespread spe- with Frank further amused, but a little cies in South America, and previously apprehensive as l was bringing wasps Pison In Costa Rica known as far north as Panama. back to his shade canopy. The problem (Sphecidae) this time was that the wasps crawled by Pison cameronli Kohl under the elastic of the mosquito veil at Arnold S.Menke places where the underlying suit had COSTA RICA, Alajuela Prov.: Bijagua folds. Attempt 3: duct tape the base of Forty two species of Pison are known (20 km S Upala), Sept./Oct. 1990, one the veil where the wasps were under- in the Neotropical Region (Menke, 1988, female (USU). Limon Prov.:Parque Na- crawling. Same result, except Frank was 1989, 1990a, b), and of these, 13 occur cional Tortuguero, Estacion Cuatro Es- no longer amused - he got stung by in Costa Rica. Two of the 13 are record- quinas,0 m, April/Aug., 1989, 5 females one of my "guests”. Wasps were still ed from Costa Rica for the first time in (UCR). Puntarenas Prov.:23 km N Puer- getting under and through the poor tape this paper. to Jimenez, 10 m, Jan./April, 1991, one job. Attempt 4: better job of duct tape, The following new records are based female (UCR); 3 km SW Rincon (Osa plus add the bee veil on.lop Qi the mos- on material from the insect collection at Peninsula), 10 m, June/Nov., 1990, two quito veil. Sweet success! the Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), females (UCR); 10 km W Piedras Blan- Based on the above you would think Utah State University (USU), University cas, 100 m, March/Aug. 1989-1991, that all that is needed is a good, well fit- of California at Los Angeles, Henry three females (UCR). San Jos6 Prov.: ting, finely meshed veil or double veil (to Hespenheide (UCLA), and the National Ciudad Colon, 800 m, Jan./May, 1990, prevent accidental contact of the mesh Museum of Natural History (USNM). 4 females (UCR). with your skin, thereby allowing stings) The UCR material is from Malaise traps and a good taping job to seal all gaps. run at many different habitats by Paul A common, widespread species in the Wrong! You need to know (or discover Hanson, Director of the Insect Museum. Neotropical Region. the hard way) some biology of your pros- The USU material is from Malaise traps pective species. run by Frank Parker at various Costa Pison conforms Smith My second example is Parachartergus Rican locations, as well as wasps net- fratemus, another black wasp (does this collected by him. The only Costa Rican COSTA RICA, Alajuela Prov.: Bijagua say anything about black? remember species not listed below is chrysops (20 km S Upala), Jan./Feb. 1991, one black and/or red are the classic warn- Menke. For Costa Rican records of it female (USU). Guanacaste Prov.: Esta- ing colors). This species not only has see Menke (1988, 1990a). cion Maritza, W of Volcan Orosi, 600 an effective sting, but it flies in front of m. 1988-89, 2 females (UCR). San Jos6 your face and sprays venom into your Pison abathss Menke Prov.: Zurqui de Moravia, 1600 m, Feb. eyes. I remember several times after 1989, one female; San Antonio de Es- bagging a nest, l had to crawl down a COSTA RICA, Alajuela Prov.: San Pe- cazu, 1300 m, no date, one female tree blindly because of my closed and dro de la Tigra, Cacao, March/April 1990, (UCR). JULY 92 9

This species was described from these specimens is blackish, and the latero- A common species in Central Ameri- northern South America (Menke, 1988), body is black except for red on of two of the ca. and was subsequently recorded by me tergite I and sternum I from Costa Rica (Menke, 1990a). The three La Selva wasps, - Pison cooperl Menke hindmargin of tergum I is narrowly down- In my revision (Menke, 1988) I dis turned in the five specimens from Pie- cussed three different male species, - might be the male of COSTA RICA, Heredia Prov.: La Selva dras Biancas, but it lacks a raised, bead anyone of which 1 I up recognizing the Biological Station, 3 km S Puerto Viejo, like rim typical of material from South macuHpenne. ended (represent- April 1990, one female (UCLA). Limon America. The two females from Bijagua male with simple antennae ,one from Panama, Prov.: 16 km W Guapiles, 400 m, April/ have this bead-like rim. The propodeal ed by two specimens Venezuela) as maculipenne May, 1989, one female (UCR). Puntar- side is delimited dorsally by a definite one from 60- ). The enas Prov.: 3 km SW Rincon (Osa Pe- crenulate ridge in all of the Costa Rican (see discussion on page 61 of the flagellum in the ninsula), 10 m, one female (UCR). material listed here. In South American ventral surface specimens, there is only a row of shal- other two male species either had raised or welt- Costa Rica is the known northern lim- low foveae. Unfortunately, no Costa Ri- linear tyli on flagellomeres ll-VI through VII it of the range of this common Neotropi- can males have been taken so it is not like tyli on flagellomeres III . - cal species. possible to see if the genitalia are typi- In the species with welt-like tyli, flagello cal for gnythos. meres IV-Vil were rounded out beneath Pison cressoni Rohwer making the articles asymmetrical. The Pison krombelnl Menke genitalia of the male of macutipenne and COSTA RICA, Alajueia Prov.:Finca Los the male with welt-like tyli and rounded , and Lagos, 7 km N Fortuna, Aug. 10, 1989 COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov.: Esta- out flagellomeres appear identical male antenna (USU). Guancaste Prov.: Estacion Ma- cion Experimental Enrique Jimenez I am left wondering if the Per- ritza, W of Volcan Orosi, 600 m, 1988/ Nunez (14 km SW Cahas), Feb./March, is simply variable in maculipenne. tyli var- 89, 3 females (UCR). Heredia Prov.: La 1990, April/May, 1991, 5 males, 4 fe- haps the presence or absence of Selva Biological Station (3 km S Puerto males (USU). Puntarenas Prov.: 3 km ies with the species. However antennal Viejo), April 1990, one male (UCLA). SW Rincon (Osa Peninsula), 10 m, features like these are usually indicative March/Nov. 1989/90, 7 males, 11 fe- of different species, and that is the way A common Neotropical species. The males (UCR); Parque Nacional Corco- I left things in my revision. Bija gaster is entirely black in these speci- vado, Estacion Sirena, 50 m, April/Aug. I have examined one male from - (USU) mens - none of the terga have cream 1989, two females (UCR). gua, Alajueia Prov., Costa Rica or yellow marginal bands. that has welt-like tyli and flagellomeres A common species in Costa Rica. IV-VII are swollen ventrally. Its genitalia Pison eu Menke Known from Mexico to Colombia. and sternum VIII agree with figures 172- 176 ( macutipenne) in my revision. This COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov.: Cer- Pison longicorne Menke male is entirely black except that ster- red ro el Hacha, NW of Volcan Orosi, 300 num I and the sides of tergum I are - m, 1988, one female (UCR); Estacion COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov.: Esta- dish brown, and the basitarsus on the Maritza, W. of Volcan Orosi, 600 m, cion Experimental Enrique Jimenez mid and hindlegs is weakly suffused with 1988/89, two females (UCR); Estacion Nunez (14 km SW Cahas), Aug. 1-12, yellowish white. The UID is 0.66X the Experimental Enrique Jimenez Nunez 1990, one female (USU). Heredia Prov.: LID, and the OOD is 0.76X the HOD. (14 km SW Canas), Feb./April 1990, 3 La Selva Biological Station, 3 km S These values are outside those for the re- females, one male (USU). Puerto Viejo, April/May, 1990, 3 females, two mate specimens of maculipenne one male (UCLA). ported in my 1988 revision, but certain- This species is recorded from Mexico ly not outside the expected range of var- avail to Panama in Central America, and it is A commonly collected Neotropical iation if more maculipenne were - known from isolated records in northern species known from Mexico to Argenti- able for study. South America. The upper interocular na. Since my revision was published, an distance in these female specimens additional male of the Bijagua type has ranges from .79-.82X the lower interoc- Pison maculipenne Smith become available. It was collected in ular distance. The tower lip of the female Venezuela, 40 km S of Puerto Ayacu- clypeal lobe is not indented in one of the COSTA RICA, Heredia Prov.: La Selva cho (USNM). Its antennae and genitalia Estacion Exp. E. Jimenez Nunez speci- Biological Station, 3 km S Puerto Viejo, agree with the Bijagua specimen. Of par- mens. April 2, 1988, one female (USNM), April/ ticular interest is the fact that the abdo- May 1990, 2 females (UCLA). Limon men is reddish brown except for an in- Pison gnythos Menke Prov.: 7 km SW Bribri, 50 m, Oct. 1989, fusion of black on terga lll-VI. The hind one female (UCR). margin of terga l-lll has a cream col- COSTA RICA, Alajueia Prov.: Bijagua ored band. The mid and hindtibiae are (20 km S Upala), Feb./March 1991, two Costa Rica is the northernmost out- yellow brown above, and tarsomeres I- - females (USU). Puntarenas Prov.: 10 & post of this species whose range in- II on these legs are pale. The wing mem margi 24 km W Piedras Blancas, 100 m, cludes much of northern South Ameri- brane has a yellow tint and the - these March/Oct. 1989/90,5 females (UCR). ca. The infuscation of the forewing in nal infuscation is brownish. All of 10 SPHECOS 23

color traits resemble the female hototype Pison arachnlraptor Menke Jan. April, Oct., Dec. various years, 38 of maculipenne (see my revision, p - . 59- males, 5 females (FRITZ); El Alisa!, GO), and suggest that perhaps the true COLOMBIA, Amazonas: Mata Mata, Jan. Feb.,1989 90, 4 females (FRITZ); male of this species - - is the one with welt- February, 1989, one female (FF). Cabra Corral, Feb. 1983, one female like tylr with rounded out flagellomeres . (FRITZ). Catamarca: Andalgala, Nov 4, Resolution of . this problem will probably Pison aranevorax Menke 1972, one female (UCD). PARAGUAY require : rearing of nest material to see Amambay, Cerro CorA, 350 m, Feb 3 which type . - of male is true maculipenne. BRASIL, Amazonas: Manaus, Aug. 21, 10, 1990, one male (COOPER). The UID in the Ayacucho male is 0.66X 1989,one female (INPA),Nov.12,1989, the LID, and the OOD is 0.76X the HOD. one female (USNM). Propodeal dorsum sculpture varies The in first value is essentially the same as these specimens from simply punctate what gave I for maculipenne (Menke, Pison cameronllKohl to variably microridged (as indicated for 1988, 60), p. but the OOD:HOD value is the species in my revision, Menke, 1988: high, although not unreasonably so. The ARGENTINA, Tucuman: Trancas, Jan. 42), but all have some fine longitudinal clypeus of the Bijagua and Ayacucho 1987, one female (FRITZ). COLOMBIA, microridging on the upper part of the males is identical to that of maculipenne Amazonas, Mata Mata, February, 1989, propodeal side. The Paraguay record is (see figs. 170-171 in my revision). This one female (FF). the first for that country. plus the fact that the genitalia are simi- lar in all of these specimens, makes me Pison cooper! Menke Pison wasbauerl Menke wonder how constant male antenna! fea- tures are in this complex. VENEZUELA, Zulia:El Tucuco, July 24, ARGENTINA, Salta: Rosario de Lerma, 1979, one female (UCD). . two males, Nov. 1986, one female Dec. Pison pilosum Smith 1986 (FRITZ). This is the first Venezuelan record for COSTA RICA, Guanacaste Prov.: Esta- cooperi. The female is the second known spec- cion Experimental Enrique Jimenez imen of that sex, and its mesopleural Nunez (14 km SW Caftas), Jan./May, Pison cressonf Rohwer punctation is uniformly dense up to the Sept., Nov. 1990-91, 34 females, 6 mesopleural suture, a distinctive feature males (USU). BRASIL, Amazonas: Manaus, May 23, of female wasbaueri. 1989, one female (INPA). A commonly collected species in Cen- Literature tral America and northern South Ameri- Pison eyvae Menke ca. Menke, A. S. 1988. Pison in the New COLOMBIA, Valle: Largo,July 25, 1975, World: a revision. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Literature Cited one female (UCD). Inst. 24(3):1-171. Menke, A. S., 1988. Pison in the New Pison gnythos Menke World: a revision. Contrib. Amer. Ent. Inst. 24(3):1-171. BRASIL, Amazonas, Manaus, March 23, Menke, A. S., 1989. New distribution 1990, one female (INPA). * records for Pison. Sphecos (18):12- 13. This is the first record for Brasil. Menke, A. S., 1990a. Additional records of New World Pison. Sphecos (19):26. Pison iongicorne Menke Menke, A. S.,1990b. The status of Pison doggonum. Ent. News 101:154. GUATEMALA, Peten: Ruinas Tikal, July 7-10, 1977, one female (UCD). I pfaumanni Further Records of Neotropical Pison This is the first record of Iongicorne by from Guatemala. A.S.Menke ;.S Pison maculipenne Smith Ihave recentiy examined material sent S»'V:’r odb to me by Manfredo Fritz of Salta, Ar- PANAMA, Canal Zone: Barro Colorado mm gentina (FRITZ), Martin Cooper of Lyme l., July 7-8,1978, two females (UCD). dp Regis, England (COOPER), Lynn Kim- sey, University of California, Davis These specimens are the yellow mm (UCD), Fernando Fernandez, Bogota, winged form. Colombia (FF), and Marcio L. de Olivei- ra, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Pison stangel Menke Amazonia, Manaus, Brasil (INPA). 2 neotropcum ARGENTINA, Salta: Rosario de Lerma, Facial portraits of female Pson JULY 92 11

TECHNIQUES amateur and professional entomologists: lem. Anyone with experience in the use to these persons I offer my excuses and of this printer is invited to send their A Simple and Inexpensive acknowledgements. comments to the authors. Method for Anesthetizing Insects and Small Arthropods Fig. 1 by Sex Determination In Early Instar Stefano Turillazzi Wasp and Bee Larvae (Dep. Biologia Animale e Genetica, Upper University di Firenze, Italy) Chamber 10 cm Bryan Danforth (Department of En- tomology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institu- Carbon dioxide is widely used to an- tion, Washington, DC 20560) wishes to esthetize insects. This gas is contained bring to the attention of Sphecos read- in cylinders which are usually too big to tube ers a recent paper describing very sim- carry in the field, must be refilled by spe- ple staining methods for determining the cialized operators, and are expensive. sex of wasp and bee larvae at any stage Faced with these problems while study- of development, from first instar to pre- Lower water pupa. M.J. Duchatear and P. van Leeu- ing social wasps (which are not easily Chamber handled subjects) I came up with a sim- tartaric acid wen (1990, Insects Soclaux, 37:232- pler way to obtain carbon dioxide. & 235) describe their use of the method to My very first attempt, though, was to sodium determine the sex of bumble bee larvae connect a small vial (with wasps inside) bicarbonate but speculate the method may work on to the cap of a bottle Nocera Umbra® other bees (and presumably wasps) as carbonated mineral water with a rubber well. fixing the tube. Shaking the bottle produced CO2 Computer Generated Labels The method relies on first and the wasps fell asleep in a few sec- — An Update larvae in Carnoy's fixative and then us- onds. They recovered half a minute lat- by ing Congo Red to stain the imaginal er. As one might suspect, the mineral Linda L. Sims and George L. Venable disks of the genitalia, which differ strik- water blend proved to be little different (Department of Entomology ingly in morphology between males and in its action from other carbonated bev- NMNH, Smithsonian Institution females. The method works very well erages. In "controlled experiments," Washington, DC 20560) with Perdita last instar larvae, even wasps fell asleep using even Coca when the staining step is eliminated. Cola®, Pepsi Cola®, Dom Perignon®, Recently, it has become apparent Bryan thanks Hayo H. W. Velthuis and etc. The different collateral effects due there exists a need for quick, yet archi- George Eickwort for pointing this article to the quality, nationality, popularity or val quality computer generated labels. out to him. exclusiveness of the beverages remain Prior investigations by the primary au- to be studied in depth. thor (insect Collection News - 2, (2): Producing carbon dioxide is quite sim- 26; Curation Newsletter, 10:2-3) sug- COLLECTING REPORTS ple (as any chemistry student knows) gested that treated laser printer gener- and it’s not necessary to carry boxes of ated labels seemed "adequate as long Galapagos and the Polistes Menace soft drinks or to fill the laboratory with as there is no abrasion, i.e. contact be- by cases of champagne. A simple device tween the specimens and the label. . John Heraty that I experimented with is illustrated in However, a recent experience by Dr. (Dept, of Biology, Carleton University, fig. 1. It consists of two plastic vials with Terry Erwin (NMNH) exposed a flaw in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1S 5B6) screw caps. The caps are joined by a this technique. While field pinning spec- and short rigid plastic tube. The lower vial is imens, ethyl acetate came in contact Sandra Abedrabbo 3/4 full of water. The insect(s) to be an- with the label. This exposure caused (Station Entomologist, Charles Darwin esthetized is placed in the upper vial. A the toner on the label (and hence the Research Station, Apartado small glass vial containing a mixture of information on said label) to dissolve in- Postal 17-01-3891, Quito, Ecuador) tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonate is stantly. Further experiments in the la- put in the water and the device is quick- boratory shows this to be a common In the summer of 1991, Heraty had ly assembled. This method works quite problem to all labels tested by the the opportunity to spend three months well and the length of time that the in- Smithsonian’s Conservation Analytical on the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, as sects remain anesthetized depends on Laboratory. Since ethyl acetate is com- part of Stewart Peck's general survey the kind and size of the insects and on monly used before and after an ento- of its insects. His focus was on the Hy- the time they are kept in the upper mological specimen is prepared, the risk menoptera, in particular, the smaller par- chamber. Small wasps (Stenogastrinae) of losing label information is of great asitic groups. Generally, the Aculeates submitted to the treatment were still concern. Therefore, laser printer gener- fair rather poorly, and, excluding the 29 alive and active after four months and ated labels can no longer be recom- species of ants, account for only 12.3% none died while they were anesthetized. mended. (30 of 243 species) of all Hymenoptera No doubt the method can be greatly Preliminary tests show that the H-P ink that Heraty has been able to Identify improved upon, and it may have already jet printer with their new indelible black (Table). He has processed about 60% been developed and used by previous ink cartridges may not suffer this prob- of the material, and no doubt the pro- 12 SPHECOS 23

to see why they have spread so rapid- ly. Oddly, about 1 in every 20 to 40 Aculeate Hymenoptera of the Galapagos Islands wasps was a yponomeutid moth! For once, Polistes cannot be consid- ered to be a beneficial insect that peo- Genera Species Endemics Tramps ple should cultivate for control of pest insects. On top of fire ants, goats, pigs, Formicidae 16 29 4 16 cattle, dogs, cats, rats, and humans, Bethylidae 3 5 1 ? this newest invasion may again bring the Dryinidae 7 10 6 ? Galapagos Islands onto or over the brink Sphecidae 8 9 2 ? of an ecological disaster We would like Vespidae 2 . 2 0 2? to hear from anyone who has observed Pompilidae 1 1 1 ? any similar population explosions of MutiIJidae 1 1 1 ? Polistes, especially where they have be- Tiphiidae 1 9 1 come a problem If you need more in Apidae 1 1 1 . - Total formation on the situation in the Gala- pagos, please contact one of the Hymenoptera 9 155 244 ? authors.

Guana and Mona islands portion of Aculeates may still drop slight- erpillars (they particularly liked Heraty's by ly. Chalcidoidea presently account for yellow backpack). A rough estimate Roy Snelling % 44.4 . would put 10 to 20 nests in every tree (Dept, of Entomology, Natural History Bees are represented only by Xylocopa in the area. Stewart Peck’s yellow trough Museum of Los Angeles County, darwinii, and the sphecids by a mere 9 traps collected over a gallon of wasps 900 Exposition Blvd., species that include Oxybelus, Bicyries, (nearly saturation) in four days. Adults Los Angeles, CA 90007) Ectemnius, Pison, Tachysphex, Liris, were collected at ail elevations up to Solierella, and Nitela. Chrysidoids include about 1500 m, but numbers decreased October 1991 was spent in the Brit- three genera of bethylids (Goniozus, proportionally with the height of the ish Virgin Islands on a speck of real es- Rhaphiditelus, and Sclerodermas), and vegetation (here the pampa began at tate just north of Tortola called Guana a number of dryinids, which include three 400m). Island (smile when you say that and species of aphelopines ( Anteon and What effect is Polistes going to have pronounce it carefully!) courtesy of The Deinodryinus). Pompilids have only one on the islands? We noted that there Conservation Agency, "Skip" Lazell, and known species, Aporinella galapagoensis. were almost no birds in the area of high- the owner of Guana Island, Dr. Henry Until recently, vespids have made only est infestation (birds are extremely abun- Jarecki. Nothin’ to do 'cept go out col- a poor showing on the islands. Only one dant almost everywhere else in the Ga- lecting, enjoying the warm sun, plenty of endemic species of Pachodynerus is lapagos). The famous Darwin finches good food, and pleasant folks, mostly known, and this species is about to be rely on the insects as food and increased biologists. A list of Aculeata is included synonymized with a continental species. insect abundance accompanying rain- below. Worked out a neat way to find The only other of a mention vespid is a fall and can let the finches have several nests of Polistes and Mischocyttarus\ record of PoHstes jadwigae collected on broods in a single season. If wasps re- when I find a likely looking shrub, in- a boat about 200 km from the Galapa- move the caterpillars during lush peri- vestigate it elbow first. Very effective. gos Islands. ods, the finches (a precious aspect of I’m also including a map of the island, In 1986, the first record of Polistes the Galapagos) may soon be lost with my collecting sites marked for pos- versicolor versicolor was made on the through competition for a limited re- terity. It's a small island, only about 340 island of Ftoreana. Over a five-year pe- source. On top of the ecological effects, hectares (850 acres) and its greatest riod, these wasps have spread to almost tourism also may be severely affected elevation only 246 meters (806 feet). every island in the archipelago, except because of the absence of bird life and There is a hotel and accommodations for for a few of the more isolated northern high incidence of stings. staff on the hogback between White Bay islands. In part, the rapid spread has One additional note for behaviorists. and Muskmelon Bay ("hotel area" on the been due to an explosive growth in the While on the rim of Volcan Alcedo (about map), but the island is otherwise now populations of Polistes. We first encoun- 20 meters across, 1100m elevation) on largely dry tropical forest. A few sheep tered a few nests in the arid lowland the island of Isabela, Heraty observed and runaway biologists are the only scrub on Fernandina - nothing special what appeared to be a migration of threat to the island biota! — typical non-aggressive Polistes. Then Polistes moving along the rim in a south The insects are pretty much the rou- we arrived at Caleta Iguana on the to north direction from Volcan Sierra Ne- tine Virgin Islands stuff, but I suspect southwest corner of Isabela. We dont gra, an area of extremely high popula- that there is much yet to be collected in think anyone in our expedition will for- tions of wasps. Roughly, he counted over these islands. The Caribbean generally get getting off the boat to be greeted by 300 wasps during a five-minute period, seems to be poorly collected.I did pick several thousand Polistes - all eager to and this lasted for over two hours from up2 specimens of a small bee { Hylaeus) drink our sweat and search us for cat- when they were first noticed. It is easy that may well be undescribed and this JULY 92 13

peregrinations. is the first Hylaeus for the Virgin islands. Pachodynerus atratus nesting in a So much for the Two things conspicuously absent were cave! Some new records: (Fox) Bembix and Sphecinae, although both More importantly , we spent 2 days Episyron conterminus posterus 1st - muy oomun. were collected on nearby islands (Necker, on Mona Island. Fabulous place. An- (Pompilidae) - Mona . Euodynerus apicalis (Cresson) (Vespi- Eustacia, Virgin Gorda). Stictia signata other list of its wasps appended. Mona and very common. Bicyrtes is, again, hot dry forest with a very low dae) - Mona Isl. was present (Saus spinosa was found only at North Beach. profile and virtually no surface water. It Pachodynerus guadulpensis - ( ) - Puerto Rico: Vega Only two social wasps, Polistes crinhus does have some interesting limestone sure) Vespidae and Mischocyttarus phthisicus, were caves and shelters where the Taino In- Baja and Puerto Nuevo. (Saussure) (Ves- found. But, I did find an old nest of a dians left some great pictographs. There Vespula pensyfvanica * Cyn , Davis Mts , Texas, different Polistes, probably P. major. I is also supposed to be a Taino ball- pidae) Umpia . . all also picked up an extraordinarily beau- court, but I didn't have time to see that. incidentally, although I collected , par- tiful female Psorthaspis (Pompilidae) Next time. groups of Hymenoptera on Guana come that may be new; Bishop Museum also While we were on Mona, a boatload of asitics of all groups were hard to ophi- has one collected on Guana by Scott refugees from Dominican Republic was by. For example, didn't see a single Miller and I have another from Puerto picked up and brought to Mona: 14 peo- onine at night! Of the two species of Ev- a Rico. Seems to me it's time somebody ple in a 10 foot, open boat, out-board aniidae collected, one is Brachygaster paid some attention to Caribbean spi- motor crapped out, no oars, no food, no (one specimen), the other, more com- , a , probably H. poeyi, but der wasps — there's some neat stuff out water! They were a pretty bedraggled mon is Hyptia there and nobody has really studied group coming ashore. One of the men with greatly reduced reddish areas (com- them since Bradley worked on the Apor- saw me and exclaimed to the effect of : pared to Cuban specimens). inae back in 1944. My God, there are still Indians on this is- I should also make note of the fact on On the return, I spent a week in Puer- land! (in Spanish, of course), [one has to that my acquisition of specimens by enthu- to Rico, staying with my good friends know Roy to fully appreciate this state- Guana *was greatly aided the Juan and Maribel Torres. Juan and I ment! edit.] siastic assistance of several lovely la- visited dry forest at Guanica. Very poor Oh yes, collecting on Mona was pret- dies: Wenhua, Elizabeth, Robin, Rober- collecting except for the Camponotus ty good, especially for the short time ta, Cory, and Lianna. we were looking for. But, did find there. GUANA ISLAND ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA

Formicidae GUANA Leptogenys pubiceps Emery Contours are at 20 meters. Pheidoie fallax Mayr Bar, bottom right, is 400 meters Monomorium Uoricola (Jerdon) or one-quarter mile. Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) Crematogaster steinheili Forel Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) M U S K M E L O N Cyphomyrmex minutus Mayr B A Y N O R T H Dorymyrmex antiilana Forel B A Y Brachymyrmex obscurus Forel North Beach Camponotus sexguttatus (Fabricius) * undescr. sp. "hotel Paratrechina longicomis (Latreille) are. Tiphiidae Myzinum haemorrhoidale (Fabricius) ?

white Scoliidae Beach Campsomeris dorsata (Fabricius) WHITE BAY plantation Vespidae area Polistes crinitus (Felton) a major Palisot de Beauvois [SIGHT RECORD) Mischocyttarus phthisicus (Fabricius) Pachodynerus atratus (Fabricius)

Pompilidae Pepsis rubra Drury Aporus prolixus Bradley M O N K E Y Psorthaspis sp. P O I N T 14 SPHECOS 23

Sphecidae Tachysphax alayoi Pulawski too, a tot of wasps are aposematic in a Tachysphex alayoiPulawski Tachytes tricinctus (Fabricius) variety of ways). Finally, George lletz Tachytes chrysopyga (Spinola) Bicyrtes spinosa (Fabricius) in "Prey selection in web building spi " - - tricinctus (Fabrlcius) Stictia signata (LinnS) ders and evolution of prey defenses" and Robert Lederhouse in "Avoiding Litis ignipennis F. Smith Halictidae the hunt:primary defenses of lepidopte- * luctuosus dahlbomi (Cresson) ? Lasbgbssum (Dialictus) sp. ran caterpillars" present information on " sp. 1 Agapostemon viequesensis wasps as prey and as predators. " sp. 2 Cockerell Overall, this book has lots of informa- Ectemnius craesus (Lepeletier & tion on wasps and insect biology and is Brulle) Megachilidae a bargain at $24.50. sp. Megachile ( Eutrbharaea) concinna Cerceris sp. F. Smith BestimmungsschlOssel dor Grab- Stictia signata (Linne) (Pseudocentron) sp. wespen Nord- und Zentraleuropas Bicyrtes spinosa (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) by Her- Anthophoridae mann Dollfuss, 1991. Stapfia, No. 24, Colletidae Anthophora tricolor (Fabricius) 247 p. (see advertisement on page 32 Hylaeus ( Hylaeana) sp. Centris lanipes Fabricius of this Sphecos). Xylocopa mordax F. Smith Keys are provided for 392 sphecid Halictidae wasps found in north and central Eu- Lasiogbssum { Dialictus) sp. 1 rope, although special emphasis has " " sp. 2 been given to those found in Austria. Augochbra sp. 1 Abundant illustrations accompany the sp. 2 keys ^which should make identification of genera and species easy. Each ge- Megachilidae nus is diagnosed, number of species Megachile (Pseudocentron) sp. noted, and important references listed. Coelbxys abdominalis BOOK NEWS Each species is briefly treated (distribu- Guerin-Meneville tion, flight period, salient features, syn- onymy). Anthophoridae Insect Defenses: Adaptive Mecha- This is a large format publication and Centris haemorrhoidalis Fabricius nisms and Strategies of Prey and should be a welcome addition to the li- * lanipes Fabricius Predators edited by D. L. Evans and J. braries of most European wasp work- Anthophora trbobr (Fabricius) O. Schmidt. 1990. SUNY Press, Alba- ers. Exomalopsis (E.) sp. ny, xv + 482 p. (Available from SUNY Xylocopa mordax F. Smith Press, State Univ. Plaza, Albany, NY Collectiones Entomologicae Horn, 12246, $24.50 paper ) . W; I. Kahle, G. Fries© & R. Gaedike. 2 BEES AND WASPS This book contains 15 chapters with vols, 573 pp. Berlin, 1990. ISBN 3- OF MONA ISLAND much information of interest to the read- 7440-0067-2 ($105) ers of Sphecos. Two chapters relate en- This is a supplement to the classic Evanlidae tirely to aculeate Hymenoptera:"Holding Horn & Kahle (1935-37) work on ento- Hyptia weithi Ashmead the fort: colony defense in some primi- mologists, entomological collections, and tively social wasps" by Chris Starr; and their history. This supplement covers the Vespidae "Hymenopteran venoms: striving toward period from 1937 to 1961 and follows the Polistes crinitus (Felton) the ultimate defense against vertebrates" style of the original. The main section is Mischocyttarus phthisbus (Fabricius) by Justin Schmidt. Two more chapters index of collections by owners (individ- Zethus rufinodus Latreille contain extensive sections and tables re- uals & corporate), followed by an index Euodynerus apbalis (Cresson) lating to aculeate wasps and other Hy- of museums and institutions by city, bib- Pachodynerus tibialis (Saussure) menoptera: "Allomones: chemicals for liography of publications about collec- defense" by Douglas Whitman, Murray tions, and plates of determination labels Pompilidae Blum, and David Alsop; and "Collective (some 2,000) and entomologists (113). Prbcnemis sp. security: aggregation by insects as a The entomologists pictured are virtually Episyron conterminus posterns (Fox) defense" by Kevina Vulinec. In addition all German except for two pictures of Anopiius amethystinus (Fabricius) to these chapters, several others pro- Alex Melander! These pictures repre- “ hispanblae Evans vide concepts and information relating sent just part of the almost 5,000 pic- to Hymenoptera. "The evolution of cryp- tures currently in the Institute’s collec- Sphecidae tic coloration" by Malcolm Edmunds sets tion. The work itself is stated to be Sphex ichneumoneus (Linn6) the theoretical stage for "hiding" or in- based on a card catalog of some Sceliphron assimile (Dahlbom) conspicuousness among insects (and 25,000 cards including some 60,000 ci- Phonyx thomae (Fabricius) yes, a lot of wasps are cryptic). "The tations. While the publication bears the Trypoxybn ( Trypoxybn) sp. evolution of aposematism" by Tim Guil- former name, Jnstitut fur Pflanzenschutz- Liris sp. ford is likely to become a classic (yes forschung Kleinmachnow der Akademie JULY 92 15 der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften der have to twist the pin around in my fin- p. 426, LC, L 35: insert "new* at end of Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, gers. As a consequence I often remove line. the organization has changed its name backward labels from specimens and p. 426, LC, L 43-44: delete "new synon- back to the original Deutschen Entomol- repin them properly. It occurred to me ymy by J. Leclercq” [it was published ogischen Instituts. Copies can be ob- that the reason for "backwards" labels by Leclercq in 1974], tained from Koeltz Scientific Books USA, on pins is simply that the labeler was p. 426, RC, delete L 4-5. Dahlbom did RR 7, Box 39, Champaign, III. 61821 for left-handed. This interesting fact sug- . not describe boreaiis as a n.sp. $105.00 paperbound, 2 vols. In Europe gests that one can properly determine p. 427, LC, L 4:delete entire entry; contact Antiquariat Goecke & Evers Inh. whether an entomologist is or was dex- "transiens" was a Latin word, not a E. Bauer, Sprotplatzweg 5, Keltern - tral or sinistra! simply by observing in- species name, Weiler, D W 7538, Germany. sects that were labeled by him or her. p. 427, LC, L 24 from bottom: Dewitz is -The Mud D'aub correct. p. 427, LC, L 25: 1886 is correct, not LEFT-HANDED 1887. HYMENOPTERISTS p. 427, RC, L 4: paJitans (without syno- or nyms) was treated as ssp. of THE RIGHT-HANDED nigriiarsus by Ledercq, 1958. DO IT RIGHT! p. 427, RC, L 18 from bottom: 1886 is BIG BLUE BOOK ERRATA correct, not 1887. Normally when a right-handed per- Part 18 p. 427, RC, L 8 from bottom: add "lap- son puts labels on an insect pin, they sus for hector Cameron" at end of are oriented such that when you pick p. 179, LC, L 4 from bottom:1844 is line. , , 1889 is correct, not up the specimen with your right hand, correct, not 1845. p. 428 RC L 25: the words are readable without rotating p. 179, RC, delete L 19 from bottom. 1699. pe- the pin in your fingers. When working Thomson did not describe dahlbomi p. 430, RC, insert as synonym after Thunberg, with museum material, I am often ag- as a n.sp. nultimate line: cfypeata ), nec cfypeata gravated by locality and other labels . 265, , 6 from bottom: put paren- 1815 ( Philanthus p LC L * that have been placed on the pin "back- theses around "Patton" and add ( Uris) Schreber, 1759; see Schulz (1912:70). , RC, insert as subspecies after wards". That is, in order to read them, I after "1892." p. 434 penultimate line: ssp. rufescens p. 297, fig. 84J: soikai \s correct, , 1950; Algeria, p. 368, RC, L 14: Pakistan is correct, Beaumont , kaufmani is correct. not India. p. 434, RL last L: \ ) after "1877." p. 401, RC, line 6 from bottom: delete Insert ( Enthomosericus last entire entry (see krusemani in p. 434, RC, insert as synonym after , 1950, lap- Crossocerus on p. 426.) L: kaufmanni Beaumont . p. 402, LC, L 19 from bottom: sus or emendation correct, ( Coeiocrabro) is correct, not { Crabro ). p. 496, LC, L 33: ( Harpactes) is , , 18 from bottom: 1884 is p. 402, RC, L 10: 1880 is correct, not p. 496 LC L 1879; delete ( Crabro). correct, not 1888. , 14 bottom: add at p. 402, RC, L 23: change punctus to p. 496, LC L from nec , 1895. punctum. The name is a noun and its end of entry: Handlirsch Place a at beginning of entry, ending is invariable, t . 496, RC, L 10: 1933 is correct, not p. 403, RC, L 27: change ( Crabro ) to p ( Crossocerus). 1934. , , is correct, p. 408, LC, L 30: 1892 is correct, not p. 496 RC L 25: Pakistan 1891. not India. is correct, not p. 409, LC, L 23: insert ( Solenius ) after p. 521, LC, L 17: 1933 1871. The species should probably 1934. be transferred to Ectemnius or p. 527, LC, L 21 from bottom: is correct, Lestica preceded by a question mark, pluschtschewskii . 528, , 12 from bottom: 1846 is p. 424, LC, L 18 from bottom: 1886 is p RC L correct, not 1887. correct, not 1849. , 25 from bottom: add pa- p. 424, LC, L 15 from bottom: 1886 is p. 531, RC L and insert correct, not 1887. rentheses around Mickel . p. 424, RC, L 5: 1918 is correct, not ( Stizus) after 1918 1917. p. 547, LC, L 33: 1877 is correct, not p. 425, LC, L 25 from bottom: subtifis 1879. , not "Pdrez" is correct. p. 548, RC, L 3: Pakistan is correct p. 425, RC, L 28: 1941 is correct, not India. 1936. p. 580, LC, L 10 from bottom: onodans is correct. The MudD’aub p. 426, LC, L 19: delete entire entry (see carinatus on p. 424). 16 SPHECOS 23

PROFILES Jane van der Smlssen (by the office of environment, Lubeck) (Jesse-Owen$-Str. 10 would have been impossible without the Monica Russo D - 2407 Bad Schwartau, Germany) help of these people. I am very grateful (1 North Skilling Road, RR 4, Arundel, to them for this success, and I am very Biddeford PO, Maine 04005 USA) I was born in Lubeck, Schleswig- glad of being allowed to take part in the Holstein (Germany) on April 5th, 1946. investigation of the aculeate Hymenop- While I am not a professional ento- I attended secondary school, married tera. mologist, I am an active amateur. I am and brought up two sons. Up to the age the author/illustrator of the INSECT AL- of forty, needlework, music and literature MANAC, published last year by Ster- filled my pastime. To embellish our walks BEE BUZZ ling; it's a seasonal guide to insect ob- I got to know, together with my hus- servation and collecting activities for band, the voices of the birds and grass- [From the London Times] young adults. IVe also had a couple of hoppers of our country. A change in our articles in the Quarterly of the Young routine, however, was brought about by Sir, This morning I went into my gar- Entomologist’s Society. I'm making an the fascinating Ectemnius sexcinctus. den shed to find a bumble bee ( Bombus effort to keep up-to-date on everything My husband intended to take photos of terrestris) buzzing on the inside of the from paleoentomology to entomophagy, these wasps, and I knew I would get window. When I enclosed it in a cloth to since I may be doing further work with acquainted with the aculeate Hymenop- help its exit I noticed that the pitch of its my publisher on natural science/educa- tera one way or another. Some friends buzz went up one octave. After releas- tional books for an age group of up to and well-known experts helped me, for ing it I went to the piano and found that 15 years. example: Dr. Wolfram Eckloff (Museum its original note was the C sharp below Personal interests include the fact that of Natural History, Lubeck), Studiendi- middle C. I live in a log cabin surrounded by pom- rektor i.R. Heinrich Wolf (Pompilidae) I wonder if any of your readers have pilids (7 species have been collected in and Prof. Dr. Volker Haeseler (Universi- - observed the buzz-note of other Bombi- Maine) indoors and out! Since this part ty Oldenburg). dae. of Maine consists of bare ledgerock and With their help and support I succeed- Yours sincerely, lots of light, fine day, we also have blue- ed in finding (since 1987) about 360 G.B.R. Walkey, berry bushes decorated with the pots of kinds of aculeates, among them 4 new 14 Main Road, Newton Regis, Eumenes. ones for NW-Germany. Three publica- Tamworth, Staffordshire. tions and one commission of research

Notiziarlo Imenotterologico italiano

Redattori: Guido Pagliano e Pier Luigi Scaramozzino Editore: Museo Regional di Scienze Natural! Via Giofitti 38 - 10123 TORINO

Dear colleagues, as you can see, we have started to bring out an Italian newsletter about Hymenoptera and Italian Hymenopterists. We would like to receive any material that you believe helpful for the persuance of our project (announcements of congresses or meet- ings, new books about Hymenoptera ....) as well as other news that we could publish in Hy-men. Many thanks Hy-men editors JULY 92 17

LITERATURE ON THE VESPINAE Anon. 1982. E.T. call home? Pest Control Technol. 10(12):10. 1975 - 1991 [Originally in the Buffalo Evening News] [Photograph of a ) (Compiled by Robin Edwards wasps’ nest built around a set of garage lights.] Anon. to include ail lit In Sphecos #1, Menke made the decision - 1990. Wasp control in and around structures. Pest Control erature references from 1975 in his "Recent Literature" sec- Technology 18 (9):21 24. (PCT/DowElanco Training the Vespinae - tion. Over the years I have helped to keep Guide 3.) to near 100%, and now list some older records records up Antwerpen, C. L. van, Gospe Jr., S. M. & Wade, N. A. that I missed earlier. Also in this update are several recent 1988. Myeloradiculopathy associated with wasp sting. Pe~ publications: of particular importance are many papers by diat. Neurology 4:379-380. workers in New Zealand (a few others were recorded in Appel, A.G. Sphecos #20 and 22). 1990. Knockdown efficiency and materials compatibility of ref « Now that I have retired, I am unable to search for more - wasp and hornet spray formulations to honey bees (Hy erences, and so this is my last "update". menoptera, Apidae). J. econ. Ent. 83:1925 1931. March 1992 - R.E. 10 . Archer,M. E. 1977. Hornets on the decline. Daily Telegraph 16 July Abe, T. 1977 hornets, . 1985. [Hornet venoms - general biology of the Archer, M. E. damage ] Honey properties of their venom and stinging . - 1982. A population dynamics hypothesis for Vespula in bee Science 6:13-24 (in Japanese). England, UK. In: Breed, M.D., et al. (Eds) The biology of Abe, T , Hariya, , Kawai, N , Miwa, A . Y. . . social insets. Proc. 8th Int. Congr. IUSSI, Boulder, pp. in an 1989. Comparative study of amino acid composition 76-79. Westview Press. : content of neuroac extract from hornet venom sacs high - Archer, M. E. acids Toxicon :683-688. tive amino in Vespa. 27 1987. A working cladogram for the Vespinae. In: Eder, J. & Adams, R. G. Rembold, H. (Eds). Chemistry and biology of social in vespulae (Milli - 1978. The first British infestation of Reesa - sects. Verlag J. Peperny, Munchen. p. 74. [Also in Sphe ron ) Entomologist's Gaz. - ) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae . cos 1986, 11:5-6 and 9-10.] 29:73-75. Barr, S. E. Ahmadi, A. A. 1976. Prolonged interval immunotherapy of Hymenoptera 1984. Incidence of honeybee (Apis mellifera) disease and sting allergy. Ann. Allergy 36:308-312. parasites in southern Iran Bee World 65:134-136. . Barss, P. Akre, R. D. 1989. Renal failure and death after multiple stings in Pa- , 1982. Economics and control of yellowjackets (Vespula pua New Guinea: ecology, prevention and management ( Dolichovespula). In: Breed, M. D., et al. Eds) The Biolo- of attacks by vespid wasps. Med. J. Australia 151:659- gy insects Proc. 8th. Int. Congr IUSSI, Boulder, of social . . 663. pp. 109-113. Westfield Press. Beavis, I. C. Akre, R. D. Insects and other invertebrates in classical antiquity. , 1989. 1991. Critique. Wasp research: strengths, weaknesses University of Exeter. 269 pp. [Principally concerned with Zool. 18 No 2:223 227 Re and future directions. N.Z. J. . - . - the names applied to wasps and bees.] , Fordham, Spurr sponses by Donovan, Moller, Gambino Beggs, J. R. & Beggs. p 227-231 1991. Altitudinal variation in abundance of common wasps Aldiss, J. B. J. F. ( Vespula vulgaris ). N.Z. J. Zool. 18 No.2:155-158. 1983. Chemical communication in British social wasps (Hy- Ben-Shalom, A., Ishay, J. S. Vespidae) , Univ. Southampton. menoptera: . Ph D thesis 1989. The hornet cuticle as a diode and an electric source. 252pp. Physiol. Chem. Phys. Med. NMR 21:95-106. Andoni, V. Benshalom-Shimony, T., Ishay, J. S. mbi inventarizimin e himenop- 1975. Te dhena paraprake 1990. Luminescence and thermocondudive properties of Shkenc Nat tereve ta nendrenvit Aculeata. Buletini . . the oriental hornet ( Vespa orientalis) cocoon: evidence . 29:99-108 (in Albanian with French summary) for photoinduced electron transfer system. Comp. Bio- Anon. chem. Physiol. (A) 95:349-358. Annual Exhibition Hymenoptera. Proc. 1975. The 1974 . Benshalom-Shimony, T., Ishay, J. S. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. 8:19-20. 1990. Electric capacitance and current of the Oriental hor- Anon. net silk cocoon cap. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. (A) . Release ESPC 036350 7. 1976. Wasps. N.P.C.A. Tech - 97:555-564. Anon. Bernstein, D.,I., Mittman, R.J., et al. (Gloucester 1977. Blaze in nest of wasps. The Citizen - 1989. Clinical and immunologic studies of rapid venom im- shire), 6 Sept. 1977. munotherapy in Hymenoptera-sensrtive patients. J. Aller- Anon. gy Clin. Immunol. 84:951-959. , Advisory GD 53. 1978. Wasps. Min. Agric. Fish. Fd Leaflet Bettini, S. (Ed.) Anon. 1978. Arthropod venoms. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. [For Ed- Sunday Express Colour 1981. Spoil sports of summer. ery et al., Venoms of Vespidae.] Magazine No.13, 5 July 1981. p.45. 18 SPHECOS 23

Blum, M. S. vulgaris (L.)(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand. 1976. Pheromonarcommunication in social and semisocial N.Z.J. Zool. 16:303-314. insects. Proc. symp. ins. pheromones & their applica- Clapperton, B. K., Moller,H., Sandlant, G. R. tions, Nagaoka & Tokyo, Dec.8-11, 1976:49-60. 1989. Distribution of social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespi- Bousquet,J., Knani,J., et a). dae) in New Zealand in 1987. N.Z. J. Zool. 16:315-324. 1989. Evolution of sensitivity to Hymenoptera venom in Clay, P. and H. 200 allergic patients followed for up to 3 years. J. Allergy 1981. Wasps. Nature in Close-up series, Adam & Charles Clin. Immunol. 84:944-950. Black, London. 25pp.[For younger readers.] Brandstatter,J. H. Cleverley, A. 1990. Some aspects of the significance of the antennae as 1990. A waspish experience. Amat. Ent. Soc. Bull. 49 air-current sense organs in the measurement of flight (No.372):201-202. [Wasps (probably vulgaris) entering speed in wasps. Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Zool. Phys. 94:323- house 1 hour before dayBght.] 332. Cloudsley-Thompson,J. L. Brown, G. R. 1976. insects and history. Weidenfekf & Nicolson, London, 1981. European wasp. Agfact A 9.9.1. Dept, of Agric., p. 206. N.S.W. Corbet, S. A., Cuthill,I., Fallows, M., Harrison, T. Byers, J. A., Unkrich, M. A. 1981. Why do nectar foraging bees and wasps work up- 1983. Electronic light intensity control to simulate dusk and wards on inflorescences? Oecologia (Berl.) 51:79-83. dawn conditions. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 76:556-558. Couptchicova, L. M., Ournbhev, A. P. Caeiro, M.H. S., Palma-Carlos, M.L., et al. 1975. [Distribution of forage in the nest of Dolichovespula 1981. Le test de degranulation des basophiles humains saxonica (Hymenoptera, Vespidae).] Zool. Zh. 54:231- dans I’allergie aux piqnres d'hym6nopteres. Allergie Im- 239 (in Russian with English summary). munobgie 13:30,32. Craig, R. Cannings, R. A. 1980. Sex investment ratios in social Hymenoptera. Am. 1989. An Asian hornet, Vespa simiflima xanthoptera (Hy- Nat. 16:311-323. menoptera: Vespidae) in North America. J. ent. Soc. Brit- Crobach, M.J. J. S., Dzn, J. D. M. ish Columbia 86:91. [Captured in 1978: no records 1989. Hymenoptera stings and beta-blockers. Lancet 2 since.] (8668):916. [Correspondence - reply to Pedersen.] Carmean, D. Crocker, J. 1989. Sex and deposition of the hobtype of Bareogonalos 1975. Classified reports. Arthropods. Heritage No. 60:14-16. canadensis (Harrington) (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae). Das, B. P., Gupta, V. K. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 91:287-288. 1989. The social wasps of India and the adjacent countries Carmean, D. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Oriental Insects Monograph 1991. Biology of the Trigonalyidae (Hymenoptera), with No.11. [Vespinae, pp. 195-267.] notes on the vespine parasitoid Bareonogalos canaden- Davis III, E. J., Turner, W. J. sis. N.Z. J. Zool. 18 No.2:209-214. 1978. Biology, distribution and abundance of flesh flies Carpenter,J. M. (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) of the Wallowa-Whitman Na- 1989. Testing scenarios - wasp social behavior. Cladistics tional Forest in northeastern Oregon. Melanderia 30:111- 5:131-144. 159. Casals, B. P. Davis, H. G., Johansen, C. A., Eves,J. D. 1979. La avispa europea en Chile. Boletfn Agricola Shell, 1975. The attractiveness to bees of synthetic wasp attrac- Chile 39 (2):10-12. [Quoted by Giganti.] tants. J. apicult. Res. 14:101-104. Casals, B. P. Donovan, B. J. 1979. La avispa "chaqueta amarilla". Informativo convenio 1982. Progress with introduction of Sphecophaga Est. Exp. Quilamapu- Esc. de Agronomia. 4 pp. [Quoted vesparum (Curtis) for control of Vespula germanica (F.) by Giganti 1983.] in New Zealand. Proc. 9th Congr. IUSSI, Boulder, Suppl. Cetkovic, A. p.3.[Abstract] 1985. A taxonomic-biogeographic review of the social Donovan, B. J. wasps (Vespidae, Hymenoptera), with special reference 1989. Potential enemies of the introduced wasp parasitoid to the fauna of Serbija. Diss. Univ. Belgrade. Sphecophaga vesparum (Hymenoptera: Jchneumonidae) Charpin, D., Vervtoet, D., Haddi, E., et al. in New Zealand.N.Z. J. Zool. 16:365-367. 1990. Prevalence of allergy to Hymenoptera stings. Allergy Donovan, B. J. Proceedings 11:29-32. 1989. Vespula germanica (F.), German wasp and Vespula Chinery, M. vulgaris (L.), Common wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). 1989. Garden creepy-crawlies. Whittet Books, London. In: Cameron, P. J.,Hill, R. L. et al. (Eds) A review of bio- 172 pp. [Vespinae,pp. 104-108.] bgical control of invertebrate pests and weeds in New Clapperton, B. K., Alspach, P. A., et al. Zealand 1874 to 1987. [Publ. by CAB Internatbnal Insti- 1989. The impact of Common and German wasps (Hyme- tute of Biological Control.] noptera: Vespidae) on the New Zealand beekeeping in- Donovan, B. J. dustry. N.Z.J. Zool. 16:325-332. 1991. Nest initiation by German and common wasp Clapperton, B. K., Lo, P. L., et al. queens (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) and nest fate at Christ- 1989. Variation in colour markings of German wasps church, New Zealand. N.Z. J. Zool. 18 No.2:95-99. Vespuia germanica (F.) and Common wasps Vespula JULY 92 19

, Donovan, B. J. tential biological control agent of the social wasps in . 1991. Life cycle of Sphecophaga vesparum (Curtis) (Hy- Vespula germanica (F.) and V. vulgaris (L.) Australia menoptera, Ichneumonidae), a parasite of some vespid N.Z.J. Z00I. 18 No.2:193-197. wasps N.Z J Zool. 18 No.2:181-192. Fordham, R. A. . . . - Donovan, B. J , Marris, J. W. M., et al. 1991. Vespulid wasps at the upper forest margin in Tonga . .Z . 1990. Inoculation of wasp nests with the parasitoid riro National Park - a threat to the native biota? N . J Sphecophaga vesparum. Proc. 43rd N.Z. Weed & Pest Zool. 18 No.2:151-153. Control Conf. 1990: 195-196. Fordham, R. A., Craven, A. J., Minot, E. O. Ebeling, W. 1991. Phenology and population structure of annual nests Ma 1975 Urban entomology. Univ. Calif., Div. of Agric. Sciences. of the German wasp Vespula germanica (Fab.) in - . late Edwards, R. nawatu, New Zealand, with particular reference to 1975. Vespula sylvestris (Scop.) (Hym., Vespidae): a host summer and autumn. N.Z. J. Zool.18 No.2:127-137. for Tyrophagus hngior (Gervais) (Acari, Tyroglyphidae). Francke, W. dt Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 111:88. 1981. Spiroacetale als Pheromone bei Insekten. Mitt. . Eickwort, G. C. Ges. allgemeine angew. Ent. 2:248-251. 1990. Associations of mites with social insects. Ann. Rev. Frankland, A. W. Ent. 35:469-488. 1975. Insect allergy. Clin. Allergy 5:236-237. Einarsson, R., Inganas, M., et al. Frankland, A. W. [ review.] 1989. Detection of lgG4 antibodies by immunobiotting in 1976. Bee sting allergy. Bee World 57:145-150. A patients on vespid venom immunotherapy. J. Immunol. Franks, E. C. . Methods 120:265-269. 1979. Ant, bee, and wasp control at Hummingbird feeders Else, G. R. Jack Pine Warbler 57:70-75. 1975. An additional British breeding record of Volucella Free,J. B. zonaria Poda (Diptera, Syrphidae) and two Hampshire 1977. The social organisation of honeybees. Studies in Bi- records of this species at mercury-vapour lamps. Ento- ology No. 81, Arnold, London. 68 pp. mologist's mon. Mag. 111:184. Frisch, K. von. . Else, G. R. 1975. Animal architecture. Hutchinson, London 1989 Further records of Dolichovospula media in southern Gabriel, K. R. . :248 England. BEWARS Newsletter, August 1989. 1975. Swallows feeding wasps to young. Br. Birds 68 . still alive.] Else, G., Felton, J., Stubbs, A. [Possibly V. vulgaris. Fed to young even when 1979. The conservation of bees and wasps. Nature Con- Gambino, P. (Hy servancy Council, London. 2nd Edn. 13 pp. 1991. Reproductive plasticity of Vespula pensylvanica - Islands, Engels, W. (Ed.) menoptera: Vespidae) on Maui and Hawaii 1990. Social insects. An evolutionary approach to castes U.S.A. N.Z. J. Zool. 18 No.2:139-149. and reproduction. Chapter 3. Physiology and reproduc- Gambino, P. V. : tion in social wasps by A. Strambi. Springer-Verlag, Ber- 1989. Interactions between yellowjackets (Hymenoptera Abs Inter lin. 265 pp. (Chapter 3, pages 59-75.) [A reworking of his Vespidae) and insect pathogens. Dissertation . - , vulgaris 1985 chapter in Watson, Okot-Kotber & Noirot.] national B, Sci & Eng. 49:4669-B. [ pensylvanica ] Es'kov, E. K. v. Bacillus,Aspergillus, Penicillium, Beauveria 1976. [Specificity of the dynamic structure of the spectra of Gambino, P., Medeiros, A. C., Loope, L. L. on acoustic communication signals in social insects.) Zh. 1990. Invasion and colonisation of upper elevations obshch. Biol. 37:891-896 (in Russian). East Maui (Hawaii) by Vespula pennsylvanica (Hymenop- 83:1088 1095 Es'kov, E. K. tera, Vespidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Am. - . 1982. [The temperature in the nest of wasps and its influ- Gamboa, G. J. ence on the development of the wasp's colony.] Izv. 1978. Intraspecific defense advantage of social coopera- , N.Y. Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., Biol. Pt.1:135-140 (in Russian). tion among paper wasp foundresses. Science [Apparently the same as Es’kov & Toroptsev, q.v.] 199:1463-1465. Fabritius, M. Gardiner, B. O. C. 306):38. 1976. Experimentelle Untersuchung des Warmeverhaltens 1975. Wasps on high. Bull. amat. Ent. Soc. 34 ( der Hornisse ( Vespa crabro). Dissertation, Univ. Frank- Geller, R. G., Yoshida, H.,Beaven,M. A.,-et al. in venoms of furt a. M. [See English quote in Koeniger 1977 (1329)] 1976. Pharmacologically active substances ( Dolichovospula) Farris, M. E., Appleby, J. E. the bald-faced hornet, Vespula ( Vespula) 1979. The Walnut caterpillar, Datana integerrima G & R. maculata, and the yellow jacket Vespula In: Kessler Jr., K. J. & Weber, B. C. (Coordinators) Wal- maculifrons. Toxicon 1427-33. nut insects and diseases. Gen. Tech. Rep., Forest Ser Getty, T. - per vice, USDA, NC-52, pp. 22-28. 1981. Poisson patterns in behavioural time series: the - Behav. Ferro, D. N. (Ed.) ception of randomness in complexity. Anim. 1976. New Zealand insect pests. Lincoln Univ. Coll. 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Gibbs, D. R. Hammond, P.M., Smith, K. G. V., Else, G. R., Allen,G. W. 1980. Predation of the spider Araneus pustulata by the 1989. Some recent additions to the British insect fauna. German wasp, Vespula germanica. The Weta 3:13-14. Entomologist's mon. Mag. 125:95-102. [Includes notes Gilbert, D. C. on D. saxonica and D. media.] 1975. Coal tits feeding wasps to young. Br. Birds 68:248- Haneda, Y. 249. 1982. [Aculeate Hymenoptera collected on Amami dshima Giordani - Soika, A. in 1981.] Hym. Communication 14:51-54 (in Japanese). 1976. Vespidi ed Eumenidi (Hymenptera) raccolti in Mon- Hansell, M. golia dal Dr . Z. Kaszab. Acta zool. hung. 22:271-276. 1991. Book review: "Biology of the Vespine wasps" by M. Giordani Soika, A. Matsuura & Sk. Yamane. Anim. Behav. 41:917. 1976. Vespidi ed Eumenidi racoolti in Corea (Hymenopte- Harris, J.L. ra). Ann. hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung. 68:287-293. 1979. A rapid method for colour-marking single honeybees Goidanich, A. with fluorescent paint.J. apicult. Res. 18:201-203. 1975. Uomini, Storie e tnsetti Italian! nella Scienza del Pas- Harris, R.J. sato.I. Redia 57:419-423. 1989. An entrance trap to sample foods of social wasps Goldberg, A , . Reisman, R.E. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). N.Z.J. ZooL 16:3669-372. 1988. Prolonged interval maintenance venom immunother- Harris, R.J. apy. Ann. Allergy 61:177-179. 1991. Diet of the wasps Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica Golden, D. B. K. in honeydew beech forest of the South Island, New Zea- 1988. Guidlines for venom immunotherapy. [Editorial] Ann. land.N.Z.J. Zoo!. 18 No.2:159-169. Allergy 61:159-161. Harris, R. J., Thomas, C. D., Moller, H. Golden, D B. K., Addison al . , B. I., et . 1991. The influence of habitat use and foraging on the re- 1989. Prospective observations on stopping prolonged placement of one introduced wasp species by another in venom immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin . . Immunol. 84:162- ' New Zealand. Ecol. Ent. 16:441-448. 167. Harriss, F. C. L., Beattie, A.J. Graft, D. F. 1991. Viability of pollen carried by Apis mellifera L , 1989 . . Stinging insect allergy. How management has Trigona carbonaria Smith and Vespula germanica F ) changed < . . Postgrad. Med. 85:173-180. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Vespidae). J. Australian ent. Soc. Grant, W. D., Beggs, J. R. 30:45-48. 1989. Carbohydrate analysis of beech honeydew. N.Z. J. Harwood, R. F., James, M. T. Zool. 16 (3):283-288. 1979. Entomology in human and animal health. Bailliere Greene, A. Tindall, London. 7th Edn. [Wasp venom and effect: pp. 1989. Colony dynamics of vespine wasps. Dissertation 422-430.] Abs. International, B. 49 (7) 2479-B. 347 pp. [Thesis, Heinig,J. H., Mosbech, H., Engel, T., et al. Univ. Maryland, College Park, MD., U.S.A.] 1989. A comparison of two RAST methods and skin prick Grimshaw, J.J., Goldman, L. testing in the diagnosis of wasp venom allergy. " Allergy 1977. The treatment of bee stings. Practitioner 219:266- 44:260-263. 267. Heinrich, B. (Ed.) Grinfel'd, E. K. 1981. Insect thermoregulation. Wiley, New York & Chi- 1977. The feeding of the social wasp Polistes gaflicus (Hy- chester. [See also Seeley & Heinrich.] menoptera: Vespidae). Ent. Rev., Wash. 56:24-29. Hermann, K., Ring, J. Grossman, J. 1990. Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis: may decreased 1990. Update: yellowjacket biological control in New Zea- levels of angiotensin peptides play a role? Clin. Experim. land. IPM Practitioner 12 (3):t -5. Allergy 20:569-570. Gusenleitner, J. Herriot, R. 1982. Uberfamilie Vespoidea. In: Franz, H. Die Hymenop- 1989. Hymenoptera stings and beta-blockers. Lancet 2 teren des Nordostalpengebietes und seines Vorlandes. (8672):1159-1160. [Correspondence - reply to Peder- Osterr. Akad. d. Wiss. Math.-Naturw. Kl. 124:223-345. sen.] Gush,G .H. Hindorf, G. 1975. British Naturalists Association insect survey. Coun- 1979. [Spiroketals and effect on wasps.] Dissertation;Univ. tryside 22:564. [V: crabro in Devon, SY 0692, 1972, 73, Hamburg (in German). 74.] Hoffman, D. R. Hagen, H.-H. von, Waldschmidt, M. 1977. Allergy to bee venom: in vitro diagnosis and identifi- 1982. Die Hornisse - Erfahrungen und Erfolge beim Schutz cation and isolation of allergens. Cutis 19:763-767. unsere grossten sozialen Wespe. OKO.L- 4:14-23. [Z. Hoffman, D. R., Dove, D. E., et al. okologie, Natur- und Umweltschutz.] 1988. Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XXI. Cross Hamed . - , M. Y., Mohamed, M. G. reactivity and multiple reactivity between fire ant venom 1975. Biological studies on the venom of the date wasp and bee and wasp venoms. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. ( Vespa orientalis). II. Effect of the venom on the oxygen 82:828-834. consumption by isolated tissue slices. Assiut vet. med. J. Horel, A., Roland, C., Krafft, B. 2:85-89. 1975. Dispositif pour I'enregistrement en continu des varia- tions de poids d'un nid de Gu&pes. Insectes sociaux JULY 92 21

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RECENT LITERATURE

(Worth a look: Alexander, 1992, Dollfuss, 1991.)

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(Hym., Aculea- comparative study on nesting behavior and larvae in the ta) in southern England in 1990 and a review of their oc- genus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. currence in Britain. Ent. Mon. Mag. 128:67-68. 85:26-33. Etcheverry, Maria Gonzblez, Jorge'M.. and John E. Lattke 1987. Sobre los noventa ahos de la Revista Chilena de His- 1991. A paper wasp nest inside a plant of Brocchinia toria Natural 1897-1987. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 60: 105- hectioides (Bromeliaceae). Florida Ent. 74:465. 107. Gray, Mike. 1987. Datos biograficos y bibliograficos de Manuel Jesus 1991. Going, Going, Gone. Australian Nat. Hist. 23:758. Rivera (1875-1910). Rev. Chilena Ent. 15:89-92. (pompilid hunting behavior) 1988. Bibliografia producida por algunos entomologos Chi- Guichard, K.M. lenos nacidos entre 1883 Y 1917. Bol. Soc. Biol. Concep- 1991. Old world species of Befomicrus A. Costa, 1871. cion 59:37-45. (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Entomofauna 12:353-372. 1987. Datos biogrbficos sobre don Carlos Emilio Porter Gusenleitner, J. Mossb (1867-1942). Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 61:127-128. 1991. liber die Microdynerus-Arten Nordafrikas (Eumeni- 1990. Indice de las publicaciones del Museo Regional de dae, Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biol. Beitr. 23:621- Concepcibn. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. 63:119-124. 630. 1990. Indice de los "Anales" y del "Boletfn" (Museo Nacion- 1991. Uber Vespoidea (Hymenoptera) aus der Mongolei al de Historia Natural de Chile). Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. und der Sovietunion. Linzer Biol. Beitr. 23:631-641. 63:211-230. 1991. Neue und bemerkenswerte Grabwespenfunde fur Evans, Howard E. Osterreich (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Linzer Biol. Beitr. 1992. The nest and prey of Cerceris lutzi Scullen (Hyme- 23:643-648. noptera: Sphecidae).J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 65:91-92. Haeseler, Voiker Fellenberg, Wolfgang and Heinrich Wolf 1990. Ersatznester von Dolichovespula saxonica (Fabrici- 1992. Massensterben von Hautfliigern unter Winterlinden im us) und Dolichovespula media (Retzius) (Hymenoptera: Sauerland 1989. Dortmunder Beitr. Landeskde 25:119- Vespidae). Braunschw. Naturkdl. Schr. 3:747-756. 123. 1991. Zum Auftreten der Grabwespe Mimumesa atratina Field, Jeremy (F. Morawitz 1891) am Stadtrand von Oldenburg i.O. (Hy- 1992. Patterns of nest provisioning and parental invest- menoptera: Sphecidae).Drosera '91:85-92. ment in the solitary digger wasp Ammophiia sabulosa. Ecol Ent. 17:43-51. JULY 92 29

Hallmen, Martin and Wilheim Beier 1992. Observations on the nesting of Crabro tenuis (Hyme- 1991. Ein Nistkasten fur die Hornisse Vespa crabro L. zum noptera: Sphecidae).Great Lakes Ent. 25:33-39. Einsatz im Naturschutz und in der praktischen Naturer- Kurczewski, Frank E. and Mark F. O'Brien ziehung (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Mitt. Internat. Ent. 1991. Auplopus caibonarius, a Palearctic spider wasp, ex- Ver. 16:141-151. tends its range to Michigan (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Hamon, Jacques Great Lakes Ent. 24:185-186. 1989. Comments on the proposed conservation of Philanthus Lectercq, Jean triangufum (Fabricius, 1775) (Insecta, Hymenoptera) (Case 1991. Crabroniens patearctiques du genre Odontocrabro 2608: see BZN 45:34-35). Bull. Zool. Nomen. 46:45. Tsuneki (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Bull. Annls. Soc. R. Hamon, Jacques, Marc Russac and Robert Fonfria Beige Ent. 127:133-139. 1992. Les Ammophilini die France continentals et de Corse Lelej, A.S. (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Esp&ces pr6sentes et cl6s 1990. New and little known species of spider wasps (Hy- 'identification. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 96:403-415. (keys to menoptera, Pompilidae) from Soviet Far East, p. 71-78 species^ ) in: News of insects systematics of Soviet Far East, Acad. Hansell, M.H. and S. Turiliazzi Sci. USSR, Far East Branch, Vladivostok, (in Russian) 1991. A new stenogastrine nest from Papua New Guinea Low, Bobbi S. and William T. Wcislo probably belonging to the genus Stenogaster Guerin 1831 1992. Male foretibial plates and mating in Crabro cribrellifer (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Trop, Zool. 4:81-87. (Packard) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), with a survey of Hebling, M.J.A.,M.G.Cristofoletti-Hellmei$ter and V.LLMachado expanded male forelegs in Apoidea. Ann. Ent. Soc. 1991. Respiratory metabolism of Pofybia (Myrapetra) paulista Amer. 85:219-223. Ihering, 1896 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): influence of tem- Lomholdt, Ole perature and declining oxygen pressure. Revta Bras. Ent. 1989. Comments on the proposed conservation of Phiianthus 35:707-713. triangulum (Fabricius, 1775) (Insecta, Hymenoptera) (Case Hook, Allan W. 2608: see BZN 45:34-35).Bull. Zool. Nomen. 46:45. 1991. Book review: The social biology of wasps, edit, by Luig, Jaan Kenneth G. Ross and Robert W. Matthews, 1991. Amer. 1991. On Estonian Scolioidea (Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Ac- Ent. 37:247-248. uleata). Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Biol. 40:212-216. Kazenas, V.L. Madl, Michael 1991. A new genus Taukumia (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) 1991. Zur Kenntnis der Embolemidae Osterreichs (Hyme- from Kazakhstan. Zool. Zh. 70(5):156-158. (English noptera, Bethyloidea, Embolemidae). Entomofauna translation in Ent. Rev. 70(6):21-23) 12:213-216. 1991. Two new species of digger wasps of the genus Martin, S.J. Belomicrus (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) from the south- 1992. Development of the embryo nest of Vespa affinis eastern Kazakhstan. Zool. Zh. 70(11):145-147. (in Rus- (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in southern Japan. Ins. Soc. sian with English summary) 39:45-57. Kifune, Teiji and Seiki Yamane 1992. Colony defence against ants in Vespa. Ins. Soc. 39:99- 1991. A new record of stylopized Vespuia flaviceps flaciceps 112. from Primorskii Krai, the Far East USSR. Jpn. J. Ent. Michener, Charles D. 59:104. 1992. Sexual Dimorphism in the glossa of Colletidae (Hy- Krombein, Karl V. menoptera, Apoidea). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 65:1-9. 1992. Host relationships, ethology and systematics of M6cz&r, L. Pseudomethoca Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, An- 1990. Further data to the Chrysidoidea, Pompiioidea and drenidae, Halictidae and Anthophoridae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Vespoidea fauna (Hymenoptera) of the B&torliget Nature Wash. 94:91-106. Reserves, p. 623-632 in: The Batorliget Nature Reserves 1992. Book review: Social insects - An evolutionary ap- - after forty years, 1990. proach to castes and reproduction, edit, by W. Engels, Mueller, Ulrich G,, Alan F. Warneke, T. Ulmar Grafe and 1990. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 85:248-250. Peter R. Ode Kuhlmann, Michael, Hans Retzlaff and Heinrich Wolf 1992. Female size and nest defense in the digger wasp 1990. Zur Hautfluglerfaune (Hymenoptera) der Senne. I. Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Philanthi- Chrysididae, Tiphiidae, Mutillidae, Formicidae, Vespidae nae). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 65:44-52. (Insektenfauna and 6koligie der Binnendiinen in der Naumann, I.D. sudlichen Senne. III. Teil). Mitt. ArdGem. Ostwestf.-lipp. 1991. Chap. 42. Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants, saw- Ent. 6:109-124. flies),p. 916-1000 in: The Insects of Australia, edit by I.D. Kurczewski, Frank E. Naumann. Melbourne Univ. Press, 1137 p. in two vol- 1991. Burrow construction from the ground surface in Lyroda umes. subita (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Great Lakes Ent. Negrisolo, E. 24:203-206. 1990. Hymenoptera Sphecidae e Scoliidae raccolte ne! Kurczewski, Frank E. and Richard C. Miller Friuli-Venezia Giulia e nel Veneto orientals. Gortania 1991. Range extensions for species of Sphecidae (Hyme- 12:313-328. noptera) in the northeastern United States. Great Lakes Nemkov,P.G. Ent. 24:253-254. 1990. New and little known species of digger wasps (Hy- menoptera, Sphecidae) of the East Siberian and Soviet 30 SPHECOS 23

Far East, p. 79-85 in: News of insects systematics of So- Turillazzi, Stefano and M.H.Hansel! viet Far East, Acad. Sci. USSR, Far East Branch, Vladi- 1991. Biology and social behaviour of three species of vostok. (in Russian) 4n/sc/}/?ogasfer(Vespidae, Stenogastrinae) in Papua New O'Donnell, S. and R.L.Jeanne Guinea. Ins. Soc.38:423-437. 1992. The effects of colony characteristics on life span and von der Heide, Andreas foraging behavior of individual wasps ( Polybia occidentalis, 1991. Zum Auftreten von Stechimmen in stillgelegten Ab- Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins. Soc. 39:73-80. torfungsflichen eines Hochmoorrestes bei Oldenburg i.O. Osten, Till (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Drosera *91:57-84. (survey of 1992. Scotia rufibarbata, eine neue Dolchwespen-Art aus aculeate Hymenoptera in a raised peat bog) Afghanistan (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). von der Smissen,Jane Pekkarinen, Antti and Larry Hulddn 1991. Beitrag zur Bienen- und Wespenfauna des suddst- 1991. Distribution and phenology of the Ancistrocems and lichen Schleswig-Holstein und des Wendlandes (Hyme- Symmorphus species in eastern Fennoscandia (Hyme- noptera: Aculeata). Drosera *91:93-99. noptera, Eumenidae). Ent. Fennica 2:179-189. Wahis, Raymond Pratte, Michel and Jacques Gervet 1991. Sur 2 espdces d'Anoplius (s. str.): A. tenuicomis 1992. Effects of prior residence and previous cohabitation (Tournier, 1889) et A. basalis Dreisbach, 1950 (Hyme- on the Pofistes dominulus Christ dominance hierarchy. noptera: Pompilidae, Pompilinae). Bull. Annls Soc. R. Ethology 90:72-80. Beige Ent. 127:113-117. Pulawski, Wojciech J. Wahis, Raymond and Edgard Gros 1991. A revision of the wasp genus Kohliella (Hymenopte- 1991. Sur trois pompilides m6diterran6ens peu connus: ra: Sphecidae). Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 47:289-302. Poecilagenia rubicans (Lepeletier, 1845), Agenhideus 1992. World species of the wasp genus Hohtachysphex fascinubecula Wolf, 1986 and Arachnospila conjungens de Beaumont (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. (Kohl, 1898) (Hym. Pompilidae). Bull. Soc. Ent.Fr. 96:55-67. Wash.94:223-242. Wahis, Raymond and Fr6d6ri$ Longo Queller, David C. and Joan E. Strassmann 1991. Priocnemis mesobrometi Wolf, pompilide nouveau 1991. Book review: The social biology of wasps, edit, by pour la faune beige (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae, Pepsi- Kenneth G. Ross and Robert W. Matthews, 1991. Sci- nae). Notes Fauniques de Gembloux no. 24, p. 27-32. ence 254:736-737. Wahl, David Reed, Hal C. and Peter J. Landolt 1992. Obitury: Henry K. Townes, Jr. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 1991. Swarming of paper wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) 94:289-292. (includes bibliography 1983-1992; see also sexuals at towers in Florida. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 84: Sphecos 21:2-3) 628-635. Wenzel, John Soika, A. Giordani and Razi Khan Les nids de guepes sociales d'interet historique conserves 1991.I Rhynchium del medio oriente e territori limitrofi (Hy- au MNHN, k Paris [Hymenoptera, Vespidae]. Revue Fr. menoptera, Vespidae). Boll. Mus Civ. St. Nat Venezia Ent., (N.S.) 14:1-11. 40:99-106. Extreme queen-worker dimorphism in Ropilidia ignobilis, a Somme, Lauritz small-colony' wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Ins. Soc. 1991. Astrid Loken 80 kr . Insekt-Nytt (1):21-23. 39:31-43. Sorg, Martin and Heinrich Wolf Whitehead, V.B. abd K.E. Steiner 1991. Zur Hymenopterenfauna des NSG „Koppelstein“ bei 1991. Males of Podalonia canescens (Sphecidae) pollinat- Niederlahnstein. III. 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Yamane, Seiki Yamane, Seiki and Hideaki Matsuura 1991. Occurrence of Ropalidia marginata on the Volcano 1991. Establishment of Delta pyriforme (Fabricius) in the Islands, Japan. (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Proc. Japan. Bonin Islands, Japan (Hymenoptera, Eumenidae). Trop- Soc. Syst. Zool. (45):55-59. ics 1:155-162. Yamane, Seiki and Teiji Kifune Zhang Shi-mei, Chao Yong-xiang and Hu Sheng-chang 1991. Detailed data of the stylopized Eumenidae included 1991. A discussion on the line of demarcation of the Pa- in the paper of Sk. Yamane (1990). New Ent. 40:11-12. learctic and Oriental regions of Xizang Autonomous Re- gion. Acta Ent. Sinica 34:103-107.

Madame I'araignge, sur sa toile perchee, se lenait sur ses gardes.

Cette le$on vaut bien une recompense, sans doute. L’araigne, deja paralyse, jura, mais un peu tard qu'on ne la piquerait plus.

Sent to us by Jean Leclercq. 32 SPHECOS 23

Bestimimingsschlussel der Grabwespen Nord- und Zentraleuropas (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) mit speziellen Angaben zur Grabwespenfauna Osterreichs von Hermann Dollfuss

KEYS FOR SPHECID WASPS of North and Central Europe (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae) including special reference to the Austrian fauna by Hermann Dollfuss

The keys are given to all North and Central European as well as many South European species (a total of 392). Synonyms and distributions are given for all genera and species and also the pertinent bibliographicrecord.

Stapfia ( Nr. 24, 1991 ), Publikation der Botanischen Arbeitsgemeinschaftam 00. Landesmuseum Linz, Austria, 247pp., 814 Fig. Special offer only valid in 1992: oS 380.- ( US $ 33,00 )

from 1993 on: oS 760.- ( US $ 65,00 ), no package included, no bank charges included. "Botanische Arbeitsgemeinschaft", Kto-Nr.723-3789/23, Bank of OO. and Sbg.; Linz, MozartstraBe

I would like to order .... copy (copies) of "Bestimmungsschliissel der Grabwespen Nord- und Zentraleuropas" (Hymenoptera,Sphecidae) by Hermann Dollfuss

Botanischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft am OO. Landesmuseum Linz Name MuseumstraBe14 Stieet A-4010LINZ Town Austria Date Signature