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Effect of Number of Nuclei and Nucleus Position on Shell Growth and Mabé Pearl Coating in Pteria Penguin Cultured in Coastal Waters of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

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Effect of Number of Nuclei and Nucleus Position on Shell Growth and Mabé Pearl Coating in Pteria Penguin Cultured in Coastal Waters of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Effect of Number of Nuclei and Nucleus Position on Shell Growth and Mabé Pearl Coating in Pteria penguin Cultured in Coastal Waters of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia Authors: Nur, Indriyani, Mushaffa, Wa Ode, and Hamzah, Muhaimin Source: Journal of Shellfish Research, 39(2) : 345-351 Published By: National Shellfisheries Association URL: https://doi.org/10.2983/035.039.0216 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Shellfish-Research on 15 Sep 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Monash University Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol. 39, No. 2, 345–351, 2020. EFFECT OF NUMBER OF NUCLEI AND NUCLEUS POSITION ON SHELL GROWTH AND MABE´ PEARL COATING IN PTERIA PENGUIN CULTURED IN COASTAL WATERS OF SOUTHEAST SULAWESI, INDONESIA INDRIYANI NUR,1* WA ODE MUSHAFFA2,3 AND MUHAIMIN HAMZAH1 1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Halu Oleo University, Jl. HEA. Mokodompit, Anduonohu, Kendari, Indonesia 93232; 2State Vocational High School 5 (SMKN 5), Jl. Poros Bandara Haluoleo, Baruga, Kendari, Indonesia 93116; 3Graduate School, Study Program of Fisheries Science, Halu Oleo University, Jl. Abdullah Silondae Kemaraya, Kendari, Indonesia, 93121 ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the effect of additional nucleus insertion and its corresponding position on the shell growth of Pteria penguin as well as the thickness of the resulting mabe´ pearls. The treatment applied was the insertions of nucleus: A (one into the left shell), B (two into the left shell), and C (one into each sides of the shell). After 4 mo of culture, the growth and structure of the layers in the pearl were observed. The development of pearl layers was observed using scanning electron microscope. Results show that the number of nuclei implanted in the shell has no significant impact on shell growth or thickness as well as the number of aragonite layers of mabe´ pearls. Growth data show changes in oyster shell height, length, and thickness of 11.55–14.78, 18.48–22.05, and 2.59–6.14 mm, respectively, for all treatments. The average thickness of nacre was 0.29–0.33 and 0.19–0.22 mm for the base and top of resulting mabe´ pearls, respectively. In general, the addition of two nuclei in a single pearl oyster can be used to increase mabe´ pearl production in the coastal areas of Palabusa Bay, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, which is suitable for the growth of pearl oysters. KEY WORDS: Pteria penguin, blister, implantation, growth, nucleus, aragonite INTRODUCTION mabe´ pearls produced and improving their quality. The quality of mabe´ pearl is influenced by the culture method and tech- Pearl oysters (Pteriidae family) are an economically impor- niques (Ruiz-Rubio et al. 2006, Kishore et al., 2015). Pearl tant fishery resources that produce pearls. Pearl oysters from quality is assessed using a variety of parameters including color the genus Pteria (Pteria penguin) and Pinctada (Pinctada mar- and darkness level, shape, luster, surface complexity, size, nacre garitifera and Pinctada maxima) are commonly cultivated in thickness, and flaws (Haws 2002, Rojas-Figueroa et al. 2019). Indonesia. The genus P. penguin is used to produce half-pearls, Meanwhile, attainment of increase in the production yield can whereas P. maxima and P. margaritifera produce round pearls. be achieved through improvements in the cultivation and the Half-pearls, also known as mabe´ pearls, are pearls with implantation system (Gordon et al. 2020). suitable prospect to be produced by coastal communities and Successful production of mabe´ pearls depends on oyster groups or individuals who do not have the funds or skills to survival and the number of pearls produced by each individual produce round pearls (Haws et al. 2006, Southgate et al. 2019). oyster. Mabe´ pearls are generally produced from Pteria sp., The cultivation of mabe´ pearls is easier than that of round with one individual oyster able to produce more than one mabe´ pearls because it does not require personnel with specialized pearl (Haws et al. 2006, Gordon et al. 2019). Some researchers skills and can be readily taught to community members. In have found that each shell could be implanted with more than addition, the culture period needed to produce mabe´ pearls is seven nuclei without reducing the quality of round pearls pro- much shorter than that needed with round pearls produced duced (Gervis & Sims 1992); however, Gordon et al. (2019) from Pinctada sp. (Haws 2002, Johnston et al. 2019). contradicted this view by stating that there is a maximum limit Pearls are formed when foreign objects in the form of solid on the number of nuclei to assure good quality. Moreover, particles or aquatic organisms are caught between the mantle nucleus position within shells should be well determined to and the nacre layer of a shell. Cultured pearls are obtained using obtain good quality. Shell size also influences the number of artificially implanted nuclei. The mantle continuously secretes nuclei that can be implanted (Rahayu et al. 2013). nacre which produces layers consisting of calcium carbonate Mabe´ pearls are produced from shells of Pteria penguin in (CaCO ) and conchiolin protein that encapsulates a nucleus as a 3 the coastal waters of Palabusa, Southeast Sulawesi. The method defense mechanism (Komatsu 1999, Huang et al. 2004). In of cultivation used involves attaching oysters to a hanging rope mabe´ pearl production, a nucleus is implanted onto the inner suspended from a floating raft. Culture period takes about 4 mo surface of the shell which will then be covered by nacre to mabe´ from shell implantation to commercial-size pearl formation. In pearls (Gordon et al. 2019). The nuclei may have various each oyster, only one nucleus is implanted in the left shell valve, shapes, including a half-round, oval, heart, teardrop, and star. which is more convex than the right shell valve. Mabe´ pearls are The most common shape used for mabe´ pearl production, harvested by splitting the shell and then separating the previ- however, is a half-round or hemispherical shape. ously implanted nucleus from the nacreous pearl layer or Various efforts have been made to increase profits of the ‘‘dome’’ that has formed to cover the nucleus. Current mabe´ pearl culture industry, both through increasing the quantity of pearl cultivation in the waters of Palabusa is still low in pro- *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] duction, with only one nucleus being implanted into each oys- DOI: 10.2983/035.039.0216 ter. Implanting only one nucleus per oyster requires using many 345 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-Shellfish-Research on 15 Sep 2020 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by Monash University 346 NUR ET AL. more oysters to increase production when instead production mabe´ pearl coating were carried out at the Physics Laboratory could be improved by implanting more than one nucleus per of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Halu Oleo oyster while still maintaining the quality of the mabe´ pearls University, whereas measurements of water quality parameters produced. were carried out at the Integrated Laboratory of Halu Oleo Based on the aforementioned, by increasing the number of University. nuclei implanted into each oyster, the production of mabe´ ´ pearls could be increased. Production of up to five mabe pearls Oyster Sample per oyster is commonly reported in other countries (Saucedo et al. 1998, Haws et al. 2006, Ruiz-Rubio et al. 2006, Kishore The oysters (Pteria penguin) used in this study had average et al. 2015, Gordon et al. 2019). As a result, crop production can shell heights of 98.94 ± 8.02 mm, length of 116.21 ± 10.87 mm, increase, and the number of oysters used for mabe´ pearl pro- and thickness of 30.43 ± 2.43 mm. They were obtained from duction could be reduced while increasing the profits of pearl wild spat collection and nurtured for 3 mo at the site until they farmers in each cultivation cycle. This approach is likely to be reached a size ready to be implanted. more cost-effective. The present study assessed oyster growth, Implanted oysters were maintained using floating rafts. Raft the thickness of mabe´ pearl coating, and the quality of pearls frames were made from wood supported by plastic containers as produced from P. penguin implanted with two nuclei at different floats to provide buoyancy (Aji 2011). At a depth of 1 m from positions. This is the first report for community pearl produc- the water surface, the oysters were placed on a hanging rope tion in Palabusa Bay, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia that uses with a density of five oysters per rope hanging at a distance of this method to increase pearl production. 10 cm apart. Rafts were located 100 m from the coast. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Design Research Site This study used a completely randomized design with three different treatments: A: one nucleus implanted on the left shell The research was conducted from November 2017 to March valve, B: two nuclei implanted on the left shell valve, and C: one 2018 in Palabusa marine waters, Buton Strait, Southeast Sula- nucleus implanted on each of the left and right shell valves; each wesi, Indonesia (Fig.
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