DOCSLIB.ORG

Social, Cultural and Economic Overview and Assessment Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Social, Cultural and Economic Overview and Assessment Report Beaufort Sea Social, Cultural and Economic Overview and Assessment Report Prepared by: Social, Cultural and Economic Working Group SCE WG membership consists of Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC); Inuvialuit Joint Secretariat (JS); Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT); Yukon Government (YG); Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC); Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO); Parks Canada (PC) and; Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP). All pictures in this document are sourced to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Central and Arctic region Image Library, unless otherwise specified. September, 2008 Beaufort Sea Social, Cultural and Economic Overview and Assessment Report Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... 1 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................... 5 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND ASSESSMENT REPORT ......................................................................................... 7 1.1 Integrated Management in the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area .................... 8 1.2 Governance ...................................................................................................................... 12 1.3 How this report was developed? ...................................................................................... 15 1. Establishment of the Social, Cultural and Economic Working Group ................................... 16 2. Developing SCE Overview, Assessment, Objectives, Strategies and Indicators ................... 17 2. HUMANS AND THE BEAUFORT SEA ...................................................................... 20 2.1 Traditional and Historic Connections between Humans and the Beaufort Sea .................. 20 2.2 Current use of the Land and Sea ...................................................................................... 26 2.3 Other Land and Resource Uses in the Region .................................................................... 33 Tourism ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Petroleum Exploration, Production and Transportation .......................................................... 35 Past Development and the Current Situation ....................................................................... 35 Potential Future Oil and Gas Development .......................................................................... 37 Management of Oil and Gas Activity .................................................................................... 39 Mackenzie Gas Pipeline ........................................................................................................ 40 Aboriginal Involvement in the MGP ..................................................................................... 41 Mining ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Transportation .......................................................................................................................... 42 Military Activities ...................................................................................................................... 46 Sovereignty ............................................................................................................................... 47 Archaeological and Historical Values ........................................................................................ 48 Parks and Protected Areas ........................................................................................................ 48 Marine protected areas ........................................................................................................ 48 Migratory Bird Sanctuaries ................................................................................................... 50 National Parks and Sites ....................................................................................................... 50 Inuvialuit Community Conservation Plans ................................................................................ 54 Scientific Research .................................................................................................................... 54 2.4 “Global‐scale” Impacts and Influences on the Beaufort Sea LOMA ................................... 55 Climate change .......................................................................................................................... 55 Erosion and Lancastrian Water Levels ...................................................................................... 56 Contaminants ............................................................................................................................ 57 3. CURRENT COMMUNITY PROFILES AND COMMUNITY WELL- BEING INDEX .... 59 3.1 Paulatuk ........................................................................................................................... 61 1 Beaufort Sea Social, Cultural and Economic Overview and Assessment Report 3.2 Ulukhaktok ...................................................................................................................... 65 3.3 Sachs Harbour .................................................................................................................. 68 3.4 Aklavik ............................................................................................................................. 71 3.5 Tuktoyaktuk ..................................................................................................................... 74 3.6 Inuvik ............................................................................................................................... 76 4. SOCIAL/CULTURAL/ ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT: CONSIDERATIONS FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF BEAUFORT SEA LOMA ....................................... 81 4.1 Culture and Environment ................................................................................................. 81 4.2 Traditional and Modern Economy .................................................................................... 86 4.3 Education and Training ..................................................................................................... 94 4.4 Capacity and Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 95 4.5 Health and Wellness ........................................................................................................ 99 5. ISSUES RAISED BY BEAUFORT SEA/DELTA COMMUNITIES ........................... 105 5.1 Education and training objectives .................................................................................. 105 5.2 Health and Wellness ...................................................................................................... 106 5.3 Capacity and Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 106 5.4 Culture and Environment ............................................................................................... 107 5.5 Economy (traditional and modern) ................................................................................. 108 6. GOVERNANCE ORGANIZATIONS AND PROCESSES IN THE BEAUFORT SEA LOMA............................................................................................................................ 109 6.1 Inuvialuit Final Agreement ............................................................................................. 109 6.2 Gwich’in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement (Gwich’in Land Claim) ......................... 110 6.3 The Gwich’in Land Use Plan ............................................................................................ 110 6.4 Beaufort Sea Integrated Management Planning Initiative (BSIMPI) ................................ 111 6.5 Beluga Management Plan /Marine Protected Area ........................................................ 111 6.6 Beaufort Sea Strategic Regional Plan of Action (BSStRPA) .............................................. 112 6.7 The Mackenzie Gas Project Impact Fund ........................................................................ 112 6.8 Beaufort Delta Agenda ................................................................................................... 112 6.9 Northerners Working Together: Vision, Goals and Priorities of the 16th Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories ................................................................................ 113 6.10 Protected Areas Strategy .............................................................................................. 113 6.11 “Cross–border” Conservation Agreements ................................................................... 114 2 Beaufort Sea Social, Cultural and Economic Overview and Assessment Report 6.12 Community Conservation Plans .................................................................................... 114 6.13 NWT Environmental Stewardship Framework
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Last Putt of 2020
    No changes planned after ENR shooting Fort Simpson man wants more firearms training for wildlife officers 1257+:(677(55,725,(6 Two-school educator recognized Volume 75 Issue 19 MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 2020 $.95 (plus GST) Homes razed by fires in Inuvik Premier creates 150- job Covid secretariat 'The Dope Experience' hits Inuvik Last putt of 2020 Eric Bowling/NNSL photo Kevin McLeod lines up a perfect putt. Roads End Golf Club in Inuvik closed out its summer with a bang, hosting a mixed tournament that drew 15 teams to com- pete for the final glory of the year on Aug. 27 to 28. See more photos on page 15. Publication mail Contract #40012157 "I thank all of you for adapting to keep each other safe." 7 71605 00200 2 – Chief public health officer Kami Kandola points to the success of the school year this far, page 6. 2 NEWS/NORTH NWT, Monday, September 7, 2020 news Five MLAs stayed home from caucus retreat in Fort Smith Many cited personal reasons for not attending by Blair McBride Jackson Lafferty, MLA for Monfwi, con- Northern News Services firmed to NNSL Media that he wasn't present NWT for the event for personal reasons. Members of the legislative assembly held Rocky Simpson, MLA for Hay River their caucus retreat in Fort Smith from Aug. South, was the fifth member who missed the 28 to 31, but five MLAs didn't attend. gathering of legislators as he was travelling Katrina Nokleby, MLA for Great Slave, outside of the territory, said a representative announced in a Facebook post on Aug.
    [Show full text]
  • INUVIALUIT LANGUAGE and IDENTITY: PERSPECTIVES on the SYMBOLIC MEANING of INUVIALUKTUN in the CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC by Alexand
    INUVIALUIT LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY: PERSPECTIVES ON THE SYMBOLIC MEANING OF INUVIALUKTUN IN THE CANADIAN WESTERN ARCTIC by Alexander C. Oehler B.A., University of Northern British Columbia, 2010 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2012 © Alexander C. Oehler, 2012 Abstract: The revitalization of ancestral languages has been an issue of great concern to Aboriginal communities across North America for several decades. More recently, this concern has also found a voice in educational policy, particularly in regions where Aboriginal land claims have been ratified, and where public schools fall under a mandate to offer curricula that meet the needs of Aboriginal students. This research seeks to explore the cultural significance of Inuvialuktun, a regional Inuit language comprised of three distinct dialects traditionally spoken by the Inuvialuit of the northern Northwest Territories, Canada. More specifically, the research seeks to examine the role of current Inuvialuktun language revitalization efforts in the establishment of Inuvialuit collective and individual identities across several age groups. Tying into the sociolinguistic discourse on ancestral language revitalization in North America, the research seeks to contribute a case study from a region underrepresented in the literature on language and identity. The applied aim of the study is to provide better insight on existing language ideologies and language attitudes subscribed to by current and potential learners of Inuvialuktun in the community of Inuvik, NWT. Data obtained by the study is intended to aid local and territorial language planners in identifying potential obstacles and opportunities regarding language learner motivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Northwest Territories Liquor Licensing Board 65Th Annual Report
    TD 531-18(3) TABLED ON AUGUST 22, 2019 Northwest Territories Liquor Licensing Board 65th Annual Report 2018 - 2019 201 June 27th, 9 Honourable Robert C. McLeod Minister Responsible for the NWT Liquor Licensing Board Dear Honourable Minister McLeod: In accordance with the Liquor Act, I am pleased to present the Northwest Territories Liquor Licensing Board’s 201 - 201 Annual Report. 8 9 Sincerely, Sandra Aitken Chairperson Contents Chairperson’s Message ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Board Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 Board Members and Staff .............................................................................................................................. 2 Board Activity ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Total Meetings ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Administration and Orientation Meetings .............................................................................................. 4 Licence Applications and Board Requests .............................................................................................. 4 Compliance Hearings .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Compendium of Research in the Northwest Territories 2014
    Compendium of Research in the Northwest Territories 2014 www.nwtresearch.com This publication is a collaboration between the Aurora Research Institute, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Fisheries and Oceans Canada and the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre. Thank you to all who submitted a summary of research or photographs, and helped make this publication possible. Editor: Ashley Mercer Copyright © 2015 ISSN: 1205-3910 Printed by Aurora Research Institute Foreword Welcome to the 2014 Compendium of Research in the Northwest Territories. This year marked a special anniversary for the Aurora Research Institute and northern research. Fifty years ago, the Inuvik Research Laboratory was built and has served as a hub for research in the western arctic ever since. The Lab, as it was known, was first built as an initiative of the Canadian federal government in the newly established community of Inuvik. It remains on the same site today, but in 2011, a new modern multi-purpose facility opened to continue to support research in the north. We have included a brief history of the Lab and its impact in this edition of the Compendium to mark its long lasting importance to many researchers and community members. As part of the 50th anniversary celebration, the Aurora Research Institute team undertook a full set of NWT-wide celebrations. We celebrated the history, capacity and growth of research in the NWT that touched all corners of the territory and beyond. We honoured the significant scientific contributions that have taken place in the NWT over the past 50 years, and the role of NWT researchers, technicians and citizens in these accomplishments.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Food Sharing Networks, Household Structure, and Implications for Understanding Food Insecurity in Arctic Canada Peter Collingsa, Meredith G
    ECOLOGY OF FOOD AND NUTRITION http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2015.1072812 Country food sharing networks, household structure, and implications for understanding food insecurity in Arctic Canada Peter Collingsa, Meredith G. Martena, Tristan Pearceb, and Alyson G. Youngc aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Florida, Florida, USA; bUniversity of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia; cDepartment of Anthropology, University of Florida, Florida, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS We examine the cultural context of food insecurity among Food security; food sharing; Inuit in Ulukhaktok, Northwest Territories, Canada. An analysis industrial foods; Inuit; of the social network of country food exchanges among 122 traditional foods households in the settlement reveals that a household’s betweenness centrality—a measure of brokerage—in the country food network is predicted by the age of the house- hold. The households of married couples were better posi- tioned within the sharing network than were the households of single females or single males. Households with an active hunter or elder were also better positioned in the network. The households of single men and women appear to experience limited access to country food, a considerable problem given the increasing number of single-adult households over time. We conclude that the differences between how single women and single men experience constrained access to country foods may partially account for previous findings that single women in arctic settlements appear to be at particular risk for food insecurity. Introduction For many Canadian Inuit, country foods—foods acquired by hunting, fish- ing, trapping, or collecting—remain central to their diets despite decades of social, economic, and political changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report: October 1, 2014 Assessing the Impact of Small, Canadian Arctic River Flows to the Freshwater Budget of the Canadian Archipelago Matthew B
    Annual Report: October 1, 2014 Assessing the impact of small, Canadian Arctic River flows to the freshwater budget of the Canadian Archipelago Matthew B. Alkire, University of Washington Assessing the impact of small, Canadian Arctic river flows to the freshwater budget of the Canadian Archipelago (or SCARFs) is a scientific research project funded by the National Science Foundation (USA). The purpose of this project is to collect water samples from seven different rivers and their adjoining estuaries throughout the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (see Fig. 1) in order to determine whether or not their chemical signatures differ from larger North American rivers such as the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers. Five of the rivers are located within Nunavut, Canada: the Coppermine River (near Kugluktuk), Ellice River (~140 km southeast of Cambridge Bay), Back River (~180 km southeast of Gjoa Haven), Cunningham River (~77 km southeast of Resolute Bay on Somerset Island), and Kangiqtugaapik River (near Clyde River, Baffin Island). Two of the rivers are located within the Northwest Territories, Canada: the Kujjuua River (located approximately 67 km northeast of Ulukhaktok on Victoria Island) and Thomsen River (specifically near the mouth of the river where it empties into Castel Bay, on Banks Island). Figure 1. Map of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The red stars indicate the mouths of the rivers sampled during this study: (1) Coppermine R., (2) Ellice R., (3) Back R., (4) Kuujuua R. (Victoria Island), (5) Thomsen R. (Banks Island), (6) Cunningham R. (Somerset Island), and (7) Clyde R. (Baffin Island). The Coppermine, Ellice, and Back Rivers are located on the mainland of Nunavut.
    [Show full text]
  • Inuvialuit For
    D_156905_inuvialuit_Cover 11/16/05 11:45 AM Page 1 UNIKKAAQATIGIIT: PUTTING THE HUMAN FACE ON CLIMATE CHANGE PERSPECTIVES FROM THE INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT REGION UNIKKAAQATIGIIT: PUTTING THE HUMAN FACE ON CLIMATE CHANGE PERSPECTIVES FROM THE INUVIALUIT SETTLEMENT REGION Workshop Team: Inuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC), Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK), International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Centre Hospitalier du l’Université du Québec (CHUQ), Joint Secretariat: Inuvialuit Renewable Resource Committees (JS:IRRC) Funded by: Northern Ecosystem Initiative, Environment Canada * This workshop is part of a larger project entitled Identifying, Selecting and Monitoring Indicators for Climate Change in Nunavik and Labrador, funded by NEI, Environment Canada This report should be cited as: Communities of Aklavik, Inuvik, Holman Island, Paulatuk and Tuktoyaktuk, Nickels, S., Buell, M., Furgal, C., Moquin, H. 2005. Unikkaaqatigiit – Putting the Human Face on Climate Change: Perspectives from the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. Ottawa: Joint publication of Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, Nasivvik Centre for Inuit Health and Changing Environments at Université Laval and the Ajunnginiq Centre at the National Aboriginal Health Organization. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Naitoliogak . 1 1.0 Summary . 2 2.0 Acknowledgements . 3 3.0 Introduction . 4 4.0 Methods . 4 4.1 Pre-Workshop Methods . 4 4.2 During the Workshop . 5 4.3 Summarizing Workshop Observations . 6 5.0 Observations. 6 5.1 Regional (Common) Concerns . 7 Changes to Weather: . 7 Changes to Landscape: . 9 Changes to Vegetation: . 10 Changes to Fauna: . 11 Changes to Insects: . 11 Increased Awareness And Stress: . 11 Contaminants: . 11 Desire For Organization: . 12 5.2 East-West Discrepancies And Patterns . 12 Changes to Weather .
    [Show full text]
  • Record Gold Prices Rouse Interest in NWT Deposits Prices Reached $2,000 US Per Ounce for the First Time Ever Earlier This Month
    Record gold prices rouse interest in NWT deposits Prices reached $2,000 US per ounce for the first time ever earlier this month 1257+:(677(55,725,(6 ENR looks into struck black bear Volume 75 Issue 16 MONDAY, AUGUST 17, 2020 $.95 (plus GST) Overdue Delta fun Lawrence Norbert photo Fort Good Hope elders Thomas Manuel and John Cochilli play Molly and Me at the Saturday evening outdoor talent show during the Tsiigehtchic Canoe Daze festival over the Aug. 8 weekend. Artist's Unlimited Curling beaded internet bonspiels mask coming to cancelled selected communities for exhibit Publication mail Contract #40012157 "The land provides us with so much and in reciprocity we must give back." 7 71605 00200 2 –Columnist Catherine Lafferty reflects on the bounty, and beauty, of our Northern landscape, page 11. 2 NEWS/NORTH NWT, Monday, August 17, 2020 feature news NEWS/NORTH NWT, Monday, August 17, 2020 3 Did we get it wrong? News/North is committed to getting facts and names right. With that goes a commitment to acknowledge mistakes and run corrections. If you spot an error in News/North, call (867) 873-4031 and ask to speak to an editor, or email editorial@ nnsl.com. We'll get a correction or clarification in as soon as we can. BIRTHDAY WISHES NEWS Long-time Hay River resident Peter Briefs Osted turned 80 NWT government launches years of age on tourism recovery fund Aug. 13, and his The Department of Industry, Tourism and wife, Marge Osted, Investment (ITI) announced that it is partner- is inviting the com- ing with the federal government to launch a munity to help wish funding program for tourism operators affect- him a happy birth- ed by the Covid-19 pandemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Resistance Land Use And
    COMMUNITY RESISTANCE LAND USE AND WAGE LABOUR IN PAULATUK, N.W.T. by SHEILA MARGARET MCDONNELL B.A. Honours, McGill University, 1976 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Geography) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 1983 G) Sheila Margaret McDonnell, 1983 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 DE-6 (3/81) ABSTRACT This paper discusses community resistance to the imposition of an external industrial socio-economic system and the destruction of a distinctive land-based way of life. It shows how historically Inuvialuit independence has been eroded by contact with the external economic system and the assimilationist policies of the government. In spite of these pressures, however, the Inuvialuit have struggled to retain their culture and their land-based economy. This thesis shows that hunting and trapping continue to be viable and to contribute significant income, both cash and income- in-kind to the community.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Land and Resource Management Devolution in the Northwest Territories
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies Master of Public Policy Capstone Projects 2015-09 An Analysis of Land and Resource Management Devolution in the Northwest Territories McLauchlan, Sydney McLauhclan, Sydney. (2014). An Analysis of Land and Resource Management Devolution in the Northwest Territories ( Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51643 report Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca MASTER OF PUBLIC POLICY CAPSTONE PROJECT An Analysis of Land and Resource Management Devolution in the Northwest Territories Is Evolution needed prior to effective Devolution? Submitted by: Sydney McLauchlan Approved by Supervisor: Ted Morton Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of PPOL 623 and completion of the requirements for the Master of Public Policy degree Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6 Part 1: Demographics, Devolution History and Current Governance Structure in the Northwest Territories .............................................................................................. 9 1.1 Demographics .................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Devolution History and Current Structure ..........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Documenting Linguistic Knowledge in an Inuit Language Atlas
    Document generated on 10/01/2021 7:23 p.m. Études Inuit Studies Documenting Linguistic Knowledge in an Inuit Language Atlas Documenter les connaissances linguistiques dans un atlas en langue inuit Kumiko Murasugi and Monica Ittusardjuat Curriculum scolaire inuit Article abstract Inuit School Curriculum The traditional method of orally transmitting language is weakening with the Volume 40, Number 2, 2016 passing of fluent Elders and language erosion in contemporary Inuit society. Language documentation is a vital component of language maintenance and URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1055437ar revitalization. In this paper we present a pilot online, multimedia DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1055437ar cybercartographic Atlas of the Inuit Language in Canada, the goal of which is to help protect and strengthen the vitality of Inuit dialects through the documentation of their words. The main component of the atlas is a See table of contents multidialectal database of written and spoken words. We discuss the role of dictionaries in language documentation, introduce the features of the atlas, explore the appeal of the atlas to different types of users (in particular, Publisher(s) language learners), and present future directions for the atlas project. Centre interuniversitaire d’études et de recherches autochtones (CIÉRA) ISSN 0701-1008 (print) 1708-5268 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Murasugi, K. & Ittusardjuat, M. (2016). Documenting Linguistic Knowledge in an Inuit Language Atlas. Études Inuit Studies, 40(2), 169–190. https://doi.org/10.7202/1055437ar Tous droits réservés © La revue Études Inuit Studies, 2019 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online.
    [Show full text]
  • Volunteer Activities in the Past Year
    NWT Bureau of newstats Statistics Released: March 10, 2020 2020-08 ISSN-0827-3545 Volunteering 2019 NWT Community Survey The NWT Community Survey asked residents of the Northwest Territories (NWT) about volunteer activities in the past year. As in previous surveys, the focus was on unpaid help provided to groups or organizations such as schools, religious & charitable organizations, and sports or community associations. In 2018, about 39% or 13,561 NWT residents aged 15 years and older volunteered their time. The most common volunteer activity for both males and females was canvassing or fundraising (11%), followed by volunteering on a board or committee (10%), and teaching or mentoring (9.5%). Figure 1: Volunteer Activity by Type and Sex, NWT 2018 Canvass or fundraise Board or committee member Teach, mentor or educate Collect, serve or deliver food/goods Coach or referee Provide counsel or advice Male Female Maintain, repair or build Office work Fire-fighting or search & rescue Other - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 # of persons About 11% in the volunteer category ‘Other’ (Table 1) lived in Hay River or Fort Smith, most of whom volunteered in activities related to the 2018 Arctic Winter games. Also included in the ‘Other’ category were people who volunteered in community activities and events; home care & elder care and cultural and traditional activities. Volunteers by selected characteristics Overall, volunteer rates were higher Table 1: Volunteered, by Selected Characteristics, NWT, 2018 among people who did not identify Volunteered Persons 15 Volunteered 15+ hours as males or females (64%), females yrs.
    [Show full text]