Reading Skills Reading Comprehension Chapter - 1 : Unseen Passages
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Section A : Reading Skills Reading Comprehension Chapter - 1 : Unseen Passages Introduction • Comprehension means to fully understand the text using one’s intellect. A comprehension passage is a text set for testing the reader’s ability to comprehend (understand) the meaning being implied by the text and the theme of that particular passage. You need to fully understand the text by using your intellect. • Questions based on a passage generally appear in a chronological relationship to the passage. Usually the first question has the answer in the earlier paragraphs and so on but if the answers are inferential then the matter might have to be collected from various paragraphs, for this, one should be familiar with the entire passage. Types of Comprehension Passage : 1. Factual Passages : As the name suggests, factual passages give some facts, be it historical or about some achievements attained by somebody. They can also provide instructions. They can be reports or even descriptions of something. 2. Discursive Passages : These kind of passages involve an opinion. They have a logical flow and are argumentative in nature. 3. Literary Passages : These are the extracts from a literary piece. TIPS TO KNOW How to read a passage for comprehension : Following are some guidelines that should be followed while attempting an unfamiliar passage. 1. Read silently. Do not read aloud. 2. Read the entire sentence together to make out the sense or meaning. 3. Read the passage thoroughly to determine the main idea before you look at the questions. 4. Don’t panic about the words you do not understand. 5. Go through the questions carefully and read that part again which contains the answer. 6. Try to make out the meaning of the words you don’t understand in context to the passage. 7. Answer must be relevant and to the point. 8. Write complete sentences as answers. 9. Try to write the answers in your own words and if required they can be copied from the passage. 10. Maintain the order in which the questions appear in the test paper. 11. Thoroughly read the passage first and then the questions. 12. Give a second reading to the passage. This time keep marking the points you feel, can be the answers for the asked questions. 13. While answering the questions, be very specific and write simple and to the point sentences. 14. Write your answers in your own words as much as possible. Do not copy from the passage and write. 15. Do not give information which has not been included in the passage. 16. When asking the vocabulary questions, your answer should be in the same parts of speech as the question. • Spl. Note : This section contains passages from the previous years’ question papers but the questions are reframed as per the latest CBSE pattern/design. qq 2 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Notes & Summary, ENGLISH CORE, Class-XII Chapter - 2 : Note-Making Introduction • Note-making is basically jotting down the important points, for further usage. • After listening to a talk or reading some book or assignment you jot down your thoughts to refresh your mind later. These notes enable you to organize your thoughts. Purpose of Note-Making • To revise lessons before examinations • To write a report or any composition • To plan a speech or any lecture • To convey any message only by giving important details • To make a presentation • To summarise the text that you have read How to make Notes • The first step is to read the chapter or article thoroughly from beginning till the very end. By reading the passage with proper concentration we get answers to the following questions : • What does the passage deal with ? • How is the theme developed ? • The second step is to identify the main points and supporting details in the given text. Try to make your notes condensed and they should be to the point. • Next try to divide the passage according to the common content and supply suitable headings to them. If required, the headings can be further divided into sub headings. • Finally condense the information and organize it in a systematic way. Characteristics of Note-Making 1. Notes are not written in grammatically correct sentences. 2. Notes are much shorter than original text. 3. The main points and the supporting details are distinguished. 4. Many unimportant words, helping words etc., are usually dropped out. 5. Information is condensed by using symbols, abbreviations, shorter words etc. 6. Try not to exceed 5 words in every heading and supporting points. 7. Try to complete the notes within 4 to 5 headings. 8. Notes should be presented in a systematic manner that brings out the structure of the original text. 9. Headings and supporting details are numbered. 10. Finally, the summary is prepared on the bases of the notes prepared. It should not exceed the limit of 80 words. Format 3.2 Heading/Title 3.3 Supporting points 1. Heading 3.4 1.1 4. Heading 1.2 4.1 1.3 Supporting points 4.2 1.4 4.3 Supporting points 2. Heading 4.4 2.1 Key to Abbreviations 2.2 2.3 Supporting points 1. eg. – example 2.4 2. etc. – et cetera 3. Heading 3. & – and 3.1 qq Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Notes & Summary, ENGLISH CORE, Class-XII [ 3 Section B : Writing skills Short Compositions (Notices, Advertisements, Posters, Invi- tations and Replies ) Chapter - 1 : Notices Introduction • Notices are short compositions written to convey some information or make a formal announcement about some event like change of name, etc. They are simple and lucid in style. The notices are either posted on the notice board meant for the purpose or given in a newspaper. Some Useful Tips: • Notice carries 4 marks. • It usually begins with “This is to inform” or “It is hereby informed that”. • The notice should always answer the questions ‘What’, ‘Where’ & ‘When’. • The signing off should have a signature, name and designation of the person incharge. • The word limit of the body should not exceed 50 words. • The word notice along with a proper title and the issuing organisation should be mentioned. Notices can be categorized under the following heads 1. Meeting : Date, time, Place • Date of issuing the notice should be mentioned. Agenda, Purpose, Objective Chief Presiding person (if any) Additional information Contact Address 2. Events : Name • The name and designation of the person writing the Objective, Occasion notice should be mentioned. He/she should sign it too. Date, Time, Duration, Venue Who can participate Additional information (if any) Contact Address 3. Lost & Found : Name of the article lost or found • It should be written in a box. Date, place & time Specific marks for identification Contents Whom, when, where to contact 4. Tours & Camps : Name of the Club/Association • Write in third person. Also, the language should be Objective formal yet brief, simple and easily comprehended. Name of the destination Duration Occasion Expenditure Additional information (if any) Contact address 4 ] Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Notes & Summary, ENGLISH CORE, Class-XII Format : The Format should include : Name of the Institution (Issuing Authority) / On which Notice/Title, Date and Writer’s name with designation : (Issued by CBSE) Name of the the notice is organisation issued Name of the Institution/Organisation that is issuing NOTICE the notice Date What is the notice Heading about This is to inform .................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................... ............ ‘Notice’ in capital Person Date : writing the notice Time : Venue : For further details contact the undersigned Body The Position/ post of the Sign in charge e.g. Name secretary, (Designation) captain etc. qq Chapter - 2 : Advertisements Introduction • An advertisement is a type of public announcement for the promotion of services, goods etc. or for giving information about missing persons, poets etc. • It is an announcement made through a popular medium that targets a large number of people. • It can be through print or electronic medium. Newspapers, Magazines, TVs and Radios are usually used for advertising. The content of advertisement is kept brief, words used are limited and the English used is not necessarily grammatically correct. There are two basic types of advertisements in the newspapers or magazines. Classified Advertisement Display/Commercial 1. Classified Advertisements : These are placed by individuals in newspapers or magazines to advertise their services offered or because of the need for goods and services. Classified ads are charged according to the space they occupy, therefore they are written with limited words, conveying the complete message. 2. Display Advertisements : These advertisements are attractive, they convey the complete message and are usually included under the category of posters. Categories of Classified Advertisements 1. Situation Vacant : Title/Heading • Wanted/Required/Situation Vacant • Name of the post • Number of posts • Qualification • Preferences • Salary • To whom and How to apply Oswaal CBSE Section-wise Notes & Summary, ENGLISH CORE, Class-XII [ 5 2. To Let : • Type of accommodation • Size • Facilities • Preferences • Contact address & Ph. No. 3. Sale/Purchase of Property or Vehicle : • Available/sale/purchase • Type of accommodation/vehicle • Description of accommodation—size, facilities, location etc., • Description of vehicle–vehicle model, colour, accessories, condition, etc. 4. Tours & Travels : • Destination & Duration • Details of facilities-stay, boarding, food, etc. • Cost and discount • Package if any • Travel Agency : Address and Phone No. Format : SITUATION VACANT Required : Senior Manager for a reputed MNC in Gurgaon. Candidates must be MBA, 3 years work experience, fluent in English, pleasing personality, open to time shifts. Salary Negotiable. Send latest Resume to [email protected] qq Chapter - 3 : Designing/Drafting Posters Introduction • A poster is an informative piece of communication written to make an announcement or appeal, and to spread awareness among the public. It is made visually attractive to enhance its appeal.