Elasmobranchs Sharks
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Naskah Kebijakan Perlindungan
ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN KEBUTUHAN REGULASI PENETAPAN STATUS PERLINDUNGAN TERBATAS IKAN HIU (Tidak Dilindungi dan Apendiks/Non Apendiks CITES) DIREKTORAT KONSERVASI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI LAUT DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PENGELOLAAN RUANG LAUT KEMENTERIAN KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN 2016 i KATA PENGANTAR Tingkat keanekaragaman hayati laut Indonesia diperkirakan menjadi salah satu yang tertinggi di dunia sehingga dapat dikatakan sebagai the center of marine biodiversity in the world . Salah satu sumber daya laut yang telah dimanfaatkan, baik untuk kepentingan penelitian, budaya dan ekonomi, oleh masyarakat adalah ikan hiu. Wilayah perairan Indonesia sendiri memiliki hampir sepertiga dari total spesies hiu di seluruh dunia. Memperhatikan jumlah atau keberadaan spesies hiu yang banyak di perairan Indonesia, maka sudah seyogyanya pemerintah, masyarakat, serta seluruh pihak yang berkepentingan untuk bersama-sama mengupayakan keberlangsungan atau kelestarian sumber daya ikan hiu itu sendiri. Sehingga, sumber daya ikan hiu dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan dengan terus memperhatikan prinsip konservasi atau aspek pengelolaan dan perlindungannya. Upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan perikanan hiu secara komprehensif di Indonesia merupakan hal yang sangat penting dan mendesak untuk dilakukan. Selain itu, implementasi rencana aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan hiu secara nasional dapat ditempuh dalam beberapa tahapan atau paling tidak dengan membuat proyek-proyek percontohan yang mengarah pada pelaksanaan yang utuh dari Rencana Aksi Nasional. Selanjutnya, sebagai salah satu negara yang telah mengesahkan konvensi internasional, seperti Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Indonesia tentu perlu menyesuaikan peraturan atau legislasi nasional di dalam negeri dengan regulasi internasional, secara khusus yang menangani perdagangan satwa liar, dalam hal ini ikan hiu. Penetapan status perlindungan ikan hiu di Indonesia perlu diatur lebih lanjut dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di tingkat nasional. -
Fig. 125 Sharks of the World, Vol. 2 161 Fig. 125 Orectolobus Sp. A
click for previous page Sharks of the World, Vol. 2 161 Orectolobus sp. A Last and Stevens, 1994 Fig. 125 Orectolobus sp. A Last and Stevens, 1994, Sharks Rays Australia: 128, pl. 26. Synonyms: None. Other Combinations: None. FAO Names: En - Western wobbegong; Fr - Requin-tapis sombre; Sp - Tapicero occidental. LATERAL VIEW DORSAL VIEW Fig. 125 Orectolobus sp. A UNDERSIDE OF HEAD Field Marks: Flattened benthic sharks with dermal lobes on sides of head, symphysial groove on chin; a strongly contrasting, variegated colour pattern of conspicuous broad dark, dorsal saddles with light spots and deeply corrugated edges but without conspicuous black margins, interspaced with lighter areas and conspicuous light, dark-centred spots but without numerous light O-shaped rings; also, mouth in front of eyes, long, basally branched nasal barbels, nasoral grooves and circumnarial grooves, two rows of enlarged fang-like teeth in upper jaw and three in lower jaw; first dorsal-fin origin over rear half of pelvic-fin bases. Diagnostic Features: Nasal barbels with one small branch. Four dermal lobes below and in front of eye on each side of head; dermal lobes behind spiracles unbranched or weakly branched and slender. Low dermal tubercles or ridges present on back in young, lost in adults. Interdorsal space somewhat shorter than inner margin of first dorsal fin, about one-fourth of first dorsal-fin base. Origin of first dorsal fin over about last third of pelvic-fin base. First dorsal-fin height about three-fourths of base length. Colour: colour pattern very conspicuous and highly variegated, dorsal surface of body with conspicuous broad, dark rectangular saddles with deeply corrugated margins, not black-edged, dotted with light spots but without numerous O-shaped light rings; saddles not ocellate in appearance; interspaces between saddles light, with numerous broad dark blotches. -
Hardnose Shark, Carcharhinus Macloti
Published Date: 1 March 2019 Hardnose Shark, Carcharhinus macloti Report Card Sustainable assessment IUCN Red List IUCN Red List Australian Least Concern Global Near Threatened Assessment Assessment Assessors Simpfendorfer, C., Stevens, J.D. & Smart, J.J. In Australia, fishing pressure across its northern range is strictly Report Card Remarks managed Summary The Hardnose Shark is a small bodied shark that inhabits continental shelf waters throughout the Indo-West Pacific region. It is caught in artisanal and commercial Source: CSIRO National Fish Collection. License: CC By Attribution. fisheries throughout its distribution. It is not as productive as similar small bodied sharks (eg: Rhizoprionodon spp.), making it more sensitive to fishing pressure. Globally, fishing pressure has likely caused <30% declines in the population. In Australia, fishing pressure is strictly managed. Therefore, it is assessed as globally Near Threatened (IUCN) and in Australia as Least Concern (IUCN) and Sustainable (SAFS). Distribution The Hardnose Shark occurs throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific in continental shelf waters. Within Australia, it occurs from Bundaberg (Queensland), across the Northern Territory and as far south as Carnarvon (Western Australia) (Last and Stevens 2009). Stock structure and status There is currently no information on population structure for the Hardnose Shark. There is limited population size and trend data, but limited fishing pressure and well managed fisheries suggest the population is Sustainable. Fisheries In northern Australia, it constitutes 13% of gillnet and 4% of longline catches. In Queensland, it constitutes 4% of the Inshore Finfish Fishery (Harry et al. 2011). These catch levels are likely sustainable. Globally, it is commonly taken in subsistence, artisanal and commercial fisheries. -
An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved. -
Sharkcam Fishes
SharkCam Fishes A Guide to Nekton at Frying Pan Tower By Erin J. Burge, Christopher E. O’Brien, and jon-newbie 1 Table of Contents Identification Images Species Profiles Additional Info Index Trevor Mendelow, designer of SharkCam, on August 31, 2014, the day of the original SharkCam installation. SharkCam Fishes. A Guide to Nekton at Frying Pan Tower. 5th edition by Erin J. Burge, Christopher E. O’Brien, and jon-newbie is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. For questions related to this guide or its usage contact Erin Burge. The suggested citation for this guide is: Burge EJ, CE O’Brien and jon-newbie. 2020. SharkCam Fishes. A Guide to Nekton at Frying Pan Tower. 5th edition. Los Angeles: Explore.org Ocean Frontiers. 201 pp. Available online http://explore.org/live-cams/player/shark-cam. Guide version 5.0. 24 February 2020. 2 Table of Contents Identification Images Species Profiles Additional Info Index TABLE OF CONTENTS SILVERY FISHES (23) ........................... 47 African Pompano ......................................... 48 FOREWORD AND INTRODUCTION .............. 6 Crevalle Jack ................................................. 49 IDENTIFICATION IMAGES ...................... 10 Permit .......................................................... 50 Sharks and Rays ........................................ 10 Almaco Jack ................................................. 51 Illustrations of SharkCam -
Ground Sharks
click for previous page - v - TABLE OF CONTENTS Code Page 9. ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES - GROUND SHARKS ....................................................................................... 251 9.1 FAMILY SCYLIORHINIDAE - Catsharks .................................................. SCYL ........................................... 253 Apristurus....................................................................................................... SCYL Aprist ................................ 257 A. atlanticus ..................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 1 ............................... 261 A. brunneus ...................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 2 ............................... 262 A. canutus ............................................................................................ SCYL Aprist 3 ............................... 263 A. herklotsi ........................................................................................ SCYL Aprist 4 ............................... 264 A. indicus ............................................................................................. SCYL Aprist 5 ............................... 265 A. investigatoris ................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 6 ............................... 267 A. japonicus ....................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 7 ............................... 268 -
Report on Sicklefin Weasel Shark Hemigaleus Microstoma
Rec. zool. Surv. India: Vol. 120(2)/153–159, 2020 ISSN (Online) : 2581-8686 DOI: 10.26515/rzsi/v120/i2/2020/144516 ISSN (Print) : 0375-1511 Report on Sicklefin weasel shark Hemigaleus microstoma (Bleeker, 1852) (Carcharhiniformes: Hemigaleidae) from the Andaman Islands, Indian EEZ with DNA barcodes K. K. Bineesh1*, R. Kiruba Sankar2, M. Nashad3, O. R. Arun Retheesh2, Ravi Ranjan Kumar4 and V. S. Basheer5 1Zoological Survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre, Haddo, P.B. No. 744 102, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India; Email: [email protected] 2ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Garacharama, P.B. No.744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India 3Fishery Survey of India, Port Blair Zonal Base, P.B No.744101, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India 4Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, P.B.No. 744112, Andaman Islands, India 5National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (NBFGR), CMFRI Campus, P.B.No.1603, Ernakulam North, P.O., Kochi - 682018, Kerala, India Abstract Hemigaleus microstoma The occurrence of sickle fin weasel shark Bleeker,H. 1852 microstoma is reported here from Indian EEZ, off the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal. Two specimens of total length (TL) 610 mm and 628 mm were caught by longline at depths 40-100 m. A detailed diagnostic description and morphometrics of and its comparison with previous literature is provided. COI DNA barcodes were generated for the collected specimens. Keywords: Bycatch, DNA Analysis, Elasmobranchs, Morphometrics, Port Blair Introduction microstoma (Compagno, 1988). Later, White et al. (2005) described a close species Hemigaleus australiensis from Chondrichthyan fishes are mainly exploited as bycatch in Australian waters. -
Malaysia National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Shark (Plan2)
MALAYSIA NATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION FOR THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHARK (PLAN2) DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY MALAYSIA 2014 First Printing, 2014 Copyright Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014 All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Published in Malaysia by Department of Fisheries Malaysia Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry Malaysia, Level 1-6, Wisma Tani Lot 4G2, Precinct 4, 62628 Putrajaya Malaysia Telephone No. : 603 88704000 Fax No. : 603 88891233 E-mail : [email protected] Website : http://dof.gov.my Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-983-9819-99-1 This publication should be cited as follows: Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2014. Malaysia National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Shark (Plan 2), Ministry of Agriculture and Agro- based Industry Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia. 50pp SUMMARY Malaysia has been very supportive of the International Plan of Action for Sharks (IPOA-SHARKS) developed by FAO that is to be implemented voluntarily by countries concerned. This led to the development of Malaysia’s own National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Shark or NPOA-Shark (Plan 1) in 2006. The successful development of Malaysia’s second National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Shark (Plan 2) is a manifestation of her renewed commitment to the continuous improvement of shark conservation and management measures in Malaysia. -
Enhanced Visual Fields in Hammerhead Sharks
4010 The Journal of Experimental Biology 212, 4010-4018 Published by The Company of Biologists 2009 doi:10.1242/jeb.032615 Enhanced visual fields in hammerhead sharks D. M. McComb1,*, T. C. Tricas2 and S. M. Kajiura1 1Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA and 2Department of Zoology and Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Accepted 9 September 2009 SUMMARY Several factors that influence the evolution of the unusual head morphology of hammerhead sharks (family Sphyrnidae) are proposed but few are empirically tested. In this study we tested the ‘enhanced binocular field’ hypothesis (that proposes enhanced frontal binocularity) by comparison of the visual fields of three hammerhead species: the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, and the winghead shark, Eusphyra blochii, with that of two carcharhinid species: the lemon shark, Negaprion brevirostris, and the blacknose shark, Carcharhinus acronotus. Additionally, eye rotation and head yaw were quantified to determine if species compensate for large blind areas anterior to the head. The winghead shark possessed the largest anterior binocular overlap (48deg.) and was nearly four times larger than that of the lemon (10deg.) and blacknose (11deg.) sharks. The binocular overlap in the scalloped hammerhead sharks (34deg.) was greater than the bonnethead sharks (13deg.) and carcharhinid species; however, the bonnethead shark did not differ from the carcharhinids. These results indicate that binocular overlap has increased with lateral head expansion in hammerhead sharks. The hammerhead species did not demonstrate greater eye rotation in the anterior or posterior direction. -
Sphyrna Tudes (Smalleye Hammerhead Shark)
UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology Sphyrna tudes (Smalleye Hammerhead Shark) Family: Sphyrnidae (Hammerhead Sharks) Order: Carcharhiniformes (Ground Sharks) Class: Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish) Fig. 1. Smalleye hammerhead shark, Sphyrna tudes. [http://otlibrary.com/wp-content/gallery/golden-hammerhead-shark/hammerhead-jeff-pierce-lo-res.jpg, downloaded 7 January 2015] TRAITS. One of the smaller species of hammerhead (Family Sphyrnidae), the smalleye hammerhead shark can reach a length of 1.5m and weigh around 9 kg. They have a streamlined, slender body as opposed to their bulkier relatives (Martin, 1999). Adult males may range from 110-130cm total length while adult females have an average length of 120-145cm. Newborns are usually about 30cm at birth. Common to all hammerhead sharks is the mallet/hammer shaped cephalofoil, which has a width of 28-32% of body length, and is wide and long. Newborns typically have a longer cephalofoil, which is more curved and with a smaller indent than that of adults (Castro, 1989). These hammerheads have considerably smaller eyes compared to that of other hammerheads, hence its name, and have tri-layered eyelids for protection. However the most distinctive trait being their golden coloration (Fig. 1), which gives the species other names like the golden hammerhead or the curry shark (Gallagher, 2010). Their colour may range from UWI The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago Ecology bright gold to orange-yellow; however these colours only appear at the juvenile stage, usually when a length of 45cm is reached, and fade at sexual maturity (Castro, 1989). -
1 Decline in CPUE of Oceanic Sharks In
IOTC-2009-WPEB-17 IOTC Working Party on Ecosystems and Bycatch; 12-14 October 2009; Mombasa, Kenya. Decline in CPUE of Oceanic Sharks in the Indian EEZ : Urgent Need for Precautionary Approach M.E. John1 and B.C. Varghese2 1 Fishery Survey of India, Mormugao Zonal Base, Goa - 403 803, India 2 Fishery Survey of India, Cochin Zonal Base, Cochin - 682 005, India Abstract The Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE) and its variability observed in resources surveys reflect on the standing stock of the resource and the changes in the stock density. Data on the CPUE of sharks obtained in tuna longline survey in the Indian EEZ by Govt. of India survey vessels during 1984 – 2006 were considered in this study. A total effort of 3.092 million hooks yielded 20,884 sharks. 23 species belonging to five families were recorded. Average hooking rate was 0.68 percent which showed high degree of spatio-temporal variability. Sharp decline was observed in the hooking rate from the different regions. The trend in the CPUE is a clear indication of the decline in the abundance of sharks in the different regions of the EEZ, the most alarming scenario being on the west coast as well as the east coast, where the average hooking rate recorded during the last five years was less than 0.1 percent. It is evident from the results of the survey that the standing stock of several species of sharks in the Indian seas has declined to such levels that the sustainability of the resource is under severe stress requiring urgent conservation and management measures. -
Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997
The IUCN Species Survival Commission Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 Edited by Sarah L. Fowler, Tim M. Reed and Frances A. Dipper Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 25 IUCN The World Conservation Union Donors to the SSC Conservation Communications Programme and Elasmobranch Biodiversity, Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997 The IUCN/Species Survival Commission is committed to communicate important species conservation information to natural resource managers, decision-makers and others whose actions affect the conservation of biodiversity. The SSC's Action Plans, Occasional Papers, newsletter Species and other publications are supported by a wide variety of generous donors including: The Sultanate of Oman established the Peter Scott IUCN/SSC Action Plan Fund in 1990. The Fund supports Action Plan development and implementation. To date, more than 80 grants have been made from the Fund to SSC Specialist Groups. The SSC is grateful to the Sultanate of Oman for its confidence in and support for species conservation worldwide. The Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan has awarded major grants to the SSC's Wildlife Trade Programme and Conservation Communications Programme. This support has enabled SSC to continue its valuable technical advisory service to the Parties to CITES as well as to the larger global conservation community. Among other responsibilities, the COA is in charge of matters concerning the designation and management of nature reserves, conservation of wildlife and their habitats, conservation of natural landscapes, coordination of law enforcement efforts as well as promotion of conservation education, research and international cooperation.