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Naskah Kebijakan Perlindungan ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN KEBUTUHAN REGULASI PENETAPAN STATUS PERLINDUNGAN TERBATAS IKAN HIU (Tidak Dilindungi dan Apendiks/Non Apendiks CITES) DIREKTORAT KONSERVASI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI LAUT DIREKTORAT JENDERAL PENGELOLAAN RUANG LAUT KEMENTERIAN KELAUTAN DAN PERIKANAN 2016 i KATA PENGANTAR Tingkat keanekaragaman hayati laut Indonesia diperkirakan menjadi salah satu yang tertinggi di dunia sehingga dapat dikatakan sebagai the center of marine biodiversity in the world . Salah satu sumber daya laut yang telah dimanfaatkan, baik untuk kepentingan penelitian, budaya dan ekonomi, oleh masyarakat adalah ikan hiu. Wilayah perairan Indonesia sendiri memiliki hampir sepertiga dari total spesies hiu di seluruh dunia. Memperhatikan jumlah atau keberadaan spesies hiu yang banyak di perairan Indonesia, maka sudah seyogyanya pemerintah, masyarakat, serta seluruh pihak yang berkepentingan untuk bersama-sama mengupayakan keberlangsungan atau kelestarian sumber daya ikan hiu itu sendiri. Sehingga, sumber daya ikan hiu dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan dengan terus memperhatikan prinsip konservasi atau aspek pengelolaan dan perlindungannya. Upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan perikanan hiu secara komprehensif di Indonesia merupakan hal yang sangat penting dan mendesak untuk dilakukan. Selain itu, implementasi rencana aksi perlindungan dan pengelolaan sumber daya ikan hiu secara nasional dapat ditempuh dalam beberapa tahapan atau paling tidak dengan membuat proyek-proyek percontohan yang mengarah pada pelaksanaan yang utuh dari Rencana Aksi Nasional. Selanjutnya, sebagai salah satu negara yang telah mengesahkan konvensi internasional, seperti Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Indonesia tentu perlu menyesuaikan peraturan atau legislasi nasional di dalam negeri dengan regulasi internasional, secara khusus yang menangani perdagangan satwa liar, dalam hal ini ikan hiu. Penetapan status perlindungan ikan hiu di Indonesia perlu diatur lebih lanjut dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di tingkat nasional. Tujuan dari peraturan ini adalah untuk memastikan bahwa sumber daya ikan hiu dapat dimanfaatkan secara lestari tanpa mengesampingkan upaya perlindungannya. Dokumen ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu acuan untuk penyusunan peraturan perlindungan ikan hiu di Indonesia. Ucapan terima kasih disampaikan kepada pihak-pihak yang telah berkontribusi dalam penyusunan dokumen ini. Jakarta, Maret 2016 Penyusun i DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR i DAFTAR ISI ii I. PENDAHULUAN 1 1.1 Latar Belakang 1 1.2. Maksud, Tujuan dan Sasaran 3 1.3. Ruang Lingkup 3 II. DATA, INFORMASI DAN STATUS PENGELOLAAN TERKINI 4 2.1. Informasi Biologi Hiu 4 2.2. Perikanan Hiu di Indonesia 10 2.3 Regulasi Nasional Tentang Perlindungan Hiu 29 III. RANCANGAN KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN HIU 34 3.1 Landasan Hukum 34 3.2 Tujuan Penyusunan Regulasi 37 3.3 Permasalahan Dalam Pengelolaan Hiu 37 3.4 Kebutuhan dan Pilihan Pengaturan 39 3.5 Usulan Kerangka Kebijakan/Pengaturan 52 IV. KESIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI 55 REFERENSI 79 ii I. PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Berdasarkan data yang dirilis oleh Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Tangkap (2015), Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Republik Indonesia, total produksi perikanan tangkap untuk kelompok hiu di Indonesia pada Tahun 2014 mencapai 49.020 Ton dengan nilai produksi mencapai Rp. 677.900.570.000,-. Dari jumlah tersebut, kelompok hiu lanjaman (Carcharhinus spp.) merupakan hiu yang paling banyak ditangkap dengan prosentase sebesar 63,47%, kemudian hiu Tikus/Monyet ( Alopias spp.) sebesar 22,54% dan yang ketiga terbesar ditempati oleh kelompok hiu botol (Squalus spp.) sebesar 11,21% dari total tangkapan (sumber: Buku Data Statistik Perikanan Tangkap Indonesia, 2015). Tingginya produksi ini cukup beralasan karena Indonesia mempunyai wilayah penangkapan yang luas dan merupakan salah satu habitat utama hiu di dunia. Perairan Indonesia, berdasarkan data yang dipublikasi oleh Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan dan Jenis Ikan, Direktorat Jenderal Kelautan, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil, Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, terdapat 114 jenis hiu di ditemukan di perairan Indonesia (Direktorat Konservasi Kawasan dan Jenis Ikan, 2013). Hal ini tentu membuktikan bahwa perairan laut Indonesia memiliki tingkat keragaman spesies hiu yang tinggi. Sumberdaya hiu telah menjadi sumber penghasilan utama bagi beberapa kalangan masyarakat tertentu, terutama mereka yang menggantungkan hidupnya pada produk perikanan tersebut, mulai dari nelayan penangkap, pengumpul, penjual dan pengolah hasil perikanan hiu dan pari di beberapa daerah. Hampir semua bagian tubuh hasil tangkapan dimanfaatkan oleh nelayan setempat, namun sirip menjadi produk utama yang di proses secara lokal dan dijual dalam bentuk kering ke kota-kota besar di Indonesia, bahkan kemudian diekspor ke negara-negara seperti Hongkong, Singapura dan Jepang (Suzuki, 2002). Sementara dagingnya diasap atau dikeringkan untuk dijual di pasar lokal, begitu pula kulit, hati dan rahangnya dimanfaatkan untukberbagai keperluan. Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, tren penangkapan hiu telah makin berkembang mulai dari perikanan longline berskala kecil menjadi perikanan komersial dengan target tangkapanbeberapa jenis hiu yang bernilai tinggi seperti hiu botol ( Squalidae dan Centrophoridae ), hiu/pari lontar ( Rhynchobatidae ) dan hiu-hiu besar (Carcharhinidae, Lamnidae, Alopiidae dan Sphyrnidae ), baik sebagai target maupun tangkapan sampingan. 1 Hal tersebut menandakan bahwa secara sosial ekonomi, komoditas perikanan hiu merupakan salah satu komoditas penting bagi sebagian masyarakat, serta telah memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi kesejahteraan masyarakat yang terkait dengan perikanan hiu. Walaupun kebanyakan kegiatan penangkapan ikan tidak menangkap ikan hiu sebagai target tangkapannya, namun komoditas tersebut menjadi komponen penting bagi hasil tangkapan mereka. Kondisi ini lambat laun telah meningkatkan tingkat eksploitasi terhadap sumber daya hiu di perairan Indonesia. Di lain pihak, ikan hiu umumnya menempati posisi puncak didalam rantai makanan di laut dan diyakini berperan penting didalam menjaga dan mengatur keseimbangan ekosistem, sehinggaapabila keberadaannya di alam terancam, dikhawatirkan dapatmerubah tatanan alamiah dalam struktur komunitas yangberakibat pada terganggunya keseimbangan suatu ekosistem. Secara umum ancaman terhadap kelangsungan hidup ikan hiu di alam telah mengakibatkan penurunan jumlah populasi yang dikarenakan beberapa hal sebagai berikut: a. Eksploitasi hiu yang berlebihan dan dilaksanakan secara terus menerus tanpa mempertimbangkan kelangsungan hidup dari populasi hiu di alam (Stevens dkk. 2000; Jackson dkk. 2001; ); b. Kurangnya peraturan pengelolaan dan perlindungan sumber daya ikan hiu yang mendukung kelangsungan hidup spesies hiu pada habitatnya (Techera and Klein, 2011); c. Permintaan pasar internasional yang mengakibatkan harga jual sirip hiu yang tinggi dan cenderung memicu upaya perburuan dan perdagangan ilegal (Clarke dkk. 2005; Giangaspero and Ghafri, 2014); d. Kerusakan habitat, polusi dan degradasi lingkungan (Storelli dkk. 2002; Gallagher dkk. 2012; Dulvy dkk. 2014; Vegter dkk. 2014); e. Rendahnya pemahaman dan kepedulian dari masyarakat pesisir yang berprofesi sebagai nelayan dan masyarakat umum terkait peran ekologis dari spesies hiu dalam ekosistem laut dan terbatasnya upaya untuk melakukan konservasi spesies (Simpfendorfer dkk. 2011; Barbosa-Filho dkk. 2014). f. Adanya praktek finning yang dilakukan oleh nelayan yaitu sirip ikan hiu diambil namun bagian tubuh hiu yang lain tidak dimanfaatkan dan dibuang kembali ke laut (Clarke dkk. 2005; Biery dan Pauly, 2012; Dharmadi dkk. 2015). 2 Memperhatikan pentingnya sumber daya hiu baik secara ekonomi maupun lingkungan bagi bangsa Indonesia, maka sudah seyogyanya pemerintah, masyarakat, serta seluruh pihak yang berkepentingan untuk bersama-sama mengupayakan keberlangsungan atau kelestarian sumber daya ikan hiu itu sendiri. Sehinggga, sumber daya ikan hiu dapat dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan dengan terus memperhatikan aspek pengelolaan dan perlindungan serta kelestariannya. 1.2. Maksud, Tujuan dan Sasaran Maksud : mengkaji isu dan permasalahan pengelolaan hiu di tingkat nasional dikaitkan dengan ancaman kepunahan spesies hiu tertentu, status pengelolan, regulasi yang ada saat ini dan tuntutan pemenuhan ketentuan CITES dalam perdagangan internasional hiu. Tujuan : sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi pengambil kebijakan untuk memformulasikan regulasi dalam pengelolaan perikanan hiu dengan mempertimbangkan kepentingan nasional untuk memanfaatkan potensi ekonominya secara lestari serta memenuhi ketentuan internasional terkait, seperti CITES. Sasaran : pengguna dokumen ini adalah pemerintah, pemerintah daerah, pelaku usaha dan pihak-pihak lain yang terkait dengan mata rantai pengelolaan hiu di Indonesia. 1.3. Ruang Lingkup Target Spesies : hiu yang dimaksudkan dalam dokumen ini adalah spesies hiu dan pari ekonomis penting, tidak termasuk hiu yang dilindungi berdasarkan regulasi nasional. Sistematika : dokumen naskah kebijakan konservasi hiu disajikan dalam 4 (empat) bab, yaitu: Bab 1. Pendahuluan; memuat latar belakang, maksud, tujuan, sasaran dan ruang lingkup. Bab 2. Data, Informasi dan Status Pengelolaan Terkini; memuat informasi biologi, informasi biologi, status perikanan hiu dan regulasi yang terkait dengan perikanan hiu. Bab 3. Rancangan Kebijakan Pengelolaaan Hiu Bab 4. Kesimpulan 3 II. DATA, INFORMASI DAN STATUS PENGELOLAAN TERKINI 2.1. Informasi Biologi Hiu 2.1.1 Klasifikasi Ikan
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