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Multidimensional Assessments of Long-Term Anthropogenic Impacts on Domed Peatlands: Learning from Two Centuries at Alfred Bog, Ontario Canada

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Multidimensional Assessments of Long-Term Anthropogenic Impacts on Domed Peatlands: Learning from Two Centuries at Alfred Bog, Ontario Canada Multidimensional assessments of long-term anthropogenic impacts on domed peatlands: Learning from two centuries at Alfred Bog, Ontario Canada. by Robert Alexander Foster A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geography Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2017, Robert Alexander Foster Abstract This study examines changes in a domed peatland’s areal versus volumetric reduction, impacts of anthropogenic drivers and supply of three ecosystem services (ESs) (carbon storage, food production, peat production) over 11 dates covering 200+ years (1800-2014). Historical air photos, maps and texts were used to map changes. Trends in area versus volume, for both the peatland’s reduction and impacts of individual drivers, diverged. The divergence varied in magnitude both between examined drivers and dates, as their distribution across the depth profile changed. Despite greater areal losses in the 1800s, deeper disturbances in the 1900s yielded greater volumetric changes. This paralleled the shift from agricultural conversion to commercial peat extraction, underscoring their distinct and temporally dynamic effects on ES supply. Shorter intervals helped identify changing relationships between ESs and drivers, and broader human-environmental interactions. Thus, detecting spatial and temporal variations in ES responses to disturbances within domed peatlands necessitated multidimensional analyses. ii Acknowledgements My deepest gratitude to PCI Geomatics for use and support of its Historical Airphoto Processing (HAPs) software, with particular thanks to Kevin Jones, Jean Sébastien-Bouffard and Rob Keeping. The HAPs software substantially reduced the time and labour associated with georeferencing and mosaicking hundreds of collected air photos. Further thanks to Naomi Langlois-Anderson and South Nation Conservation for providing key contacts and historical air photos in the pursuit of this project. I also sincerely appreciate the time taken by Dr. Ted Mosquin, Frank Pope and Louis Prévost to meet and discuss past alterations and conservation efforts at Alfred Bog. A special thanks to my supervisors, Drs. Murray Richardson and Michael Brklacich, whose guidance, insights and contributions were invaluable in completing this thesis. Finally, thanks to my colleagues in the Department of Geography and Environmental Studies and my family for providing endless moral support; helpful suggestions and revisions; and the perseverance to complete this thesis. iii Table of Contents Abstract.............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures.................................................................................................................... x List of Appendices ........................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xiii 1 Chapter: Introduction – Benefits of Intact and Disturbed Peatlands.................... 1 1.1 Life-supporting services and other key benefits of undisturbed peatlands ...................1 1.2 People’s interactions with peatlands: Exploitation and irreversible trade-offs..............1 1.3 Ecosystem services: Emphasizing underrepresented benefits of ecosystems................3 1.4 Purpose statement and thesis objectives....................................................................7 1.5 Thesis structure ......................................................................................................9 2 Chapter: Literature review ...................................................................................... 11 2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Ecosystem services ............................................................................................... 11 2.2.1 Scale and the interactions between social and ecological systems......................... 12 2.2.2 Relationships between anthropogenic drivers and ESs......................................... 15 2.2.3 Temporal dynamics in ES relationships and responses ........................................ 16 2.2.4 Anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems and ES supply ......................................... 17 2.3 Peatland ecosystem services .................................................................................. 20 2.3.1 From wetland to peatland ESs: A shift to ecosystem-specific analyses ................. 20 2.3.2 Peatlands’ carbon stores and climate regulating ESs............................................ 23 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................. 26 iv 3 Chapter: Methods ..................................................................................................... 28 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 28 3.2 Case-study: Alfred Bog ......................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Data source collection and preparation ............................................................... 29 3.2.1.1 Cartographic and photographic sources ...................................................... 29 3.2.1.2 Textual sources......................................................................................... 31 3.2.1.3 Identifying periods of concurrently operating competing site uses ................ 32 3.2.2 Mapping land-cover changes ............................................................................. 33 3.2.2.1 Establishing Alfred Bog’s pre-disturbance extent........................................ 33 3.2.2.2 Mapping assumptions ............................................................................... 35 3.2.2.3 Land-cover classification and interpretation................................................ 36 3.2.2.4 Delineating land-cover changes ................................................................. 39 3.2.3 Determining Alfred Bog’s pre-disturbance volume ............................................. 40 3.2.3.1 Data preparation ....................................................................................... 40 3.2.3.2 Establishing the peat depth-distance predictive function .............................. 41 3.2.4 Quantifying the impacts of anthropogenic drivers ............................................... 42 3.2.4.1 Areal impacts ........................................................................................... 43 3.2.4.2 Volumetric impacts................................................................................... 44 3.2.5 Quantifying Alfred Bog’s reduction ................................................................... 45 3.2.6 Approximating the selected ecosystem services .................................................. 45 3.2.6.1 Supply ..................................................................................................... 45 3.2.6.2 Value ....................................................................................................... 46 3.3 Broader trends ...................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Peatland distribution: Area, volume and carbon storage....................................... 48 3.3.2 Anthropogenic drivers of peatland reduction ...................................................... 48 3.3.3 Food production and farmland expansion ........................................................... 49 v 3.3.4 Peat production ................................................................................................ 49 3.3.5 Adjusting nominal market values for inflation .................................................... 49 3.4 Overview of Alfred Bog’s history .......................................................................... 50 4 Chapter: Alfred Bog’s multidimensional response to disturbances..................... 52 4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 52 4.2 Results ................................................................................................................. 53 4.2.1 Pre-disturbance conditions at Alfred Bog ........................................................... 53 4.2.2 Incremental peatland reduction and spatial progression of disturbances ................ 55 4.2.3 Alfred Bog’s areal versus volumetric reduction .................................................. 56 4.2.3.1 Reduction in the peatland complex (1800-2014) ......................................... 56 4.2.3.2 Reduction in domed sites (1860-2014) ....................................................... 57 4.2.4 Summary of the peatland’s areal versus volumetric reduction .............................. 58 4.3 Discussion...........................................................................................................
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